Lecture # 1

Operator:
E Shift Operator

Capital delta ∆ Forward Difference Operator

Nabla ∇ Backward Difference Operator

Small delta Central Difference Operator

Mu Average Operator

Relationship of Operators:
∆= −1

∇=1−
/ /
= −
/ /
+
=
2
Role of Shift Operator:
Ef(x) = f(x+h)

f(x) = E(E(f(x)) = Ef(x+h)

= f(x+h+h) = f(x+2h)

f(x) = f(x+3h)

. .

. .

. .

f(x) = f(x+nh)

And f(x) = f(x−nh)

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Collected by: Muhammad Saleem Composed by: Muzammil Tanveer
Now ∆f(x) = f(x+h) −f(x)

= Ef(x) −f(x)

∆f(x) = (E−1)f(x)

∆ = (E−1)

∇f(x) = f(x) −f(x−h)

= f(x) − f(x)

= (1− )f(x)

∇ = 1−

f(x) = + − −

= ( )− ( )

f(x) = ( − )f(x)

= −

f(x) =

( ) ( )
=

f(x) = ( )

= ( )

E =

∆ = −

∇ = −

= −
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Collected by: Muhammad Saleem Composed by: Muzammil Tanveer
 =

Difference Equation:
An equation consists of an independent variable k, dependent variable and
one or several difference of the dependent variable as
∆ , ∆ , ∆ ,…. ∆ is called the difference equation.

f(∆) = F(k)

Example:

1. ∆ + 3∆ − ∆ + = 3k+2
2. ∆ + 3∆ −7 = 0

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Collected by: Muhammad Saleem Composed by: Muzammil Tanveer