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ADMIN 313 Unit FORMATED 6
ADMIN 313 Unit FORMATED 6
Organizational Control
Organizational Control
Introduction
Welcome my valued friend and companion to Unit 6. This is the
beginning of the end of your journey. You need to “finish hard” so
that at the end success will crown our relentless effort. I have
taken you through three of the four functions of management; that
is planning, organizing and leadership. This last Unit of the course
is devoted to the fourth function which is controlling. The functions
of management begin with planning and end with controlling. The
Unit contains six sections:
Objectives
Upon the completion of this unit, you should be able to
Introduction
Welcome my trusted friend to Section 1 of Unit 6. As modern
organizations become more and more complex, so does the
problem of controlling organizational activities become more
difficult. Managers, as well as prospective managers, therefore
need to understand the essentials of the controlling function. In
this section, I will explain to you the nature and purpose of control
in organizations.
Objectives
Upon the completion of this unit, you should be able to
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Summary
In this section, I explained to you the meaning of organizational
control, and why an organization, particularly organizations of
today, need well designed control systems to survive.
Introduction
A hearty welcome to Section 2. In Section 1 we looked at the
meaning and significance of control in organizations. In this
section, will take you through the steps involved in the traditional
control process.
Objective
Upon the completion of this section, you should be able to
Activity 2.1
Assuming you are the head of the customer service department of
Ghana Telecom. Define a performance standard for the
department and explain how actual performance can be measured.
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Summary
In this Section I took you through the four key steps in the control
process.
Introduction
Welcome my beloved friend to Section 3. We are midway to the
end. In Section 5 of Unit 3, we discussed the different types of
plans used in organizations. You learned also in Section 1 of this
unit (Unit 6) that planning and controlling are “Siamese twins”,
virtually inseparable. In this section, you and I will look at the
various types of controls in an organization, and examine the basis
for the classification of organizational control.
Objective
Upon the completion of this unit, you should be able to
Activity 3.1
Plans and controls are virtually inseparable. Strategic control goes
with strategic plans. Name the type of control that goes with
operational plan.
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Summary
In this section you learned about various types of controls that
managers use in organizations, and the bases of the categorization
of organizational controls.
Introduction
Welcome, my dear friend, to Section 4. In Section 3, we talked
about different types of control in organizations. In this section, you
and I will discuss a very important control issue that faces every
modern organization, that is quality control. We will discuss the
importance of quality, the meaning of total quality management,
and the techniques of total quality management.
Objectives
Upon the completion of this section, you should be able to
Activity 4.1
These definitions of quality obviously give some idea about quality.
Now briefly explain what you think total quality management
means.
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Activity 4.2
As discussed in Section 3 of Unit 6, three types of process controls
are feed forward, concurrent, and feedback. Based on this
classification, where would you place acceptance sampling and in-
process sampling?
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Activity 4.3
Looking at all that I have discussed with you in this section,
mention at least two benefits that you think an organization gains
by producing high-quality products and services.
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Summary
In this section you learned about the concept of total quality
management (TQM). I explained to you the meaning of quality and
TQM. We discussed also the TQM techniques and tools used by
most organizations. You saw the benefits that effective quality
control systems deliver to organizations that operate such systems.
Introduction
Welcome my beloved friend to Section 5. In this section you and I
will discuss how to develop an effective control system in an
organization.
Objectives
Upon the completion of this section, you should be able to
Summary
In this section, you learned about essential features of effective
control systems. We also discussed some issues that managers
must take into consideration when designing control systems.
Introduction
Welcome my valued friend to the Section 6 of Unit 6 of this course
“Principles of Management”. This is the final section of the course.
We have made it my friend! I hope you are as delighted as I am.
Objectives
Upon the completion of this section, you should be able to
target set for him or her, because there are high quality, low-priced
alternative products on the market. The salesperson is not
rewarded because management is more concerned with quantity
sold, than with this unforeseen circumstance which is beyond the
control of the saleperson. The reward system in the university
bases promotion of teachers on the number of articles published,
and ignores the quality of teaching. This system is inappropriately
focused. Where employees perceived control as inappropriately
focused, they tend to falsify records (figures) in order to improve
their position. For example, employees in the production
department, may manipulate production figures to improve the
department’s position.
Activity 6.1
An employee is suspended for absenting himself from work for one
week without permission. But the employee argues that he was
sick and produces medical report to support his argument.
However, the human resource manager explains that the employee
did not go to the designated hospital. Is the suspension of the
employee justified? What is the element of control in this scenario?
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Assignment 6
Summary
In this last section of this course, you and I identified some factors
that act as barriers to effective management of control systems in
organizations, the greatest barrier being employees’ resistance to
control. You have learned from our discussions that to overcome
this resistance, control systems designed by management should
incorporate the characteristics of effective control systems.
Unit summary
In this unit, I explained to you the nature of the management
function of controlling and the purpose of control in organizations.
You learned about different types of controls used in organizations.
Course summary
This course was designed to introduce you to the principles
underlying the management of organizations. We examined some
definitions of management, and from these definitions we derived
the meaning of management and its purpose. You learned about
the skills managers require to manage and the roles that managers
play. We examined the university of management and you learned
that managers’ jobs are not exactly the same in all organizations
and in all countries. We discussed the various schools of thought
on management and their contributions to our understanding of
management today. You learned about ethics and the significance
of ethics in management practices, and how to manage ethical
behaviour in organizations. We discussed corporate social
responsibility, and examined arguments for and against corporate
social responsibility. The rest of our discussions focused on the
principles underlying the basic functions of management, planning,
organizing, leading, and controlling.
I hope you and I have been able to achieve the objectives set out in
this course. I hope you now know more about management and its
significance not only in organizations but also in our individual daily
lifes. I hope you are now able to explain the basic concepts,
theories, and principles in management, analyze the basic
functions of management, and critically examine the concepts of
corporate social responsibility and ethics in management. I would
advise you to keep on reading this manual (make it your
companion) to fully grasp the information contained therein, so that
you can put into practice the knowledge you have acquired.
Organizations of today need managers who are leaders, and I see
in you just that. You are a potential manager who can provide the
right leadership to your subordinates. I do congratulate you whole
heartedly my valued friend for your determination to develop
yourself. I do wish you all that you wish for yourself.
References
Certo, S. & Certo, T. S. (2006) Modern Management (10th ed.),
New Jersey, Prentice Hall.