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Cladding Technology
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CASTI HANDBOOK OF
CLADDING TECHNOLOGY
2nd Edition
Liane M. Smith, Ph.D.

Mario Celant, Ph.D.
Executive Editor
John E. Bringas, P.Eng.
CASTI Publishing Inc.

10566 – 114 Street
Edmonton, Alberta, T5H 3J7, Canada
Tel: (780) 424-2552 Fax: (780) 421-1308
E-mail: casti@casti.ca
Internet Web Site: http://www.casti.ca
ISBN 1-894038-30-4
Printed in Canada
iii
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iv
FROM THE PUBLISHER
IMPORTANT NOTICE
The material presented herein has been prepared for the general
information of the reader and should not be used or relied upon for
specific applications without first securing competent technical
advice. Nor should it be used as a replacement for current complete
engineering codes and standards. In fact, it is highly recommended that
the appropriate current engineering codes and standards be reviewed in
detail prior to any decision making.
While the material in this book was compiled with great effort and is
believed to be technically correct, the authors, CASTI Publishing Inc.
and its staff do not represent or warrant its suitability for any general
or specific use and assume no liability or responsibility of any kind in
connection with the information herein.
Nothing in this book shall be construed as a defense against any

alleged infringement of letters of patents, copyright, or trademark, or
as defense against liability for such infringement.

ix
PREFACE
Cladding technology refers to the application of a relatively thin layer

of an alloy (as the cladding) onto a substrate or backing material.
In many cases the cladding is selected for its resistance to corrosion.

A wide range of alloys can be clad, including stainless steels and
nickel base alloys to rare metals such as zirconium and tantalum.
The backing material is normally selected to meet the necessary

mechanical requirements (strength and toughness). The backing
material is often a grade of carbon or low alloy steel, other metals
may be used.
A key feature of clad products is that the backing material is often

significantly cheaper than the cladding alloy, so that clad products
can offer substantial cost savings over the use of solid alloy products.
The authors have been personally involved in the use of corrosion-

resistant alloy cladding of carbon steel for various applications in the
oil and gas industry for more than 10 years. This experience
prompted them to write this book covering wider aspects of clad
products including the different means of manufacturing them, their
properties, and their applications in various industries. The
substantial use of clad pipe in the oil and gas sector merits particular
mention, and so Chapter 9 of the book is devoted entirely to project
experience in that industry.
The principal units of measurements used are metric with imperial

conversions. Where appropriate, figures are expressed in nominal
imperial units with actual size metric conversion.
Alloys are identified principally by UNS numbers and abbreviated

terms are listed in the Appendix 1.
Liane Smith
Mario Celant
June1998

xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Cladding Technology

Materials Selection Options for Corrosive Service 1
Dimensions of Clad Products 3
Economics of Clad Technology 4
Optimising the Corrosion Properties 6
Using Cladding Technology to Best Advantage 7
2. Clad Plate
Production Methods 9
Hot Roll Bonding 9
Backing Steel Types 10
Manufacturing Sequence 12
Optimizing Bonding 16
Heat Treatment 19
Inspection Requirements 22
Explosive Bonding 23
Weld Overlaying 29
3. Clad Pipes
Definitions 33
Longitudinally Welded Clad Pipe 34
Centricast Clad Pipe 38
Seamless Pipe Mill Clad Pipe 43
Explosively Bonded Clad Pipe 48
Lined Pipe 50
Thermo-Hydraulically Lined Pipe 51
Hydraulically Lined Pipe 53
Explosively Lined Pipe 55
4. Clad Bends
Manufacturing of Bends from Clad Pipe 57
Manufacturing of Bends from Lined Pipe 61
5. Clad Fittings
Clad Fittings Made by Weld Overlaying 65
Clad Fittings Made by Hot Isostatic Pressing 66
Clad Fittings Made from Clad Plate or Pipe 69
Clad Elbows 70
Clad Tees 73
Clad Manifolds 76
Clad Reducers and Caps 77
Clad Flanges and Valves 78
xii
6. Specification Requirements of Clad Products

Maximum Allowable Stress Values 81
Cladding Alloy 82
Backing Steel 83
Backing Steel Requirements for Application in
H2S Containing Environments 84
Mechanical Tests 85
Corrosion Tests 87
Demagnetising 90
Dimensions and Tolerances of Clad Pipe 90
Cladding and Wall Thickness 90
Diameter and Out of Roundness 92
Ultrasonic Inspection 93
7. Welding Clad Products

Fabricating Clad Vessels 95
Handling Clad Plate 95
Welding Clad Vessels 96
Circumferential Welding of Clad Pipe 100
Handling Clad Pipe 101
Pipe End Dimensions/Fit-up 101
Weld Preparation 102
Demagnetising of Pipes 105
Back Shielding 106
Choice of Welding Process 107
Choice of Filler Metal 109
Control of Heat Input 111
Weld Integrity Assessment 112
Welding Repairs During Pipelaying 112
Developments in Clad Pipe Welding Technology 113
Laying Clad Pipe 117
Commissioning Clad Pipelines 121
8. Clad Product Applications

Cladding Technology in the Oil & Gas Industry 123
Clad Production Tubing 124
Valves, Pumps, and Joints 127
Vessels and Heat Exchangers 129
Backing Steel 134
Cladding Alloy 134
Line Pipe and Manifolds 135
Cladding Technology in the Petrochemical Industry 143
Applications 143
Backing Steel 146

xiii
8. Clad Product Applications

Cladding Technology in the Petrochemical Industry (Continued)
Cladding Alloy 147
Disbonding in Hot Hydrogen 148
Cladding Technology in the Chemical Industry 149
Backing Steel 150
Cladding Alloy 150
Cladding Technology in Chemical Tankers 153
Cladding Technology in Metal Purification 154
Cladding Technology in the Power Industry 154
Cladding Technology in Air Pollution Systems 158
Cladding Technology in Shipping Applications 163
Cladding Technology in the Pulp and Paper Industry 165
9. Clad Pipe Projects

ADMA OPCO - Um- Shaif - 1993 167
Agip UK - Thelma and South East Thelma - 1995 168
ARCO Alaska Inc. - Prudhoe Bay - 1991 170
ARCO - Thames Bacton - 1987 171
Asamera Oil - Corridor - 1996 172
BP International Ltd. - Ravenspurn to Cleeton - 1987 173
BP International Ltd. - Forties - 1987 174
BP International Ltd. - Miller - 1989 174
BP International Ltd. - Cyrus - 1995 176
Chevron - Ninian - 1992 180
Clyde Petroleum - P2 / P6 - 1997 180
Louisiana Land and Exploration - Lost Cabin - 1991 182
Mobil - Arun Booster Gas Compression - 1993 182
Mobil - South L’ho Sukon - 1996 188
Mobil - Mobil 823 - 1995 188
Mobil - Yellowhammer - 1994 189
Mobil - 869 Field - 1995 190
Mobil - Ras Laffan LNG Co. Ltd . - North Field - 1998 192
Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, NAM
- Early Field Trails - 1974-1975 192
- Roswinkel, Zuidlaren - 1978 193
- Emmen - 1987-1989 194
- Twente, Schoonebeek - 1988 196
- Dalen 6 And Dalen 9 - 1988 196
- Grijpskerk - 1996 197

xiv
9. Clad Pipe Projects (Continued)

ONGC - South Bassein - (1988 and 1993) 198
Shell Offshore - Fairway - 1991 204
Shell Todd Oil Services - Maui 'B' to 'A' - 1991 208
Pipe Production 209
Laying the Line 210
Welding 211
Inspection 214
Statoil - Åsgaard - 1997 214
Texaco - Erskine - 1997 215
Total Oil Marine - Bruce - 1991 216
Appendix 1 Abbreviated Terms 217
Appendix 2 Hardness Conversion Numbers 219
Appendix 3 Unit Conversions 229
Appendix 4 Pipe Dimensions 237
Appendix 5 Bibliography 243
Appendix 6 List of Figures and Contributors 253
Index 257

Chapter
1
INTRODUCTION TO
CLADDING TECHNOLOGY
Materials Selection Options for Corrosive Service
For many applications where a metallic material is needed, it is

normal to consider initially whether carbon or low alloy steels (total
alloying element content typically below 1% to 2%) would be
suitable. Such steels are cheap, have a wide range of mechanical
properties to suit various demands, and are readily available from
many sources in a wide range of product forms.
In aggressive environments, because of certain corrosive conditions, a

more highly alloyed material may be necessary or justified for
improved reliability and extended service life compared to basic steels.
Such alternative materials may include various grades of stainless
steels, nickel alloys, copper alloys, or titanium alloys depending upon
the environment. Since such materials would be selected to be
resistant to the environment in question, they may be referred to
generically as corrosion-resistant alloys or CRAs.
Any of these options would represent quite an increase in initial

installed cost per tonne compared to basic steels. Whilst such a shift in
materials selection may often be justified on a case-by-case basis
(particularly when the cumulative “life cycle cost” over the full service
life is considered), under many circumstances there is another option
to considerusing the selected CRA as a cladding or lining. The term
cladding technology is widely used generically to refer to both
cladding and lining options.

2 Introduction to Cladding Technology Chapter 1
In a clad product, the CRA forms a complete barrier layer on the

surface of a carbon or low alloy steel (referred to as the backing steel
). The CRA layer is fully metallurgically bonded to the backing steel
with some diffusion of alloying elements between the two metals at
the interface. A distinction is made between a cladding layer and a
metallic coating applied by hot dipping (such as aluminizing or
galvanizing) or plating (such as nickel or electroless nickel-
phosphorus). Such coatings are not discussed in this book.
In a lined product, the CRA is in sheet form attached to the backing

steel at intervals. The lining is not metallurgically bonded to the
backing steel over most of its surface but is normally fully sealed to
form a complete barrier between the backing steel and the corrosive
environment.
The range of CRAs which can be clad by various techniques is very

wide. A few of the more commonly selected cladding alloys are
indicated in Table 1.1. In addition to these alloys, many other metals
including copper, titanium, and zirconium are available in clad form.
Table 1.1 Examples of CRAs Which Can Be Used as Cladding Alloys
C S Mn
Alloy UNS max max max Cr Ni Mo Cu Fe Ti
410S S41008 0.08 1.00 1.00 12.0
14.0
304L S30400 0.030 1.00 2.00 18.0 10.0 -
20.0 12.5
316L S31603 0.030 1.00 2.00 16.5 11.0 2.0
18.5 14.0 2.5
321 S32100 0.08 1.00 2.00 17.0 9.0 5x%C
19.0 12.0 0.70
317L S31700 0.030 1.00 2.00 17.5 14.0 3.0
19.5 17.0 4.0
22Cr S31803 0.030 - 2.00 21.0 4.50 2.50
23.0 6.50 4.50
904L N08904 0.020 0.70 2.00 19.0 24.0 4.0 1.0
21.0 26.0 5.0 2.0
926 N08926 0.020 1.00 2.00 19.0 24.0 6.0 0.5
21.0 26.0 7.0 1.5
825 N08825 0.025 0.50 1.00 19.5 38.0 2.5 1.5 bal. 0.6
23.5 46.0 3.5 3.0 1.2
625* N06625 0.025 0.50 0.50 2.0 61.0 8.0 < < 0.4
23.0 65.0 10.0 3.0
400 N04400 0.150 0.50 1.25 - > 63.0 - 28.0 1.0
34.0 2.5
* 3,15 - 4,15 Nb

6 Introduction to Cladding Technology Chapter 1
Optimizing the Corrosion Properties
The fact that the CRA layer is fairly thin does mean that certain
precautions are necessary to ensure optimum performance in service.
The CRA selected should be fully resistant to corrosion in the service
environment. If corrosion does occur, particularly localised pitting or
corrosion cracking, the thin layer of CRA may be breached, exposing
the underlying backing steel to the environment with the risk of
corrosion.
Furthermore, once the appropriate CRA has been selected to avoid

such a scenario, it is critical that its corrosion properties are not
impaired during production. This may arise if a clad layer is
incorrectly heat treated, or if there is excessive diffusion of carbon
from the backing steel into the CRA layers. Corrosion resistance may
also be reduced if an inappropriate method is used for attaching a
CRA lining or if incorrect parameters are used in making weld
overlaid clad products or in fabricating clad products such that there
is excessive dilution of the CRA by the underlying steel. Such dilution,
or mixing, of the CRA with the backing steel should be limited,
otherwise the final composition may be outside that needed to achieve
full corrosion resistance. Further detail on these aspects and
optimising the properties of clad and lined products is given in
Chapter 2. Critical aspects covered in specifications are discussed in
Chapter 6.
With all CRA products, welding methods have to be carefully

controlled in order not to destroy the properties of the CRA in and
around the weld zone. For many CRAs, this requires welding methods
which have a low heat input (such as gas tungsten arc welding). Such
welding methods tend to be slow and, as a result, welding costs can be
high. The technical aspects of welding clad products are discussed in
Chapter 7.
Chapter
2
CLAD PLATE
Production Methods
The total production of metallurgically bonded clad plate by various

methods is about 80,000 tonnes/year. There are three principal
methods of manufacturing clad plate:
 hot roll bonding

 explosive bonding
 weld overlaying
The production approach varies within each of these methods

depending upon the selected grade of backing steel, the selected
corrosion-resistant alloy (CRA), and the specification requirements.
Different manufacturers also vary somewhat in the approach they
take. Selecting the most appropriate route for clad plate manufacture
depends upon quantity, thickness, and alloy type.
Hot Roll Bonding
Hot roll bonding is the most widely adopted production method where
large clad areas are needed and accounts for about 85% of all clad
plate production.
Quite a wide range of CRAs may be selected for the cladding layer
although, as described later, some are technically easier to handle and
therefore more readily available. Specifically, many stainless steels
and nickel alloys may be produced in clad form using hot roll bonding.

26 Clad Plate Chapter 2
Figure 2.10 Explosion cladding of plate near Perpignon (Fance).
detonation front
explosive
frame
cladding metal
jet
backing metal
collision point
Figure 2.11 Schematic of explosive bonding process.
Explosively clad plates may require flattening in a press or roller

leveler.
Finishing and quality control of the product would be similar to roll

bonded plates (Figure 2.13).

Chapter
3
CLAD PIPES
Definitions
The American Petroleum Institute API defines “clad” and “lined” steel
pipe in Section 2.1.a of API Specification 5LD as follows:
1. CLAD. Clad steel pipe is a bimetallic pipe composed of

an internal CRA layer metallurgically bonded to the base
metal.
2. LINED. Lined pipe is pipe in which a CRA layer is

affixed inside the carbon steel pipe, full length, by
expanding the liner and /or shrinking the pipe or by other
applicable processes. The CRA layer and the carbon steel
pipe shall be manufactured in accordance with Spec. 5LC
and Spec. 5L, respectively, except as may be otherwise
specified herein.
Normally, the word “clad” is used generally to mean both products

except where a specific distinction is made.
Generally speaking, the CRA layer is inside the pipe as defined above
but externally clad pipe is occasionally made for specific applications
(e.g., nickel-copper UNS N04400 clad pipe for riser splash zone
protection as discussed further under Line Pipe and Manifolds
(Chapter 8).

34 Clad Pipes Chapter 3
Clad pipes may be produced using the following processes:

 longitudinally welding of clad plate
 centrifugal casting
 seamless pipe mill production methods
 explosive bonding
Lined pipes may be produced by:

 hydraulic or thermohydraulic expansion
 explosive lining
Clad pipes may be produced as full length or shorter lengths which

are generally welded in the shop and supplied as full 12.2 meters
(40 foot) lengths.
Longitudinally Welded Clad Pipe
Longitudinally welded pipe is made from clad plate which should be

thoroughly visually examined on the full surface before it is made
into pipe to check for any possible mechanical damage or localised
corrosion which might penetrate through the clad layer. Any such
defects should be repaired by welding or be cut from the plate.
The edges of the clad plate are machined for welding and the plate is
formed into pipe in a U-ing, O-ing, expansion (UOE), press bend or
rolling mill (Figure 3.1). Pipe edges are generally pre-bent to help the
plate obtain a good round shape after forming.
The seam weld has to be made by completing the weld in the carbon
steel first and completing the clad layer last. It might appear to be
simpler to weld the CRA layer first and then change over to a carbon
steel filler material for the weld made in the backing steel part of the
wall thickness. However, such a production route would give
deleterious hard microstructures in the carbon steel weld portion
where a small amount of underlying CRA was dissolved into the
carbon steel weld bead. In contrast, completing the carbon steel and
then overlaying a CRA layer as the final weld pass means that only a
small amount of carbon steel dissolves into the CRA which does not
result in hard microstructures.

Chapter
4
CLAD BENDS
Manufacturing of Bends from Clad Pipe
Manufacturing of clad bends is usually carried out using induction

heating of metallurgically bonded clad pipe. The clad pipe is put into
the bending machine: one end of the pipe is held with the clamp at
the top of the arm while the other end is fixed in a position with the
tail stock. An induction heating coil heats a limited narrow portion of
the pipe as it is pushed forward through this region. The pipe is
continuously heated and bent around the centre of gyration of the
arm until the given angle of bend is reached (Figure 4.1). Some
bending equipment is capable of producing multiple bends in pipe
which may help reduce the number of welds in piping systems
(Figure 4.2).
It is preferable if the bending machines can induction heat the

tangent portions of the bend to avoid heat affected zones after
bending. Some machines have such continuous heat treat facilities
over the bent portion and also the tangents with facilities for internal
and external water quenching if required. Otherwise, bends may be
furnace heat treated. Figure 4.3 shows a number of clad bends
coming out of a furnace after heat treatment. If bends come from
TMCP steel, tempering should be avoided as this may cause a loss of
strength. Careful qualification of the bending and heat treatment
process is necessary in all cases.

Chapter 4 Clad Bends 61
Bends and elbows (down to 1.5 DR) can also be made using the
mandrel bending process (pushing the pipe over a bend former called
a mandrel) from 12.5-1219 mm (0.5-48 inch), and even larger
diameters up to 2540 mm (100 inch), with good dimensional tolerances
(see Clad Elbows in Chapter 5).
Bends have been made using the cold forming method (flexible
mandrel process), from seamless or welded metallurgically bonded
clad pipes. Although work hardening will occur, the forming
equipment is high powered and strong enough to compensate for the
increase in yield strength with plastic deformation. After bending,
final heat treatment (usually QT), if required by the specifications,
can be carried out.
Manufacturing of Bends from Lined Pipe
Investigations of cold bending of lined pipe have shown that some

minor wrinkling of the alloy liner arises at a bend radius of about
25 D. Thus, simple cold bending of lined pipe is limited to a minimum
radius of about 15 D before wrinkling of the liner becomes excessive.
Cold bends were made at 1, 2, 5.8, and 10 angles, corresponding
respectively to DR = 63, 31, 11, 6, on 6 ⁵⁄₈ inch (168.2 mm) OD
mechanically bonded pipes to observe possible disbonding or liner
buckling (Craig, 1994). Disbonding was judged by sectioning the
bend and observing any separation between the liner and the
backing steel. Some wrinkling started to appear in the liner at a 5.8
bend angle, whilst several buckles were identified at 10 bend angle.
The bends were done without a mandrel, which would help reduce
wrinkling but not stop separation. In spite of some concerns about
the reduced corrosion resistance of the liner as a consequence of the
cold work, it was not possible to obtain meaningful results in the
adopted corrosion tests (ASTM G 48, and ASTM A 262). Further tests
were made according to ASTM G 28 on UNS N06625 lined
mechanically bonded pipes, showing some weld line attack after a
hydraulically expanding the liner back into the outer steel pipe.
Chapter
5
CLAD FITTINGS
Whilst there are many manufacturers of solid alloy fittings, there are
relatively few with wide experience producing clad fittings. This may
explain why solid alloy fittings have sometimes been used to
complete a clad system. In other cases availability or cost factors may
lead to the selection of solid alloy fittings. Furthermore, certain
design codes may favour solid alloys over clad steel because of higher
allowable stresses. Essentially each project has to be considered
separately to decide whether clad or solid fittings will be the most
appropriate.
In spite of the relatively limited use of clad fittings to date, several

manufacturers are now capable of producing all the items necessary
to fulfill the needs of typical processing systems.
All types of fittings are available with internal cladding including

elbows, bends, tees, manifolds, reducers, eccentrics, and caps.
Manufacturing methods include:
 weld overlaying
 hot isostatic pressing (HIP)
 manufacturing from clad plate or pipe.
Clad Fittings Made by Weld Overlaying
A key benefit of weld overlaying is that there are many suppliers

around the world and so lead time for supply is normally fairly short
compared to some other manufacturing routes. Various weld
overlaying techniques, as described previously for clad plate
Chapter
6
SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
OF CLAD PRODUCTS
This chapter is not intended to give a rigorous breakdown of clad

product specifications but simply to comment on a few aspects.
Typical roll bonded clad plate production specifications are ASTM

A 264 (Stainless chromium-nickel steel clad plate, sheet and strip),
ASTM A 265 (Nickel and nickel-base alloy clad steel plate), and
JIS G 3602 (Nickel and nickel alloy clad steels).
There is an API specification, API 5LD, for CRA Clad or Lined Steel
Pipe.
Maximum Allowable Stress Values
The codes for vessel design allow the wall thickness calculations to
include some “credit” for the thickness of any cladding. Such cladding
has to be fully metallurgically bonded, and normally reference is
made to specifications for clad plate (e.g., ASTM A 263, A 264, A 265)
or to weld overlay cladding with specific requirements for quality
control and inspection of the weld overlay layer. Where linings are
applied to vessels, the thickness of the lining material is not included
in the wall thickness computation. In these cases the maximum
allowable stress values given are for the base material.
82 Specification Requirements of Clad Products Chapter 6
The proportion of the applied cladding thickness that can be taken

into account in determining the wall thickness for design purposes is
explained in individual codes. As an example, ASME Section VIII -
Division 1 defines the allowed wall thickness equal to the nominal
thickness of the base material plus (Sc/Sb) x the nominal thickness of
the cladding after any allowance provided for corrosion has been
deducted, where:
Sc = the maximum allowable stress value for the integral

cladding at the design temperature, or for corrosion-resistant
weld metal overlay cladding, that of the wrought material
whose chemistry most closely approximates that of the
cladding at the design temperature.
Sb = the maximum allowable stress value for the base
material at the design temperature.
Where Sc is greater than Sb, the multiplier Sc/Sb shall be taken equal
to unity. The maximum allowable stress values are listed in the
codes.
Pipeline design follows different codes and to date it has not been
usual for the cladding thickness to be included in the design
calculation of the wall thickness. Individual cases may be made where
some allowance for the cladding thickness could reasonably be made.
Cladding Alloy
The specifications for clad plate and clad pipe are limited to a small
selection of cladding alloys but with the option for purchaser and
manufacturer to agree on other grades or modified compositions
between. Thus, in principal, any cladding alloy may be selected whilst
in practice there are technical and economic limitations. Purchasers
may therefore find that what appears to be a cheaper alloy selection
may result in a more costly clad pipe because of the production
difficulties in heat treating certain alloys and optimising backing steel
toughness while achieving good corrosion resistance of the cladding.

90 Specification Requirements of Clad Products Chapter 6
Demagnetising
Using magnetic grips to hold clad plates or pipes at various stages of

manufacturing and transportation can result in residual magnetism
which can interfere with welding by causing “arc blow.” Residual
magnetism may also arise form electromagnetic inspection in the mill.
Demagnetising of products at the mill is often requested in purchase
specifications but this can be a waste of time since they may re-
magnetise in transit. In the case of clad pipes, re-magnetising arises
because of pipe being knocked in transit or even by being stored in a
North-South orientation. In many cases pipes have had to be de-
magnetised on site immediately before welding to avoid arc blow
problems during welding.
Dimensions and Tolerances of Clad Pipe
Cladding and Wall Thickness
In terms of past production, about 40% of the produced pipes have

been purchased specifying 3 mm (0.12 inch) minimum cladding
thickness, and about 35% with 2 mm (0.08 inch) minimum. In
principle there is no problem in manufacturing a strictly controlled
product even as low as 1.6 mm (0.06 inch) in cladding thickness,
particularly with longitudinally welded pipes, but this will produce
possible problems in field welding. The fit-up problems would
increase the risk of possible iron dilution during the root pass, as the
bevel end for the root is generally set at about 1.6 mm (0.06 inch).
Manufacturers suggest a minimum cladding thickness of 2 mm
(0.08 inch) when using hydraulic line-up clamps for field welding,
and
2.5 mm (0.1 inch) with conventional clamps. The reduction of the
cladding thickness from 3 mm (0.12 inch) to these levels would give
some economic benefit.
A typical tolerance on the cladding thickness is ± 0.5 mm (0.02 inch),

or rather, -0 mm, +1.0 mm (0.04 inch).
Chapter
7
WELDING CLAD
PRODUCTS
The key factor which has to be considered in welding clad products is

maintaining the corrosion resistance of the inner cladding layer in
and around the weld zone. This has an impact on all aspects of the
welding procedure including the type of weld preparation, the choice
of welding process, the filler material, the shielding gas, and the heat
input.
Fabricating Clad Vessels
Handling Clad Plate
Clad plates should be stored in a clean and dry condition and treated
basically in the same way as solid CRAs. Where plates have to be cold
formed, the working surfaces of the forming equipment should be
clean to avoid contaminating the alloy surface.
Care should be taken to avoid damage to the clad surface during any
shearing, punching, or cutting operations. Clad plates can be flame
cut, usually from the backing steel side, or plasma cut, usually from
the cladding metal side. Powder cutting can also be used, generally
from the cladding side. Drilling is usually begun from the cladding
surface with tools and drilling conditions selected to be suitable for
the cladding material.
In producing vessel shells and heads, standard hot or cold forming

methods, depending upon clad plate size and thickness, are used with

somewhat more gradual pressure application than with solid steel.

Chapter 7 Welding Clad Products 97
in the last pass. Weld overlay techniques with low dilution

characteristics, like electroslag overlaying, have been accepted with
just a single pass.
Thickness (mm) Base steel side Cladding metal side

1.5~2.5
o o
up to 15 65  5 1.5
(⁵⁄₈")
1.5 65o 5o
over 15 up to 22 o
90  5
o
(⁵⁄₈" ~ ⁷⁄₈") 0~1
a
o o 2.0
65  5
b'
over 22 up to 38 2~3
(⁷⁄₈" ~ 1¹⁄₂") 2.0
o o a:b = 1:3
0~1 60  5
15o 5 o
2.0
over 38 8R
8R
(1¹⁄₂")
2.0
0~1 15o 5 o
Cladding ratio of
over 20%
In case of
difficulty at edge
min. 5 min. 5 min. 5 min. 5
preparation
Note: 1) Edge preparation can be done by machining, gas-cutting, or plasma-arc cutting.

2) Edge prepared surfaces should be smooth, and the surface of edge prepared
by gas-cutting should be ground smoothly.
3) Dimensions in mm.
Figure 7.1 Typical weld joint designs for clad vessels.
The welding method described above is appropriate when the cladding

alloy and backing material are compatible as dissimilar metal welds.
Some metals cannot be directly welded to each other as they form
brittle phases or suffer other cracking problems such as liquation
cracking in the weld zone. In such cases a strip of the cladding metal
is fillet welded over the completed internal weld seam to give a
continuous corrosion-resistant alloy surface. This method is typically
used when vessels are fabricated from titanium clad plate. In this case
the titanium cladding is cut back from the carbon steel along the weld
line. The carbon steel is then welded using standard techniques. A batten
of copper is then positioned on the carbon steel weld and
Chapter
8
CLAD PRODUCT APPLICATIONS
Cladding Technology in the Oil & Gas Industry
Clad products have been used extensively in the oil and gas industry
to counteract corrosive conditions. Major applications have been in the
form of clad pipes, vessels, and heat exchangers but there are also
other components that are routinely supplied in clad form such as
wellheads and other valves.
Clad products have to compete against carbon steel and solid CRAs.
Where the duration of a project is short, the amount of corrosion
arising on carbon steel may be tolerated by allowing extra wall
thickness, or corrosion allowance, which is consumed during the
project. Chemicals (corrosion inhibitors) may be injected into the
environment to reduce the corrosion rate.
In some cases, however, the anticipated rate of corrosion may be too

high or the life of the project too long to simply allow the corrosion to
take place. In such cases, CRAs may be selected which will suffer
negligible corrosion over the duration of the project. The choice of solid
or clad is then a matter of which is more economical, but clad steel
may offer some specific advantages in this industry in some cases.
One example is offshore projects developed by means of a fixed or

floating structure. In such cases it is beneficial to save weight in the
“topside” facilities to reduce the cost of the support structure. The use
of backing steels with higher strength than solid CRAs then allows a
reduction in wall thickness of the topside facilities (vessels and piping,
etc.) which reduces the weight of those items with corresponding
economic benefits for the structure.
Chapter 8 Clad Product Applications 153
It is very common to find chemical reactor vessels internally clad

with UNS S31603, even where the corrosion conditions may not be
extremely aggressive. An example is the production of
polypropylene. Cladding is required here because of the need to
produce really pure untainted products without any colour
contamination. There is some use of UNS S30400 cladding in systems
handling dry products such as polymer particles, again for
requirements of cleanliness and lack of contamination.
The electrochemical industry makes some use of titanium clad plate in

processes for the production of caustic soda and chlorine.
Cladding Technology in Chemical Tankers
The typical corrosive products carried by shipping tankers are

hydrogen peroxide, oxypropylene, and various acids in concentrated
form. Austenitic stainless steel (mostly type 304 or 316), duplex
stainless steels, or occasionally higher alloys are selected for the
chemical container.
Clad steel has often been used in the wing and end bulkheads, whilst
transverse and center line bulkheads are solid alloy in
horizontally/vertically corrugated configuration. The clad plate is
normally 8-15 mm (0.3-0.6 inch) thick with 1.5-3 mm (0.06-0.12 inch)
of stainless steel. The outer surface of the chemical cargo tank forms
the inner surface of the ballast space and, since this is filled with
seawater, the corrosion of the carbon steel surface (both the clad steel
and the outer tank construction) is conveniently controlled by
protective coatings and cathodic protection. There is some preference
for clad steel over solid stainless to avoid problems of galvanic
corrosion of the carbon steel tanker wall in the ballast space and to
prevent any risk of localised corrosion or stress corrosion cracking of
the stainless steel.
In the 1993 Rules for the Manufacture, Testing and Certification of

Materials published by Lloyds Register of Shipping (formerly Part 2 of
the Rules for Ships ), clad plates are listed as optional materials for the
construction of cargo or storage tanks for chemicals. Approved
154 Clad Product Applications Chapter 8
manufacturing processes are roll-bonding and explosive cladding.

The backing steel should be carbon or carbon manganese steel clad
with austenitic steels type UNS S30403, S30453, S31603, S31653,
S31703, S31753, S32100, S34700, S31254 or N08904.
With the development of duplex stainless steels over the last twenty
years, there has been a strong shift toward their use for chemical
tankers instead of clad plate (Leffler, 1991) (Hilkes, et. al., 1991).
Cladding Technology in Metal Purification
High pressure acid leaching of metal ores such as gold, nickel, and
copper in hydrometallurgy extraction methods requires autoclaves
resistant to concentrated acids and metal ions. Titanium and
zirconium explosively clad autoclaves are very cost effective compared
to solid where the wall thickness is often around 100 mm (4 inch).
There are examples in service for more than 25 years (Banker and
Forrest, 1996).
A primary metal manufacturer has used zirconium clad plates for a

rotary kiln (1.2 meters (48 inch) diameter and 12 meters (40 foot)
long) for manufacturing zirconium oxide from zirconyl sulfate. The
kiln is lined with bricks on top of the zirconium cladding. The
zirconium surface is exposed to sulfuric acid and sulfates and cycling
temperatures up to 200C (390F). No major problems have been
reported in over 17 years of service.
Cladding Technology in the Power Industry
Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) is an erosion-corrosion mechanism

that occurs in high purity steam/condensate lines.
FAC in nuclear power plants primarily affects carbon steel extraction

steam lines, heater drains, and feed water piping. The plant water
chemistry and other factors destabilize the normally protective iron
oxide (magnetite) layer, leading to the continuous FAC of the
underlying carbon steel with significant loss of wall thickness. This

Chapter
9
CLAD PIPE
PROJECTS
The oil and gas industry has made the most extensive use of clad pipe
of any industrial sector. The clad pipe is most often selected for the
flowlines, i.e. the pipe carrying the untreated produced fluids from
the wellhead to the treatment facilities.
An overview of the types of clad pipe products and the materials

selected was given in Chapter 8 (Line Pipe and Manifolds). The
present chapter describes some individual projects or experiences of
particular operators with clad pipe installations. The aim is to
highlight key issues for selecting a particular pipe material, e.g., the
nature of the cladding, the way in which the pipe was welded or laid,
and any operating experience to guide future potential users.
The projects are described in alphabetical order of the operating

company with the year of installation.
ADMA OPCO - Um-Shaif - 1993
This project, engineered by Bechtel in 1993, involved installing a

204 meters (670 foot), 323 mm (12 ³⁄₄ inch) diameter flowline from a
fixed unmanned platform and tying it in to an existing 762 mm
(30 inch) diameter pipeline made of carbon steel (protected by
inhibitor injection). The flowline was to carry gas with 6% CO 2 and
0.06% H2S; the design temperature was 93C (200F), and the design
pressure 93.1 bar (1350 psi).
168 Clad Pipe Projects Chapter 9
UNS N06625 cladding material was selected because commissioning

conditions would require seawater to be present in the line, after
hydrotesting, for at least six months. The 323.9 mm (12 inch) diameter,
7.1 mm (0.28 inch) wall thickness pipe with 3 mm (0.12 inch) of
cladding was supplied from Kubota and 10 bends of radius 3DR were
made by high frequency induction bending by DHF. Difficulties with
casting UNS N06625 at that time resulted in pipes having to be cut short
so that most 12 meter lengths contained a number of girth welds.
Agip UK - Thelma and South East Thelma - 1995
Thelma and South East Thelma are located in the North Sea in the T-
Block, approximately 12 km (7.5 miles) South-East of the Tiffany
process platform. The fields have a sub-sea production template and
manifold connected to the Tiffany platform by a 273 mm (10 ³⁄₄ inch)
production flowline and a 168 mm (6 ⁵⁄₈ inch) production or well
testing flowline. A 114.3 mm (4 ¹⁄₂ inch) service flowline links the
Thelma field to the Toni water injection template for fluid disposal
when required.
The wellhead design temperature is 110C (230F), design pressure is

290 bar (4200 psi), operating pressure between 48.3 bar (700 psi) and
276 bar (4000 psi), the formation water pH is between 5.1 and 5.6,
formation water TDS about 95,000 ppm, of which about 57,000 ppm
are chlorides. Maximum CO 2 content is 15.5%, and H2S is 500 ppm in the
oil phase (0.1 bar (1.5 psi) partial pressure) in one well and
100 ppm in the remaining 4 wells, bringing the average content to
170 ppm.
Duplex stainless steel was originally selected for all the pipelines etc.,
handling untreated fluids (Calvarano, et. al., 1995) as it was
considered suitable for normal operating conditions. During
shutdown, when the design pressure is reached, the H 2S partial
pressure would rise beyond the normally accepted values for safe
exposure of duplex stainless steels. Fortuitously, this situation
seldom occurs and is of limited duration because of cooling of the
flowlines after shutdown. Selection of duplex stainless steel would,
however,

Chapter 9 Clad Pipe Projects 183
The original piping in the plant was centricast 13% Cr but the gradual
drop in pressure of the field necessitated an increase in the pipe
diameter and 13% Cr piping was not available in 762 mm (30 inch)
diameter required. Hence clad pipe was selected. The installation of
762 mm (30 inch) OD clad piping was cost effective since it meant that
there was no need to install compressor stations in the manifold to
carry the gas to the treatment units (Akabane, 1994).
This field development consists of 4 well clusters each with two

headers requiring a total of 10.2 km (6.3 miles) of 762 mm (30
inch) diameter, 12.7 mm (0.5 inch) wall thickness (API 5L X60)
with 2 mm (0.08 inch) UNS N08825 cladding pipe and some 219
mm (8 ⁵⁄₈ inch) diameter clad pipe (Figure 9.6). The pipes were
supplied by JSW as were 64 tees (762 x 219 mm, 30 x 8 ⁵⁄₈ inch).
The clad lines collect gas and condensate which are then
dehydrated.
The gas is compressed to an LNG plant 20 miles away through a

1066.8 mm (42 inch) pipeline and the condensates are transported in a
406 mm (16 inch) line (Figure 9.7).
The backing steel for the clad pipe was not specified to be SWC
resistant, but the welds were limited to 250 HV maximum hardness
since the conditions are judged to be slightly sour. All the pipe ends
were bevelled by the manufacturer (JSW) and supplied with end
protectors. Considerable planning went into the design of the cluster
layout to suit joint lengths so that only 44 field cuts and bevels were
required out of about 1,000 joint lengths supplied. The average time
per cut and bevel was 6.5 hours.
Some solid UNS N08825 flanges and 114.3 mm (4 ¹⁄₂ inch) and
60.3 mm (2 ³⁄₈ inch) weld-o-lets were also used in the project.

Appendix
1
ABBREVIATED TERMS
AAI Arco Alaska Inc.

AISI American Iron and Steel Institute
ANSI American National Standards Institute
API American Petroleum Institute
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BS British Standard
CII Lined pipe product produced by
NSC CITHP Closed in tubing head pressure
CLI Creusot Loire Industrie
CPT Critical pitting temperature
CRA Corrosion-resistant alloy
CRC CRC-Evans Automatic Welding
CTOD Crack tip opening
displacement DHF Dai-Ichi High
Frequency
DIN Deutsche Institut fü r Normung
DR Radius of bend expressed as multiple of pipe diameter
DWTT Drop weight tear test
EFC European Federation of
Corrosion ENP Electroless nickel
plating
ESW Electroslag welding
FAC Flow accelerated corrosion
FCAW Flux cored arc welding
FGD Flue Gas Desulphurisation
GMAW Gas metal arc welding
GTAW Gas tungsten arc welding
HAZ Heat-Affected Zone
HIP Hot isostatic pressing
218 Abbreviated Terms Appendix 1
HSLA High strength low alloy

ID Internal diameter
JSW Japan Steel Works
LIDB Liquid interface diffusion
bonding LNG Liquefied natural gas
NACE National Association of Corrosion
Engineers (now NACE International)
NAM Nederlandse Aardolie
Maatschappij NDE Non-destructive
examination
NKK NKK Corporation
NSC Nippon Steel Corporation
OCTG Oil Country Tubular Goods
OD Outside diameter
OOR Out-of-roundness
PASSO Processo Arcos Saipem Saldatura Orbitale
PGMAW Pulsed gas metal arc welding
PGTAW Pulsed gas tungsten arc
welding PQR Procedure Qualification
Record PTA Pure Terephthalic Acid
PWHT Post welding heat
treatment PWR Pressurised Water
Reactor QT Quenched and tempered
RT Radiographic testing
SAW Submerged arc welding
SCC Stress corrosion cracking
SDH Side drilled hole
SMAW Shielded metal arc welding
SMYS Specified minimum yield
strength SSCSulfide stress corrosion cracking
SSCV Semi-submersible crane vessel
SWC Stepwise cracking
TDS Total dissolved solids
TMCP Thermo-mechanical control process
UNS Unified Numbering System
UO U-ing, O-ing, (pipe forming)
UOE U-ing, O-ing, Expansion, (pipe forming)
UT Ultrasonic testing
V-A Voest-Alpine
Appendix
2
HARDNESS CONVERSION NUMBERS

APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSION NUMBERS FOR NONAUSTENITIC STEELS a, b

Rockwell Brinell Rockwell Rockwell Superficial Hardness Approximate
C 150 kgf 3000 Knoo A 60 kgf 15 kgf 30 kgf 45 kgf Tensile
Diamond Vickers kgf p 500 Diamond Diamond Diamond Diamond Strength
HRC HV 10 mm ball gf HK HRA HR15N HR30N HR45N ksi (MPa)
HB
68 940 --- 920 85.6 93.2 84.4 75.4 ---
67 900 --- 895 85.0 92.9 83.6 74.2 ---
66 865 --- 870 84.5 92.5 82.8 73.3 ---
65 832 739d 846 83.9 92.2 81.9 72.0 ---
64 800 722d 822 83.4 91.8 81.1 71.0 ---
63 772 706d 799 82.8 91.4 80.1 69.9 ---
62 746 688d 776 82.3 91.1 79.3 68.8 ---
61 720 670d 754 81.8 90.7 78.4 67.7 ---
60 697 654d 732 81.2 90.2 77.5 66.6 ---
59 674 634d 710 80.7 89.8 76.6 65.5 351 (2420)
58 653 615 690 80.1 89.3 75.7 64.3 338 (2330)
57 633 595 670 79.6 88.9 74.8 63.2 325 (2240)
56 613 577 650 79.0 88.3 73.9 62.0 313 (2160)
55 595 560 630 78.5 87.9 73.0 60.9 301 (2070)
54 577 543 612 78.0 87.4 72.0 59.8 292 (2010)
53 560 525 594 77.4 86.9 71.2 58.6 283 (1950)
52 544 512 576 76.8 86.4 70.2 57.4 273 (1880)
51 528 496 558 76.3 85.9 69.4 56.1 264 (1820)
50 513 482 542 75.9 85.5 68.5 55.0 255 (1760)
49 498 468 526 75.2 85.0 67.6 53.8 246 (1700)
48 484 455 510 74.7 84.5 66.7 52.5 238 (1640)
47 471 442 495 74.1 83.9 65.8 51.4 229 (1580)

APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSION NUMBERS FOR NONAUSTENITIC STEELS a, b (Continued)

Rockwell Brinell Rockwell Rockwell Superficial Hardness Approximate
C 150 kgf 3000 Knoo A 60 kgf 15 kgf 30 kgf 45 kgf Tensile
Diamond Vickers kgf p 500 Diamond Diamond Diamond Diamond Strength
HRC HV 10 mm ball gf HK HRA HR15N HR30N HR45N ksi (MPa)
HB
46 458 432 480 73.6 83.5 64.8 50.3 221 (1520)
45 446 421 466 73.1 83.0 64.0 49.0 215 (1480)
44 434 409 452 72.5 82.5 63.1 47.8 208 (1430)
43 423 400 438 72.0 82.0 62.2 46.7 201 (1390)
42 412 390 426 71.5 81.5 61.3 45.5 194 (1340)
41 402 381 414 70.9 80.9 60.4 44.3 188 (1300)
40 392 371 402 70.4 80.4 59.5 43.1 182 (1250)
39 382 362 391 69.9 79.9 58.6 41.9 177 (1220)
38 372 353 380 69.4 79.4 57.7 40.8 171 (1180)
37 363 344 370 68.9 78.8 56.8 39.6 166 (1140)
36 354 336 360 68.4 78.3 55.9 38.4 161 (1110)
35 345 327 351 67.9 77.7 55.0 37.2 156 (1080)
34 336 319 342 67.4 77.2 54.2 36.1 152 (1050)
33 327 311 334 66.8 76.6 53.3 34.9 149 (1030)
32 318 301 326 66.3 76.1 52.1 33.7 146 (1010)
31 310 294 318 65.8 75.6 51.3 32.5 141 (970)
30 302 286 311 65.3 75.0 50.4 31.3 138 (950)
29 294 279 304 64.6 74.5 49.5 30.1 135 (930)
28 286 271 297 64.3 73.9 48.6 28.9 131 (900)
27 279 264 290 63.8 73.3 47.7 27.8 128 (880)
26 272 258 284 63.3 72.8 46.8 26.7 125 (860)
25 266 253 278 62.8 72.2 45.9 25.5 123 (850)
24 260 247 272 62.4 71.6 45.0 24.3 119 (820)
Appendix
3
UNIT CONVERSIONS

METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS

To Convert From To Multiply By To Convert From To Multiply By
Angle Mass per unit time
degree rad 1.745 329 E -02 lb/h kg/s 1.259 979 E - 04
Area lb/min kg/s 7.559 873 E - 03
in.2 mm2 6.451 600 E + 02 lb/s kg/s 4.535 924 E - 01
in.2 cm2 6.451 600 E + 00 Mass per unit volume (includes density)
in.2 m2 6.451 600 E - 04 g/cm3 kg/m3 1.000 000 E + 03
ft2 m2 9.290 304 E - 02 lb/ft3 g/cm3 1.601 846 E - 02
Bending moment or torque lb/ft3 kg/m3 1.601 846 E + 01
lbf - in. N-m 1.129 848 E - 01 lb/in.3 g/cm3 2.767 990 E + 01
lbf - ft N-m 1.355 818 E + 00 lb/in.3 kg/m3 2.767 990 E + 04
kgf - m N-m 9.806 650 E + 00 Power
ozf - in. N-m 7.061 552 E - 03 Btu/s kW 1.055 056 E + 00
Bending moment or torque per unit length Btu/min kW 1.758 426 E - 02
lbf - in./in. N - m/m 4.448 222 E + 00 Btu/h W 2.928 751 E - 01
lbf - ft/in. N - m/m 5.337 866 E + 01 erg/s W 1.000 000 E - 07
Corrosion rate ft - lbf/s W 1.355 818 E + 00
mils/yr mm/yr 2.540 000 E - 02 ft - lbf/min W 2.259 697 E - 02
mils/yr /yr 2.540 000 E + 01 ft - lbf/h W 3.766 161 E - 04
Current density hp (550 ft - lbf/s) kW 7.456 999 E - 01
A/in.2 A/cm2 1.550 003 E - 01 hp (electric) kW 7.460 000 E - 01
A/in.2 A/mm2 1.550 003 E - 03 Power density
2
A/ft A/m2 1.076 400 E + 01 W/in.2 W/m2 1.550 003 E + 03

THE GREEK ALPHABET

,  - Alpha ,  - Iota ,  - Rho
,  - Beta ,  - Kappa ,  - Sigma
,  - Gamma ,  - Lambda ,  - Tau
,  - Delta ,  - Mu ,  - Upsilon
,  - Epsilon ,  - Nu ,  - Phi
,  - Zeta ,  - Xi ,  - Chi
,  - Eta ,  - Omicron ,  - Psi
,  - Theta ,  - Pi ,  - Omega
Appendix
4
PIPE DIMENSIONS

DIMENSIONS OF WELDED AND SEAMLESS PIPEa

Nominal Outside Nominal Wall Thickness (in.)
Pipe Size Diameter Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule
(in.) (in.) 5S 10S 10 20 30 Standard 40
1/8 0.405 --- 0.049 --- --- --- 0.068 0.068
1/4 0.540 --- 0.065 --- --- --- 0.088 0.088
3/8 0.675 --- 0.065 --- --- --- 0.091 0.091
1/2 0.840 0.065 0.083 --- --- --- 0.109 0.109
3/4 1.050 0.065 0.083 --- --- --- 0.113 0.113
1 1.315 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.133 0.133
1 1/4 1.660 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.140 0.140
1 1/2 1.900 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.145 0.145
2 2.375 0.065 0.109 --- --- --- 0.154 0.154
2 1/2 2.875 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.203 0.203
3 3.5 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.216 0.216
3 1/2 4.0 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.226 0.226
4 4.5 0.083 0.120 --- --- --- 0.237 0.237
5 5.563 0.109 0.134 --- --- --- 0.258 0.258
6 6.625 0.109 0.134 --- --- --- 0.280 0.280
8 8.625 0.109 0.148 --- 0.250 0.277 0.322 0.322
10 10.75 0.134 0.165 --- 0.250 0.307 0.365 0.365
12 12.75 0.156 0.180 --- 0.250 0.330 0.375 0.406
14 O.D. 14.0 0.156 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.375 0.438
16 O.D. 16.0 0.165 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.375 0.500
18 O.D. 18.0 0.165 0.188 0.250 0.312 0.438 0,375 0.562
20 O.D. 20.0 0.188 0.218 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.375 0.594
22 O.D. 22.0 0.188 0.218 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.375 ---

DIMENSIONS OF WELDED AND SEAMLESS PIPEa (Continued)

Nominal Outside Nominal Wall Thickness (in.)
Pipe Size Diameter Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule
(in.) (in.) 5S 10S 10 20 30 Standard 40
24 O.D. 24.0 0.218 0.250 0.250 0.375 0.562 0.375 0.688
26 O.D. 26.0 --- --- 0.312 0.500 --- 0.375 ---
28 O.D. 28.0 --- --- 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 ---
30 O.D. 30.0 0.250 0.312 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 ---
32 O.D. 32.0 --- --- 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 0.688
34 O.D. 34.0 --- --- 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 0.688
36 O.D. 36.0 --- --- 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 0.750
42 O.D. 42.0 --- --- --- --- --- 0.375 ---
a. See next page for heavier wall thicknesses
Appendix
5
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following is an alphabetical list of sources consulted in preparing

this book.
Akabane, H. “Mobil Arun Field Debottlenecking,” 2nd International

Seminar on Clad Engineering, Houston, May 6th, 1994.
ANSI/ASME B16.9 Factory Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings.
ANSI/ASME B31.3 Process Piping.
API Specification for Corrosion Resistant Alloy Line Pipe (Spec. 5LC).
API Specification for CRA Clad or Lined Steel Pipe (Spec. 5LD).
API Specification for Line Pipe (Spec. 5L).
API 1104 Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities.
ASME B31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping.
ASME Section VIII Pressure Vessels.
ASTM A204 Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel,

Molybdenum.
ASTM A262Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular

Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels.

244 Bibliography Appendix 5
ASTM A263 Specification for Corrosion-Resisting Chromium Steel-

Clad Plate, Sheet, and Strip.
ASTM A264 Specification for Stainless Chromium-Nickel Steel Clad

Plate, Sheet, and Strip.
ASTM A265 Standard Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloy

Clad Steel Plate.
ASTM A387 Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel,

Chromium-Molybdenum.
ASTM A516 Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates,

Carbon Steel, for Moderate and Lower-Temperature Service.
ASTM A533 Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy

Steel, Quenched and Tempered, Manganese-Molybdenum and
Manganese-Molybdenum-Nickel.
ASTM A578 Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic

Examination of Plain and Clad Steel Plates for Special Applications.
ASTM G28 Test Methods of Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular

Corrosion in Wrought, Nickel-Rich, Chromium-Bearing Alloys.
ASTM G39 Practice for Preparation and Use of Bent-Beam Stress-

Corrosion Test Specimens.
ASTM G48 Test Method for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance
of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride
Solution.
ASTM G146 Practice for Evaluation of Disbonding of Bimetalic

Stainless Alloy/Steel Plate for use in High-Pressure, High-
Temperature Refinery Hydrogen Service.
Avery, R.E. and Schillmoller, C.M. “Development of Mechanized Field

Girth Welding of High Alloy Corrosion Resistant Pipeline Materials,”
NiDI Technical series N° 10061, 1991.

Appendix 5 Bibliography 245
Banker, J.G. “Commercial Applications of Zirconium Explosion

Clad,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, ASTM, Mar. 1996.
Banker, J.G. “Try Explosion Clad Steel for Corrosion Protection,”

Chemical Engineering Progress, July 1996.
Banker, J.G. and Cayard, M. “Evaluation of Stainless Steels

Explosion Clad for High Temperature, High Pressure Hydrogen
Service,” Materials Property Council Conference on Hydrogen Effects
on Materials for Refinery Applications, Wien, Oct. 1994.
Banker, J.G. and Forrest, A.L. “Titanium/Steel Explosion Bonded

Clad for Autoclaves and Reactors,” MMS Annual Meeting, TMS,
Warrendale PA., Feb. 1996.
Belloni, A. et al. “Large Diameter Clad Pipes, Production, Welding

and Offshore Laying Experience”, 11th International Conference on
Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE/92, Calgary, June
1992, Vol. 5, p. 383.
Belloni, A. “ONGC - BE Project,” 2nd International Seminar on Clad

Engineering, Houston, May 6th, 1994.
Belloni, A. “Welding Clad Pipes in CRA Materials – Recent

Experience,” Stainless Steel World, Jan./Feb. 1996.
Belloni, A. “Full GMAW Proved for CRA Pipeline Welding,” Duplex

'97, Maastricht, Oct. 1997.
Belloni, A. and Celant, M. “Development of an Advanced System to

Weld Corrosion Resistant Alloys and Clad Pipes,” 12th International
Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering,
OMAE/'93, Glasgow, July 1993.
Belloni, A., Dall'Aglio, D., Celant, M. and Tsuji, M. “Large Diameter

Clad Pipes: Production, Welding and Offshore Laying Experience,”
11th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic
Engineering, OMAE/92, Calgary, June 7-12th, 1992, Vol. 5, p.383.

246 Bibliography Appendix 5
Breinan, E.M., Kear, B.H. and Banas, C.M. Physics Today, November
1976, Vol. 44, Issue 23.
BS 1501, Steels for Fired and Unfired Pressure Vessels: Plates,

British Standards Institute.
BS 4515, Process of Welding of Steel Pipelines on Land and Offshore,

British Standards Institute.
BS 5500, Specification for Unfired Pressure Vessels, British

Standards Institute.
Butler, P. et al., “Welding the Maui A-B Pipeline,” Welding Journal,

Nov. 1993, pp. 31-38.
Calvarano, M., Fassina, P. and Ghielmetti, A. “A Review of Cost

Effective Alternatives for Sealines in Marginal Field with Corrosive
Fluids,” OMC - Offshore Mediterranean Conference, 1995.
Chakravarti, B. and Dobis, J. “Plant Maintenance Repairs Utilizing

Clad Piping Spools to Improve Reliability,” Stainless Steel World,
Jan./Feb. 1997, Vol. 9, Issue 1, p.39.
Clay, K. “Use of Cladding Materials in the Power Generation

Industry,” Stainless Steel World, Oct. 1996, Vol. 8, Issue 8, p. 32-35.
Colwell, J.A., Martin, C.J. and Mack, R.D. “Evaluation of Full Scale
Sections of Bimetallic Tubing in Simulated Production
Environments,” Corrosion, 45 (5) 1989, p. 429.
Craig, B.D. “Field Experience with Alloy Clad API Grade L-80
Tubing,” Materials Performance, 25 (6) 1986 p.48.
Craig, B.D., “Corrosion Testing of Clad and Lined Bends,” 2nd

International Seminar on Clad Engineering, Houston, May 6th, 1994.
Currie, D.M. “Yellowhammer Project,” 2nd International Seminar on

Clad Engineering, Houston, May 6th, 1994.

Appendix
6
LIST OF
FIGURES AND
CONTRIBUTORS
Figure No. Contributor(s)
Front cover The Japan Steel Works Ltd. and Saipem S.p.A
Figure 1.2 Creusot Loire Industrie
Figure 2.1 Voest-Alpine Stahl Linz GmbH
Figure 2.4 The Japan Steel Works Ltd.
Figure 2.8 Dynamic Materials
Corporation Figure 2.9 Dynamic
Materials Corporation Figure 2.10 Nobelclad
Corporation Figure 2.12 Nobelclad
Figure 2.13 Nobelclad
Figure 2.15 NiDI
Figure 3.1 NKK Corporation
Figure 3.3 Kubota Corporation
254 List of Figures and Their Contributors Appendix 6
Figure 3.9 Wyman-Gordon

Ltd. Figure 3.10 Wyman-Gordon
Ltd. Figure 3.11 Tubacex
Figure 3.12 Nippon Steel Corporation
Figure 3.13 H. Butting GmbH & Co. and UPL
Figure 4.1 Dai-Ichi High Frequency Co. Ltd.
Figure 4.2 Dai-Ichi High Frequency Co. Ltd.
Figure 5.1 Not required
Figure 5.2 Tecphy
Figure 5.3 Tecphy
Figure 5.5 Coprosider S.p.A
Figure 5.13 Scomark Engineering Ltd.
Corporation Figure 5.15 Scomark
Engineering Ltd.
Figure 5.16 ABB Vetco Grey UK Ltd.
Figure 7.1 The Japan Steel Works
Ltd. Figure 7.2 The Japan Steel Works
Ltd. Figure 7.3 Nobelclad
Figure 7.6 Saipem
Figure 7.7 Allseas Engineering B.V.
Figure 7.8 Coflexip Stena Offshore Ltd.
Figure 7.9 Rockwater Ltd.
Figure 8.1 Nippon Steel Corporation
Figure 8.2 Forth Tool and Valve Ltd.
Figure 8.3 Strachan and Henshaw Ltd. & Borsig Valves of Berlin
Figure 8.4 Creusot-Loire Industrie
Figure 8.5 Soudometal and NEI International Combustion Ltd.
Appendix 6 List of Figures and Their Contributors 255
Figure 8.6 Verbundmetalle GmbH

Figure 8.7 Head Robinson Engineering Ltd.
Figure 8.8 NEI International Combustion Ltd.
Figure 8.16 Kubota Corporation and Highland
Fabricators Figure 8.17 Kubota Corporation and
Highland Fabricators Figure 8.18 Klad Inc.
Figure 8.19 Creusot-Loire
Industrie Figure 8.20 Nobelclad
Figure 8.23 Klad Inc.
Figure 8.24 VEAG Kraftwerk
Figure 8.25 W.H.D. Plant, Edenbridge Metals Ltd.
Figure 8.26 NiDI and W.H.D. Plant, Edenbridge Metals Ltd.
Figure 8.27 NiDI and W.H.D. Plant, Edenbridge Metals Ltd.
Figure 8.28 W.H.D. Plant, Edenbridge Metals Ltd.
Figure 9.2 BP Exploration Operating Company Ltd.
Figure 9.3 Rockwater Ltd. and UPL
Figure 9.6 Mobil Oil Indonesia Inc.
Figure 9.8 CRC- Evans Pipeline International, Inc.

INDEX
A
Absorber, 158-163
Allseas, 115-116
Aluminium, 164
ASTM A 262, 61, 87-88, 197, 199
ASTM G 48, 61, 87-89, 115, 180, 199, 212
Autoclaves, 88, 154
Batten, 97-98
Black Liquor, 165
Casting Factor, 40
Centrifugal Casting, 34, 38-40
Chimney, 158
Clad Bends
Manufacturing of Bends from Clad Pipe, 57-61
Manufacturing of Bends from Lined Pipe, 50, 61-63
Clad Fittings
Clad Elbows, 70-73
Clad Fittings Made by Weld Overlaying, 65-66
Clad Fittings Made by Hot Isostatic Pressing, 66-69
Clad Fittings Made from Clad Plate or Pipe, 69-70
Clad Flanges and Valves, 78-80
Clad Manifolds, 76-77
Clad Reducers and Caps, 77-78
Clad Tees, 73-75
CAS TI Handbook of Cladding Technology - 2nd Edition

258 Index
Clad Pipes
Centricast Clad Pipe, 38-43
Definitions, 33-34
Explosively Bonded Clad Pipe, 48-
50 Lined Pipe, 50-56
Explosively Lined Pipe, 55-56
Hydraulically Lined Pipe, 53-55
Thermo-Hydraulically Lined Pipe, 51-
53 Longitudinally Welded Clad Pipe, 34-38
Seamless Pipe Mill Clad Pipe, 43-48
Clad Plate
Backing Steel Types, 10-11
Explosive Bonding, 23-28
Heat Treatment, 19-22
Hot Roll Bonding, 9-10
Inspection Requirements, 22-23
Manufacturing Sequence, 11-16
Optimising Bonding, 16-19
Production Methods, 9
Weld Overlaying, 29-32
Clad Product, Applications

Cladding Technology in Air Pollution Systems, 157-162
Cladding Technology in the Oil & Gas Industry, 123-124
Clad Production Tubing, 124-127
Line Pipe and Manifolds, 135-142
Valves, Pumps, and Joints, 127-129
Vessels and Heat Exchangers, 129-135
Backing Steel, 134
Cladding Alloy, 134-135
Cladding Technology in the Chemical Industry, 149-153
Backing Steel, 150
Cladding Technology in Chemical Tankers, 153
Cladding Technology in Metal Purification, 154
Cladding Technology in the Petrochemical Industry, 142-149
Applications, 142-146
Backing Steel, 146
Disbonding on Hot Hydrogen, 148-149
Cladding Technology in the Power Industry, 154-157
Cladding Technology in the Pulp and Paper Industry, 165
Cladding Technology in Shipping Applications, 163-164

Index 259
Clad Products, Specification Requirements of

Backing Steel, 83
Backing Steel Requirements for Application in
H2S Containing Environments, 84-85
Corrosion Tests, 87-89
Demagnetising, 89-90
Dimensions and Tolerances of Clad Pipe, 90-93
Cladding and Wall Thickness, 90-92
Diameter and Out of Roundness, 92-93
Ultrasonic Inspection, 93
Maximum Allowable Stress Values, 81-82
Mechanical Tests, 86-87
Cladding Projects
ADMA OPCO - Um- Shaif - 1993, 167-168
Agip UK - Thelma and South East Thelma - 1995, 168-169
Arco Alaska Inc. - Prudhoe Bay - 1991, 170-171
ARCO - Thames Bacton - 1987, 171-172
Asamera Oil - Corridor - 1996, 172-173
BP International Ltd. - Cyrus - 1995, 176-179
BP International Ltd. - Ravenspurn to Cleeton - 1987, 173 BP
International Ltd. - Forties - 1987, 174
BP International Ltd. - Miller - 1989, 174-175
Chevron - Ninian - 1992, 180
Clyde Petroleum - P2/P6 - 1997, 180-182
Louisiana Land and Exploration - Lost Cabin - 1991, 182
Mobil - Arun Booster Gas Compression - 1993, 182-187
Mobil - South L’ho Sukon - 1996, 188
Mobil - Mobil 823 - 1995, 188-189
Mobil - Yellowhammer - 1994, 189-190
Mobil - 869 Field - 1995, 190-192
Mobil - Ras Laffan Lng Co. Ltd. North Field - 1998, 192
Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, NAM -
Early Field Trails - 1974-1980, 192-193
Roswinkel, Zuidlaren - 1978, 193-194
Emmen - 1987-1989, 194-196
Twente, Schoonebeek - 1988, 196
Dalen 6 And Dalen 9 - 1988, 196-197
Grijpskerk - 1996, 197

260 Index
Cladding Projects (Continued)

ONGC - South Bassein - 1988 and 1993, 198-204
Shell Offshore - Fairway - 1991, 204-208
Shell Todd Oil Services - Maui 'B' To'a' - 1991, 208-214
Pipe Production, 209-210
Laying the Line, 210-211
Welding, 211-213
Inspection, 214
Statoil - Åsgaard - 1997, 214
Texaco - Erskine - 1997, 215
Total Oil Marine - Bruce - 1991, 216
Cladding Technology
Dimensions of Clad Products, 3
Economics of Clad Technology, 4-5
Materials Selection Options for Corrosive Service, 1-2
Optimising the Corrosion Properties, 6
Using Cladding Technology to Best Advantage, 7-8
Copper, 1-2, 28, 33, 37, 60, 97, 98, 116, 147, 150, 154, 181
Corrosion Inhibitors, 123, 129, 188, 194, 215
Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRA), 1, 4, 6, 9, 33-35, 38, 40, 43-46, 48,

51, 53-55, 66, 78, 81, 84-85, 91, 100-101, 104, 111, 112-114, 116,
124-126, 131, 144, 149, 197
Corrosion Resistance, 6, 13, 17, 19-20, 32, 35-36, 47, 51, 54, 61-63,
82-83, 89, 95-97, 100-104, 129, 145, 147, 150, 152, 160, 164, 169, 173,
175, 178, 202, 215
Corrosion Tests, 19-20, 22, 70, 87-89, 110, 115, 197, 200, 202-203, 212
Intergranular Corrosion Tests, 87-88
Pitting Corrosion Tests, 87
Stress Corrosion Test, 88
Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD), 21, 115
Crevice Corrosion, 114, 163-164, 181, 197
Critical Pitting Temperature (CPT), 19, 21, 127, 162, 180

Index 261
Digester, 165
Drop Weight Tear Test (DWTT), 21, 83, 198
Duplex Stainless Steel, 20, 28, 54, 110-111, 125, 153, 154, 165, 168-
169, 173, 176, 181, 197
Extrusion, 43-46, 75, 90, 180, 206
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW), see Welding Processes
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), see Welding Processes
Hastelloy, 18, 150
Heat Exchanger, 123, 129, 131-135, 143, 146-147, 151-152, 156,

204-205
Hot Hydrogen, 87, 146, 148-149
Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP), 65, 66-69, 75, 77-78, 189
Hydrogen Disbonding, 87, 127
Hydrometallurgy, 154
Inconel, 150, 193

262 Index
Japan Steel Works (JSW), 171, 173-174, 183, 185, 188, 192, 200,
209-211, 216
Joint
Alignment, 185
Design, Clad Vessels, 96-100
J-Bevel, 178
J-Preparation, 103
Line, 12
Misalignment, 102
Types
Swivel, 129
Transition, 164
Universal, 129
Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI), 124, 193
Kiln, 154
Liners, see also Clad Pipes

API 5LD, 33
Bends, 61-63, 207
Buckling, 51, 61, 63, 207
Collapse, 50-51
Fatigue, 119-120
Incomplete Penetration, 190
Inconel 82, 192
Inspection, 56, 205
Repairs, 112-113, 208
Seal Welding, 55, 169, 190-191, 193
Tube Liner, 163
UNS N08825, 54, 169, 190-191, 214
UNS S31600, 193-194
Weld Preparation, 104
Liquation Cracking, see Welding Processes, GTAW

Index 263
Liquid Interface Diffusion Bonding (LIDB), 13, 17, 45-46
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), 164, 183, 192
Lloyds Register of Shipping, 153
Magnetic, 23, 89, 105, 110, 115, 193, 213
Magnetic Particle, 40, 59
Mooring Buoys, 129
NACE TM0177, 87-88, 199
Nippon Steel Corporation (NSC), 21, 118, 170, 182, 189, 191, 193, 205
NKK Corporation, 198, 206
Nuclear Plant, 156
Oxidation, 12, 35, 106, 111, 158, 181, 186, 195, 197
Plug Mill, 43-44
Polythionic Acid, 147-148
Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT), 83, 175
Processo Arcos Saipem Saldatura Orbitale (PASSO), see Welding

Processeses

264 Index
Radiographic Testing, 195, 213
Recrystallization, 20-21
Reel Laying, 118-119
Residual Magnetism, 89, 105, 110, 195, 199-200, 202, 213
Rockwater, 119, 169, 177-178
Saipem, 105, 113, 172, 192, 199-201
Sandwich, 12-14, 16, 19, 21-22
Scrubber, 100, 158, 161-162
Sensitisation, 62
Separator, 129-131, 145, 156-157
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), see Welding Processes
Slurry, 158
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), 62, 144-145, 147, 151-153

Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (CSCC), 144, 148
Stepwise Cracking (SWC), 84, 175
Sulphide Stress Corrosion Cracking (SSCC), 84
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), see Welding Processes
Tantalum, 28
Titanium, 1-2, 10, 28, 43, 96-99, 132, 135, 147-148, 150-154, 158,
164-165

Index 265
Tolerances
Backing Steel, 83
Bends, 60-61
Bend Angle, 60
Centricast Clad pipe, 40, 42, 174
Clad pipe, 90-93, 208
Wall Thickness, 90-92, 197
Diameter, 92
Out-of-Roundness, 92-93, 186
Elbows, 61
Explosively Lined Pipe, 55-56
Fittings, 69
Hydraulically Lined Pipe, 53
Laying Clad Pipe, 119
Out-of-Plane, 60
Tolerances (Continued)
Ovality, 60
Pipe
Ends, 209
Fit-Up, 101-102, 104, 113
External Clamps, 182-183
Internal Diameter, 170
Seamless Pipe, 44, 47
Thermo-Hydraulically Lined Pipe, 51
Wall Thickness, 60
Transition Joint, 164
Towing, 119, 179, 206
Tubeplate, 132-133, 156
Ultrasonic Testing (UT), 16, 37
Vapour Deposition, 127

266 Index
Wallpapering, 160-161
Welding Clad Products

Fabricating Clad Vessels, 95-100
Handling Clad Plate, 95-96
Welding Clad Vessels, 96-100
Circumferential Welding of Clad Pipe, 100-112
Handling Clad Pipe, 101
Pipe end Dimensions/Fit-up, 101-102
Weld Preparation, 102-105
Demagnetising of Pipes, 105-106
Back Shielding, 106-107
Choice of Welding Process, 107-108
Choice of Filler Metal, 108-111
Control of Heat Input, 111
Weld Integrity Assessment, 111-112
Welding Repairs During Pipelaying, 112-113
Developments in Clad Pipe Welding Technology, 113-116
Laying Clad Pipe, 116-120
Commissioning Clad Pipelines, 120-121
Welding Processes
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW), 107
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), 29, 105, 107, 181, 190, 199, 201,
206
Clad Fittings, 66
Clad Valve, 79
Fit-Up, 102
Overlay, 140-141
PGMAW, 107, 111, 113, 189, 206
Power Plant Applications, 156
Plug Welds, 161
Repairs, 116
Root Pass, 114-115, 172, 186, 201, 211-212
Welding Speed, 113-114
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), 6, 29, 35, 107-108, 178, 187,
192
Alloy 625, 170, 189, 191, 194
Autogeneous, 208
Back Shielding, 106-107
Clad Fitting, 66
Centricast Clad Pipe, 108
Demagnetising of Pipes, 105-106

Index 267
Welding Processes
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) (Continued)
Heat Input, 107, 111-112
J-Laying, 105
Liner Pipe, 51,53
Liquation Cracking, 132
Machines, 186
Settings, 186
Overlay, 128, 133, 198, 209
Pipe Fit-Up, 101-102
PGTAW, 186, 189, 201, 206
Power Plant Application, 156
Repair Welding, 112-113, 198
Root Pass, 186-187, 190, 199, 211-212
Welding Technology, 113-116
Processo Arcos Saipem Saldatura Orbitale (PASSO), 181, 199-201
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), 29, 66, 105, 107, 112, 172,
178, 187, 191, 202-203
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), 35, 156, 189, 198, 206
Zirconium, 2, 12, 28, 98, 148, 151-152, 154

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CASTI Handbook

CASTI Publishing Inc.

Liane M. Smith, Ph.D.

CASTI Publishing Inc.

Volume 1 - CAS TI Handbook of Cladding Technology

CASTI GUIDEBOOK SERIES™

Volume 1 - CAS TI Guidebook to ASME Section II - Materials Index Volume

CASTI METALS DATA BOOK SERIES™

CAS TI Metals Black Book™ - Ferrous Metals, North American Edition

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Volume 1 - CAS TI Self-Study Guide to Corrosion Control

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First printing, January 2000

All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyright

CAS TI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

FROM THE PUBLISHER

Nothing in this book shall be construed as a defense against any

CAS TI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

Cladding technology refers to the application of a relatively thin layer

In many cases the cladding is selected for its resistance to corrosion.

The backing material is normally selected to meet the necessary

A key feature of clad products is that the backing material is often

The authors have been personally involved in the use of corrosion-

The principal units of measurements used are metric with imperial

Alloys are identified principally by UNS numbers and abbreviated

CAS TI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

1. Introduction to Cladding Technology

6. Specification Requirements of Clad Products

7. Welding Clad Products

8. Clad Product Applications

CAS TI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

8. Clad Product Applications

9. Clad Pipe Projects

CAS TI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

9. Clad Pipe Projects (Continued)

Appendix 1 Abbreviated Terms 217

Appendix 2 Hardness Conversion Numbers 219

Appendix 3 Unit Conversions 229

Appendix 4 Pipe Dimensions 237

Appendix 5 Bibliography 243

Appendix 6 List of Figures and Contributors 253

CAS TI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

Materials Selection Options for Corrosive Service

For many applications where a metallic material is needed, it is

In aggressive environments, because of certain corrosive conditions, a

Any of these options would represent quite an increase in initial

CAS TI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

In a clad product, the CRA forms a complete barrier layer on the

In a lined product, the CRA is in sheet form attached to the backing

The range of CRAs which can be clad by various techniques is very

Table 1.1 Examples of CRAs Which Can Be Used as Cladding Alloys

CAS TI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

Optimizing the Corrosion Properties

Furthermore, once the appropriate CRA has been selected to avoid

With all CRA products, welding methods have to be carefully

The total production of metallurgically bonded clad plate by various

 hot roll bonding

The production approach varies within each of these methods

Hot Roll Bonding

CAS TI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

Figure 2.10 Explosion cladding of plate near Perpignon (Fance).

Figure 2.11 Schematic of explosive bonding process.

Explosively clad plates may require flattening in a press or roller