Pakistan's First Monthly E-Magazine for Civil Services Aspirants Hem CSS UE (Human Rights) Solved MCQs (arecrsDg STN) erery fone ae ee een) FREE DOWNLOAD & www.hsmpublishers.com www.csstimes.pk Eleanor Roosevelt—EASONS)TO BUY : 2 5 3 A A 9 A Cy 73 PN ce Per eat eth for complete range visit us at www.hsmpublishers.com Pakistan’s Leading Publisher for Competitive Exams & Military Test Books GS ws Gm MILITARY TEST BOOKS | GOVT. RECRUITMENT WORKBOOKS ENGLISH GRAMMAR BOOKS:HM GEY/A Following the SC’s cliffhanger verdict, Gen Bajwa will retain the top military position for another sixmonths. Three years ago General Qamar Javed Bajwa took charge as the country's chief of army staff. With his retirement due in November 2019, Prime Minister approved an extension in his tenure citing "regional security situation” backin August this year, The matter of his extension, however, took an unanticipated turn on November 26 when the Supreme Court suspended the notification by the government and grilled the attorney general ‘onhow the whole matter was handled. Following two days of lengthy court proceedings and back-to-back cabinet meetings — all in an attempt by the government to satisfy the top court on the legal grounds of the move — the ‘Supreme Court announced on November 28 that Gen Bajwa will retain the top military position for another six months. The three-member bench announced the much-anticipated verdict after being assured by the government that parliament will pass legislation on the extension/reappointment of an army chief within six months. Digital Maga: “General Qamar Javed Bajwa has been appointed as COAS under Article 243(4)(b) of the Constitution with effect from 28.11.2019". The 'Bajwa Doctrine’ Hl During the course of Gen Bajwa's tenure, the term and the idea of a ‘Bajwa doctrine’ came under much discussion. In January 2018, Director General of Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) Maj Gen Asif Ghafoor said Gen. Bajwa wanted to make Pakistan a peaceful country and referenced the ‘doctrine’ as the army chief's vision forthe country. “The Gen Bajwa doctrine will bring a durable peace in the country," he said, adding that cooperation between state institutions was vital im the war against terrorism. Pea asecaed)HV GESTS The ‘doctrine’ came under discussion and was criticised by some sections of the civil society and the media. However, the army dismissed media conjecture on the ‘Bajwa doctrine’ and emphasised that this was in fact only a concept around security and had nothing to do with the country's political and constitutional matters. "Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad' During Gen Bajwa's term, the Pakistan Army, in February 2017, launched ‘Operation Radd-ul- Fasaad' (RuF). The operation was announced in the aftermath of a fresh resurgence of terror attacks in the country. At the time the operation was launched, ISPR said Radd-ul-Fasaad — which translates roughly to ‘elimination of discord’ — was aimed at indiscriminately eliminating the "residual/latent threat of terrorism", consolidating the gains made in other military operations, and further ensuring Pakistan's border security. In May 2019, Maj Gen Ghafoor said the operation was progressing satisfactorily. Sharing statistics, he said 47 major operations and 100,000 intelligence-based operations had been undertaken, which had resulted in the recovery of over 64,000 weapons and 5.1 million units of ammunition, Afghan Border Fencing One of the major successes under the RuF has Cees been border fencing. In June 2017, fencing along the Pakistan- Afghanistan border commenced in an effort to improve the security situation along the international boundary. Last year, the army announced that work on fencing was going apace and the project would be completed by December 2019. A total of 1,000 kilometres of the border has so far been fenced decreasing chances of unauthorised border crossing. Additionally, border security with Afghanistan has been buttressed by the construction of 300 border forts. A total of 843 forts are planned to be constructed. Taree ~ Tensions With India Meanwhile, tensions between Pakistan and India flared in February after a suicide car bombing killed at least 40 Indian paramilitary police in occupied Kashmir. India blamed Pakistan for the attack and attacked Pakistan. Pakistan responded and this led to an aerial dogfight between Pakistaniand indianjets. Following the Pulwama incident, COAS Gen Bajwa said that defending the motherland was the most sacred act and that the army was ready to perform its duty to safeguard the country's boundaries. The crisis between nuclear-armed Pakistan and India had raised fears of an all-out war after the Pakistan Air Force on February 27 shot down two Indian aircraft for violating Pakistani airspace. An Indian pilot was also arrested but was later released by Pakistan as a goodwill gesture. Following India's airstrike on February 26, DG ISPR had held a press conference on the same day to discredit India's claims regarding Line of Control (LoC) violation. He also debunked claims. made by India that its airforce had "struck theHM GES biggest training camp of Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) in Balakot LoC Attacks In October, DG ISPR said the Pakistan Army had killed more than 60 Indian soliders during firing atthe LoCsince February 27. The heavily militarised LoC which splits the disputed region of Kashmir between India and Pakistan has been constantly witnessing ceasefire violations in a serious breach of a November 2003 truce agreement. According to Syed Shahid Mohyiddin Qadri, secretary civil defence and state disaster management authority, the latest ceasefire violations, as of October 16, had pushed the civilian death tollin the current year to 47. In September, on the occasion of Defence and Martyrs Day, Gen Bajwa visited the restive area, 6 Article 370 Revoked Relations worsened between India and Pakistan after the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) stripped Kashmiris of the special autonomy they had for seven decades through a rushed presidential ‘order on August 5. Later that month, Gen Bajwa said the Pakistan ‘Army was fully prepared to thwart any Indian Pees misadventure and aggression. In October, while visiting troops stationed along the LoC, the army chief vowed "to never leave Kashmiris alone" in their fight against Indian oppression. CPEC Security and Ties with China Alternatively, Pakistan's relations with China have deepened over the years with projects such as the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Commenting on the extension of Gen Bajwa as chief of army staff, China's foreign ministry spokesperson Geng Shuang said: "We believe [that] under the leadership of Gen Bajwa, Pakistan Army will continue to make contributions to upholding Pakistan's sovereignty and security interests and regional peace and stability.” "We have noticed this decision by the Pakistani government. General Bajwa is an extraordinary leader of Pakistan Army," he added. The Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson said Gen Bajwa was a sincere and old friend of the Chinese government and the army and he had made positive contributions to relations between China and Pakistan. During his tenure so far, the army chief has held meeting with the Chinese leadership. Most recently, in October, Gen Bajwa called on Commander Army General Han Weiguo, People's Liberation Army (PLA), and General Xu Qiliang, Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), at the PLA's headquarters: during a two-day visit to China. In September 2018, Gen Bajwa, on special invitation, called on the President of China Xi Jinping to discuss the region's security challenges.HM GES The army chief has also reiterated the military's commitment to ensure the security of CPEC. In 2016, COAS Bajwa had expressed hope that the timely completion of CPEC would usher in a newera of developmentin the region. China and Pakistan have been pursuing the multi-billion dollar project since 2015 that involves connectivity and infrastructure projects. In June, amidst a surge in terrorist activity in Balochistan, the army reaffirmed its ‘commitment to ensure security of CPEC. Security officials believed the sudden intensification of attacks was linked to the launch of the second phase of CPEC, the progress on border fencing and the fluid situation in Afghanistan. The attack on a hotel in Gwadar accentuated concerns about CPEC security. "Hybrid War’ In April 2018, Gen Bajwa said "hybrid war" had been imposed on Pakistan to internally weaken it while noting that the enemies were failing to divide the country on the basis of ethnicity and otheridentities “Our enemies know that they cannot beat us fair and square and have thus subjected us toa cruel, evil and protracted hybrid war. They are trying to weaken our resolve by weakening us from within," he said. It was the second time that Gen Bajwa address the idea in an apparent reference to the Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM), Pees This year, in April, DG ISPR said the Pakistan Army wanted to make every effort to resolve the issues faced by Pashtuns in tribal areas, but that the manner adopted by the PTM to voice such grievances would no longer be tolerated. "We want to do everything for the people [of tribal areas}, but those who are playing in the hands of people, their time is up. Their time is up," Maj Gen Ghafoor said, referring to PTM. The military has also long suggested that ‘fifth- generation warfare’ is being thrust on Pakistan. Interactions With the Business Community On a domestic level, a meeting between the army chief and some of the most powerful business tycoons of Pakistan in October garnered much attention. Bajwa reportedly told a group of businessmen that the country's “improved internal security environment" had "created space for increased economicactivity". A number of business leaders who met Gen Bajwa in Rawalpindi had told Dawn that the ‘meeting "was held in a comfortable and cordial atmosphere" and its main purpose was to focus. on areas where an economic revival could be brought about, as well as building confidence between the government and the business community. At the beginning of the year, while speaking to a delegation of the business community, Gen Bajwa had asked them to play their role in the country's economic stability and take advantage of the improved security situation.mais cus 2019-20 CadKM GEMS International Human Rights Day (December 10) Essay on Human Rights Harold Laski one of the prominent political thinkers of the 20th century said ," Rights are in fact, those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general, to be himself at his best.” Human rights can also be defined as "Those conditions of life and freedoms which should be available to all persons, irrespective of their religion, race, caste, sex, nationality or any ofthem." On December 10, the National Human Rights ‘Commission (NHRC) observes Human Rights Day. The day is celebrated every year to commemorate the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which was adopted and proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 1948 as the shared standard yardstick to protect human rights ‘across the globe. This year marks the 70” anniversary of adoption of UDHR. . The five-yearly "United Ni the field of Human Rights", constituted in 1966, isalso awarded on this day. ions Prize in Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Proclaimed under UNGA resolution 217 ‘Ain Patis, the declaration sets out, for the first ime, fundamental human rights tobe universally protected. . It states that ‘All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another ina spirit of brotherhood." It entitles everyone to all the rights and freedoms and prohibits slavery and slave trade inallforms. Other rights recognized under the declaration are right to a nationality, right against arbitrary arrest, detention orexile, right to seek asylum fromS| CSS/Times prosecution, right to freedom of movement and residence, etc. . The Universal Declaration is nota treaty, so it does not directly create legal obligations for countries. However, it is an expression of the fundamental values which are shared by all members ofthe International community. Champions of Human Rights Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) As the chair of the United Nations Human Rights Commission, Eleanor Roosevelt was the driving force in creating the 1948 charter of liberties which will always be her legacy: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Born in New York City, Eleanor married rising politician Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1905 and became fully immersed in public service. By the e they arrived in the White House in 1933 as President and First Lady, she was already deeply involvedin human rights and social justice issues. In 1946, Roosevelt was appointed as a delegate to the United Nations by President Harry Truman, who had succeeded to the White House after the death of Franklin Roosevelt in 1945. As head of the Human Rights Commission, she was Cee men wzine) instrumental in formulating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which she submitted to the United Nations General Assembly with these words: “"We stand today at the threshold of a great event both in the life of the United Nations and in the life of mankind. This declaration may well become the international Magna Carta for all meneverywhere.” Called “First Lady of the World” by President Truman for her lifelong humanitarian achievements, Roosevelt worked to the end of her life to gain acceptance and implementation of the rights set forth in the Declaration. Political Rights Political rights are an important feature of human rights. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen. representatives. But democracy does not mean merely the right to vote and send representatives to the Parliament or the Legislature. It includes much more. It postulates multiplicity of parties and a politically aware electorate which can make an intelligent choice between the parties on the basis of their political ideology and manifesto. Ifthe electorate is not politically aware, and is guided by consideration of race, religion, creed or colour or ethnicity, democracy can go off the rails. The people must be the subject of politics and not the object. There must be debate and discussion in regard to policies and programs, not only in Parliament or Legislature, but also amongst the people. The responsibility of the people in a democracy does not end by participating in periodic elections. They have to actively participate through influencing decisions of their representatives. They have to create public opinion and exert pressure on the Government to take the right decisions. That is why it is absolutely essential that there should be complete transparency in actions of the Government and people should have the right to information without which they cannot Participate in the process of the Government, The 'Will of the people' shall be the authority of the government. This ‘Will’ shall be expressed through periodic elections based on universal and equal suffrage. The elections shall be held byHM GESAiES a secret vote. In a country like Australia the people select their government while in Saudia Arabia the hereditary kings are the heads of the state. Under Political rights everyone has the right to nationality. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality. Nor one shall be denied the right to change his nationality. Everyone has the right to seek and enjoy in other countries asylum and persecution from others. Countries like England have a very liberal asylum policy. People from Nigeria, Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran who were persecuted in their countries have found a safe haven in many western countries. Economic Rights Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. No one shall be deprived of his property under except due course of the law. Every citizen has the right to social security. Social security is a system by which the government pays money regularly to people who have no other income or only a very small income. In India many schemes such as Swarna Jayanti Rozgar Yojna, Jawahar Rozgar Yojna and Pees UNITED NATIONS Integrated Rural Develapment Programme. In America the unemployed people receive financial support from the unemployment office. People should have the right to a standard of living for the health and well being of himself and his family. This includes proper food, proper clothing, housing, medical care and necessary social services. They should have the right to rest and leisure, ineluding reasonable hours of work and paid holidays. Social Rights The family is the natural and fundamental unit of society. It is entitled to full protection by society and the state. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. Men and women of the full age should have the right to marry and raise a fat Marriage shall be entered into with full consent of the intending. persons. In a democratic country like France or Sri Lanka these rights are available to the citizens. whereas in Afghanistan which was under a strict rule of the Taliban, the women were treated as. cattle and had no say in marriage. They had to marry according to the whims of their elders.HM GESYAIEES Education at least in the elementary level should be free. It is. very important that the citizens be educated . It is only then that they will be able to participate in the democratic process and fight when there rights are denied. Cultural Rights The cultural rights guarantee the people the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. They have the right to freely participate in the cultural life of the community. In other words, every one has the right to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancements and its benefits. Human Rights & the Organisations Protecting Them United Nations The Universal Declaration of Human Rights , adopted by the General Assembly in 1948, elaborated commitment to democracy by proclaiming that "the will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government" and guaranteeing to everyone the rights that are essential for effective political participation. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted by the Assembly in 1966, conferred binding legal status on the right of individuals to participate in the processes that constitute the conduct of public affairs, and further strengthened the protection accorded to participatory rights and freedoms. UN Human Rights Commission This was constituted by the United Nations Economic and Social Council in its first session. The commission held its first session in January 1947. The Human Rights Commission formulates schemes for the protection of minorities and for prevention of discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, sex and religion. It may consider any. matter within the realm of human rights which may impair the general welfare among nations. National Commission on Human Rights This Commissions instituted by countries. On 31 May 2012, President Asif Ali Zardari signed the National Commission for Human Rights Bill 2012 into power (the National Commission for Human Rights Act 2012 (the NCHR Act)), formally creating the National Commission for Human Rights (NCHR or Commission). In October 2012, the Government of Pakistan participated in the second review of the States’ efforts to fulfill its obligations under human rights treaties, under the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) process. The establishment of the NCHR was presented to the Human Rights Council as verification of the State's compliance with international human rights standards. 4The NCHR Act is intended to comply with international commitments, particularly the Paris Principles (UN General Assembly Resolution 48/ 134 outlining international guidelines on NHRis). The Paris Principles provide for the formation of an independent human rights body as an integral part of the commitment made by a State for the protection of human rights. The National Commission for Human Rights Act 2012 stipulates a broad and overarching mandate for the promotion, protection and fulfillment of human rights as provided for in Pakistan's Constitution and international treaties. As an impartial state body, the NCHR works independently of the government and is directly accountable to parliament. President Asif Ali Zardari signed the National Commission for Human Rights Bill 2012 on Wednesday May 30, 2012. Ministry of human Rights The Ministry of Human Rights (MOHR) was re- established by the Asif Ali Zardari's governmentHM GEA in 2008, and is the lead department in the administration branch of the government on human rights issues. Prior to 2008, the MOHR existed in various forms, including as a Human Rights Wing and a Human Rights Division of the Ministry of Law and Justice. It was once again upgraded to an independent ministry in 2003. The MOHR has directorates in all provincial capitals. Provincial governments also have their ‘own human rights departments or cells to address human rights issues. The MOHR is headed by the Federal Minister for Human Rights, followed by the Ministry Secretary. The Joint Secretary oversees protocol and special officers, whereas the Director General oversees regional directors. The senate standing committee on human Rights and the national assembly standing committee on human Rights The Senate and the National Assembly each have a Standing Committee on Human Rights. These committees are mandated to provide oversight on public policy, monitor the human rights situation in the country, receive complaints on violations, conduct inquiries, hold hearings, and make recommendations. Legislative bills and other important issues which warrant in depth Pein ais Teel discussion are referred to the committees. The Senate Functional Committee on Human Rights (Senate Committee) was first constituted in 1993 and is the youngest committee of the Senate. The Senate Committee reviews the overall position of human rights violations in the country and receives representation from the affected persons, organizations and international agencies, regarding human rights violations in Pakistan, Supreme Court human Rights cell and the provincial high court human Rights cells Under Article 184(3) of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Supreme Court has jurisdiction when a question of enforcement of human rights is involved. In 2005, the Chief Justice established the Human Rights Cell of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, under the plan of establishing rule of law and a society based on justice. The Human Rights Cell is under the direct supervision of the Chief Justice and headed by the Director General, an officer of the Pakistan Supreme Court. The Human Rights Cell is mandated to address rights violations and is in charge of monitoring the activities of police, jail authorities, courts, and other public sector organizations. Human Rights Cell officers receive applications related to the workingof theHM GEY aforementioned bodies, then present a summary to the Chief Justice who determines if the complaint falls under the power granted by Article 184(3) of the Constitution. Cases warranting urgent relief or constituting a pattern of human rights violations are taken up by the Court under its suo motu powers. Non Governmental Organisations The human Rights commission of Pakistan The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) was established in 1987. It is an independent, non-governmental organization that is member-based, with an elected council, a number of office bearers anda secretariat. Amnesty International Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or Al) is a non-governmental organization based in the United Kingdom focused on human rights. The organization claims it has more than seven million members and supporters around the world. BUM late ey Mec ey Amnesty International was founded in London in, 1961, following the publication of the article "The Forgotten Prisoners" in The Observer on 28 May 1961, by the lawyers Peter Benenson and Philip James. The stated mission of the organization is to campaign for "a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments.” Amnesty draws attention tohuman rights abuses and campaigns for compliance with international laws and standards. It works to mobilize public opinion to generate pressure on governments that let abuse take place. Amnesty considers capital punishment to be "the ultimate, irreversible denial of human rights." The organization was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its "defence of human dignity against torture,” and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rightsin 1978. In the field of international human rights organizations, Amnesty has the third longest history, after the International Federation for Human Rights. : 1,000+ cc a ee} Er arr nr) Parag LL Co a Pee mueekeeics Bere eoct ary Pea saeoed)eee iicte Essay Writing Important CSS Essay’s Outline Replaced Essays 2000-2019 &All Other Competitive Exams CURRENS a ca teeny Dereon ' " Soe Des rT oT aS oe *HM GE9/a ternational Relations Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) About JCPOA The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (ICPOA) is a nuclear deal reached by Iran and the P5+1 (China, France, Germany, Russia, U.K., and U.S.) on July 14, 2015. Under’ the ‘agreement, Iran dismantled much of its nuclear program and gave international inspectors (International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)) extensive access to its facilities in exchange for relief from economic sanctions. Intent of the agreement was to set back Iran's nuclear program so that f Iran were to pursue a nuclear weapon, the amount of time it would need to produce enough fissile material—an indicator known as “breakout time’—would be at least a year, up from just a fewweeks. To extend that breakout time, the agreement requires that uranium enrichment at Fordow and Natanz be restricted and a heavy-water reactor at Arak, have its core rendered inoperable. US pull-out from JCPOA The United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement in May 2018, reinstating the banking and il anctions. The US objected to the agreement's failure to address Iran's bal le program or its proxy warfare in the region, and claimed that the agreement would enable Iran to pursue a nuclear bomb in the future. Iran accused the United States of reneging on its commitments, and Europe of submitting to US. unilateralism. The US threatened countries that import oil from Iranincluding India with economic sanctions; it Cees mea was intended to bring Iran's oil exports to zero, denying the regime its principal source of revenue. This was the tipping point for Iran, which said it would no longer be bound to its commitments as long as the other parties to the JCPOA were in breach of theirs. InJuly 2019, Iran exceeded the agreed-upon limits to its stockpile of low-enriched uranium, and then began enriching uranium to the higher concentration used in medical isotopes. About Instrument In Support Of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX) The special purpose vehicle INSTEX aims to facilitate trade between the EU and Iran to get around US sanctions. It is an EU-backed system launched by Germany, France and U.K. The new entity acts as a sort of euro- denominated clearing house for Iran to conduct trade with European companies. In effect, INSTEX works as a barter arrangement operating outside of the US- dominated global financial system. Trade is initially expected to focus on non- sanctionable essential goods such as humanitarian, medical and farm products. It is not expected to address oil-related transactions Why in News? Iran is taking a significant new step in reducing its commitments to a landmark nuclear deal following the United States'sHv GESTS wo aa. pullout last year, with President Hassan Rouhani announcing it will begin injecting uranium gas into more than 1,000 centrifuges atthe underground Fordow plant. The centrifuges previously spun empty without gas injection under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) negotiated between Iran and world powers in The International Atomic Energy Agency said Tuesday that Iran informed it on November 16 that it had surpassed the 130 metric tons (143.3 US tons) allowed by the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA. The agency confirmed November 17 that Iran's stockpile had reached 131.5 metric tons. 2015. The Asia Regional Conservation Forum The Asia Regional Conservation Forum sIUCN's meting of Members in Asa. Het every four yor, the Forum adresses thogiensty and ecosystem chalenges and sets the regions conservation agenda. The first Asia Regional Conservation Forum was held in 1998 in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Delhi, India in 2000; Colombo, ri Lanka in 2003; 2007 in Kathmandu, Nepal: 2011 in Incheon, Republic of Korea; and 201 in Bangkok, Thailand. The 7th edition of IUCN Asia Regional Conservation Forum 2019 was held in which city? © Tokyo © Jakarta @ Islamabad @ New DelhiISM New Arrival ou [ET Ayres CSS Past Papers CSSmca COMPULSORY SUBJECTS Solved MCQs with Explanation and latest Development \ Why a be "Le ‘salad Ar) Nae nN Nf ae ii iy Kabir Street Urdu Bazar, Lahore Phone: 042-373532510 www.hsmpublishers.com www.ilmikitabkhana.comHM GEY/A ternational Relations International Criminal Court (ICC) About ICC The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a permanent judicial body established by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998), Though the Rome Statute was was negotiated within the UN, ICC was created as an independent judicial body distinct from the UN. ICC investigates and tries individuals charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the international community: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression. The court began sittings on July 1, 2002, after the requisite number of countries (60) ratified the agreement. Its treaty, the Rome Statute, was adopted in July 1998. The court began work in 2003, following ad hoc tribunals set up in the 1990s to deal with atrocity crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. 20 years after the Rome Statute, the ICC has made significant headway in bringing global attention to accountability. But it has faced setbacks, and as human rights crises marked by international crimes continue to proliferate, its mandate has proven to be both more needed and more daunting than its founders envisioned. To be effective, the court and its member countries will need to rise to the challenge. It is headquartered at The Hague, Netherlands, Cees mma The court's jurisdiction extends to offenses that occurred after July 1, 2002, that were committed either in a state that has ratified the agreement or by a national of such astate. The ICC was established as a court of last resort to prosecute the most heinous offenses in cases where national courts fail to act Whatare the court's origins? In the aftermath of World War Il, the Allied powers launched the first international war crimes tribunal, known as the Nuremberg Trials, to prosecute top Nazi officials. It wasn't until the 1990s, however, that many governments coalesced around the idea of a permanent court to hold perpetrators to account for the world's most serious crimes. ‘Ad hoc international criminal tribunals had been set up by the United Nations to deal with war crimes in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, but many international law experts considered them inefficient and inadequate as adeterrent. Trinidad and Tobago requested that 2 UN commission look into the creation of a Permanent court in 1989. In the following years, such efforts gained support, especially in Europe and Africa. As CFR’s Michelle Gavin points out, African countries make up the largest bloc of ICC members. The European Union is also a staunch supporter of the court; it adopted a binding policy [PDF] in support of theICCin 2011, The ICC's founding treaty was adopted by the UN General Assembly at a conference in Rome in July 1998. After being ratified by more than sixty countries, the Rome Statute entered into force on July 1, 2002.Hv GESTS Membership 122 countries are States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Prominent countries that are not members clude the United States, China, India, Iraq, Libya, Yemen, Qatar and Israel. USA and Russia had signed the treaty but did not ratify it. Two countries have withdrawn from the ICC. Burundi left in 2017, following the court's decision to investigate the government's crackdown on opposition protests. Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte pulled out in 2019, after the court launched an inquiry into hi government's war on drugs, saying domestic Courts are sufficient to enforce the rule of law. Gambia and South Africa notified the United Nations in 2016 that they intended to exit the treaty, but they later reversed course in the face of political upheaval and legal challenges. Pakistan has supported the aims of the International Court and voted for the Rome Statute in 1998. However, Pakistan has not signed the agreement on the basis of several objections, including the fact that the Statute does not provide for reservations upon ratification or accession, the inclusion of provisional arrest, and the lack of immunity for heads of state. In addition, Pakistan (one of the largest suppliers of UN peacekeepers) has, like the United States, expressed reservations about the potential use of politically motivated charges against peacekeepers. How does the court work? The ICC is based in The Hague, a city in the Netherlands that hosts many international institutions, and has field offices in several countries. The court carries out its investigative work through the office of the prosecutor, led since 2012 by Fatou Bensouda, alawyer from Gambia. The court has eighteen judges, each from a different member country and elected by the member states. It requires its members (PDF] to seek a gender-balanced bench, and the judiciary must include representatives of each of the United Nations’ five regions. Judges and prosecutors are elected to nonrenewable nine-year terms. The president and two vice presidents of the court are elected from among the judges; they, along with the registry, handle the administration of the court. The court has jurisdiction over four categories of crimes under international law: genocide, or the intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group; © war crimes, or grave breaches of the laws of war, which include the Geneva Conventions’ prohibitions on torture and attacks on civilian targets, such as hospitals or schools; © crimes against humanity, or violations committed as part of large-scale attacks against civilian populations, including murder, rape, imprisonment, slavery, and torture; and © crimes of aggression, or the use or threat of armed force by a state against the territorial integrity, sovereignty, or political independence of another state, orviolations of the UN Charter. What cases has the ICC opened? © The ICC has indicted more than forty individuals, all from African countries. Sixteen people have been detained at The Hague, eight have been convicted of crimes, and fourhave been acquitted. * Cases have been referred by the governments of Uganda, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Mali relating to the civil wars and other conflicts that have raged in those countries. © The UN Security Council made its first referral in 2005, for alleged crimes in the Darfur region of Sudan. This was followed in 2011 by a referral for Libya. * In addition, the prosecutor's office opened investigations proprio motu in Kenya in 2010, the Ivory Coast in 2011, Georgia in 2016, and Burundi in 2017. Preliminary examinations have been opened in ten other countries, including Afghanistan, Colombia, Myanmar, Ukraine, and Venezuela.S| CSS/Times Moun nh Ce Bosco Ntaganda was found guilty of 13 Why in News? ‘A former Congolese rebel leader nicknamed “the Terminator” has been sentenced to 30 years in prison for war crimes and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC). counts of war crimes and five counts of crimes against humanity in July. The long list of offenses, committed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2002 and 2003, included murder, rape, sexual slavery, enlisting child soldiers, persecution, forcible transfer and deportation, pillage and intentionally directing attacks against civilians. Coca rg Peice arc Comparison of Ice and Ke) if Principal judicial organ of the UN 1 | Independent judicial body distinct from the UN 2 Handles prosecutions —_of | Hears disputes between sovereign individuals states 3 | Established by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998) in 2002 4 | Only those who ratified the Rome Statute are parties to Established in 1945 by the San Francisco Conference, which also created the UN All members of the UN are parties to the statute of the IC), and Prosecutor and the Deputy Prosecutor(s) are elected by the ‘Assembly of States Parties Icc nonmembers may also become parties 5 |The judges and of the|The judges are elected by the UN General Assembly and the Security Council Netherlands. Headquarters of both the courts are situated at The Hague, Peed eta aeHSM New Arrival Kabir Street Urdu Bazar, Lahore Phone: 042-373532510 www.hsmpublishers.com www.ilmikitabkhana.comHM EY International Relations International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) About Interpol Interpol is the shorter name of the International Criminal Police Organization, is a network comprising 194 member nations. The agency, with its headquarters in Lyon, France, was established in 1923. History In 1923, Interpol begun its functioning from Austria. At that time, its name was International Criminal Police Commission (ICPM). During the Second World War, Nazi Germany controlled Austria. ICPM also came under Nazi control. They used it for collecting many types of information. After the Second World War, senior military men of Belgium, France, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom made many changes in ICPM. Thereafter, ICPM started to work in its new form. Functions of Interpol The Interpol connects police across the world even if these individual member nations do not have diplomatic relations. The Interpol facilitates information exchange, knowledge sharing and research between nations This is done by issuing colour-coded ‘notices’ in four languages - English, Spanish, French, and Arabic. The Interpol doesn't have law enforcement powers such asarrest. When a member nation approaches it with a specific request backed with court orders, the Interpol sends it out to other countries. The information received is sent back to the country, Whatare different Interpol notices? A Red Notice is a request to locate and provisionally arrest an individual pending extradition. It is issued by the General Secretariat at the request of a member country or an international tribunal based on a valid national arrest warrant. However, the arrest of the fugitive is based on the rule of the member nation where he or she is located. A Yellow Notice is issued to help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are unable to identify themselves. This is highly useful in cases of human trafficking or in case of missing persons due to calamities A Blue Notice is issued to collect additional information about a person's identity, location or activities in relation to a crime. This does not guarantee extradition or arrest of theperson. A Black Notice is a request to seek information on unidentified bodies in member nations. A Green Notice is issued to provide warnings and intelligence about persons who have committed criminal offences and are likely to repeat these crimes in other countries. An Orange Notice is issued to provide warnings about warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing a serious and imminent threat to public safety. A Purple Notice is a request to seek or provide information on the modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment methods used by criminals. The INTERPOL-United Nations Security Council Special Notice is issued for individuals and entities that are subject to sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council. Its principal function is to alert national law enforcement authorities that sanctions such as assets freeze, arms embargo, and travel ban apply to designated individuals and entities.HV GESTS Pakistan and Interpol Pakistan became member of ICPC (International Criminal Police Commission) in 1952. The National Central Bureau (NCB) of Pakistan was created under the new constitution of ICPO in 1957. It is attached with Federal Investigation Agency since its inception. Why in News? The International Criminal Police Organisation (Interpol) has rejected a request by the Pakistan government to issue a red arrest warrant notice against Ishaq Dar, the former finance minister of Pakistan. In a letter referenced LA/72615-260, the Interpol has issued a certificate to Ishaq Dar about its decision confirming that he's not subject to any red notice. "The General Secretariat of the International Criminal Police Organisation-Interpol hereby certifies Cees mek that, as of today, Mr Mohammad Ishaq Dar born on 13 May 1950, is not subject to an Interpol Notice or diffusion’ The CBI will host the 91st General Assembly of Interpol after 25 years (since 1997) in 2022 INTERPOL General Assembly of Interpol The General Assembly of Interpol is an annual exercise hosted by member countries. All major decisions affecting general policy, the resources needed for international cooperation, working methods and finances are deliberated and discussed by representatives. gHM CSSA International Relations Fight to Keep Internet Open Last year, the United States opposed a similar Russian-backed Countering the Use of Information and Communication Technologies for Criminal Purposes resolution in committee. That resolution passed 85 to 55, with 29 abstentions, At the time, New America's Cybersecurity Policy Fellow Justin Sherman and senior policy analyst Robert Morgus noted that the votes fell along “established lines on cyber norms” Every country that voted against the resolution were those favoring a global and open model of the Internet, and countries that voted for the resolution were those favoring a sovereign and controlled model Sherman and Morgus wrote. Sheraz Sohail There are about 50 countries that have yet to. decide their position on issues such as content censorship, traffic throttling, and internet regulation, and Sherman referred to them as Digital Deciders. “The battle for the global internet—for cyberspace as we know it—is not just over norms themselves, but over swaying undecided countries towards either a global and open or sovereign and controlled model for the internet,” Sherman and Morgus said. At the international level, cybercrime proposals are usually not about things like identity theft, but rather attempts to “politicize law enforcement and seek international top cover or legitimacy for actions already being undertaken An international treaty on cybercrime already exists. The Budapest Convention was ratified by 64 countries in 2001, but Russia and China were among the few countries that did not vote forit Was Pee aana Sheraz Sohail _ Kabir Street Urdu Bazar, Lahore i Phone: 042-373532510 www-hsmpublishers.com www.ilmikitabkhana.comHM SSA Why News A United Nations committee has passed a Russia-backed resolution on a global cybercrime treaty, despite opposition from the United States and other European countries because the measure would allow countries to surveil its population and stifle dissenting voices. The resolution, which passed 88 to 58, with 34 abstentions, sets up an “Open Ended Working Group” to examine cybercrime and how to prevent it. The resolution would also be voted on by the entire General Assembly in December. If the General Assembly passes the resolution, a committee will meet in August 2020 to draft the terms that would be used to write the actual treaty. The resolution was sponsored by China, North Korea, Cuba, Nicaragua, Venezuela and Syria, among others, and will up an "Open Ended Working Group" to examine cybercrime. The proposed treaty has been framed to serve as an alternative to the US-led Budapest Convention. The Convention on Cybercrime of the Council of Europe (CETS No.185), known as the Budapest Convention, is the only binding international instrument on this issue. It serves as a guideline for any country developing comprehensive national legislation against Cybercrime and as a framework for international cooperation between State Parties to this treaty. The Budapest Convention is supplemented by a Protocol on Xenophobia and Racism committed through computer systems. It was drawn up by the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, France, with the active Participation of the Council of Europe's observer states Canada, Japan, South Africa and the United States. Itis open for ratification even to states that are not members of the Council of Europe. As of November 2019, 64 states have ratified the convention.a a EUR ats * , 2016-2019 =o eons a3 poop . F, : € ae oy rn * ee HM nil lL oT me Te