Life is the most difficult exam

many people fail because they try to copy others, not

realizing that everyone has a different question paper

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Department of Chemical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Soran University

Subject: Engineering Analysis I

Lecturer's name: Khadijeh Mirza

Academic Year: 2019/2020

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 Time of Lecture

The first session : from 11:00 to 12:15 pm

Rest : 12:15 to 13:00

The second session : from 13:00 to 2:15 pm

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(Frobenius method)

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Deadline : 28 – 09 - 2020 1. Introduction (write about importance of equation in chemical engineering)

2. Ordinary Differential Equation

2.1. First Order Differential Equations

2.2. Second Order Differential Equations

3. Partial Differential Equation

4. Solving Differential Equation by power series (Frobenius method)

Instruction of Report 1
5. Bessel function

6. Error function

7. Beta function
Describe each topic by example
8. Gamma function

9. Conclusion

10. References
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6
 Ordinary Differential Equations
Differential Equation:

A differential equation is an equation relating a dependent variable to one or more independent variables by

means of its differential coefficients with respect to independent variables.

If there is only one independent variable the equation said to be an "ordinary differential equation (ODE)".

If there are two or more independent variables and the equation contains differential coefficients with respect

of each of those, the equation is said to be "partial differential equation (PDE)".

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 Ordinary differential equation: It contains the ordinary differential coefficients of x with respect to the

independent variable t.

 Partial differential equation: It contains the partial differential coefficients of T with respect to each of the

independent variables 𝜃, 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧.

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Write type of equation by messenger

1 ODE

2 PDE

3 ODE

4 ODE

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Write type of equation by messenger

5 PDE

6 PDE

7 ODE

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Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE)

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Order:

The order of a differential equation is equal to the order of the highest differential

coefficient that it contains. Thus in Eq.(1) the order of the highest coefficient if three and

therefore Eq.(1) is a third order differential equation.

Eq.(1)

3 2 1 1
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Degree:

The degree of a differential equation is the highest power of the highest order differential

coefficient that the equation contains after it has been rationalized. Eq.(1) is of the first

degree, even though it contains the first order differential raised to the second power and

the cube of the independent variable.

Eq.(1)

Power of the highest order is 1

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Example (1): Classify the following differential equation:

Is non-linear differential equation because the dependent variable 𝒚 appears as 𝐲 𝟐 .

Moreover, it is 𝟏𝐬𝐭 order with 𝟏𝐬𝐭 degree.

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Is non-linear differential equation because the second derive raised to the power two.

Moreover, it is 𝟐𝐧𝐝 order with 𝟐𝐧𝐝 degree.

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Write order and degree of equation by messenger

1 it is 𝟑𝒏𝒅 order with 𝟏𝒔𝒕 degree

𝐝𝟑 𝐲 𝐝𝟐𝐲
2 + 𝐱 𝟐 ( 𝟐 )𝟑 =0 it is 𝟑𝒏𝒅 order with 𝟏𝒔𝒕 degree
𝐝𝐱 𝟑 𝐝𝐱

𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝐲 𝟐
3 + ( ) =0 it is 𝟏𝒏𝒅 order with 𝟐𝒔𝒕 degree
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱

𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝐲
4 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧( ) =0 it is 𝟏𝒏𝒅 order with 𝐧𝐨𝐭 degree
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱

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Write order and degree of equation by messenger

𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝟐 𝐝𝐲 𝟑 𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝟐 𝐝𝐲 𝟑
5 ( 𝟐) + ( ) = y + sinx ( 𝟐 ) + ( ) = (y + sinx )𝟐
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱
it is 𝟐𝒏𝒅 order with 𝟐𝒔𝒕 degree
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱

𝐝𝟒 𝐲 𝟐 𝐝𝐲 𝟐 𝐝𝟒 𝐲 𝟐 𝐝𝐲 𝟔
6 ( 𝟒 ) = (𝟏 +
𝟑 ) ( 𝟒 ) = (𝟏 + ) it is 𝟒𝒏𝒅 order with 𝟐𝒔𝒕 degree
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱

𝒅𝒚
7 = 𝒚𝟐 . 𝒙𝟑 it is 𝟏𝒏𝒅 order with 𝟏𝒔𝒕 degree
𝒅𝒙

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Forms of Differential Equation

𝐝𝟒 𝐲 𝟐 𝐝𝐲 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
( 𝟒 )𝟑 = (𝟏 + ) (𝒚(𝟒) )𝟑 = (𝟏 + ƴ 𝟐
𝒚) (𝒚𝟒 )𝟑 ƴ 𝟐
= (𝟏 + 𝒚)
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱

𝐝𝟒 𝐲 𝟒
𝒚(𝟒) ≠ 𝒚𝟒 ≠ 𝒚
𝐝𝐱 𝟒

𝐝𝟑 𝐲 𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝒅𝐲
𝐱𝟐 𝟑
− 𝟑𝒙 𝟐
+𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝒙
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 First Order Differential Equations

First order equations contain no derivatives higher than the first, but relate the first order

differential coefficient to the two variables.

Or

Examples: 1

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 Solutions of First Order Differential Equations

1) Separation of variables

2) Homogeneous equation

3) Exact equations

4) Linear equations

5) Bernoulli Equations

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1. Separation of variables:

In the most simple first order differential equations, the independent variable and its differential can be

separated from the dependent variable and its differential by the equality sign, using nothing more than the

normal processes of elementary algebra. When this is possible, the solution of the equation follows by straight

forward integration of the rearranged equation.

The general formula of this type of differential equation is:

The standard solution this type of differential equation is given by:

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Example of Separation of variables:

Example (1): Solve the following ordinary differential equation:

standard solution
A(x) = sin x

B(y) = 𝒚𝟐

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Example of Separation of variables:

Example (2): Solve the following ordinary differential equation:

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
= 𝒚𝟐 . 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒅𝒙. 𝒙𝟑 A(x) = 𝒙𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝒚𝟐

−𝟏
B(y) =
𝒚𝟐

standard solution

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Example of Separation of variables:

standard solution

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Example of Separation of variables:

Example (3): Solve the following ordinary differential equation:

y y

A(x) = 𝒙

−(𝟑𝒚 −𝟔)
B(y) =
𝒚

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Example of Separation of variables:

(𝟑𝒚 − 𝟔) 𝟑𝒚 𝟔
න 𝒙𝒅𝒙 − න 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 න 𝒙𝒅𝒙 − න 𝒅𝒚 + න 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
standard solution 𝒚 𝒚 𝒚

𝟔
න 𝒙𝒅𝒙 − න 𝟑 𝒅𝒚 + න 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒚

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Example of Separation of variables:

Example (4): Solve the following ordinary differential equation:

𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝐲
𝒚ƴ = 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝒆𝒙 = 𝟏+ 𝒚 .𝒆𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒆 𝒙 . 𝒅𝒙
𝐝𝐱 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐

A(x) = 𝒆𝒙
𝟏
𝒆𝒙 . 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝟏+ 𝒚 −𝟏
B(y) =
𝟏+ 𝒚𝟐

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Example of Separation of variables:

𝐝𝐲
𝒆𝒙 . 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐
=𝟎
𝟏+ 𝒚
standard solution
Or

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2. Homogeneous equation

The differential equation can be homogeneous type if we can rearrange it in the form of:

𝑑𝑦
If we take Or = f(v)
𝑑𝑥

After differentiating with respect to x

𝒅𝒗
f(v) = v + x
𝒅𝒙 29
2. Homogeneous equation

𝒅𝒗
f(v) = v + x f(v) – v = x
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒗
𝒅𝒙 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 f(v) – v

standard solution
General solution formula
𝟏
A(x) =
𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒗
- =0
𝒙 f(v) – v 𝒅𝒙
‫𝒙׬‬ -‫׬‬
𝒅𝒗
=0
B(y) =
𝟏
f(v) – v
𝒇 𝒗 −𝒗

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Example of Homogeneous equation 𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒗
= f( ) = f(v) - =0
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 f(v) – v
Example (1): Solve the following ordinary differential equation:

(2 𝐱𝐲- x) dy + y dx = 0

(2 𝑥 2 y- x) dy + (vx) dx = 0
x

(2 𝐯 - 1) dy = - v dx

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Example of Homogeneous equation
General solution formula
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒗
- =0
𝒙 f(v) – v 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒗
‫𝒙׬‬ -‫׬‬ 𝒗
–v
=0
𝟏 −𝟐 𝒗

Before integrating, Simplify equation:

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Example of Homogeneous equation

After Simplify 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 −𝟐 𝒗 𝒅𝒗
- =0
𝒙 𝟐𝒗 𝒗

𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟐 𝒗
- − 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝒙 𝟐𝒗 𝒗 𝟐𝒗 𝒗

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Example of Homogeneous equation

−𝟑
𝒗𝟐

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