PREFORMULATIOON STUDIES A solution may be defined as a

mixture of two or more components that form a single phase which is homogeneous down to the
molecular level. The component that determines the phase of the solution is termed the solvent; it
usually (but not necessarily) constitutes the largest proportion of the system. The other components are
termed solutes, and these are dispersed as molecules or ions throughout the solvent, i.e. they are said
to be dissolved in the solvent. The transfer of molecules or ions from a solid state into solution is known
as dissolution. Fundamentally, this process is controlled by the relative affinity between the molecules
of the solid substance and those of the solvent. The extent to which the dissolution proceeds under a
given set of experimental conditions is referred toas the solubility of the solute in the solvent.
The solubility of a substance is the amount of it that has passed into solution when
equilibrium is established between the solute in solution and the excess (undis- solved) substance. The
solution that is obtained under these conditions is said to be saturated. A solution with a concentration
less than that at equilibrium is said to be subsaturated. Solutions with a concentration greater than that
at equilibrium can be obtained in certain conditions; these are known as supersaturated solutions (see
Chapter8for further information).

the above definitions are general ones, they may be applied to all types of solution involving any of the
three states of matter (gas, liquid, solid) dis-solved in any of the three states of matter, i.e. solid in liquid,
liquid in solid, liquid in liquid, solid in vapor etc. However, when the two components forming a solution
are either both gases or both liquids, then it is more usual to talk in terms of miscibility rather than
solubility. Other than the name, all principles are the same.
One point to emphasize at this stage is that the rate of solution (dissolution rate) and amount which
can be dissolved (solubility) are not the same and are not necessarily related. In practice, high drug
solubility is usually associated with a high dissolution rate, but there are exceptions; an example is the
commonly used film-coating material hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) which is very water
soluble yet takes many hours to hydrate and dissolve.

Process of dissolution
Dissolution mechanisms
The majority of drugs are crystalline solids. Liquid, semisolid and amorphous solid drugs do exist but
these are in the minority. For now, we will restrict our discussion to dissolution of crystalline solids in
liquid solvents. In addition, to simplify the discussion, it will be assumed that the drug is molecular in
nature. The same discussion applies to ionic drugs. Similarly, to avoid undue complication in the
explanations that follow, it can be assumed that most solid crystalline materials, whether drugs or
excipients, will dissolve in a similar manner. The dissolution of a solid in a liquid may be regarded as
being composed of two consecutive stages.

1.First is an interfacial reaction that results in the liberation of solute molecules from the solid phase to
the liquid phase. This involves a phase change so that molecules of the solid become molecules of the
solute in the solvent in which the crystal is dissolving.
2 After this, the solute molecules must migrate through the boundary layer surrounding the crystal to
the bulk of solution. These stages, and the associated solution concentration changes, are illustrated in
Fig. 2.1. These two stages of dissolution are now discussed in turn.
.  Al-Farabi was born in the year _______ A.D.

A. 870 B. 871

C. 872 D. 873

2.  Al-Farabi died in year _______ A.D.

A. 950 B. 951

C. 952 D. 953

3.  Al-Farabi is known as:

A. The Philosopher B. The second teacher

C. The First Arab Philosopher D. The father of Islamic political thought

4.  The name of the book which Al-Farabi wrote is:

A. Ara Madinatul Fazila B. Al-Istabdad

C. Elements of Geometry D. Theory of Revolution

5.  Al-Farabi did his best to reconcile:

Plato's Political theory and Guided

A. Greek thought and Islamic Shariat B.
caliphate

C. Human intellect and revelation D. Greek science and Eastern Mysticism

6.  Al-Farabi wrote:

Commentaries on the work of Plato and

A. B. Commentaries on the work of Polybius
Aristotle

C. On the Philosopher king D. The science of politics

7.  Al-Farabi is considered an authority on:

A. Greek Philosophers B. Roman Philosophers

C. English Philosophers D. Muslim Philosophers

8.  A summary of Plato's Law was written by:

 A. Al-Farabi B. Al-Mawardi

C. Aristotle D. None of these

9.  Al-Farabi by birth was:

A. Turk B. Egyptian

C. Arab D. Iranian

10. Which Muslim thinker's commentaries popularized works of Aristotle in the West and saved Greek
thought from oblivion?

A. Al-Farabi B. Al-Mawardi

C. Nizam-ul-Mulk Toosi D. Al-Ghazali

11. Which one is not written by 'Farabi'?

A. A srmmary of Plato's laws B. Muqaddamah

C. Siyasatul Madaniyah D. Ara-Madinatul-Fadilah

12. Al-Farabi studied in Baghdad under the Christian scholar named:

A. Abu Bish Matta B. Abu Fazal

C. Abu Amir D. Amir Saif Ullah

13.  Al-Farabi learnt the basics of Political science from another Christian Savant:

A. Jilad al-Harran B. Jilad al-Yunus

C. Matta bin Junus D. Bashar bin Abraham

14. He himself (Al-Farabi) is called the 'second teacher' 'the first teacher' being.

Plato's Political theory and Guided

A. Aristotle B.
caliphate

C. Socrates D. None of these

15. Farabi was a master of:

A. Arabic Language and Literature B. Persian Language and Literature

 C. English Language and Literature D. Spanish Language and Literature

16. AL Farabi was born at the village:

A. Warij B. Syria

C. Tarbhan D. Baghdad

17. Who wrote Siyasat al Madina?

A. Mawardi B. Farabi

C. Ghazzali D. Iqbal

18. Which is the best form of stte according to Farabi?

A. Madinat-ul-Fazla B. Madinatual Jahillia

C. Madina-tul-Siyasa D. Madina-tul-Tughlab

19. In which kind of state, the objective of the citizens is to acquire the needs of life, according to
Farabi.

A. Ideal state B. State of necessity

C. Democracy D. Vicious state

20. According to Farabi, the following kind of state is useless:

A. Democratic B. Vicious state

C. Ideal state D. Vile state

21. According to Farabi, this form of state is the symbol of peace and property:

A. Vile state B. Vicious state

C. Ideal state D. State of necessity

22. The objective of this form of state is to acquire maximum money:

A. Vile state B. Ideal state

C. Vicious state D. Erring state

23. Al Farabi was very much impressed by:

 A. Machiavelli B. Aristotle

C. Mawardi D. Iqbal

1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,18,22: A
3,11,17,19,20,23, B
21.C