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Preparation for IGCSE History Paper 1

Themes: 1) Russia: Autocracy and revolt, 1881–1914

2) A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962

Student’s name: __________________________________________

Page | 1
IGCSE History Paper 1 mark scheme
(a) Recall of knowledge (AO1) (3)
2 in correct sequence: 1 mark
3 in correct sequence: 2 marks
4/5 in correct sequence: 3 marks
Maximum 3 marks

(b) Target: Recall, selection and communication of knowledge of history (AO1:2), explanation of
consequence (AO2:2) (4)

Level Descriptor Mark

0 No rewardable material 0
Simple explanation of consequence
Level 1 The candidate gives an explanation which lacks any supporting
contextual knowledge or makes unsupported generalisations. (1–2)
Explanation of consequence
Level 2 The candidate gives an explanation supported by relevant
contextual knowledge. (3–4)

(c) Target: Recall, selection and communication of knowledge of history (AO1:4), explanation and analysis
of causation (AO2:4) (8)

Level Descriptor Mark

0 No rewardable material 0
Simple explanation of causation
Level 1 The candidate gives an explanation which lacks supporting
contextual knowledge or makes unsupported generalisations.
1 mark for one simple explanation.
2 marks for two or more. (1-2)
Supported explanation of causation
Level 2 The candidate supports the explanation, selecting relevant
contextual knowledge.
3–4 marks for explanation of one cause.
4–5 marks for explanation of two or more causes.
Award marks according to the quality of the explanation.
(3–5)
Developed explanation and analysis of causation
Level 3 An explanation of factor(s) supported by precisely selected
knowledge. At this level the explanation should show how the
cause(s) led to the outcome.
6 marks for one explained factor which shows how the cause led to
the outcome.
7 marks for two or more explained factors which show how the
cause led to the outcome.
8 marks for answers which show how causes combined to produce
an outcome. (6–8)

Tutor advice: 3-4 factors should be explored. Make sure you show how these are linked/connected

Page | 2
(d) Target: Recall, selection and communication of knowledge of history (AO1:3), explanation and analysis
of causation (AO2:4), comprehension of source (AO3:3) (10)

Level Descriptor Mark

0 No rewardable material 0
Simple explanation of causation using the source or own knowledge (1–2)
Level 1 The candidate gives an explanation which lacks supporting
contextual knowledge or makes unsupported generalisations, or
selects from the source without elaboration.
1 mark for one simple explanation.
2 marks for two or more.
Level 2 Supported explanation of causation (3–5)
Level 2 The candidate supports the explanation selecting relevant
information.
3–4 marks for a supported explanation using the source or own
knowledge.
4–5 marks for a supported explanation using the source and own
knowledge. Award marks according to the quality of the explanation.
Developed explanation of one factor supported by (6–7)
Level 3 precisely-selected knowledge
At this level the explanation should show how the cause led to the
outcome.
6 marks for one explained factor using own knowledge only.
7 marks for one explained factor using the source and own
knowledge.
Developed explanation and analysis of more than one (8–10)
Level 4 factor using the source and own knowledge
At this level the explanation should show how the causes led to the
outcome.
8 marks for explanation of two causes linked to the stated outcome.
9–10 marks for answers which show how the causes combined to
produce the outcome.

Total for Question = 25 marks

Tutor advice: 2-3 reasons should be identified from source and explained. Another 1-2 factors from your own
knowledge (not from the source) should be introduced. Make sure you show how these are linked/connected

Page | 3
Sample Question 1-Russia: Autocracy and revolt, 1881–1914

(a) Study these events which occurred in the years 1903–12.

The Lena The split in the The setting up of The The first duma
Goldfield Strike Social Democrat the Social assassination of
Party Revolutionary Stolypin
Party

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either The Lena Goldfield Strikeor The first Duma

Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)

(c) Why did Alexander III carry out a policy of repression in the years 1881–94? Explain your answer.
(8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

Source: From a modern textbook


Around 80 per cent of Russia’s population were peasants, most of whom lived in very poor
conditions. Some peasants left the land to work in cities such as St Petersburg, where their conditions
hardly improved. The Tsar’s empire included many different nationalities who resented attempts at
Russification.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why there was discontent in Russia at the beginning of
the twentieth century. (10)

(Total for Question = 25 marks)

Page | 4
Sample Question 2-Russia: Autocracy and revolt, 1881–1914

(a) Study these events which occurred in the years 1881–1906.

The Fundamental Bloody Sunday The Manifesto of The accession of The start of the
Laws Unshakable Nicholas II to the building of the
Autocracy throne Trans-Siberian
Railway

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either The start of the building of the Trans-Siberian Railwayor The Fundamental Laws

Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)

(c) Why did opposition to Nicholas II grow in the years 1906–14? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

Source: From a modern textbook


The army remained loyal to the Tsar throughout the events of 1905. Also Nicholas II accepted
advice and introduced the October Manifesto which offered the people a duma. The middle-class
liberals were delighted.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why Nicholas II was able to survive the revolution of
1905. (10)

(Total for Question = 25 marks)

Page | 5
Sample Question 3-Russia: Autocracy and revolt, 1881–1914

(a) Study these events which occurred in Russia in the years 1881–1905.

The formation The The resignation Alexander III The outbreak


of the Social assassination of of Witte becomes Tsar of the Russo-
Democratic Alexander II Japanese War
Party

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either The formation of the Social Democratic Party


or The assassination of Alexander II

Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)

(c) Why was there a revolution in Russia in 1905? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

Source: from a school history textbook, published in 2001.


There was much opposition to the Tsar from peasants, town workers and different ethnic
groups in the years before the outbreak of the First World War. This was partly due to the
policies of Stolypin, who ruthlessly put down all opposition, and Nicholas II's refusal to give
any real power to the dumas

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why Nicholas II became more unpopular in the years
1906-1914. (10)

(Total for Question = 25 marks)

Page | 6
Sample Question 4-Russia: Autocracy and revolt, 1881–1914

(a) Study these events which occurred in Russia in the years 1881–1905.

Nicholas II Bloody Sunday Formation of End of the Russo


The October becomes Tsar the Socialist -Japanese War
Manifesto Revolutionary
Party

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either Nicholas II becomes Tsar or End of the Russo-Japanese War

Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)

(c) Why did opposition to Nicholas II grow in the years 1906–14? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

Source: From a modern textbook


The army remained loyal to the Tsar throughout the events of 1905. Also Nicholas II accepted
advice and introduced the October Manifesto which offered the people a duma. The middle-class
liberals were delighted.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why Nicholas II was able to survive the revolution of
1905. (10)

(Total for Question = 25 marks)

Page | 7
Sample Question 5-Russia: Autocracy and revolt, 1881–1914

(a) Study these events which occurred in the years 1881–1912.

The second The Lena The The formation Alexander III


duma Goldfield strike assassination of of the Socialist becomes Tsar
Stolypin Revolutionary
Party

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either The Lena Goldfield strike or Alexander III becomes Tsar

Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)

(c) Why was there growing opposition to Tsar Nicholas II in the years 1894–1905? Explain your answer.
(8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

Source: From a modern textbook


The 1905 Revolution was followed by a mixture of reform and repression. After the election of the
first duma, Stolypin carried out land reform to win over the peasants. At the same time, Stolypin
introduced strict repressive measures including the execution of 4000 people.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the effects of the 1905 Revolution. (10)

(Total for Question A= 25 marks)

Page | 8
Sample Question 6-Russia: Autocracy and revolt, 1881–1914

(a) Study these events which occurred in the years 1887–1906.

End of the Russo Failed attempt to Famine under Start of Sergei Stolypin appointed
Japanese War assassinate Nicholas II Witte’s ‘Great Prime Minister
Alexander III Spurt’ of
industrialization

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either Failed attempt to assassinate Alexanderor


III Start of Sergei Witte’s ‘Great Spurt’ of industrialization

Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)

(c) Why was there a revolution in 1905? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.

Source: from a modern textbook


In 1894, Alexander III died suddenly and was replaced by his son, Nicholas II. The new Tsar
was easily influenced. Nicholas lived in a close circle of courtiers at St Petersburg and had
almost no contact with the ordinary people of Russia. In 1896, 1,300 people were killed in a
stampede during the celebration of his coronation. Nicholas seems to have been completely
unconcerned about this.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the difficulties that Tsar Nicholas II faced at
the beginning of his reign. (10)

Page | 9
Sample parts (b) (c) and (d) of questions on Russia 1881-1914

(b) Choose either or


Creation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party End of Russo-Japanese war
had on Russia
Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)

(b) Choose either Stolypin’s appointment as Prime Minister


or Russification under Alexander III

Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)

(c) Why was Konstantin Pobedonostsev influential during the reign of Alexander III? Explain your
answer. (8)

(c) Why was Russia able to industrialize rapidly between 1892 and 1903? Explain your answer. (8)

(c) Why did Russia suffer defeat during the Russo-Japanese war? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.

Source: from a modern textbook


After 1905 Nicholas II was forced to make changes to the way that Russia was governed.
But it soon became clear that he was not committed to reform. By 1912 Nicholas was
becoming increasingly unpopular and there was unrest in many parts of Russia.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how Nicholas II’s attempts at reform failed.
(10)

(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.

Source: from a modern textbook


The 1905 revolution was a protest against the Tsar’s autocratic government. People wanted to
play a greater part in the way Russia was governed. In October 1905, Tsar Nicholas II was
forced to announce the October Manifesto. In it, he promised to set up a constitution and create
a parliament (duma).

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the reforms announced by Tsar Nicholas II in
1905. (10)

(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.

Source: from a modern textbook


The first duma met in 1906. Tsar Nicholas II’s chief adviser, Stolypin, began to make
agricultural reforms and it was hoped that he could modernise Russia. He also tried to boost
Russia’s industries. Other reforms were made including changes in education

Page | 10
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the changes that were introduced in Russia
in the years 1906–14.
(10)
(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.

Source: from a modern textbook


Pobedonostsev's reputation in Russian history rests largely upon his accomplishments as
director general of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church. For 25 years his influence
on the religious and political life of Russia was enormous as a result of his official positions and
his relations with the Tsars, their wives, the imperial family, and the court. He had a hand in the
pogroms against Jews and in many other policies adopted by Tsar Alexander III and Nicholas II

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the influence of Konstantin Pobedonostsev in
Russia between 1875 and 1900. (10)

(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.

Source: from a modern textbook


Sergei Witte oversaw Russia's transition economy. As finance minister, he hoped to modernize
Russia and make it competitive with other great powers. By financing industrialization and
securing foreign capital, Witte played a major role in facilitating Russia's development. During
this time, there was a healthy pace of industrialization, and other aspects of modernization.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the role of Sergei Witte in Russia’s
government between 1892 and 1906. (10)

(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.

Source: 'The Life of the Cotton Workers'. From the biography of Father Gapon, the priest who led a
Workers demonstration in St Petersburg in 1905
"The normal working day is eleven and a half hours of work . . . But . . . manufacturers [the factory owners]
have received [government] permission to allow overtime so that the average day is fourteen or fifteen
hours. I have often watched the crowds of poorly clad and emaciated [very thin] figures of men and girls
returning from the mills . . . Their grey faces seem dead.. . . Badly clad dressed] and underfed, waiting in
the terrible frosty mornings of the St Petersburg winter, they present a sight that makes one shudder".

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the role of the plight of ordinary workers in the
1905 Russian revolution. (10)

Page | 11
COLD WAR

Sample Question 7: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962

(a) Study the following events which happened in the years 1946-1955

Creation of the Start of the Division of Bay of Pigs Kennan’s Long


Warsaw Pact Korean War Germany invasion Telegram

Write these events in the correct chronological order (3)

(b) Choose either the Bay of Pigs invasion OR Creation of the Warsaw Pact

Explain the effect the event had on relations between the USA and USSR. (4)

(c) Why did the USSR invade Hungary in 1956? Explain your answer (8)

(d) Study the source and answer the question that follows

The number of people leaving East Berlin and moving to West Berlin began to increase in the
late 1950s. Eventually, some restrictions were placed on travel between the two parts of the
city. The Western part of Berlin was prosperous and had recovered from the war.
Khrushchev was sure he could force the Allies out of West Berlin.
Source: from a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how a crisis developed over Berlin in the
years 1958–61. (10)

(Total for Question A= 25 marks)

Page | 12
Sample Question 8: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962

(a) Study these events which occurred between 1945 and 1949.

The bombing of
Introduction of the End of the Berlin The Novikov Signing of the United
Hiroshima and
Truman Doctrine blockade Telegram Nations Charter
Nagasaki

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki or The introduction of the Truman Doctrine

Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the USSR of the event you have chosen (4)

(c) Why had the wartime alliance between the USA and USSR broken down by the end of 1946?
Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.

America’s first response to the invasion of South Korea was to rush military supplies to South
Korea. Then on 27th June the United States proposed a resolution in the United Nations calling
for military action against North Korea. The resolution was passed and three days later
American troops entered Korea
Source: From a modern History textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge to explain why there was a war in Korea from 1950-1953.
(10)

(Total for Question A= 25 marks)

Page | 13
Sample Question 9: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962

(a) Study these events which occurred between 1945 and 1961.

Building of the Hungarian End of the End of the Berlin


The U2 crisis
Berlin Wall Uprising Korean War blockade

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either The U2 Crisis or The Hungarian Uprising

Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the USSR of the event you have chosen (4)

(c) Why did Stalin launch Comecon in 1949? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.

Neither side gained anything. The USSR had not gained control of Berlin. The West had no
guarantees that land communications would not be cut again. Above all confrontation made
both sides even more stubborn.
Source: by Historian Jack Watson writing in 1984.

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the effects of the Berlin blockade on relations
between the USA and USSR. (10)

(Total for Question A= 25 marks)

Page | 14
Sample Question 10: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962

(a) Study these events which occurred in the years 1947–61.

The Hungarian The building of The setting-up of The Marshall The setting-up
Uprising the Berlin Wall the Warsaw Pact Plan of NATO

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either The building of the Berlin Wall or The setting-up of NATO

Explain one effect on the relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have
chosen. (4)

(c) Why had the USA and the Soviet Union become rivals by 1947? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

On 14 October 1962 a US spy plane took photographs which showed Soviet missile bases
being built in Cuba. This meant that all US missile defence systems were now useless. From
16 October Kennedy spent one week asking his defence chiefs for possible reactions and
considering alternatives.
Source: from a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why there was a crisis over missiles in Cuba in
1962. (10)

(Total for Question = 25 marks)

Page | 15
Sample Question 11: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962

(a) Study these events which occurred in the years 1945–55.

Introduction of
The beginning of The Potsdam The setting up of The Berlin
the Truman
the Korean War Conference the Warsaw Pact Blockade
Doctrine

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either The Truman Doctrineor The Berlin Blockade

Explain one effect on the relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen. (4)

(c) Why was there an arms race between the USA and USSR between 1945 and 1961? Explain your answer.
(8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

In June 1956, a group within the Hungarian Communist Party opposed Rakosi. The Soviet Union
allowed a new government to be formed under Imre Nagy. Nagy introduced a series of reforms including
free elections and private ownership of farmland.
Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why the Soviet Union invaded Hungary in 1956. (10)

(Total for Question A= 25 marks)

Sample Question 12: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962

Page | 16
(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1946–62.

The setting up
The beginning
The Marshall The Cuban of the Federal The ‘Iron Curtain’
of peaceful
Plan Missiles Crisis Republic of speech
co-existence
Germany

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either The Cuban Missiles or The Marshall Plan


Crisis
Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)

(c) Why was there a crisis over Berlin in the years 1948–49? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

In 1955, the Soviet Union set up the Warsaw Pact to strengthen its control of Eastern Europe. In the
following year, Soviet forces crushed the Hungarian Uprising. The U2 Crisis and the construction of the
Berlin Wall worsened relations between the USA and the Soviet Union.
Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why relations between the
USA and the Soviet Union changed in the years 1955–61. (10)

(Total for Question A= 25 marks)

Sample Question 13: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962

Page | 17
(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1945–53.

The armistice to
Formation of The Yalta Joseph Stalin’s Formation of
end the Korean
Bizonia Conference death COMECON
War

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either Formation of Bizonia or The armistice to end the Korean War

Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)

(c) Why did the USSR seek to extend its influence over Eastern Europe between 1945 and 1949? Explain your
answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

After the Cuban missile crisis, Kennedy worked with Khrushchev to set up a hotline. This would allow
the Kremlin and the White House to be in direct contact. The aim of the hotline was to ensure that the
two leaders could discuss their differences and therefore avoid war.

Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the effects of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962
(10)

(Total for Question = 25 marks)

Sample Question 14: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962


Page | 18
(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1945–61.

The beginning of
The Bay of Pigs The setting up of The Berlin The Yalta
Peaceful Co-
Invasion the Warsaw Pact Blockade Conference
Existence

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either The setting up of the Warsaw Pact or The beginning of Peaceful Co-Existence

Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)

(c) Why did Soviet troops invade Hungary in November 1956? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

“Tension between the West and the Soviet Union continued to increase throughout the Berlin Airlift.
The hopes that Germany would be re-united began to disappear and in 1949 the Federal Republic of
Germany was created from the British, French and US zones. Later that year, the Soviet Union created
the German Democratic Republic from its zone.”
Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain how the Cold War developed in the years 1949-1953.
(10)

(Total for Question = 25 marks)

Sample Question 15: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962

Page | 19
(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1946–62.

Creation of the
The Hungarian The building of the Churchill’s Iron The Cuban
Federal Republic of
Crisis Berlin Wall Curtain Speech Missile Crisis
Germany (FDR)

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

Creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (FDR) Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech
(b) Choose either or

Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)

(c) Why was the Truman Doctrine announced in March 1947? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

“At first in the Cuban Missile Crisis neither Kennedy nor Khrushchev would back down. Kennedy set up
the naval blockade and Khrushchev ordered Soviet ships to continue supplying Cuba. On 24th October,
some Soviet ships turned away from Cuba and some slowed down. The two leaders exchanged letters
and Kennedy agreed to Khrushchev’s suggestions.”
Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain how the Cuban Missile Crisis was ended peacefully.
(10)

(Total for Question = 25 marks)

Sample Question 16: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962

Page | 20
(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1945–61.

The building of The start of the The creation of The Potsdam


U2 Incident
the Berlin Wall Korean War COMECON Conference

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either Korean War or The U2 incident

Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)

(c) Why had the wartime alliance between the USA and the Soviet Union broken down by the end of 1946?
Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

“Khrushchev thought he would be able to force the Allies out of West Berlin. He knew the limits to
which President Eisenhower would go. Khrushchev knew that he had to stop the flow of refugees. West
Berlin remained a loophole in the Iron Curtain. The 1948 crisis had made it clear that the Western
powers were not going to leave West Berlin of their own free will.
Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why the Berlin Wall was built in 1961.
(10)

(Total for Question = 25 marks)

Sample Question 17: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962

Page | 21
(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1945–56.

The Hungarian The Truman The Yalta The Berlin The Potsdam
Uprising Doctrine Conference Blockade Conference

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either Yalta Conference or Potsdam Conference

Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)

(c) Why was the Marshall Plan created in June 1947? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

“The Berlin Blockade had serious consequences for international relations. The West decided that Stalin
was not going to co-operate and so Truman took the decision that the USA would have to keep forces in
Europe on a permanent basis. In 1949, NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) was set up. It
was a sign that relations between the Superpowers were now so bad that some form of military alliance
was necessary.”
Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain how the creation of NATO changed relations between
East and West.
(10)

(Total for Question = 25 marks)

Sample Question 18: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962

Page | 22
(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1946–62.

Bay of Pigs
Novikov’s The Marshall The Death of
Hungarian Crisis Invasion
Telegram Plan Stalin

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either Hungarian crisis or Bay of Pigs Invasion


Bay of Pigs Invasion.
Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)

(c) Why was there a crisis over missiles in Cuba in 1962? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

“Stalin had wanted to deal with West Berlin for some time. He did not like the fact that it gave the West
access to Europe beyond the Iron Curtain. It also gave the people of the East an idea of what life was like
in the West. As Marshall Aid began to reach Europe, life in the West seemed more and more attractive.
Stalin decided to try to force the Western Allies out.”
Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain how Stalin tried to force the Allies out of West Berlin in
the years 1948-1949.
(10)

(Total for Question = 25 marks)

Sample Question 19: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962

(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1946–62.


Page | 23
Creation of the The Setting up
Paris Summit Creation of Kennan’s Long
Federal Republic of the Warsaw
Conference COMINFORM Telegram
of Germany (FDR) Pact

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either Kennan’s Long Telegram or Creation of COMINFORM

Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)

(c) Why was there a war over Korea in the years 1950-1953? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

“In June 1948, the western allies decided that they had to respond to Stalin’s actions. They agreed that
West Berlin had to be saved at all costs. So began the Berlin Airlift, which lasted more than fourteen
months, until September 1949, four months after the blockade ended. Everything that the people of West
Berlin needed had to be brought in by plane.”
Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why Stalin was forced to end the blockade of West
Berlin in May 1949.
(10)

(Total for Question = 25 marks)

Sample Question 20: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962

Page | 24
(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1946–62.

Federal Republic
Death of Stalin Kennan’s Long of Germany Building of Berlin
(FDR) joining
Marshall Plan
Telegram Wall
NATO

Write these events in the correct chronological sequence. (3)

(b) Choose either Death of Stalin or Federal Republic of Germany (FDR) joining NATO.

Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)

(c) Why was the NATO alliance created in April 1949? Explain your answer. (8)

(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.

“The Berlin Blockade was a propaganda success for the Americans and a failure for the Soviet Union. In
May 1949, Stalin called off the blockade. In September 1949, West Germany was officially created as an
independent state, followed one month later by East Germany. In addition, the USA set up the North
Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
Source: From a modern textbook

Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the changes to relations between the USA and the Soviet
Union brought about by the Berlin Blockade of 1948-49?
(10)

(Total for Question = 25 marks)

Additional Sample parts (c) of questions on ‘A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962’-8
marks each

1. Why did the USSR establish COMINFORM in September 1947? Explain your answer.
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2. Why did Stalin launch COMECON in 1949? Explain your answer.

3. Why had Germany become divided by 1949? Explain your answer.

4. Why did the USA and USSR disagree at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945? Explain your
answer.

5. Why did the Wartime Allies decide to meet at Yalta in February 1945? Explain your answer.

6. Why did the USA decide to launch the Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961? Explain your answer.

7. Why did Churchill give his ‘Iron Curtain’ speech in March 1946? Explain your answer.

8. Why had Khrushchev’s Policy of Peaceful Co-Existence ended by 1961? Explain your answer.

9. Why did Khrushchev walk out of the Paris Summit in May 1960? Explain your answer.

10. Why did Truman take a much tougher line with Stalin at Potsdam than Roosevelt had at Yalta?
Explain your answer.

11. Why did Khrushchev adopt the policy of ‘peaceful co-existence’? Explain your answer.

12. Why had differences between the Allies appeared by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945?
Explain your answer.

13. Why did relations between the USA and the USSR change in the period between the Yalta and
Potsdam Conferences? Explain your answer.

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