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Edexcel IGCSE History P1 Sample Questions
Edexcel IGCSE History P1 Sample Questions
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IGCSE History Paper 1 mark scheme
(a) Recall of knowledge (AO1) (3)
2 in correct sequence: 1 mark
3 in correct sequence: 2 marks
4/5 in correct sequence: 3 marks
Maximum 3 marks
(b) Target: Recall, selection and communication of knowledge of history (AO1:2), explanation of
consequence (AO2:2) (4)
0 No rewardable material 0
Simple explanation of consequence
Level 1 The candidate gives an explanation which lacks any supporting
contextual knowledge or makes unsupported generalisations. (1–2)
Explanation of consequence
Level 2 The candidate gives an explanation supported by relevant
contextual knowledge. (3–4)
(c) Target: Recall, selection and communication of knowledge of history (AO1:4), explanation and analysis
of causation (AO2:4) (8)
0 No rewardable material 0
Simple explanation of causation
Level 1 The candidate gives an explanation which lacks supporting
contextual knowledge or makes unsupported generalisations.
1 mark for one simple explanation.
2 marks for two or more. (1-2)
Supported explanation of causation
Level 2 The candidate supports the explanation, selecting relevant
contextual knowledge.
3–4 marks for explanation of one cause.
4–5 marks for explanation of two or more causes.
Award marks according to the quality of the explanation.
(3–5)
Developed explanation and analysis of causation
Level 3 An explanation of factor(s) supported by precisely selected
knowledge. At this level the explanation should show how the
cause(s) led to the outcome.
6 marks for one explained factor which shows how the cause led to
the outcome.
7 marks for two or more explained factors which show how the
cause led to the outcome.
8 marks for answers which show how causes combined to produce
an outcome. (6–8)
Tutor advice: 3-4 factors should be explored. Make sure you show how these are linked/connected
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(d) Target: Recall, selection and communication of knowledge of history (AO1:3), explanation and analysis
of causation (AO2:4), comprehension of source (AO3:3) (10)
0 No rewardable material 0
Simple explanation of causation using the source or own knowledge (1–2)
Level 1 The candidate gives an explanation which lacks supporting
contextual knowledge or makes unsupported generalisations, or
selects from the source without elaboration.
1 mark for one simple explanation.
2 marks for two or more.
Level 2 Supported explanation of causation (3–5)
Level 2 The candidate supports the explanation selecting relevant
information.
3–4 marks for a supported explanation using the source or own
knowledge.
4–5 marks for a supported explanation using the source and own
knowledge. Award marks according to the quality of the explanation.
Developed explanation of one factor supported by (6–7)
Level 3 precisely-selected knowledge
At this level the explanation should show how the cause led to the
outcome.
6 marks for one explained factor using own knowledge only.
7 marks for one explained factor using the source and own
knowledge.
Developed explanation and analysis of more than one (8–10)
Level 4 factor using the source and own knowledge
At this level the explanation should show how the causes led to the
outcome.
8 marks for explanation of two causes linked to the stated outcome.
9–10 marks for answers which show how the causes combined to
produce the outcome.
Tutor advice: 2-3 reasons should be identified from source and explained. Another 1-2 factors from your own
knowledge (not from the source) should be introduced. Make sure you show how these are linked/connected
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Sample Question 1-Russia: Autocracy and revolt, 1881–1914
The Lena The split in the The setting up of The The first duma
Goldfield Strike Social Democrat the Social assassination of
Party Revolutionary Stolypin
Party
(b) Choose either The Lena Goldfield Strikeor The first Duma
Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)
(c) Why did Alexander III carry out a policy of repression in the years 1881–94? Explain your answer.
(8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why there was discontent in Russia at the beginning of
the twentieth century. (10)
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Sample Question 2-Russia: Autocracy and revolt, 1881–1914
The Fundamental Bloody Sunday The Manifesto of The accession of The start of the
Laws Unshakable Nicholas II to the building of the
Autocracy throne Trans-Siberian
Railway
(b) Choose either The start of the building of the Trans-Siberian Railwayor The Fundamental Laws
Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)
(c) Why did opposition to Nicholas II grow in the years 1906–14? Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why Nicholas II was able to survive the revolution of
1905. (10)
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Sample Question 3-Russia: Autocracy and revolt, 1881–1914
(a) Study these events which occurred in Russia in the years 1881–1905.
Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)
(c) Why was there a revolution in Russia in 1905? Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why Nicholas II became more unpopular in the years
1906-1914. (10)
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Sample Question 4-Russia: Autocracy and revolt, 1881–1914
(a) Study these events which occurred in Russia in the years 1881–1905.
(b) Choose either Nicholas II becomes Tsar or End of the Russo-Japanese War
Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)
(c) Why did opposition to Nicholas II grow in the years 1906–14? Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why Nicholas II was able to survive the revolution of
1905. (10)
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Sample Question 5-Russia: Autocracy and revolt, 1881–1914
(b) Choose either The Lena Goldfield strike or Alexander III becomes Tsar
Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)
(c) Why was there growing opposition to Tsar Nicholas II in the years 1894–1905? Explain your answer.
(8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the effects of the 1905 Revolution. (10)
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Sample Question 6-Russia: Autocracy and revolt, 1881–1914
End of the Russo Failed attempt to Famine under Start of Sergei Stolypin appointed
Japanese War assassinate Nicholas II Witte’s ‘Great Prime Minister
Alexander III Spurt’ of
industrialization
Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)
(c) Why was there a revolution in 1905? Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the difficulties that Tsar Nicholas II faced at
the beginning of his reign. (10)
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Sample parts (b) (c) and (d) of questions on Russia 1881-1914
Explain one effect on Russia of the event you have chosen. (4)
(c) Why was Konstantin Pobedonostsev influential during the reign of Alexander III? Explain your
answer. (8)
(c) Why was Russia able to industrialize rapidly between 1892 and 1903? Explain your answer. (8)
(c) Why did Russia suffer defeat during the Russo-Japanese war? Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how Nicholas II’s attempts at reform failed.
(10)
(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the reforms announced by Tsar Nicholas II in
1905. (10)
(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.
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Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the changes that were introduced in Russia
in the years 1906–14.
(10)
(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the influence of Konstantin Pobedonostsev in
Russia between 1875 and 1900. (10)
(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the role of Sergei Witte in Russia’s
government between 1892 and 1906. (10)
(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.
Source: 'The Life of the Cotton Workers'. From the biography of Father Gapon, the priest who led a
Workers demonstration in St Petersburg in 1905
"The normal working day is eleven and a half hours of work . . . But . . . manufacturers [the factory owners]
have received [government] permission to allow overtime so that the average day is fourteen or fifteen
hours. I have often watched the crowds of poorly clad and emaciated [very thin] figures of men and girls
returning from the mills . . . Their grey faces seem dead.. . . Badly clad dressed] and underfed, waiting in
the terrible frosty mornings of the St Petersburg winter, they present a sight that makes one shudder".
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the role of the plight of ordinary workers in the
1905 Russian revolution. (10)
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COLD WAR
(a) Study the following events which happened in the years 1946-1955
(b) Choose either the Bay of Pigs invasion OR Creation of the Warsaw Pact
Explain the effect the event had on relations between the USA and USSR. (4)
(c) Why did the USSR invade Hungary in 1956? Explain your answer (8)
(d) Study the source and answer the question that follows
The number of people leaving East Berlin and moving to West Berlin began to increase in the
late 1950s. Eventually, some restrictions were placed on travel between the two parts of the
city. The Western part of Berlin was prosperous and had recovered from the war.
Khrushchev was sure he could force the Allies out of West Berlin.
Source: from a modern textbook
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe how a crisis developed over Berlin in the
years 1958–61. (10)
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Sample Question 8: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962
(a) Study these events which occurred between 1945 and 1949.
The bombing of
Introduction of the End of the Berlin The Novikov Signing of the United
Hiroshima and
Truman Doctrine blockade Telegram Nations Charter
Nagasaki
(b) Choose either The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki or The introduction of the Truman Doctrine
Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the USSR of the event you have chosen (4)
(c) Why had the wartime alliance between the USA and USSR broken down by the end of 1946?
Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.
America’s first response to the invasion of South Korea was to rush military supplies to South
Korea. Then on 27th June the United States proposed a resolution in the United Nations calling
for military action against North Korea. The resolution was passed and three days later
American troops entered Korea
Source: From a modern History textbook
Use the source, and your own knowledge to explain why there was a war in Korea from 1950-1953.
(10)
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Sample Question 9: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962
(a) Study these events which occurred between 1945 and 1961.
Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the USSR of the event you have chosen (4)
(c) Why did Stalin launch Comecon in 1949? Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source and then answer the question that follows.
Neither side gained anything. The USSR had not gained control of Berlin. The West had no
guarantees that land communications would not be cut again. Above all confrontation made
both sides even more stubborn.
Source: by Historian Jack Watson writing in 1984.
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to describe the effects of the Berlin blockade on relations
between the USA and USSR. (10)
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Sample Question 10: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962
The Hungarian The building of The setting-up of The Marshall The setting-up
Uprising the Berlin Wall the Warsaw Pact Plan of NATO
(b) Choose either The building of the Berlin Wall or The setting-up of NATO
Explain one effect on the relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have
chosen. (4)
(c) Why had the USA and the Soviet Union become rivals by 1947? Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
On 14 October 1962 a US spy plane took photographs which showed Soviet missile bases
being built in Cuba. This meant that all US missile defence systems were now useless. From
16 October Kennedy spent one week asking his defence chiefs for possible reactions and
considering alternatives.
Source: from a modern textbook
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why there was a crisis over missiles in Cuba in
1962. (10)
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Sample Question 11: A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962
Introduction of
The beginning of The Potsdam The setting up of The Berlin
the Truman
the Korean War Conference the Warsaw Pact Blockade
Doctrine
Explain one effect on the relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen. (4)
(c) Why was there an arms race between the USA and USSR between 1945 and 1961? Explain your answer.
(8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
In June 1956, a group within the Hungarian Communist Party opposed Rakosi. The Soviet Union
allowed a new government to be formed under Imre Nagy. Nagy introduced a series of reforms including
free elections and private ownership of farmland.
Source: From a modern textbook
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why the Soviet Union invaded Hungary in 1956. (10)
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(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1946–62.
The setting up
The beginning
The Marshall The Cuban of the Federal The ‘Iron Curtain’
of peaceful
Plan Missiles Crisis Republic of speech
co-existence
Germany
(c) Why was there a crisis over Berlin in the years 1948–49? Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
In 1955, the Soviet Union set up the Warsaw Pact to strengthen its control of Eastern Europe. In the
following year, Soviet forces crushed the Hungarian Uprising. The U2 Crisis and the construction of the
Berlin Wall worsened relations between the USA and the Soviet Union.
Source: From a modern textbook
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why relations between the
USA and the Soviet Union changed in the years 1955–61. (10)
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(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1945–53.
The armistice to
Formation of The Yalta Joseph Stalin’s Formation of
end the Korean
Bizonia Conference death COMECON
War
(b) Choose either Formation of Bizonia or The armistice to end the Korean War
Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)
(c) Why did the USSR seek to extend its influence over Eastern Europe between 1945 and 1949? Explain your
answer. (8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
After the Cuban missile crisis, Kennedy worked with Khrushchev to set up a hotline. This would allow
the Kremlin and the White House to be in direct contact. The aim of the hotline was to ensure that the
two leaders could discuss their differences and therefore avoid war.
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the effects of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962
(10)
The beginning of
The Bay of Pigs The setting up of The Berlin The Yalta
Peaceful Co-
Invasion the Warsaw Pact Blockade Conference
Existence
(b) Choose either The setting up of the Warsaw Pact or The beginning of Peaceful Co-Existence
Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)
(c) Why did Soviet troops invade Hungary in November 1956? Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
“Tension between the West and the Soviet Union continued to increase throughout the Berlin Airlift.
The hopes that Germany would be re-united began to disappear and in 1949 the Federal Republic of
Germany was created from the British, French and US zones. Later that year, the Soviet Union created
the German Democratic Republic from its zone.”
Source: From a modern textbook
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain how the Cold War developed in the years 1949-1953.
(10)
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(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1946–62.
Creation of the
The Hungarian The building of the Churchill’s Iron The Cuban
Federal Republic of
Crisis Berlin Wall Curtain Speech Missile Crisis
Germany (FDR)
Creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (FDR) Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech
(b) Choose either or
Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)
(c) Why was the Truman Doctrine announced in March 1947? Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
“At first in the Cuban Missile Crisis neither Kennedy nor Khrushchev would back down. Kennedy set up
the naval blockade and Khrushchev ordered Soviet ships to continue supplying Cuba. On 24th October,
some Soviet ships turned away from Cuba and some slowed down. The two leaders exchanged letters
and Kennedy agreed to Khrushchev’s suggestions.”
Source: From a modern textbook
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain how the Cuban Missile Crisis was ended peacefully.
(10)
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(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1945–61.
Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)
(c) Why had the wartime alliance between the USA and the Soviet Union broken down by the end of 1946?
Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
“Khrushchev thought he would be able to force the Allies out of West Berlin. He knew the limits to
which President Eisenhower would go. Khrushchev knew that he had to stop the flow of refugees. West
Berlin remained a loophole in the Iron Curtain. The 1948 crisis had made it clear that the Western
powers were not going to leave West Berlin of their own free will.
Source: From a modern textbook
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why the Berlin Wall was built in 1961.
(10)
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(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1945–56.
The Hungarian The Truman The Yalta The Berlin The Potsdam
Uprising Doctrine Conference Blockade Conference
Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)
(c) Why was the Marshall Plan created in June 1947? Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
“The Berlin Blockade had serious consequences for international relations. The West decided that Stalin
was not going to co-operate and so Truman took the decision that the USA would have to keep forces in
Europe on a permanent basis. In 1949, NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) was set up. It
was a sign that relations between the Superpowers were now so bad that some form of military alliance
was necessary.”
Source: From a modern textbook
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain how the creation of NATO changed relations between
East and West.
(10)
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(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1946–62.
Bay of Pigs
Novikov’s The Marshall The Death of
Hungarian Crisis Invasion
Telegram Plan Stalin
(c) Why was there a crisis over missiles in Cuba in 1962? Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
“Stalin had wanted to deal with West Berlin for some time. He did not like the fact that it gave the West
access to Europe beyond the Iron Curtain. It also gave the people of the East an idea of what life was like
in the West. As Marshall Aid began to reach Europe, life in the West seemed more and more attractive.
Stalin decided to try to force the Western Allies out.”
Source: From a modern textbook
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain how Stalin tried to force the Allies out of West Berlin in
the years 1948-1949.
(10)
Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)
(c) Why was there a war over Korea in the years 1950-1953? Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
“In June 1948, the western allies decided that they had to respond to Stalin’s actions. They agreed that
West Berlin had to be saved at all costs. So began the Berlin Airlift, which lasted more than fourteen
months, until September 1949, four months after the blockade ended. Everything that the people of West
Berlin needed had to be brought in by plane.”
Source: From a modern textbook
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why Stalin was forced to end the blockade of West
Berlin in May 1949.
(10)
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(a) Study the events which occurred in the years 1946–62.
Federal Republic
Death of Stalin Kennan’s Long of Germany Building of Berlin
(FDR) joining
Marshall Plan
Telegram Wall
NATO
(b) Choose either Death of Stalin or Federal Republic of Germany (FDR) joining NATO.
Explain one effect on relations between the USA and the Soviet Union of the event you have chosen.
(4)
(c) Why was the NATO alliance created in April 1949? Explain your answer. (8)
(d) Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
“The Berlin Blockade was a propaganda success for the Americans and a failure for the Soviet Union. In
May 1949, Stalin called off the blockade. In September 1949, West Germany was officially created as an
independent state, followed one month later by East Germany. In addition, the USA set up the North
Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
Source: From a modern textbook
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the changes to relations between the USA and the Soviet
Union brought about by the Berlin Blockade of 1948-49?
(10)
Additional Sample parts (c) of questions on ‘A World divided: Superpower Relations 1945-1962’-8
marks each
1. Why did the USSR establish COMINFORM in September 1947? Explain your answer.
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2. Why did Stalin launch COMECON in 1949? Explain your answer.
4. Why did the USA and USSR disagree at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945? Explain your
answer.
5. Why did the Wartime Allies decide to meet at Yalta in February 1945? Explain your answer.
6. Why did the USA decide to launch the Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961? Explain your answer.
7. Why did Churchill give his ‘Iron Curtain’ speech in March 1946? Explain your answer.
8. Why had Khrushchev’s Policy of Peaceful Co-Existence ended by 1961? Explain your answer.
9. Why did Khrushchev walk out of the Paris Summit in May 1960? Explain your answer.
10. Why did Truman take a much tougher line with Stalin at Potsdam than Roosevelt had at Yalta?
Explain your answer.
11. Why did Khrushchev adopt the policy of ‘peaceful co-existence’? Explain your answer.
12. Why had differences between the Allies appeared by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945?
Explain your answer.
13. Why did relations between the USA and the USSR change in the period between the Yalta and
Potsdam Conferences? Explain your answer.
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