T A B LE OF C ON TEN TS

1 I N TR OD U C TION ..................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background and motivation......................................................................... 1
1.2 Research objectives ...................................................................................... 1
1.3 Scope of work .............................................................................................. 1
1.4 Outline of thesis ........................................................................................... 1
1.5 Relevant publications .................................................................................. 1

2 L ITER A TU R E R EV IEW ............................................................................ 1

2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1
2.1.1 Gas pipeline technology and taxonomy ............................................. 1
2.2 Failure modes and field evidence ................................................................. 1
2.2.1 Shell buckling .................................................................................... 1
2.2.2 Beam buckling................................................................................... 1
2.2.3 Tensile rupture .................................................................................. 1
2.2.4 Section ovalisation............................................................................. 1
2.2.5 Some remarks .................................................................................... 1
2.3 Soil-pipe interaction models ......................................................................... 1
2.3.1 Models ignoring soil-pipe interaction ................................................. 1
2.3.2 Models considering soil-pipe interaction ............................................ 2
2.4 Spatially variable earthquake ground motion .............................................. 2
2.5 Pipeline response analysis procedures .......................................................... 2
2.5.1 Simple methods ................................................................................. 2
2.5.2 Advanced methods ............................................................................ 2
2.5.3 Discussion.......................................................................................... 2
2.6 Code provisions for earthquake-resistant design of buried pipelines ............ 2
2.6.1 Eurocode 8 (2006) ............................................................................. 2
2.6.2 American Lifeline Alliance (2000) ..................................................... 2
 2.6.3 Japan Gas Association (2000) ........................................................... 2
2.6.4 Other guidelines ................................................................................ 2
2.7 Summary of the chapter .............................................................................. 2

3 N U M ER IC A L SU B - STR U C TU R E I: G R OU N D R ESP ON SE M OD ELS ................ 2

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 2
3.2 Assumptions and limitations........................................................................ 2
3.3 Site scenarios ............................................................................................... 2
3.4 Site characterization, stratigraphy and constitutive behaviour .................... 2
3.4.1 Linear elastic models ......................................................................... 3
3.4.2 Equivalent-linear models ................................................................... 3
3.4.3 Elastoplastic models .......................................................................... 3
3.5 Aspects of finite element modelling.............................................................. 3
3.5.1 Finite element discretization ............................................................. 3
3.5.2 Boundary conditions ......................................................................... 3
3.5.3 Input excitations ............................................................................... 3
3.5.4 Model verification.............................................................................. 3
3.6 Free-field response results ............................................................................ 3
3.6.1 Linear models – parametric analysis ................................................. 3
3.6.2 Equivalent-linear models ................................................................... 3
3.6.3 Elastoplastic models .......................................................................... 3
3.7 Summary of the chapter .............................................................................. 3

4 N U M ER IC A L SU B - STR U C TU R E II: N ON LIN EA R SOIL - P IP E IN TER A C TION

A N D SH ELL P IP E M OD ELS ............................................................................. 3

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 3
4.2 Plastic buckling of tubes .............................................................................. 3
4.2.1 Buckling under axial compression ..................................................... 3
4.2.2 Buckling under bending..................................................................... 3
4.2.3 Parametric analysis ........................................................................... 3
4.3 3-D solid-shell finite element models ............................................................ 4
4.3.1 Geometric and mechanical properties ................................................ 4
 4.3.2 Discretization .................................................................................... 4
4.3.3 Boundary conditions ......................................................................... 4
4.3.4 Interface contact ............................................................................... 4
4.3.5 Initial geometric imperfections .......................................................... 4
4.4 Results ......................................................................................................... 4
4.4.1 Weak input ....................................................................................... 4
4.4.2 Strong input ...................................................................................... 4
4.5 Beam-on-elastic-foundation model ............................................................... 4
4.6 Summary of the chapter .............................................................................. 4

5 E X P ER IM EN TA L V ER IFIC A TION OF SOIL - P IP E R ESP ON SE ......................... 5

5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 5
5.2 Experimental setup in concept ..................................................................... 5
5.2.1 Lab equipment .................................................................................. 5
5.2.2 Soil profiles ........................................................................................ 5
5.2.3 Scaling laws ....................................................................................... 5
5.2.4 Specimen preparation ........................................................................ 5
5.2.5 Testing protocol ................................................................................ 5
5.3 Test results .................................................................................................. 5
5.3.1 Data processing ................................................................................. 5
5.3.2 Modal identification .......................................................................... 5
5.3.3 Response to harmonic excitation ....................................................... 5
5.3.4 Response to broadband excitation ..................................................... 5
5.4 Numerical validation.................................................................................... 5
5.4.1 Eigenvalue analysis ........................................................................... 5
5.4.2 Transient response analysis ............................................................... 5
5.5 Discussion .................................................................................................... 5
5.6 Summary of the chapter .............................................................................. 5

6 A LOW - OR D ER LU M P ED - P A R A M ETER M OD EL FOR SOIL - P IP E IN TER A C TION

IN N ON - H OM OG EN EOU S SITES ...................................................................... 6

7 C ON C LU SION S A N D R EC OM M EN D A TION S ............................................... 6

B IB LIOG R A P H Y ........................................................................................... 6

A P P EN D IC ES ............................................................................................... 8
Opensees models .......................................................................................... 8
Abaqus Python scripts ................................................................................. 8
Matlab scripts .............................................................................................. 8