Biol 3290 - Medicinal & Hallucinogenic Plants - Summer 2020

BIOL
3290 – MEDICINAL & HALLUCINOGENIC PLANTS – SUMMER 2020

COURSE CALENDAR DESCRIPTION AND DISCLAIMER:
A botanical and historical survey of medicinal, hallucinogenic and poisonous plants used in various
cultures.
This course is not intended as a guide to the personal use of medicinal, hallucinogenic or poisonous
plants. Ingestion or other uses of plant products discussed in this course can be dangerous, even fatal.
INSTRUCTOR:
Dr. N. Kenkel, Professor
Email: norman.kenkel@umanitoba.ca
COURSE DELIVERY AND MATERIALS:
All Summer Session 2020 courses (both lectures and exams) at the University of Manitoba are
delivered on-‐line via UM Learn. BIOL 3290 is delivered in “self-‐study” format, foregoing video
lectures. Students are provided with comprehensive Course Notes and Lecture Slides (as PDF
documents), available through UM Learn. For each of the 20 lectures, students are encouraged to
self-‐study the appropriate Course Notes and Lecture Slides during the assigned class time (9:00 –
10:30 AM, Monday to Friday; refer to the Lecture Schedule on page 2). Please direct questions
related to the lecture material to me via email at norman.kenkel@umanitoba.ca
GRADING SCHEME:
• Research Quiz (10%): Monday, June 8 2020 from 9:00-‐9:15 AM (15 minutes, 9 questions).
• Midterm Exam (35%): Monday, June 15 2020 from 9:00-‐10:15 AM (75 minutes, 66 questions).
• Final Examination (55%): date and time TBA, week of July 6-‐10 (2 hours, 102 questions).
All examination questions are MULTIPLE CHOICE, and have only ONE correct answer.
All examinations are on-‐line and MUST be accessed through UM Learn on the stated date and time –
no exceptions. Make sure you have a reliable internet connection when accessing these exams.
MATERIAL COVERED ON EXAMS:
• Research Quiz (9 questions): Material from the Research Project (see page 4 for details).
• Midterm Examination (66 questions): Material from Lectures 1-‐9 (see page 2).
• Final Examination (102 questions): Material from Lectures 10-‐20 (92 questions, see page 2),
AND material from the 5 Internet Projects (10 questions, see pages 5 and 6 for details).
PLAGIARISM AND CHEATING:
Plagiarism, cheating or impersonation in the completion of assignments, and at examinations, are
very serious offences. Refer to the University of Manitoba Academic Regulations Section 7
(Undergraduate Calendar 2019-‐2020) for definitions and penalties.
COPYRIGHT:
All Course Notes and Lecture Slides provided in this course are subject to copyright owned by Dr. N.
Kenkel. Further reproduction, in whole or in part, is strictly prohibited.

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© 2020 N. Kenkel. M aterial reproduced in accordance with copyright law. Further reproduction, in p art or in full, is strictly prohibited.
BIOL 3290 – MEDICINAL AND HALLUCINOGENIC PLANTS
LECTURE & EXAMINATION SCHEDULE: SUMMER SESSION (June 1 – July 3, 2020)

DAY DATE LECTURE N UMBER AND TOPIC

Monday June 1 1 – History of Medicinal Plants
Tuesday June 2 2 – History of Psychoactive Plants / Plant Biochemistry
Wednesday June 3 3 – Poisonous Fungi a nd Plants
Thursday June 4 4 – Deterrents from Fungi and Plants
Friday June 5 5 – Medicinal Plants: Cancer Treatments

†
Monday June 8 RESEARCH QUIZ – Plant Irritants (15 m inutes, 9:00-‐9:15 AM, 9 questions)
Tuesday June 9 6 – Medicinal Plants: Adaptogens, Metabolism, Immune S ystem …
Wednesday June 10 7 – Medicinal Plants: Heart and Circulatory S ystem
Thursday June 11 8 – Medicinal Plants: Urogenital and Gastrointestinal S ystem
Friday June 12 9 – Medicinal Plants: Muscoskeletal System

*
Monday June 15 MIDTERM EXAMINATION (75 minutes, 9:00-‐10:15 AM, 66 questions)
Tuesday June 16 10 – Medicinal Plants: Central Nervous System
Wednesday June 17 11 – Plant Stimulants: Oral and Smoked Stimulants
Thursday June 18 12 – Plant Stimulants: Amphetamines and Convulsants
Friday June 19 13 – Plant Stimulants: Caffeine

Monday June 22 14 – Plant Depressants: Tranquilizers and Opiates
Tuesday June 23 15 – Plant Depressants: Alcohol
Wednesday June 24 16 – Hallucinogens: S erotonin Enhancers I
Thursday June 25 17 – Hallucinogens: S erotonin Enhancers II
Friday June 26 18 – Hallucinogens: Norepinephrine and GABA Enhancers

Monday June 29 19 – Hallucinogens: Deliriants
Tuesday June 30 20 – Non-‐Alkaloid Hallucinogens
Wednesday July 1 HOLIDAY: CANADA DAY
Thursday July 2 Review and Study Period
Friday July 3 Review and Study Period
**
M-‐F July 6-‐10 FINAL EXAMINATION (2 Hours, 102 questions)
__________________________________________________________________________________

†
RESEARCH QUIZ – refer to page 4 for more information.

*
MIDTERM – DISTRIBUTION OF QUESTIONS (total number of questions = 66)
History of Medicinal Plants = 8; History of Psychoactive Plants/Plant Biochemistry = 6; Poisons = 7;
Deterrents = 7; Cancer Treatments = 10; Adaptogens, Ophthalmology, Metabolism & Immune System = 8;
Heart & Circulatory System = 8; Gastrointestinal & Urogenital System = 6; Muscoskeletal System = 6.

**
FINAL EXAM – DISTRIBUTION OF QUESTIONS (total number of questions = 102)
Central Nervous System = 6; Oral & Smoked Stimulants = 12; Stimulants: Amphetamines & Convulsants = 8;
Stimulants: Caffeine = 8; Depressants: Tranquilizers & Opiates = 10; Depressants: A lcohol = 8;
Hallucinogens: Serotonin Enhancers = 12; Hallucinogens: Nonepinephrine & GABA Enhancers = 8;
Hallucinogens: Deliriants = 8; Non-‐Alkaloid Hallucinogens = 12;
Internet Projects 1 to 5 (refer to pages 5-‐6 for more information) = 10.

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EXAMINATIONS
Students are required to write ALL THREE examinations in this course (i.e. Research Quiz, Midterm
Examination, and Final Examination) during the scheduled times. There are no exceptions to this
requirement, under any circumstances. Failure to write an exam will result in a grade of 0%. Failure
to write the Final Examination will result in a course letter grade of “F (No Paper)”.
All examinations are accessible via the Internet (through UM Learn), and MUST be written during the
following scheduled exam times:

RESEARCH QUIZ (10%): Monday, June 8 2020 (9:00-‐9:15 AM, 15 minutes).
MIDTERM EXAMINATION (35%): Monday, June 15 2020 (9:00-‐10:15 AM, 75 minutes).
FINAL EXAMINATION (55%): date and time TBA, week of July 6-‐10 (2 hours).

Missed Final Examination:
If you miss the final exam for personal or medical reasons, DO NOT REPORT TO YOUR INSTRUCTOR.
The official policy of the University of Manitoba regarding missed final exams is given below (from
http://umanitoba.ca/student/records/finals/682.html):
If you miss a final examination for medical or compassionate reasons, you MAY be granted a deferred examination. Applications for
a deferred examination after the examination h as been missed MUST be filed w ithin 48 hours of the d ate of the missed examination.
A medical certificate or otherwise appropriate documentation may be required.
Requests for deferred examinations are made to the student’s faculty, s chool, or academic advising office. D eferred examinations will
normally take place within 30 working days from the end of the examination series from which the examination was deferred. Writing a
make-‐up test at your convenience may not be a n o ption.
Please note t hat students must remain available until all exam and test obligations have been fulfilled. Travel plans are not an
acceptable reason t o miss examinations.
Students w ith known exam conflicts due to religious o bservance, participation in specific scholastic a nd a thletic events, or a m edical
condition may request a deferred examination. Applications for a deferred examination due t o a known conflict, as indicated here,
must be filed 20 working d ays PRIOR to the date of the scheduled exam. Travel plans are not an acceptable reason for missing an
exam.
For more information on specific regulations and requirements for t his course, visit:
http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/science/undergrad/resources/899.html

ACADEMIC DISHONESTY
Academic dishonesty (“cheating”) takes many forms, and includes unauthorized communications and
sharing of materials with others when writing online examinations. Please be aware that online
examinations must be approached with the same obligation to academic integrity as exams in any
other format.

Academic dishonesty is not tolerated at the University of Manitoba.
The consequences of academic dishonesty are very serious, and may include:

• Slowing down the progression of your d egree, costing you time and money.
• Visibility to potential employers, and on university/professional school applications.
• Failing grade (F) in the course, and possible d isbarment f rom the University.

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RESEARCH PROJECT AND QUIZ – PLANT IRRITANTS
This Research Project (topic: Plant Irritants) requires you to make your own notes, and to use your
notes to answer questions posed in the Research Quiz. Three (3) multiple-‐choice questions, for each
of the three (3) main groups below, will appear on the RESEARCH QUIZ (total of 9 questions).
The Research Quiz MUST be completed online (accessed via UM Learn) during the scheduled period:
• Date: Monday, June 8, 2020
• Time: 9:00-‐9:15 AM (15 minutes)
RESEARCH PROJECT: You are expected to summarize information on the following 3 main groups,
each containing species that cause painful and inflammatory irritation to human skin upon contact:
1. HOGWEEDS (genus Heracleum)
Research the following species:
• Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum)
2. POISON IVY – OAK – SUMAC (genus Toxicodendron)
Research the following four North American species:
• Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)
• Poison Oaks (T. diversilobum and T. pubescens)
• Poison Sumac (T. vernix)
3. STINGING NETTLES (three genera: Urtica, Laportea, and Dendrocnide)
Research the following four species:
• Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica, all subspecies)
• Tree Nettle (U. ferox)
• Wood Nettle (Laportea canadensis)
• Stinging Brush (Dendrocnide moroides)
For each of these genera (and species listed for each genus), summarize the following:
• Taxonomy: plant family for each genus.
• Type of Plant: are the species annual, biennial or perennial; herbaceous or woody?
• Habitat and Ecology: environmental requirements of each species.
• Distribution: both native and human-‐introduced distributions of each species.
• Phytochemistry: type and name of chemical(s) responsible for skin irritation.
• Nature of Dermatological Reaction: how it occurs; symptoms, longevity, severity, etc.
• Treatment: methods for alleviating symptoms of dermatological reaction.
Using appropriate and reliable Internet and/or Library resources to compile this information.
Wikipedia entries for these plants (and associated links, as appropriate) are recommended.
Here is an example of a question that might appear on the Research Quiz:
The tree nettle (Urtica ferox) is native to:
• (a) North America (b) Europe (c) Australia (d) New Zealand (e) India.
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INTERNET PROJECTS (FINAL EXAMINATION)
For the Final Examination, you are responsible for all material covered in Lectures 10 to 20 of the
BIOL 3290 Course Notes and Slides. You are ALSO responsible for Internet Project material:
Two (2) multiple-‐choice questions from each of five (5) Internet Projects will appear on the Final
Examination (10 questions in total).
Each Internet Project consists of a series of questions regarding a medicinally important plant species
(one not discussed in the Course Notes). Students must obtain answers to the questions posed (i.e.
make your own notes), using Internet or Library resources. In answering the questions, be sure to use
reliable Internet sites. Wikipedia entries for the species are highly recommended.
For each Internet Project, you are expected to make your own notes and study your notes for the
Final Examination.

NOTE: These are NOT Assignments to hand in to your professor for grading.

Here are the five INTERNET PROJECTS (compile answers to all of the following questions):

1. ARNICA (Arnica montana)

BOTANICAL INFORMATION:
• To which p lant family does this species b elong?
• What type of p lant is it: (a) h erbaceous or woody; (b) h erb, shrub or tree; (c) annual, b iennial or
perennial?
• What is its native d istribution?
USE AS A MEDICINAL PLANT:
• Which part of the p lant is used for medicinal purposes?
• For what a ilment(s) is this p lant recommended?
• Does recent clinical research support its efficacy?
2. PSYLLIUM (Plantago ovata)

perennial?
MODERN UTILIZATION AS A MEDICINAL PLANT:
• What part of the p lant is used for medicinal purposes?
• For what medicinal and/or therapeutic use is psyllium recommended ( MAJOR use only)?

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3. RESIN SPURGE (Euphorbia resinifera)

• To which family does this species b elong?
perennial?
MODERN UTILIZATION AS A MEDICINAL PLANT:
• What is the medicinal secondary product found in this plant?
• This compound is undergoing clinical trials: for what p urpose?
4. KRATOM (Mitragyna speciosa)

• To which family does this species b elong?
perennial?
HISTORY OF USE:
• What part of this p lant species is used?
• What is the major psychoactive chemical compound present in this plant species?
• What is kratom used for, and what are its effects?
5. WAIRUAKOHU (Radula marginata)

• Which Plant Division does this species b elong to (provide s cientific and common names for the
Division)?
• What are the main characteristics of p lants b elonging to this Division?
• What is the native distribution of this species?
HISTORY OF USE:
• Which group of indigenous p eoples used this species a s a herbal medicine?
• What is the major psychoactive chemical found in this species, and what are its effects?
• The psychoactive in this species is similar to which group of psychoactive chemicals d iscussed in this
course?

Here is an example of a question that might appear on the Final Examination:

Arnica (Arnica montana) is a member of the __________ family.

• (a) Carrot [Apiaceae] (b) Legume [Fabaceae] (c) Mint [Lamiaceae]
(d) Aster [Asteraceae] (e) Rose [Rosaceae].

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FINAL GRADES

Final grades in this course (and all other courses at the University) use the official University of
Manitoba ranking system, http://umanitoba.ca/student/records/grades/686.html:

Letter Grade Grade Point Value Description

A+ 4.5 Exceptional
A 4.0 Excellent
B+ 3.5 Very Good
B 3.0 Good
C+ 2.5 Satisfactory
C 2.0 Adequate
D 1.0 Marginal
F 0.0 Failure

Final grades are expressed as letters, ranging from D, the lowest passing grade, to A + the h ighest. Each letter grade has an
assigned numerical value, which is used to calculate grade p oint averages.

Note that this is a relative scale, in which letter grades are determined based on a
student’s ranking relative to other students in the class.

In this course, the following grading system is used:

A+ ≥ 90% A = 80 – 89.9% B+ = 74 – 79.9% B = 68 – 73.9%
C+ = 62 – 67.9% C = 56 – 61.9% D = 50 – 55.9% F < 50%

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USE OF COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL
All students are required to respect copyright as per Canada’s Copyright Act. S taff and s tudents p lay a key role
in the University’s copyright compliance, as we balance user rights for educational purposes with the rights of
content creators from around the world.
• The content used in this course is appropriately acknowledged and copied in accordance with copyright laws
and University guidelines.
• Copyrighted works, including those created b y Dr. N. Kenkel, are made available for private s tudy and
research and m ust not be distributed in any format w ithout permission.
• Do not upload copyrighted works to a learning management s ystem (such as UM Learn), or any website,
unless an exception to the Copyright Act applies or written p ermission has b een confirmed.
• For more information, see the University’s Copyright Office website at http://umanitoba.ca/copyright/ or
contact um_copyright@umanitoba.ca.

COURSE LECTURES AND NOTES
• Dr. N. Kenkel holds copyright over a ll course materials, presentations and lectures p ertaining to this course.
• No video or photographic recording of course m aterials is allowed in any format, openly or surreptitiously,
in w hole or in part, w ithout explicit permission from Dr. N. Kenkel.
• Digital course materials are for the student’s private study and research only.

USE OF TECHNOLOGY
• Technology is to b e used in a responsible, ethical and legal manner.
• The following a ctivities are not p ermitted during exam times: electronic messaging and p osting, including
texting, social n etworking, video or voice chat, email, wikis, b logs, etc..
• Use of cell phones during exam times, except in emergencies, is not permitted.

EXPECTATIONS OF STUDENTS
• The Research Quiz and Internet Projects are to b e completed independently; collaboration is prohibited.
• Students are encouraged to use email to ask their professor questions related to the course material
presented.
• The University of Manitoba fosters a respectful work a nd learning environment; professors t reat students
with respect, and expect t he same courtesy in return. Please refer to the Respectful Work and Learning
Environment Policy:
http://umanitoba.ca/admin/governance/media/Respectful_Work_and_Learning_Environment_RWLE_Poli
cy_-‐_2016_09_01.pdf.

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CLASS (EMAIL) COMMUNICATION
Students are required to activate a n official University of Manitoba email account, and must use this a ccount
for all email communication b etween themselves and their professors and University employees. The
Electronic Communication with Students Policy includes the following policies and regulations
(from http://umanitoba.ca/admin/governance/media/Electronic_Communication_with_Students_Policy_-‐_2013_09_01_RF.pdf ):
• The University requires a ll students to activate an official University email a ccount.
• The University authorizes the use of electronic communication for official communication between university
staff and students, subject only to the confidentiality a nd privacy provisions outlined below.
• All students are expected t o comply w ith established guidelines and procedures t hat define the proper use
of electronic communications as outlined in this policy and in the University’s Use of C omputer Facilities
Policy.
• Certain University electronic communications m ay be time-‐critical. Students are responsible for checking
their University email account on a regular basis in order t o stay current w ith University communications.
• In general, electronic communications, including email, are not appropriate for transmitting sensitive or
confidential information, including personal information, unless an appropriate level of s ecurity matches its
use for such purposes:
(a) Confidentiality regarding s tudent records is protected under FIPPA. All use of electronic communication,
including use for s ensitive or confidential information, must b e consistent with the University FIPPA and PHIA
Policy.
(b) Personal Health Information should NOT be transmitted via e lectronic communication at any t ime.

When emailing your professor:
• Include in t he subject heading a clear summary of t he purpose of your email.
• Use an appropriate and respectful salutation: “Dr. Smith” or “Professor S mith”. Avoid using “Mr.”, “Ms.” or
“Mrs.”, and n ever address your professor b y h is/her given name.
• Write your email in a clear, professional m anner (i.e. formal English), paying careful a ttention to grammar
and spelling.
• Include your full name and student number, and indicate the course you are e nrolled in ( e.g. BIOL 3290).

STUDENT ACCESSIBILITY SERVICES (SAS)
If you are a student with a d isability, you may wish to contact SAS for academic accommodation support and
services such as note-‐taking, interpreting, assistive technology and exam accommodations. Students who have,
or believe they may have, a disability (e.g. medical, h earing, injury-‐related, visual, mental h ealth, learning) are
invited to contact S AS to arrange a confidential consultation.
http://umanitoba.ca/student/accessibility/index.html
520 University Centre
(204) 474-‐7423
email: student_accessibility@umanitoba.ca
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ACADEMIC SUPPORT AVAILABLE TO STUDENTS

Writing and Learning Support
The A cademic Learning Centre (ALC) offers services that may be h elpful to you throughout your a cademic program. The
ALC a lso offers peer supported study groups called Supplemental Instruction (SI) for certain courses that students have
typically found difficult. In these study groups, students can ask questions, compare notes, discuss content, solve practice
problems, and d evelop n ew study strategies in a group-‐learning format. These A cademic Learning Centre services are f ree
for U of M students. For more information, please contact t he A cademic Learning Centre:
http://umanitoba.ca/student/academiclearning/ 201 Tier Building (204)-‐480-‐1481

University of Manitoba Libraries (UML)
As the primary contact for all research n eeds, your liaison librarian can play a vital role when completing a cademic papers
and assignments. Liaisons can answer questions about managing citations, or locating appropriate resources, and will
address any other concerns you may have regarding the research p rocess. Liaisons can b e contacted by email or phone. A
complete list of liaison librarians can b e found by subject: http://bit.ly/WcEbA1 or name: http://bit.ly/1tJ0bB4. For a
listing of all libraries, please consult the following: http://bit.ly/1sXe6RA. When working remotely, students can also
receive h elp online, via the Ask-‐a-‐Librarian chat found on the Libraries’ homepage: www.umanitoba.ca/libraries.

HEALTH AND WELLNESS REFERRAL INFORMATION

Student Counselling Centre (SCC)
For 24/7 m ental health support, contact the Mobile Crisis Service at (204) 940-‐1781. Contact SCC if you a re concerned
about any aspect of your m ental health, including anxiety, stress, or depression, o r for help with relationships o r other life
concerns. SCC offers crisis services as well as individual, couple, and group counselling. Contact the Student Counselling
Centre (SCC):
http://umanitoba.ca/student/counselling/index.html 474 University Centre or S207 Medical Services (204) 474-‐8592

Student Support Case Management (SSCM)
Contact the SSCM t eam if you are concerned about yourself or another student and don’t know where to turn. SSCM h elps
connect students with on and off campus resources, provides safety planning, and offers other support, including
consultation, educational workshops, and referral to the STATIS threat assessment t eam.
http://umanitoba.ca/student/case-‐manager/index.html 520 University Centre (204) 474-‐7423

University Health Service (UHS)
Contact UHS for any m edical concerns, including m ental h ealth problems. UHS offers a full range of medical services to
students, including psychiatric consultation.
http://umanitoba.ca/student/health/ 104 University Centre (204) 474-‐8411

Health and Wellness
Contact the H ealth and Wellness Educator if you a re interested in information on a b road range of h ealth topics, including
physical and m ental h ealth concerns, alcohol and substance use harms, and sexual assault.
Health a nd Wellness Educator http://umanitoba.ca/student/health-‐wellness/
469 University Centre (204) 295-‐9032

For comprehensive information about the full range of h ealth and wellness resources available on campus, visit the Live
Well @ UofM site: http://umanitoba.ca/student/livewell/index.html

10
UNIVERSITY POLICIES & PROCEDURES

Rights and Responsibilities
As a student of the University of Manitoba you have both rights and responsibilities. Become familiar with policies and
procedures of the University, and Regulations specific to your faculty, college o r school. The A cademic Calendar
http://umanitoba.ca/student/records/academiccalendar.html is one important source of information. View the sections
University Policies and Procedures and General Academic Regulations. While all information contained in these t wo
sections is important, the following information is highlighted:

• If you have questions a bout your grades, speak with your instructor. There is a process for term work a nd final grade a ppeals. See the
Registrar’s Office website for more information including a ppeal deadline dates a nd the appeal form http://umanitoba.ca/registrar/

• Students are expected to v iew the General Academic Regulation section o f the Academic Calendar, and especially the Academic
Integrity regulations. Consult the course syllabus or a sk your Professor for additional information regarding academic integrity in your
academic work. Visit the Academic Integrity Site for tools and support: http://umanitoba.ca/academicintegrity/

• The University is committed to a respectful work and learning environment. You have the right to be treated with respect, and are
expected to conduct yourself in a n a ppropriate respectful manner. Policies governing behavior include:

Respectful Learning Environment:
http://umanitoba.ca/admin/governance/governing_documents/community/230.html
Student D iscipline:
http://umanitoba.ca/admin/governance/governing_documents/students/student_discipline.html
Violent or Threatening Behaviour:

• If you experience sexual a ssault or k now a member of the U niversity community who has, it is important to k now there is a policy
that provides information a bout: (a) support available to those who disclose, and (b) process for reporting. The Sexual Assault policy
may be found at:
More information a nd resources can be found by reviewing the Sexual Assault site:
http://umanitoba.ca/student/sexual-‐assault/

• For information about rights and responsibilities regarding Intellectual Property v iew the policy:

For information on regulations that are specific to your academic program, read the section in the A cademic Calendar and
on the respective faculty/college/school web site http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/

Contact an A cademic Advisor within our faculty/college or school for questions about your academic program and
regulations http://umanitoba.ca/academic-‐advisors/

Student Advocacy
Contact Student Advocacy if you want to know more about your rights and responsibilities as a student, have questions
about policies and procedures, and/or want support in d ealing with academic or d iscipline concerns.
http://umanitoba.ca/student/advocacy/
520 University Centre (204) 474-‐7423
student_advocacy@umanitoba.ca
11
BIOL 3290 – MEDICINAL & HALLUCINOGENIC PLANTS

COURSE NOTES – TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

HISTORY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS .….…………………………………...……………………………….… 1
HISTORY OF PSYCHOACTIVE PLANTS: ENTHEOGENS …………….............................…… 5
PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY: SECONDARY PRODUCTS ….………………………………….……………. 8
POISONOUS FUNGI AND PLANTS ……………………………………………………………………...….. 9
DETERRENTS FROM FUNGI AND PLANTS ………………………………………………..………....… 12
MEDICINAL PLANTS: CANCER TREATMENTS …...…….………………………….…………….….. 16
MEDICINAL PLANTS: ADAPTOGENS, OPHTHALMOLOGY,
METABOLISM & IMMUNE SYSTEM …………………………………………………..….……… 21
MEDICINAL PLANTS: HEART & CIRCULATORY SYSTEM …..……………………………….……. 25
MEDICINAL PLANTS: UROGENITAL & GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMS …………………….. 30
MEDICINAL PLANTS: MUSCOSKELETAL SYSTEM ……….........………………………..…….….. 33
MEDICINAL PLANTS: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ……………………………….....…..…..... 35
PLANT STIMULANTS: ORAL & SMOKED STIMULANTS …..…………………………….….…… 39
PLANT STIMULANTS: AMPHETAMINES & CONVULSANTS …………………………….………. 44
PLANT STIMULANTS: CAFFEINE ………………………………………………………….……….…....…. 47
PLANT DEPRESSANTS: TRANQUILIZERS AND OPIATES …..………………………….….…..….. 50
PLANT DEPRESSANTS: ALCOHOL …..……………………………………..…………………….….…..….. 54
HALLUCINOGENS: SEROTONIN ENHANCERS ……………..…….………………………..….…….. 58
HALLUCINOGENS: NOREPINEPHRINE & GABA ENHANCERS …….………………….….…… 65
HALLUCINOGENS: DELIRIANTS ………………...…………………………………..…….…..….….…… 68
NON-‐ALKALOID HALLUCINOGENS ………………...…………….…………………………….…..…… 71
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PREFACE

The material presented in this textbook is taken from a great many sources, some of which are listed
at the end of each chapter. Hundreds of books and journal articles were consulted to produce this
textbook, and the material was revised, updated and expanded in fall 2019 to keep it as current as
possible; the field of medical botany is evolving rapidly.

The following books are essential reading for those interested in learning more:

nd
Lewis, W.H. and M. P. Elvin-‐Lewis. 2003. Medical botany. 2 edition. Wiley, New York.

Perrine, D. M. 1996. The chemistry of mind-‐altering drugs: history, pharmacology, and cultural context. American Chemical
Society, Washington.

Ratsch, C. 2005. The encyclopedia of psychoactive plants: ethnopharmacology and its applications. Park Street Press,
Rochester.

nd
Schultes, R. E., A . Hoffman and C. Ratsch. 2001. Plants of the Gods: t heir sacred, healing and hallucinogenic powers. 2
edition. H ealing A rts Press, Rochester.

Sneader, W. 2005. Drug discovery: a history. Wiley, Chichester.

The illustrations used in this textbook are copyright-‐free. Most are taken from:

Harter, J. (editor). 1988. The plant k ingdom compendium: a definitive volume of more than 2,400 copyright-‐free
engravings. Bonanza Books, New York.

This textbook offers a botanical and historical survey of medicinal, hallucinogenic and poisonous
plants used by various societies and cultures. It is not intended as a guide to the personal use of
medicinal, hallucinogenic or poisonous plants. The ingestion or other uses of many of the plant
products discussed here can be dangerous or even fatal.

N. Kenkel
May 2020

13

Biol 3290 - Medicinal & Hallucinogenic Plants - Summer 2020

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Biol 3290 - Medicinal & Hallucinogenic Plants - Summer 2020

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BIOL

3290 – MEDICINAL & HALLUCINOGENIC PLANTS – SUMMER 2020

DAY DATE LECTURE N UMBER AND TOPIC

1. ARNICA (Arnica montana)

2. PSYLLIUM (Plantago ovata)

3. RESIN SPURGE (Euphorbia resinifera)

4. KRATOM (Mitragyna speciosa)

5. WAIRUAKOHU (Radula marginata)

Arnica (Arnica montana) is a member of the __________ family.

HISTORY OF PSYCHOACTIVE PLANTS: ENTHEOGENS …………….............................…… 5

PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY: SECONDARY PRODUCTS ….………………………………….……………. 8

POISONOUS FUNGI AND PLANTS ……………………………………………………………………...….. 9

DETERRENTS FROM FUNGI AND PLANTS ………………………………………………..………....… 12

MEDICINAL PLANTS: CANCER TREATMENTS …...…….………………………….…………….….. 16

MEDICINAL PLANTS: ADAPTOGENS, OPHTHALMOLOGY,

METABOLISM & IMMUNE SYSTEM …………………………………………………..….……… 21

MEDICINAL PLANTS: HEART & CIRCULATORY SYSTEM …..……………………………….……. 25

MEDICINAL PLANTS: UROGENITAL & GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMS …………………….. 30

MEDICINAL PLANTS: MUSCOSKELETAL SYSTEM ……….........………………………..…….….. 33

MEDICINAL PLANTS: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ……………………………….....…..…..... 35

PLANT STIMULANTS: ORAL & SMOKED STIMULANTS …..…………………………….….…… 39

PLANT STIMULANTS: AMPHETAMINES & CONVULSANTS …………………………….………. 44

PLANT STIMULANTS: CAFFEINE ………………………………………………………….……….…....…. 47

PLANT DEPRESSANTS: TRANQUILIZERS AND OPIATES …..………………………….….…..….. 50

PLANT DEPRESSANTS: ALCOHOL …..……………………………………..…………………….….…..….. 54

HALLUCINOGENS: SEROTONIN ENHANCERS ……………..…….………………………..….…….. 58

HALLUCINOGENS: NOREPINEPHRINE & GABA ENHANCERS …….………………….….…… 65

HALLUCINOGENS: DELIRIANTS ………………...…………………………………..…….…..….….…… 68

NON-­‐ALKALOID HALLUCINOGENS ………………...…………….…………………………….…..…… 71

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NON-‐ALKALOID HALLUCINOGENS ………………...…………….…………………………….…..…… 71