2.

1 INTRODUCTION
Before we learn anything new, it is important to bring up any previous knowledge of
what you already know about anatomy and physiology. In order to do that, we are going
to use the following chart.
1. Please, write down on the first column (What I Know) all the words and concepts
you remember about anatomy and physiology.
2. Then you can think about a few things you would like to learn in this unit. Write
those down in the second column (What I want to know).
You don’t have to write anything on the third column for the moment.

KWL CHART
What I Know What I Want to know What I have Learned
• • •
 2.2 Main joints and parts of the body.
When it comes to giving people instructions while doing physical activities, it is
essential to refer to the main joints and parts of the body. The names of these parts are
common knowledge in any language and for that reason you must know them in English
too.
ACTIVITY 2
Watch the following video. Take note of the anatomical terms in the video. Afterwards,
label the different parts of the body in the images below.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mc5Wq0offG0&vl=en

MAIN PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY

 Now name only the main joints of the human body:

ACTIVITY 3
With the words from the video, create a glossary following the structure of the table
given as an example below. Images are optional, but you can use them if they help you
remember the words better.

English Term / Image Spanish term Example

The brain is an essential organ which is

Cabeza
located inside the head.

Head

You must protect your feet very well

Pies against the cold when doing winter
sports.
Feet
 Depending on your age, you might probably remember having sung this song at school
with your English teacher. Just take it into consideration if any time in the future you will
have to work with small kids. They might like this song for warming up, for example.
Watch it just for fun and enjoy it!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LO9QAUbtwxo

2.3 Anatomical Movements

Read the following text:

ANATOMICAL MOVEMENTS
Adapted from: http://teachmeanatomy.info/the-basics/anatomical-terminology/terms-of-movement/

Anatomical terms of movement are used to describe the actions of muscles on the
skeleton. Muscles contract to produce movement at joints, and the subsequent
movements can be precisely described using the terminology below.
As for anatomical terms of location, the terms used assume that the body starts in the
anatomical position. Most movements have an opposite movement, otherwise known as
an antagonistic movement. The terms are described here in antagonistic pairs for ease of
understanding.
Flexion and Extension
Flexion and extension are movements that occur in the sagittal plane. They refer to
increasing and decreasing the angle between two body parts:
Flexion refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.
Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus. When
the knee flexes, the ankle moves closer to the buttock, and the angle between the femur
and tibia gets smaller.
Extension refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts.
Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus.
Extension of the knee straightens the lower limb.
Abduction and Adduction
Abduction and adduction are two terms that are used to describe movements towards
or away from the midline of the body.
Abduction is a movement away from the midline – just as abducting someone is to
take them away. For example, abduction of the shoulder raises the arms out to the sides
of the body.
 Adduction is a movement towards the midline. Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs
together.
In fingers and toes, the midline used is not the midline of the body, but of the hand and
foot respectively. Therefore, abducting the fingers spreads them out.
Medial and Lateral Rotation
Medial and lateral rotation describe movement of the limbs around their long axis:
Medial rotation is a rotational movement towards the midline. It is sometimes referred
to as internal rotation. To understand this, we have two scenarios to imagine. Firstly, with
a straight leg, rotate it to point the toes inward. This is medial rotation of the hip.
Secondly, imagine you are carrying a tea tray in front of you, with elbow at 90 degrees.
Now rotate the arm, bringing your hand towards your opposite hip (elbow still at 90
degrees). This is internal rotation of the shoulder.
Lateral rotation is a rotating movement away from the midline. This is in the opposite
direction to the movements described above.
Elevation and Depression
Elevation refers to movement in a superior direction (e.g. shoulder shrug), depression
refers to movement in an inferior direction.
Pronation and Supination
This is easily confused with medial and lateral rotation, but the difference is subtle.
With your hand resting on a table in front of you, and keeping your shoulder and elbow
still, turn your hand into its back, palm up. This is the supine position, and so this
movement is supination.
Again, keeping the elbow and shoulder still, flip your hand into its front, palm down.
This is the prone position, and so this movement is named pronation.
These terms also apply to the whole body – when lying flat on the back, the body is
supine. When lying flat on the front, the body is prone.
Image 3
Now watch the following video in order to understand the anatomical movements better.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkL6r9hi86A

This other video you can watch just for fun. Maybe it will give you an idea of an activity
you can do for your projects and activities.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cz-7SC8LfVw

Improve your Learning

Optionally, you can visit this website if you want to learn about the movements of
specific parts of the body, do quizzes, watch videos, etc.
https://www.kenhub.com/en/start/body-movements/atlas
 ACTIVITY 4
Write down instructions for three body movements. You will read those movements to
three of your classmates in class and they will have to perform those movements. Try to
involve different types of movements and body regions in your instruction.

Instruction #1:

Instruction #2:

Instruction #3:

2.4 Bones and their functions

The musculoskeletal system is an essential system of the human body. It not only
gives support and shape to our bodies but also allows for movement and doing physical
work. We are going to learn about our essential bones and muscles. We are going to start
with the following text.

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

When you hear the word skeleton, you may think of the remains of something that has died. But
the 206 bones in your body are very much alive. Your bones are not dry and brittle. They are just as
alive as the muscles that are attached to them. Bones do a lot more than just hold you up. They have
several functions inside your body.
The Role of the Bones

Support: your skeletal system protects and supports you. Your ribs shield your heart and lungs;
the vertebrae protect your spinal cord, and your skull protects your brain. Without your skeletal
system you would be a blob of flesh unable to move or stand upright.
Storage: bones store minerals suck as calcium phosphorous. These compounds are later
released into the surrounding tissues to help the nerves and muscles function properly. The cavities
inside your arm and leg bones also store fat that can be used for energy.
Movement: skeletal muscles, which are attached to the bones by tendons, pull on the bones to
produce movement. Without bones, you would not be able to sit, stand, walk or run.
Blood Cell Formation: some of your bones are filled with special material that makes white and red
blood cells.

The composition of the bones

A bone may seem lifeless but it is a living organ made up of several different tissues. Bone is
composed of connective tissue and minerals that are deposited by living cells called osteoblasts.
 If you look inside a bone, you will note that there are two different types of bone tissue. If the
tissue does not have any visible open spaces, it is called compact bone. It is located toward the ends
of long bones. Compact bone provides most of the strength and support for a bone, such as the
femur. Bone tissue that’s has many open spaces is called spongy bone. Bones contain a soft tissue
called marrow. Red marrow found in spongy bone of the legs, arms. Yellow marrow, found in the
center of the long bones, stores fat.
The ends of bones are covered with a smooth slippery surface called cartilage. Cartilage contains
mostly water, which gives its rubbery texture. Some cartilage never become bone. Feel the tips of
your ears, the end of your nose. Notice that it is flexible. That is because it is cartilage. When you
look at an x-ray, cartilage does not appear as dark as the bone because it lacks the mineral density
of bone. Did you know that some animals have no bones at all? The shark for example has only
cartilage and no bone.
Joints

Joints make all of our body movements possible. Anywhere two or more bones cone together is a
joint. The bones in healthy joints are kept far enough apart by a thin layer of cartilage so that they do
not rub against each other while they move. If cartilage wears away the joint becomes arthritic.
Bones are held in place and joined together by tough band of tissue call ligaments. If ligaments are
stretched too far, they become strained. A strained ligament will heal with time, but a torn ligament
must be repaired surgically.

Bone Disorders

Osteoporosis, porous bone, is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural
deterioration of bone tissue leading to bone fragility and an increased susceptibility to fractures of the
hip, spine, and wrist. Men as well as women suffer from osteoporosis, a disease that can be
prevented and treated. Some risk factors which are related to osteoporosis include a lifestyle with
little calcium or vitamin D, cigarette smoking and lack of physical activity.
Arthritis is the most common joint problem. Arthritis describes over 100 diseases that can
damage joints. All forms of arthritis begin with pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints. Arthritis is
often treated with pain medication, in severe cases, joint replacement may be necessary.

ACTIVITY 5
Answer the following questions
1. What are the major functions of the skeletal system?

2. Describe the function of ligaments.

3. Where do you find cartilage in the human body?

4. What makes the movement of a joint possible?

5. Can you explain briefly some of the causes of osteoporosis?

Now watch this video that will give you some more information about the skeletal
system.

https://youtu.be/J8x6tZI2hVI?t=1m19s

ACTIVITY 6
Open this link and learn the names of the main bones of the human body by clicking
on them. After that, label the bones in the picture below.
https://www.zygotebody.com/#nav=1.63,106.38,166.58,0,0,0,0&sel=p:;h:;s:;c:0;o:0&layers=0,0,6250,0,0,0,10000,0,0,0,0
 2.5 BODY MUSCLES
As an introduction to the body muscles, watch the following video. Don’t forget to
activate the subtitles.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVL-8zr2hk4

ACTIVITY 7
Watch the following video and
write down a summary of the main
features of the muscular system.
Make sure that you include
information for each of the sections
shown in the image (0:34 in the
video).
https://youtu.be/rMcg9YzNSEs
 Write down below the summary of the video in English.

Now watch the following video. Identify the names of the muscles presented and
complete the following two tasks:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58gI3jXNnPI

A. Label the different muscles in the image below.

B. Create a glossary with the names of the main muscles in English and Spanish.
You can follow the example of the table given below.

MUSCLES IN THE BODY

 Muscle name in English Muscle name in Spanish

Biceps Bíceps

Deltoid Deltoide

… …

2.6 GRAMMAR

2.6.1 Future plans: going to

El presente continuo −también llamado presente progresivo (present progressive)− es
una estructura verbal que expresa una acción que está ocurriendo en el ahora; pero el
presente continuo también se emplea para expresar una acción que va a ocurrir
con certeza en un futuro cercano. En este caso, usamos la estructura going to +
infinitivo para expresar una acción futura que está planeada.
Veamos esas situaciones con más detalle:
Examples:
i. I am meeting some friends after my workout session.
ii. Our team is not participating in next month’s marathon.
iii. Are they coming next weekend?

2.6.1.1 Estructura del going to

La estructura más común para expresarse al hablar de cosas que se hará en un futuro
es to be + going + to + verb.
Así se forma una oración afirmativa.

Forma completa Forma contraída Español

I am going to go… I’m going to go… Voy a ir…

You are going to do… You’re going to do… Vas a hacer…

He is going to buy… He’s going to buy… Él va a comprar…

She is going to sell… She’s going to sell… Ella va a vender…

It is going to rain… It’s going to rain… Va a llover…

We are going to stop… We’re going to stop… Vamos a parar…

You are going to lose… You’re going to lose… Vais a perder…

 They are going to win… They’re going to win… Ellos van a ganar…

Para formar una oración negativa, añadimos not.

Forma completa Formas contraídas Español

I am not going to help… I’m not going to help… No voy a ayudar…

You are not going to You’re not going to write…

No vas a escribir…
write… You aren’t going to write…

He’s not going to cook…

He is not going to cook… Él no va a cocinar...
He isn’t going to cook…

She’s not going to

She is not going to speak… Ella no va a hablar…
speak…
She isn’t going to speak…

It’s not going to snow…

It is not going to snow… No va a nevar…
It isn’t going to snow…

We’re not going to ask…

We are not going to ask… No vamos a preguntar…
We aren’t going to ask…

You’re not going to

You are not going to drink…
No vais a beber…
drink… You aren’t going to
drink…

They’re not going to sit…

They are not going to sit… Ellos no van a sentarse…
They aren’t going to sit…

Para formar la oración interrogativa, ponemos el verbo to be delante del sujeto +

going to + verbo. Going to + verbo nunca cambia.

Question in English Pregunta en español

Am I going to understand...? ¿Voy a entender...?

Are you going to say…? ¿Vas a decir...?

Is he going to start…? ¿Va él a comenzar...?

Is she going to phone…? ¿Va ella a llamar...?

Is it going to be sunny…? ¿Va a estar soleado...?

 Are we going to try…? ¿Vamos a intentar...?

Are you going to open…? ¿Vais a abrir...?

Are they going to close…? ¿Van a cerrar...?

These are some extra resources you can access online if you need more practice.
• https://www.learn-english-today.com/lessons/lesson_contents/verbs/going-
to.html
• https://agendaweb.org/verbs/future-be-going-to-exercises.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZsFu3ny https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juhyvurt

0_-8yPyCDHI UiY 6Jw

2.6.2 Simple Future:

El futuro simple expresa hechos o acciones que ocurrirán con seguridad en el futuro.
Un buen ejemplo es cuando creemos que algo no ocurrirá. Por ejemplo:
I don’t think it will (it’ll) work. -> Creo que no funcionará.
También se suele usar el futuro simple con la palabra probably. Por ejemplo:
It probably won’t (will not) work. -> Probablemente no funcionará.
El futuro simple (will) y el continuo (be going to) a menudo son intercambiables,
aunque hay matices que los diferencian y que con la práctica van quedando más claros.
Recuerda que going to lo utilizamos preferentemente para expresar planes
establecidos para el futuro. Will, por el contrario, es preferible en ocasiones en que
queremos expresar acciones voluntarias u ofrecimientos a otras personas, o bien
para hacer promesas. Ver ejemplos:
• I will send you information when I get it.
• Will you help me in this heavy table?
• I won’t do all these difficult exercises.
• I’ll get you some coffee.
• I will call you when I arrive
• Don’t worry, I’ll be careful.
• I won’t tell anyone your secret.
Tanto el futuro simple como el continuo se pueden emplear para expresar
predicciones. Por ejemplo:
 • The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
• The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.

• John Smith will be the next President.

• John Smith is going to be the next President.

• The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.

• The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.

Formar el futuro simple es muy sencillo. Solo hay que escribir will antes del verbo
básico (infinitivo sin to).

Forma completa Formas contraídas Español

I will go… I’ll go… Yo iré…

You will go… You’ll go… Tú irás…

He will go… He’ll go… Él irá…

She will go… She’ll go… Ella irá…

It will go… It’ll go… (Ello) irá…

We will go… We’ll go… Nosotros iremos…

You will go… You’ll go… Vosotros iréis…

They will go… They’ll go… Ellos irán…

La negación se hace transformando will en will not o won’t.

Forma completa Formas contraídas Español

I will not work… I won’t work… Yo no trabajaré…

You will not work … You won’t work… Tú no trabajarás…

He will not work … He won’t work… Él no trabajará…

She will not work … She won’t work… Ella no trabajará…

It will not work … It won’t work… (Ello) no trabajará…

We will not work … We won’t work… Nosotros no trabajaremos…

You will not work … You won’t work… Vosotros no trabajaréis…

They will not work … They won’t work… Ellos no trabajarán…

 La forma interrogativa se forma poniendo will delante del sujeto + verbo.

Question in English Pregunta en español

Will I be…? ¿Seré yo...?

Will you be…? ¿Serás tú...?

Will he be…? ¿Será él...?

Will she be…? ¿Será ella...?

Will it be…? ¿Será (ello)...?

Will we be…? ¿Seremos nosotros...?

Will you be…? ¿Seréis vosotros...?

Will they be…? ¿Serán ellos...?

You can now watch these videos that explain the use of the future simple:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjKS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gT6fq https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6HRP

3E0spl8 zJL6mM Na8Pwk

These are some extra resources you can access online if you need more practice.
• https://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefuture.html
• https://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs20.htm
• https://www.learn-english-today.com/lessons/lesson_contents/verbs/going-
to.html
• https://agendaweb.org/verbs/future-be-going-to-exercises.html
 2.7 EVALUATION
Before starting the evaluation, it is advisable that you watch the following video.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae4MadKPJC0

2.7.1 Group presentation

Project with coevaluation
Download the instructions from the online platform.

2.7.2 KWL chart

Complete the third column on the KWL chart we used at the beginning of this unit.
That will also help you to evaluate yourself, comparing what you knew at the beginning of
the unit and now that we are at the end of it.

Further reading:
If you like anatomy and physiology you will probably enjoy reading the following text
and learn some more English about this topic.
http://www.innerbody.com/image/cardov.html

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Brown, R. et. al. (2012). Inglés. Ciclo Formativo Grado Superior. McGraw-Hill/Interamericana de España,
S.L.: Madrid.

Evans, V. (1994). Round Up: English Grammar Book. Pearson Education Limited: Harlow.

Foley, John. (2015). A question of sport. Artículo de blog. Recuperado de

http://www.sportandrecreation.org.uk/blogs/guest-blog/a-question-of-sport el 4 de julio de 2017.

Magdaleno Viejo, V.M. (2011). Cómo enseñar educación física en ingles. How to teach physical
education in English. Wanceulen Editorial Deportiva, S.L.: Sevilla.
Murphy, R. y García Clemente, F. (2008). Essential Grammar in Use. Tercera Edición. Cambridge
University Press: Cambridge.
 The skeletal system (sin autor). Recuperado de
https://muchincollegeprep.wikispaces.com/file/view/Skeletal+System+Reading+and+Questions.docx el 8 de
mayo de 2018.

IMAGE CREDITS
Image 1:
By Piotr Siedlecki. Descargada de https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-
image.php?image=241969&picture=human-anatomy el 8 de mayo de 2018. Licencia CC0 Public
Domain.

Image 2:
Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014". WikiJournal of
Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436

Image 3:
By Tonye Ogele CNX [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia
Commons.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/wwworks/4988712126. Licencia CC: Attribution 2.0 Generiuc (CC BY
2.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/