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Strengthening Concrete Slabs For Punching Shear With Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Laminates
Strengthening Concrete Slabs For Punching Shear With Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Laminates
Strengthening Concrete Slabs For Punching Shear With Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Laminates
This paper describes an innovative approach for strengthening confirms the potential of CFRP laminates to reinforce existing
reinforced concrete slabs in shear with carbon fiber-reinforced concrete slabs in shear; expands on the influence of variables
polymer (CFRP) laminates. A process analogous to stitching is such as the concrete strength, flexural capacity, and shear
used to retrofit concrete slabs with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement arrangement on punching shear behavior;
strands. The experimental study reported herein was carried out on
28 square, isotropic two-way slab specimens simulating conditions
and investigates the applicability of existing CSA23.3-044
in the vicinity of an interior square column in a continuous flat plate and ACI 318-055 standard specifications for punching
structure. Parameters such as the concrete strength, flexural shear resistance.
capacity, and shear reinforcement arrangement were investigated, and
the applicability of existing CSA A23.3-04 and ACI 318-05 standard RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
specifications for punching shear resistance were examined. This research investigates an innovative idea for increasing
Results from the tests show that marked increases in the punching the two-way shear strength of concrete slabs with FRP. FRP
shear capacity and ductility (over 80 and 700%, respectively) reinforcement is provided in holes that are perpendicular to the
can be achieved with CFRP retrofitting of slabs. plane of the slab in a manner that is equivalent to stitching the
slab. The configuration of the holes determines the efficiency
Keywords: flat plate; punching shear; shear reinforcement; slab. of the reinforcement in enhancing the performance of the
retrofitted slab. Although the procedure was tested for retrofit-
INTRODUCTION ting of existing slabs, the results are equally applicable to new
The rehabilitation and strengthening of structural structures. With the exception of fire resistance, the procedure
members with composite materials, such as carbon, glass, proposed herein is considered to be technically superior, easier
kevlar, and aramid fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), has to implement, and produces more durable structures than
recently received great attention. Reduced material costs, traditional strengthening techniques.
coupled with labor savings inherent with its lightweight and
comparatively simple installation, its high tensile strength, THEORETICAL RESPONSE
low relaxation, and immunity to corrosion, have made FRP Concentric punching shear capacity
an attractive alternative to traditional retrofitting techniques. without shear reinforcement
Field applications over the last years have shown excellent Punching shear failure is characterized by the slab fracturing
performance and durability of FRP-retrofitted structures.1 along planes that extend from the column-slab interface on the
Research into the application of externally bonded FRPs to compressed face of the slab through the depth of the slab in an
reinforce concrete slabs has concentrated on improving the inclined direction away from the column. For square columns,
flexural capacity. There is also the potential for FRP laminates the punching shear failure takes the form of a frustum of a
to improve the shear capacity of reinforced concrete slabs. pyramid (Fig. 1).
Shear failures occur suddenly and without warning and can be Most research on the shear strength of slabs has been
catastrophic, especially in seismic zones. The avoidance of concerned with developing empirical formulas based on a
such a failure is of paramount importance; and the benefits nominal shear stress resistance.6 Nominal shear stress is
from strengthening existing slabs in shear, either for purposes obtained by dividing the shearing force by the area of an
of improved capacity and structural modification or due to assumed critical section a certain distance from the column
deterioration and aging or mistakes in design, are great. perimeter. The CSA and ACI standards4,5 assume the shear
This paper reports on a series of tests conducted to assess the failure plane to have an angle of inclination of 45 degrees
ability of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates to from the slab surface and propose the use of a critical section
increase the two-way shear capacity of existing reinforced perimeter half the effective slab thickness from the column
concrete slabs.2,3 In a pilot test series, three slab specimens periphery (Fig. 2). The depth of the critical section is taken
retrofitted with CFRP were tested in 2000 and compared with a as the effective slab thickness.
control specimen.2 Based on these results, a program was In the absence of an unbalanced moment, the shear stress
initiated in which 28 square isotropic two-way slab specimens, due to factored loads vf is calculated as
simply supported on all four sides, were subjected to a concentric vf = Vf /(bod) (1)
monotonically increasing load until failure.3 Twenty-four of
these slab specimens contained CFRP laminate shear
reinforcement. The slabs were designed to fail in shear prior to
flexure so that the shear strength contribution of the CFRP ACI Structural Journal, V. 104, No. 1, January-February 2007.
MS No. S-2006-035.R1 received February 6, 2006, and reviewed under Institute publi-
laminates could be measured. Pilot tests on three slab cation policies. Copyright © 2007, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved,
specimens reinforced in shear found substantial increases in including the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
concentric punching shear capacity and ductility.2 This paper Pertinent discussion including author’s closure, if any, will be published in the November-
December 2007 ACI Structural Journal if the discussion is received by July 1, 2007.
v r = v c = 0.33 f c′ ( MPa ) = 4 f c′ ( psi ) (4) s ≤ 0.75d for v f ≤ 0.5 f c′ ( MPa ) or 6 f c′ ( psi ) (7)
Assuming adequate confinement by the shear-reinforcement, Fig. 5—Slab specimen B5 specifications, load, and supports.
the ultimate concentric load required to fail the slab specimens
in punching shear is thus f
m r = ρd f y ⎛ 1 – 0.59 ρ ----y-⎞
2
(13)
⎝ f ′c⎠
P v = 0.167bd f c′ ≤ 0.67b o d f c′ ( MPa )
(11) where ρ, d, and fy are the flexural reinforcement ratio, depth,
= 2bd f c′ ≤ 8b o d f c′ ( psi ) and yield strength, respectively. Equation (12) corresponds
to a collapse mechanism where the slab yields and divides
where b is the perimeter of the critical section d/2 from the into quartered circular fans radiating from the corners of a
outermost perimeter of shear reinforcement (Fig. 2 and 4). square column. For the specimens in this study, L and c are
1.35 m (53 in.) and 200 mm (8 in.), respectively (Fig. 5).
Flexural capacity EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
The flexural capacity of square isotropic two-way slab, Test specimens
simply supported on all four sides and subjected to a All of the slab specimens had the same external dimensions
concentric square load, can be estimated using Johansen’s and contained either 15 M (0.31 in.2 area) or 20 M (0.465 in.2
yield line theory,9 area) flexural reinforcement bars. The effective depth was
120 mm (4.75 in.) in both types of flexural reinforcement
(Fig. 5). The slabs were cast with normal density concrete in
P Y = m r ⎛ -------------------⎞ + 2π
8
(12) four separate batches, resulting in four different concrete
⎝ L ⁄ c – 1⎠
strengths. Each batch consisted of several slab specimens
cast with one of the four patterns of 25 mm (1 in.) diameter
where L is the length of the supported slab, c is the loading holes shown in Fig. 4. The holes were later used to reinforce
plate side length, and mr is the flexural capacity of the slab the slabs with CFRP laminates. One slab in each batch was
per unit width given by the control specimen and not reinforced in shear.
The flexural reinforcement was spaced equally in all the perimeter nearest the loading plate. PY and PV represent the
specimens and did not interfere with the holes intended for the predicted applied loads required to fail the slab specimens in
CFRP laminates. The development of the flexural reinforcement flexural yield and shear, respectively. PY is derived from
was attained mechanically by welding the ends of the reinforcing Eq. (12) and PV is derived from Eq. (5) or (11). The critical
bars to flat steel plates, which occupied the perimeter of the slab shear sections perimeters outside the shear-reinforced zone
specimens (Fig. 5). The number of peripheral lines of b, specified by the CSA and ACI standards,4,5 are depicted
shear reinforcement varied between three and six among in the upper portion of Fig. 4.
the slab specimens and the spacing between the consecutive A commercially available CFRP system was used. The
lines was 0.5d or 0.75d. The first perimeter was offset 0.25d ultimate tensile strength and tensile modulus per unit width
from the loading plate periphery for all the slab specimens. of CFRP laminate was determined experimentally to be
Table 1 summarizes the slab specimen details and material 97 kN/m (66.6 kips/ft) and 79.5 MN/m (5452 kips/ft),
properties. The slab specimens with primed pattern labels respectively. The rupture strain was 1.30% and the specified
contained 15 M flexural reinforcement bars, while other slab thickness of the CFRP laminate was 0.89 mm (0.035 in.).
specimens contained 20 M bars. Those specimens with shear The CFRP was applied to the slab specimens by cutting long
reinforcement are labelled in accordance with their shear thin strands that could pass through the holes positioned in
reinforcement pattern, A, B, C, or D, with numerical the slab. The CFRP strands were soaked in epoxy and looped
subscripts denoting the number of peripheral lines of shear continuously between pairs of holes several times, in a stitch-
reinforcement. The amounts of CFRP laminate ACFRP used like manner, until the desired amount of CFRP laminate
in each concentric shear-reinforcing perimeter are presented spanned the depth of the slab (Fig. 5 and 6). The continuous
in width of CFRP laminate. For slab specimens A3′, A3, and loop of CFRP laminate formed a solid ring of reinforcement
A5, the amount of CFRP laminate applied in each reinforced that also confined the concrete. Shear reinforcement Pattern A
perimeter varied and is listed in Table 1 starting from the with odd numbers of peripheral lines of shear reinforcement
Test setup
The slabs were tested under a vertical monotonically Fig. 7—CFRP application of slab specimen in pilot studies.
increasing concentric load distributed by means of a 200 mm
(8 in.) square by 100 mm (4 in.) thick loading plate. A
closed-loop servo-controlled stiff frame test machine (Fig. 8)
was used to apply the load in displacement control mode at a
rate of 0.01 mm/second (4 × 10–4 in./second). A universal
ball joint was attached to the loading plate to prevent
moments from being imposed onto the slab specimens.
The slabs were positioned horizontally and simply
supported on all four sides by rollers comprised of solid 44 mm
(1.75 in.) diameter steel rods. The rollers rested on a steel
podium placed directly onto the solid metal base of the test
machine. Two of the rollers were welded to the podium,
while the opposite two rollers were left free to rotate. The
rollers were positioned 75 mm (3 in.) within the edges of the
slab specimens. Metal plates 150 x 25 mm (6 x 1 in.) in
section, were loosely positioned in between the slab specimens
and rollers to distribute bearing forces.
To monitor the displacement of the slab specimens, six Fig. 8—Test setup.
linearly variable differential transducers (LVDTs) were
used—four to measure the displacements of the supporting to all the gauges to prevent moisture penetration and any
structure and two for the displacement of the loading plate. tangential pressures from being exerted on to the gauges.
The four LVDTs used to measure the displacement of the
supporting structure were positioned at the four corners of EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
the slab, directly above the supporting rollers (Fig. 8). The slabs were designed such that they would fail in shear.
Local strains in the CFRP laminates and the flexural With retrofitting, the shear capacity increased significantly
reinforcement were measured with electrical resistance causing yield of flexural steel in some slabs. Stress in steel,
strain gauges. Four strain gauges were applied with however, was significantly lower than rupture. Therefore,
cyanoacrylate adhesive to the lower two central reinforcing each slab failed in shear as clearly demonstrated by the
bars that passed underneath the loading plate. Two of the failure modes observed during the tests. The results from the
gauges were positioned at the middle of the reinforcing bars tests on the slab specimens are presented in the following.
and the other two were offset 200 mm (8 in.) from the middle After the description of the failure patterns, responses of the
in opposing directions. Long-gauge strain gauges were slab specimens are discussed to evaluate different CFRP
applied to every vertical stem of the CFRP laminate rings. reinforcement patterns. Theoretical prediction of capacity
The gauges were adhered to epoxied segments on separate and the design aspects conclude this section of the paper.
CFRP strands (Fig. 9) that were later attached with epoxy to
the solid rings of CFRP reinforcement (Fig. 6). Two gauges Failure plane description
were adhered to each strand. The gauges were positioned Figure 10 shows sketches of the shear fractures, portrayed
such that when the strands were applied to the CFRP rings; as dotted lines, on the compressed surface of failed slab
the gauges were aligned with the center of the slab depth in specimens. Figure 11 shows photographs of the cross
two adjacent holes. The epoxied segments were formed by sections of selected slab specimens cut in half. The slab
sandwiching a small amount of epoxy resin on the CFRP specimens were cut such that those with CFRP laminate
strands between sheets of polyethylene. This made a smooth Patterns A and C had the cut pass through the CFRP laminates
surface on to which the gauges could be adhered. Several and in specimens with reinforcement Patterns B and D the cut
layers of polyurethane and foam mounting tape were applied passed between the CFRP laminates. The fractures have been
strength prior to failure only in the first three reinforced the rectangular loading plate. The corners of the loading
perimeters and a complete loss in shear strength in the plate were observed to pierce the slab surface during testing
innermost perimeter. and it is likely that the concrete at these locations fractured
The slab specimens with CFRP laminate Patterns A and D in shear initially. The lack of shear reinforcement in the
were prone to premature shear failures inside the shear- vicinity of the loading plate corners of Pattern A may have
reinforced zone. Pattern A mostly failed between the second allowed these fractures to propagate. Upon reaching the
and third shear-reinforcing perimeters. Pattern D always shear reinforcement, the shear cracks have developed
failed between the loading plate face and the first perimeter considerably and could no longer be contained by the shear
of shear reinforcement. It is probable that the shear stresses reinforcement, permitting them to pass between the shear
at the corners of the loading plate are considerably higher reinforcing elements. This is reflected by the sudden loss in
than those at the face of the loading plate. This can be attributed vc values within the shear reinforced zone prior to failure.
to the flexural curvature of the slab specimen conforming to The gradual dissolution of vc values in the first shear