Module 1 DKK2721 Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory

1.0 Title of Experiment

Study on the effect of pressure, mixing and temperature between baking soda and acetic
acid

2.0 Objective
The objectives of this experiment are to identify the effect factors which affect the rate of
reactions

3.0 Introduction

If any of the products or reactants involved in a chemical reaction is gases, the rate of
reaction will decrease as pressure on the system is increased. The rate of reaction can be
increased if the movement of the reactants is increased as a result of mechanical mixing
(stirring). Nevertheless, it is inversely proportional with mechanical stirring, temperature
and reactant particle size.

A double displacement reaction has the form

AB + CD AC + BD

where A, B, C, and D are atoms or ions. The reaction between acetic acid and baking
soda can be written as a double displacement reaction if carbonic acid (H2CO3) is
considered a product:

HC2H3O2(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) NaC2H3O2(aq) + H2CO3(aq)

Here A, B, C, and D are H+, C2H3O2-, Na+, and HCO3-, respectively. However, carbonic
acid readily decomposes into carbon dioxide and water,

H2CO3(aq) CO2(aq) + H2O( )

and the carbon dioxide can escape from the solution as a gas.
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FKKSA/DKK2771/Module/Rev01/29/08/12
Module 1 DKK2721 Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory
The combined equation is

HC2H3O2(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) NaC2H3O2(aq) + H2O( ) + CO2(g)

At the end of this experiment, student should be able to identify the effect factor of rate of
reaction.

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FKKSA/DKK2771/Module/Rev01/29/08/12
Module 1 DKK2721 Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory
4.0 Experimental Procedure

4.1 The effect of pressure to the rate of reaction

Part A. Rate of Reaction at Normal Pressure

1. Fill up 10 mL of vinegar, HCH3O2 in the test tube. The vinegar should be at about
room temperature. Measure the vinegar temperature.
2. Weight 2 g of baking soda NaHCO3 and drop the NaHCO3 into the test tube.
3. Measure the time required for the reaction between the baking soda NaHCO3 and
vinegar to be completed and measure the temperature. Record the time.
4. Repeat this experiment twice to get the average values.

Part B. Rate of Reaction under Increased Pressure

(MAKE SURE YOU PUT ON YOUR SAFETY GOGGLES!)
1. Fill up 10 mL of vinegar, HCH3O2 in the test tube. The vinegar should be at about
room temperature.
2. Weight 2 g of baking soda NaHCO3 and drop the NaHCO3 into the test tube.
3. Immediately insert the cork stopper in the end of the test tube to slow down the
escape of carbon dioxide gas. The pressure being exerted upon the reactants
inside the test tube is equal to the pressure you feel being exerted against the cork.

Note: Do not try to stop all of the gas from escaping! If you try to do so, the test
tube will break. Just slow down the escaping gas as pressure builds up inside of
the test tube. That pressure acts upon the surface of the liquid. The liquid moves
in a direction that will relieve the pressure. The only direction, without breaking
the test tube, is upward and out. Avoid a total "blow-out" of the liquid from the
tube by releasing enough pressure on the cork from time to time to let gas and
liquid "squeeze" its way past the cork, in controlled amounts. This is a struggle;
you against the gas pressure.

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FKKSA/DKK2771/Module/Rev01/29/08/12
Module 1 DKK2721 Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory

4. When gas bubbles are no longer visible in the liquid contained in the test tube,
consider the reaction to be over. Observe and record the time of the reaction.
5. Release the pressure on the cork.

Note that the reaction starts again. Increase pressure on the cork and the
reaction stops.
Note that if there is still a small amount of baking soda left in the bottom of the
test tube. You have now reached the point when you are able to exert enough
pressure to be equal to the pressure being exerted by the gas inside the test tube.
As a result, the reaction stops. When you release your pressure, the reaction is
able to start again.
6. Remove the cork. Observe and record what happens to the remaining baking soda.
7. Repeat this experiment twice to get the average values

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FKKSA/DKK2771/Module/Rev01/29/08/12
Module 1 DKK2721 Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory
4.2 Effect of mechanical mixing
Part A. Reaction with Stirring
1. Add 100 mL of water to 400 mL beaker. The water temperature should be at or
near room temperature.
2. Add 40 mL of vinegar solution to the beaker. Mix the vinegar and water.
3. Measure out 2 g of baking soda.
4. Set the 400 mL beaker on a dark surface so as to provide good contrast with the
white NaHCO3. Add the measured 1/2 teaspoon of baking soda to vinegar
solution and stir continuously.
5. Measure the time required for all of the baking soda to be "used up" in the
reaction with vinegar. Record the time.

Part B. Reaction Without Stirring

1. Add 100 mL of water to 400 mL beaker.
2. Add 40 mL of vinegar solution.
3. Set the beaker on a dark surface so as to provide good contrast with the white
NaHCO3.
4. Add 2 g of baking soda; no stirring!
5. Measure the time required for all of the banking soda to react. Record the time.

Part C. Effect of Stirring on Rate of Reaction Where Reactants are Already in

Solution
1. Add 200 mL of water to a 400 mL beaker.
2. Add 20 mL of vinegar solution to the 400 mL beaker.
3. Add 50 mL of water to a 100 mL beaker. Dissolve as much baking soda in the
water as possible.
4. Pour the saturated baking soda solution into the 400 mL beaker containing the
vinegar. DO NOT STIR THE MIXTURE.
5. Measure the time that elapses before the vigorous bubbling action stops.

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FKKSA/DKK2771/Module/Rev01/29/08/12
Module 1 DKK2721 Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory
6. After two minutes, stir the solution. Observe and record the effect that the stirring
has on the reaction.

4.3 Effect of temperature

1. Fill up 20 mL of vinegar in a conical flask and heat up at certain temperature. For

colder temperature of vinegar, you may use ice or refrigerator to cool the vinegar.

2. Weight 2 g of baking soda and drop it into vinegar. Measure the time required for
tablet to fully dissolve. Be prepared to start and stop on time.

For Clean-Up

All solutions can be safely washed down the drain.

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FKKSA/DKK2771/Module/Rev01/29/08/12
Module 1 DKK2721 Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory
5.0 DATA COLLECTION
Table 5.1
Time of reaction
Without pressure Pressurized
Trial
1
2
3
Average

Observation:_____________________________________________________________
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Table 5.2
Trial Time of reaction
With Stirring Without Stirring Stirring of saturated reactant
1
2
3
Average

Observation:_____________________________________________________________
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Table 5.3
Initial Vinegar temperature, °C Time of reaction

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FKKSA/DKK2771/Module/Rev01/29/08/12
Module 1 DKK2721 Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory
60
40
30
20
10

Observation:_____________________________________________________________
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Table 5.4
Trial Time of reaction
Tablet Broken pieces Powder
1
2
3
Average

Observation:_____________________________________________________________
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6.1 Discussion

1. In your point of view, which factor does affect the most rate of reaction?
Elaborate and justify your answer.

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FKKSA/DKK2771/Module/Rev01/29/08/12
Module 1 DKK2721 Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory
2. Does stirring have any effect on the Rate of Reaction if the reacting substances
are already in solution?
3. If you are an assistant engineer, what would you recommend to the investor or
client to enhance the rate of reaction in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)

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FKKSA/DKK2771/Module/Rev01/29/08/12