KEY CONCEPTS FOR WEEK 4

PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING

MELC: Explain the value of customer

INTRODUCTION:

Customer Value

The difference between what a customer gets from a product, and what he or she has to give in order to get it. Customer value is the benefit
that a customer will get from a product or service in comparison with its cost.  This benefit might be measured in monetary terms, such as when a
product helps save the customer money that would have been spent on something else. 
A benefit also can be difficult to quantify, such as the enjoyment that a customer receives from a product or service. The term "customer
value" should not be confused with the value of customers to businesses.  It refers to the value that the customers receive, not to how valuable
customers are.
Customer value is defined as: Value = Benefits - Price

KEY CONCEPTS:

Customer Value Types

1. Desired Customer Value

Desired value is the third tier of customer value hierarchy and involves what the customer would like to have from the purchase and service
experience. For example, a retail location may provide a consistently friendly customer service experience with staff willing to hunt around the store with
the customer to find the right outfit or specific clothing item.

2. Unanticipated Customer Value

Unanticipated value for the customer is receiving a service or purchase experience that the customer literally does not expect. For example,
providing satisfaction guarantees on all purchases or hiring staff with significant expertise in the business' industry can provide a customer with a service
experience that exceeds both expectation and desire in terms of value.

Measuring Customer Value

1. Overall Satisfaction Measure (Emotional):
This measure's single greatest predictors of customer satisfaction are the customer experiences that result in attributions of quality.
2. Loyalty Measurement (Affective, Behavioral):
In this measure customer loyalty reflects the likelihood of repurchasing products or services.
Customer satisfaction is a major predictor of repurchase but is strongly influenced by explicit performance evaluations of product performance, quality,
and value. Loyalty is often measured as a combination of measures including overall satisfaction, likelihood of repurchase, and likelihood of
recommending the brand to a friend.
3. A Series of Attribute Satisfaction Measurements (Affective and Cognitive)
Affect (liking/ disliking) is best measured in the context of product attributes or benefits.
Customer satisfaction is influenced by perceived quality of product and service attributes, and is moderated by expectations of the product or service.
The researcher must define and develop measures for each attribute that is important for customer satisfaction.
4. Intentions to Repurchase Measurements (Behavioral Measures)
Behavioral measures also reflect the consumer’s past experience with customer service representatives. Satisfaction can influence other
post-purchase/post-experience actions like communicating to others through word of mouth and social networks. Additional post-experience actions
might reflect heightened levels of product involvement that in turn result in increased search for the product or information, reduced trial of alternative
products, and even changes in preferences for shopping locations and choice behavior.

Four types of Value

Functional Value: This type of value is what an offer does, it's the solution an offer provides to the customer.
Monetary Value: This is where the function of the price paid is relative to an offerings perceived worth. This value invites a trade-off between other
values and monetary costs.
Social Value: The extent to which owning a product or engaging in a service allows the consumer to connect with others.
Psychological Value: The extent to which a product allows consumers to express themselves or feel better.

The Drivers of Value

Product function Points of differentiation Quality Service Marketing Brandi

Price Existing relationships or experience Personal bias from experience and upbringing

ACTIVITY:

Based on the definition and concepts you have learned from the topic list down 10 ideas on how to create customer value.

Prepared by: Checked and Verified: Approved:

AGNES R. RAMO HAZEL O. MARIANO, PhD JUPITER L. PETILLA, EdD
 Teacher II Senior High School Assistant Principal II Principal IV

KEY CONCEPTS FOR WEEK 4

GENERAL MATHEMATICS

MELC: Determines the inverse of one – to – one functions.

INTRODUCTION:
Inverses
A function normally tells you what y is if you know what x is. The inverse of a function will tell you what x had to be to get that value of y.
A function f -1 is the inverse of f if
 for every x in the domain of f, f -1[f(x)] = x, and
 for every x in the domain of f -1, f[f -1(x)] = x
The domain of f is the range of f -1 and the range of f is the domain of f -1.

KEY CONCEPTS:
Graph of the Inverse Function
The inverse of a function differs from the function in that all the x-coordinates and y-coordinates have been switched. That is, if (4,6) is a point on the
graph of the function, then (6,4) is a point on the graph of the inverse function.
Points on the identity function (y=x) will remain on the identity function when switched. All other points will have their coordinates switched and move
locations.
The graph of a function and its inverse are mirror images of each other. They are reflected about the identity function y=x.
Existence of an Inverse Function
A function says that for every x, there is exactly one y. That is, y values can be duplicated but x values can not be repeated.
If the function has an inverse that is also a function, then there can only be one y for every x.
A one-to-one function, is a function in which for every x there is exactly one y and for every y, there is exactly one x. A one-to-one function has an
inverse that is also a function.
There are functions which have inverses that are not functions. There are also inverses for relations. For the most part, we disregard these, and deal
only with functions whose inverses are also functions.
If the inverse of a function is also a function, then the inverse relation must pass a vertical line test. Since all the x-coordinates and y-coordinates are
switched when finding the inverse, saying that the inverse must pass a vertical line test is the same as saying the original function must pass a horizontal
line test.
If a function passes both the vertical line test (so that it is a function in the first place) and the horizontal line test (so that its inverse is a function), then
the function is one-to-one and has an inverse function.
Finding Inverses Informally
The inverse of some functions, especially those where there is only one occurrence of the independent variable, can be solved by undoing  the
operations. To undo the operations, you must not only reverse the order, but use the inverse operation.
Example 1
The function f(x) = 5x-2
1. Start with x: x
2. Multiply by 5: 5x
3. Subtract 2: 5x-2
The inverse f -1(x) = (x+2)/5
1. Start with x: x
2. Add 2: x+2
3. Divide by 5: (x+2) / 5
Example 2
The function f(x) = 2(x-3)2-5, x≥3
Note that there is a restriction on x.
1. Start with x: x
2. Subtract 3: x-3
3. Square: (x-3)2
4. Multiply by 2: 2(x-3)2
5. Subtract 5: 2(x-3)2-5

ACTIVITY:
2
Construct a table of values for the function f ( x ) =x +1 in the restricted domain {0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3}. Is this a one – to - one function?
If it is a one – to - one function, construct a table of values for the inverse.

Prepared by: Checked and Verified: Approved:

 AGNES R. RAMO HAZEL O. MARIANO, PhD JUPITER L. PETILLA, EdD
Teacher II Senior High School Assistant Principal II Principal IV

KEY CONCEPTS FOR WEEK 4

ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT

MELC: Differentiate the phases of economic development and its impact to business environment.

INTRODUCTION:
Economic development is a totalprocess which includes not only economic growth or the increase in the amount of goods and services
produced by the country’s economy but also consider the social, political, cultural, and spiritual aspects of the country’s growth. Economic
development phases/stages in a particular country includes economic growth, improvement of human development index, availability of benefits
provided by science and technology, societal improvement of the opportunities, and general welfare of its members. Human development index is a
measure of a country’s socio-economic development based on data regarding life expectancy at birth, educational attainment, literacy, and adjusted real
income per capita.

KEY CONCEPTS:
1. A business organization is a collection of people working together to achieve a common purpose related to their organization’s mission,
vision, goals and objectives, and sharing a common organizational culture.
2. Organizational cultureis the set of beliefs and values shared by organization members and which guide them as they work together to
achieve their common purpose.
3. Simple business organization is an organization with few departments, centralized authority with a wide span of control, and with few formal
rules and regulations.
4. Functional business organizations group together people with similar or related duties, practices delegation of authority to functional
managers like the personnel managers, sales managers or financial managers but allow CEOs to retain authority for strategic decisions.
5. Divisional business organizations are made up of semi-autonomous, separate businessunits, with a division head responsible for his or her
unit’s performance.
6. Profit business organizations areorganizations designed for the purpose of achieving their goals and achieving stability through income
generation and profit-making.
7. Non-profit organizations are organizations designed to give service to clients without expecting monetary gains or financial benefits fo
their endeavors.
8. Open/Flexible business organizations are formed to meet today’s changing work environment. They include team structures, matrix
business organizations, project business structures, boundaryless business organizations, and virtual business organizations.

ACTIVITY:
A. Which cultural dimensions are practiced in the Philippines? Put a check mark ( / ) or wrong mark ( X ) beside the cultural dimensionto
express your affirmative or negative response.
a. Low powerdistance _________ f. Collectivism _________
b. High power distance _________ g. Masculinity _________
c. Low uncertainty avoidance _________ h. Femininity _________
d. High uncertainty avoidance _________ i. Short term thinking _________
e. Individualism _________ j. Long term thinking _________

B. The competitive environment refers to specific groups of people with which the company/firm interacts. The company’scustomers, rival
firms, new entrants, substitutes, and suppliers make-up the firm’s competitive environment forces. The above-mentioned competitive
environment forces have the power to influence the nature of the competition among rival companies so the firm must learn to adapt to or
influence also the said competition. The less power each of these competitive environment forces have, the more profitable the industry will
be. Your task is to identify and list down the customers, rival firms,new entrants, substitutes, and suppliers of any known Philippine Company
listed among the top 100 Philippine Corporations.
a. Demonstration of Diagrammatic Framework of the Firm/Company and its Competitive Environment Forces.
b. Identification/Listing down of your company’s Competitive Environment Forces

Prepared by: Checked and Verified: Approved:

AGNES R. RAMO HAZEL O. MARIANO, PhD JUPITER L. PETILLA, EdD

Teacher II Senior High School Assistant Principal II Principal IV
 KEY CONCEPTS FOR WEEK 4
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
MELC: Design a research used in daily life.
Writes a research title

INTRODUCTION:
The introduction to a research paper can be the most challenging part of the paper to write. The length of the introduction will vary depending
on the type of research paper you are writing. An introduction should announce your topic, provide context and a rationale for your work, before stating
your research questions and hypothesis. Well-written introductions set the tone for the paper, catch the reader's interest, and communicate the
hypothesis or thesis statement.
Guidelines in Writing the Introduction
The introduction of a research should contain a discussion of any or all of the following:
1.) Presentation of the problem. The start of the introduction is the presentation of the problem, that is, what the problem is all about.
2.) The existence of an unsatisfactory condition, a felt problem that needs a solution.
3.) Rationale of the study. The reason or reasons why it is necessary to conduct the study must be discussed.
4.) Historical background of the problem.
5.) A desire to have a deeper and clearer understanding of a situation, circumstance, or phenomenon.
6.) A desire to find a better way of doing something or of improving a product.
7.) A desire to discover something.
8.) Geographical conditions of the study locale.
9.) A link between the introduction and the statement of the problem. A sentence or two should show the link between the introduction and the
conducting of the researcher.
WRITING THE RESEARCH TITLE
Research Topic
An area of focus that falls within the perimeter of a niche area or research environment, which directly relates to a particular discipline (field of study).
Example: Effects of climate change
Research Problem
A research problem is a definite or clear expression [statement] about:
1. an area of concern 2. a difficulty to be eliminated, or 3. a condition to be improved upon
4. a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or within existing practice that points to a need for meaningful understanding
and deliberate investigation.
Pertains to a particular problem within the research environment, which will form the primary focus of a research study (a real-life problem
which can be mitigated and/or solved) Example: How do the Philippines respond to the effects of Climate Change?
Remenyi, Williams, Money and Swartz (2009:46) intonate that the research problem should be a clear, unambiguous statement (perception)
that is relevant to the research title, research topic, the identified niche area and respected discipline alike.
Characteristics of a Research Problem
a. the variables in the problem must be clear d. it should be free from ethical constraints
b. it should be limited in scope and should be specific, e. good research problem should be researchable
c. it must have a goal
Sources of Research Problems or Topics
a. Contemporary issues g. personal interest and experience
b. theory deductions h. replication of previous studies
c. funding agencies i. clarification of contradictory research results
d. past researches and literature review j. archive data
e. casual observation k. interdisciplinary perspective
f. related and relevant literature
Research Title
A specialized area of focus that falls both within the boundaries of a research (delineation) and the perimeter of a niche area, which directly
relates to a particular discipline. The title summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study (USC, 2017)
Example: The Case of Climate Change in the Philippines: Responses and Measures to its Effect
According to Watkins (2008:23) a research title should have the following characteristics:
1. Short, descriptive and to the point 4. Attract the attention and interest of the reader
2. Identify the main variables of the research 5. Make academic sense
3. Allude to the area of study
ACTIVITY:
Using the box below, fill in the given details asked. Then write a possible research title based from your answers.