Distribuciones de Fermi-Dirac y

Bose -Einstein
Bosones y fermiones
Numeros de ocupación
 Spin Classification

• One essential parameter for classification of

particles is their "spin" or intrinsic angular
momentum. Half-integer spin fermions are
constrained by the Pauli exclusion principle
whereas integer spin bosons are not. The
electron is a fermion with electron spin 1/2.
• The spin classification of particles determines the
nature of the energy distribution in a collection of
the particles. Particles of integer spin obey Bose-
Einstein statistics, whereas those of half-integer
spin behave according to Fermi-Dirac statistics.
 Fermions

• Fermions are particles which have half-integer

spin and therefore are constrained by the
Pauli exclusion principle. Particles with integer
spin are called bosons. Fermions include
electrons, protons, neutrons. The
wavefunction which describes a collection of
fermions must be antisymmetric with respect
to the exchange of identical particles, while
the wavefunction for a collection of bosons is
symmetric.
 Bosons

• Bosons are particles which have integer spin and

which therefore are not constrained by the Pauli
exclusion principle like the half-integer spin
fermions. The energy distribution of bosons is
described by Bose-Einstein statistics. The
wavefunction which describes a collection of
bosons must be symmetric with respect to the
exchange of identical particles, while the
wavefunction for a collection of fermions is
antisymmetric.
Distribución de partículas
Fermiones y bosones en función de la
temperatura
 interacciones
• The interactions between fermions are
mediated by bosons, the electromagnetic
interaction by photons, the weak interaction
(responsible for the decay) by the (massive)
W+;W- and Z bosons. Quarks (and anti-
quarks) are also coupled by electromagnetic
and weak forces, but in addition they
experience the strong interaction mediated by
gluons.
ejemplo
Numero promedio de particulas para
fermiones
𝜆𝑒 −𝛽𝜖𝑘
• 𝑁= 𝑘 1+𝜆𝑒 −𝛽𝜖𝑘 = 𝑘 𝑛𝑘
Número de partículas en el estado
k
𝜆𝑒 −𝛽𝜖𝑘 1
• 𝑛𝑘 = =
1+𝜆𝑒 −𝛽𝜖𝑘 1+𝑒 𝛽(𝜖𝑘 −𝜇)

𝜇
• 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 =𝜆
1
• 𝑓 𝜀 =
1+𝑒 𝛽(𝜀−𝜇)
• Es la probabilidad de que el estado con
energía 𝜀 este ocupado
Funcion de fermi para un metal
Funcion de Fermi para un
semiconductor
 ejemplo
• Nivel de Fermi en un semiconductor
 ejemplo
• Nivel de Fermi en un semiconductor
Estructura de bandas del silicio
Nivel de Fermi es una propiedad de la
física estadistica
Estructura de bandas
 Nivel de Fermi
• En un semiconductor hay portadores
fermionicos:
• Electrones en la banda de conducción y
huecos en la banda de valencia
Densidad de estados
Hallar la concentracion de electrones en la
banda de conduccion
• Informacion que tengo:
• 1. la densidad de estados de los electrones
• 2. la probabilidad de ocupación de los estados

• Pregunta:
• Cuantos electrones tengo entre E y E + dE
 Calculamos la concentración de electrones en
la banda de conducción, “n”.
Estados vacíos
Estados posibles
completamente

gc(E)
Ec
A 0ºK:

Ev
gv(E)

Estados completamente
Estados posibles
llenos de electrones ATE-UO Sem 28
 Calculamos la concentración de electrones en
la banda de conducción, “n”.
Estados vacíos
Estados posibles
completamente
E
gc(E)
Ec
A 0ºK:
EF
Ev
gv(E)

f(E)
0 0,5 1
Estados completamente
Estados posibles
llenos de electrones ATE-UO Sem 28
Semiconductor intrínseco a alta temperatura
(para que se puedan ver los electrones)

n electrones/vol.
Estados posibles
E
gc(E) E + dE
E
Ec

EF
Ev
huecos
gv(E)
f(E)
Estados posibles 0
Electrones 0,5 1
ATE-UO Sem 29
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/fermi.html
dno es el numero de electrones por unidad
de volumen para energias entre E y E +dE
 not that simple

six degrees of
freedom

according to classical physics, Cv

should be 3 R = 6/2 kBT NA for solids
and independent of the temperature

We will revisit this problem when we have learned of quantum distributions, concept of
28
phonons, which are quasi-particle that are not restricted by the Pauli exclusion principle
 revisited

Einstein’s assumptions in 1907, atoms vibrate independently

of each other
(starting from zero point energy, due
to uncertainty principle)

he used Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics because there are so

many possibly vibration states that only a few of the
available states will be occupied, (and the other distribution
functions were not known at the time)

A. Einstein, "Die Plancksche Theorie der Strahlung und die

Theorie der spezifischen Wärme", Annalen der Physik 22
(1907) 180–190

i.e. at high temperatures is approaches the classical value of 2 degrees of freedom

29
with ½ kT each times 3 vibration direction (Bohr’s correspondence principle once more)
 To account for different bond strength, different spring constants

hetero-polar bond in diamond much stronger than metallic bond in lead and
aluminum, so much larger Einstein Temperature for diamond (1,320 K) >> 50-
100 K for typical metals 30
Peter Debye lifted the
assumption that atoms
vibrate independably,
similar statistics, Debye
temperature TD

even better modeling with

phonons, which are
pseudo-particle of the
boson type

31