José Rizal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search
"Laong Laan" redirects here. For the railway station, see Laong Laan railway station.
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal family name is Mercado and the second or
maternal family name is Realonda.

José Rizal

Born José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda[1]

June 19, 1861[2]

Calamba, Laguna, Captaincy General of the

Philippines, Spanish Empire [2]

Died December 30, 1896 (aged 35)[3]

Bagumbayan, Manila, Captaincy General of the

Philippines, Spanish Empire [3]
 Cause of Execution by firing squad

death

Monuments Luneta Park, Manila,

Calamba, Laguna,

Daet, Camarines Norte,

Carson, California

Other names Pepe, Jose (nicknames)[4][5]

Alma mater Ateneo Municipal de Manila (BA)

Universidad Central de Madrid (MD)

University of Santo Tomas

Organization La Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina

Spouse(s) Josephine Bracken (m.1896)[6]

Francisco Rizal Mercado (father)

Parents
Teodora Alonso Realonda (mother)

Relatives Saturnina Hidalgo (sister)

Paciano Rizal (brother)

Signature

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda [7] (Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse riˈsal];

June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino nationalist and polymath during the
tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. He is tagged as the national
hero (pambansang bayani) of the Filipino people.[8] An ophthalmologist by profession,
Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement, which
advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain.
He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after
the Philippine Revolution, inspired in part by his writings, broke out. Though he was not
actively involved in its planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which
eventually led to Philippine independence.
He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines and has been
recommended to be so honored by an officially empaneled National Heroes Committee.
However, no law, executive order or proclamation has been enacted or issued officially
proclaiming any Filipino historical figure as a national hero.[9] He was the author of the
novels Noli Me Tángere and El filibusterismo, and a number of poems and essays.[10][11]

Contents

 1Early life
 2Education
 3Personal life, relationships and ventures
o 3.1Affair
o 3.2Association with Leonor Rivera
o 3.3Relationship with Josephine Bracken
 4In Brussels and Spain (1890–92)
 5Return to Philippines (1892–96)
o 5.1Exile in Dapitan
o 5.2Arrest and trial
 6Execution
 7Works and writings
o 7.1Novels and essays
o 7.2Poetry
o 7.3Plays
o 7.4Other works
 8Reactions after death
o 8.1Retraction controversy
o 8.2"Mi último adiós"
o 8.3Later life of Bracken
o 8.4Polavieja and Blanco
 9Criticism and controversies
o 9.1National hero status
 9.1.1Made national hero by colonial Americans
 9.1.2Made national hero by Emilio Aguinaldo
o 9.2Critiques of books
o 9.3Role in the Philippine revolution
 10Legacy and remembrance
o 10.1Species named after Rizal
o 10.2Historical commemoration
 11Rizal in popular culture
o 11.1Adaptation of his works
o 11.2Biographical films/TV series
o 11.3Other
 12See also
 13Notes and references
 14Sources
 15Further reading
 16External links
Early life

José Rizal's baptismal register

Francisco Rizal Mercado (1818–1898)

José Rizal was born in 1861 to Francisco Rizal Mercado y Alejandro and Teodora

Alonso Realonda y Quintos in the town of Calamba in Laguna province. He had nine
sisters and one brother. His parents were leaseholders of a hacienda and an
accompanying rice farm by the Dominicans. Both their families had adopted the
additional surnames of Rizal and Realonda in 1849, after Governor General Narciso
Clavería y Zaldúa decreed the adoption of Spanish surnames among the Filipinos for
census purposes (though they already had Spanish names).
Like many families in the Philippines, the Rizals were of mixed origin. José's patrilineal
lineage could be traced back to Fujian in China through his father's ancestor Lam-Co, a
Chinese merchant who immigrated to the Philippines in the late 17th century. [12][13][note 1]
[14]
 Lam-Co traveled to Manila from Xiamen, China, possibly to avoid the famine or
plague in his home district, and more probably to escape the Manchu invasion during
the Transition from Ming to Qing. He finally decided to stay in the islands as a farmer. In
1697, to escape the bitter anti-Chinese prejudice that existed in the Philippines, he
converted to Catholicism, changed his name to Domingo Mercado and married the
daughter of Chinese friend Augustin Chin-co. On his mother's side, Rizal's ancestry
included Chinese, Japanese and Tagalog blood. His mother's lineage can be traced to
the affluent Florentina family of Chinese mestizo families originating in Baliuag,
Bulacan.[15] He also had Spanish ancestry. Regina Ochoa, a grandmother of his mother,
Teodora, had mixed Spanish, Chinese and Tagalog blood. His grandfather was a half
Spaniard engineer named Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo. [16]
From an early age, José showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from
his mother at 3, and could read and write at age 5. [13] Upon enrolling at the Ateneo
Municipal de Manila, he dropped the last three names that made up his full name, on
the advice of his brother, Paciano and the Mercado family, thus rendering his name as
"José Protasio Rizal". Of this, he later wrote: "My family never paid much attention [to
our second surname Rizal], but now I had to use it, thus giving me the appearance of an
illegitimate child!"[17] This was to enable him to travel freely and disassociate him from his
brother, who had gained notoriety with his earlier links to Filipino priests Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (popularly known as Gomburza) who had
been accused and executed for treason.

Rizal's house in Calamba, Laguna

Despite the name change, José, as "Rizal", soon distinguished himself in poetry writing
contests, impressing his professors with his facility with Castilian and other foreign
languages, and later, in writing essays that were critical of the Spanish historical
accounts of the pre-colonial Philippine societies. Indeed, by 1891, the year he finished
his El filibusterismo, this second surname had become so well known that, as he writes
to another friend, "All my family now carry the name Rizal instead of Mercado because
the name Rizal means persecution! Good! I too want to join them and be worthy of this
family name..."[17]

Education
Rizal, 11 years old, a student at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila

Rizal first studied under Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Biñan, Laguna, before he was sent
to Manila.[18] As to his father's request, he took the entrance examination in Colegio de
San Juan de Letran but he then enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and
graduated as one of the nine students in his class declared sobresaliente or
outstanding. He continued his education at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila to obtain a
land surveyor and assessor's degree, and at the same time at the University of Santo
Tomas where he did take up a preparatory course in law and finished with a mark
of excelente or excellent. He finished the course of Philosophy as a pre-law. [19] Upon
learning that his mother was going blind, he decided to switch to medicine at
the medical school of Santo Tomas specializing later in ophthalmology. He received his
four-year practical training in medicine at Ospital de San Juan de Dios in Intramuros. In
his last year at medical school, he received a mark of sobresaliente in courses
of Patologia Medica (Medical Pathology), Patología Quirúrgica (Surgical Pathology) and
Obstretics.
Rizal, known for being an intelligent student, had some difficulty in some subjects in
medical school such as Física (Physics) and Patología General (General Pathology).
[20]
 One of the causes is due to the evident discrimination of the Profesor to Filipino
students.
Rizal as a student at the University of Santo Tomas

Without his parents' knowledge and consent, but secretly supported by his
brother Paciano, he traveled alone to Madrid, Spain in May 1882 and studied medicine
at the Universidad Central de Madrid where he earned the degree, Licentiate in
Medicine. He also attended medical lectures at the University of Paris and
the University of Heidelberg. In Berlin, he was inducted as a member of the Berlin
Ethnological Society and the Berlin Anthropological Society under the patronage of the
famous pathologist Rudolf Virchow. Following custom, he delivered an address in
German in April 1887 before the Anthropological Society on the orthography and
structure of the Tagalog language. He left Heidelberg a poem, "A las flores del
Heidelberg", which was both an evocation and a prayer for the welfare of his native land
and the unification of common values between East and West.
At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal completed in 1887 his eye specialization under the
renowned professor, Otto Becker. There he used the newly
invented ophthalmoscope (invented by Hermann von Helmholtz) to later operate on his
own mother's eye. From Heidelberg, Rizal wrote his parents: "I spend half of the day in
the study of German and the other half, in the diseases of the eye. Twice a week, I go to
the bierbrauerie, or beerhall, to speak German with my student friends." He lived in a
Karlstraße boarding house then moved to Ludwigsplatz. There, he met Reverend Karl
Ullmer and stayed with them in Wilhelmsfeld, where he wrote the last few chapters
of Noli Me Tángere.
Rizal was a polymath, skilled in both science and the arts. He painted, sketched, and
made sculptures and woodcarving. He was a prolific poet, essayist, and novelist whose
most famous works were his two novels, Noli Me Tángere and its sequel, El
filibusterismo.[note 2] These social commentaries during the Spanish colonization of the
country formed the nucleus of literature that inspired peaceful reformists and armed
revolutionaries alike. Rizal was also a polyglot, conversant in twenty-two languages.[note 3]
[note 4][21][22]

Rizal's multifacetedness was described by his German friend, Dr. Adolf Bernhard

Meyer, as "stupendous."[note 5] Documented studies show him to be a polymath with the
ability to master various skills and subjects.[21][23][23][24] He was an ophthalmologist, sculptor,
painter, educator, farmer, historian, playwright and journalist. Besides poetry and
creative writing, he dabbled, with varying degrees of expertise, in
architecture, cartography, economics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, dramatics,
martial arts, fencing and pistol shooting. He was also a Freemason, joining Acacia
Lodge No. 9 during his time in Spain and becoming a Master Mason in 1884.[25]

Personal life, relationships and ventures

Rednaxela Terrace, where Rizal lived during his self-imposed exile in Hong Kong (photo taken in 2011)

José Rizal's life is one of the most documented of 19th century Filipinos due to the vast
and extensive records written by and about him. [26] Almost everything in his short life is
recorded somewhere, being himself a regular diarist and prolific letter writer, much of
the material having survived. His biographers, however, have faced difficulty in
translating his writings because of Rizal's habit of switching from one language to
another.
They drew largely from his travel diaries with their insights of a young Asian
encountering the West for the first time. They included his later trips, home and back
again to Europe through Japan and the United States, [27] and, finally, through his self-
imposed exile in Hong Kong.
Shortly after he graduated from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now Ateneo de Manila
University), Rizal (who was then 16 years old) and a friend, Mariano Katigbak, came to
visit Rizal's maternal grandmother in Tondo, Manila. Mariano brought along his sister,
Segunda Katigbak, a 14-year-old Batangueña from Lipa, Batangas. It was the first time
they met and Rizal described Segunda as "rather short, with eyes that were eloquent
and ardent at times and languid at others, rosy–cheeked, with an enchanting and
provocative smile that revealed very beautiful teeth, and the air of a sylph; her entire self
diffused a mysterious charm." His grandmother's guests were mostly college students
and they knew that Rizal had skills in painting. They suggested that Rizal should make
a portrait of Segunda. He complied reluctantly and made a pencil sketch of her.
Unfortunately for Rizal who had referred to her as his first love in his memoir Memorias
de un Estudiante de Manila, Katigbak was already engaged to Manuel Luz.[28]

Business card showing Dr. José Rizal is an ophthalmologist in Hong Kong

From December 1891 to June 1892, Rizal lived with his family in Number 2
of Rednaxela Terrace, Mid-levels, Hong Kong Island. Rizal used 5 D'Aguilar Street,
Central district, Hong Kong Island, as his ophthalmologist clinic from 2 pm to 6 pm. This
period of his life included his recorded affections of which nine were identified. They
were Gertrude Beckett of Chalcot Crescent, Primrose Hill, Camden, London, wealthy
and high-minded Nelly Boustead of the English and Iberian merchant family, last
descendant of a noble Japanese family Seiko Usui (affectionately called O-Sei-san), his
earlier friendship with Segunda Katigbak, Leonor Valenzuela, and eight-year romantic
relationship with a distant cousin, Leonor Rivera (popularly thought to be the inspiration
for the character of María Clara in Noli me tangere).
Affair
In one recorded account detailing Rizal's 1887 visit to Prague, Maximo Viola wrote that
Rizal succumbed to the temptation of a 'lady of the camellias'. Viola, a friend of Rizal's
and an early financier of Noli Me Tangere, was alluding to Dumas's 1848 novel, La
dame aux camelias, about a man who fell in love with a courtesan. While the affair was
on record, there were no further details in Viola's letter concerning the duration and
nature of the affair. [29][30][note 6]
Association with Leonor Rivera
See also: Leonor Rivera
A crayon portrait of Leonor Rivera by José Rizal

Leonor Rivera is thought to be the inspiration for the character of María Clara in Noli Me
Tángere and El Filibusterismo.[31] Rivera and Rizal first met in Manila when Rivera was
only 14 years old. When Rizal left for Europe on May 3, 1882, Rivera was 16 years of
age. Their correspondence began when Rizal left a poem for Rivera saying farewell. [32]
The correspondence between Rivera and Rizal kept him focused on his studies in
Europe. They employed codes in their letters because Rivera's mother did not favor
Rizal. A letter from Mariano Katigbak dated June 27, 1884, referred to Rivera as Rizal's
"betrothed". Katigbak described Rivera as having been greatly affected by Rizal's
departure, frequently sick because of insomnia.
When Rizal returned to the Philippines on August 5, 1887, Rivera and her family had
moved back to Dagupan, Pangasinan. Rizal was forbidden by his father Francisco
Mercado to see Rivera in order to avoid putting the Rivera family in danger because at
the time Rizal was already labeled by the criollo elite as
a filibustero or subversive[32] because of his novel Noli Me Tángere. Rizal wanted to
marry Rivera while he was still in the Philippines because of Rivera's uncomplaining
fidelity. Rizal asked permission from his father one more time before his second
departure from the Philippines. The meeting never happened. In 1888, Rizal stopped
receiving letters from Rivera for a year, although Rizal kept sending letters to Rivera.
The reason for Rivera's year of silence was the connivance between Rivera's mother
and the Englishman named Henry Kipping, a railway engineer who fell in love with
Rivera and was favored by Rivera's mother. [32][33] The news of Leonor Rivera's marriage
to Kipping devastated Rizal.
His European friends kept almost everything he gave them, including doodlings on
pieces of paper. In the home of a Spanish liberal, Pedro Ortiga y Pérez, he left an
impression that was to be remembered by his daughter, Consuelo. In her diary, she
wrote of a day Rizal spent there and regaled them with his wit, social graces, and
sleight-of-hand tricks. In London, during his research on Antonio de Morga's writings, he
became a regular guest in the home of Reinhold Rost of the British Museum who
referred to him as "a gem of a man."[26][note 7] The family of Karl Ullmer, pastor
of Wilhelmsfeld, and the Blumentritts saved even buttonholes and napkins with
sketches and notes. They were ultimately bequeathed to the Rizal family to form a
treasure trove of memorabilia.

Josephine Bracken was Rizal's common-law wife whom he reportedly married shortly before his execution.

Relationship with Josephine Bracken

Further information: Josephine Bracken
In February 1895, Rizal, 33, met Josephine Bracken, an Irish woman from Hong Kong,
when she accompanied her blind adoptive father, George Taufer, to have his eyes
checked by Rizal.[34] After frequent visits, Rizal and Bracken fell in love with each other.
They applied to marry but, because of Rizal's reputation from his writings and political
stance, the local priest Father Obach would only hold the ceremony if Rizal could get
permission from the Bishop of Cebu. He was unable to obtain an ecclesiastical marriage
because he would not return to Catholicism.[6]
After accompanying her father to Manila on her return to Hong Kong, and before
heading back to Dapitan to live with Rizal, Josephine introduced herself to members of
Rizal's family in Manila. His mother suggested a civil marriage, which she believed to be
a lesser sacrament but less sinful to Rizal's conscience than making any sort of political
retraction in order to gain permission from the Bishop. [35] Rizal and Josephine lived as
husband and wife in a common-law marriage in Talisay in Dapitan. The couple had a
son who lived only for a few hours; Rizal named him after his father Francisco. [36]

In Brussels and Spain (1890–92)

In 1890, Rizal, 29, left Paris for Brussels as he was preparing for the publication of his
annotations of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609). He lived in the
boarding house of the two Jacoby sisters, Catherina and Suzanna, who had a niece
Suzanna ("Thil"), age 16. Historian Gregorio F. Zaide states that Rizal had "his romance
with Suzanne Jacoby, 45, the petite niece of his landladies." Belgian Pros
Slachmuylders, however, believed that Rizal had a romance with the 17-year-old niece,
Suzanna Thil, as his other liaisons were all with young women. [37] He found records
clarifying their names and ages.
Rizal's Brussels stay was short-lived; he moved to Madrid, giving the young Suzanna a
box of chocolates. She wrote to him in French: "After your departure, I did not take the
chocolate. The box is still intact as on the day of your parting. Don’t delay too long
writing us because I wear out the soles of my shoes for running to the mailbox to see if
there is a letter from you. There will never be any home in which you are so loved as in
that in Brussels, so, you little bad boy, hurry up and come back…" [37] In 2007,
Slachmuylders' group arranged for an historical marker honoring Rizal to be placed at
the house.[37]
He published Dimanche des Rameaux (Palm Sunday), a socio-political essay, in Berlin
on 30 November 1886. He discussed the significance of Palm Sunday in socio-political
terms: "This entry [of Jesus into Jerusalem] decided the fate of the jealous priests,
the Pharisees, of all those who believed themselves the only ones who had the right to
speak in the name of God, of those who would not admit the truths said by others
because they have not been said by them. That triumph, those hosannas, all those
flowers, those olive branches, were not for Jesus alone; they were the songs of the
victory of the new law, they were the canticles celebrating the dignification of man, the
liberty of man, the first mortal blow directed against despotism and slavery". [38] Shortly its
publication, Rizal was summoned by the German police who suspected him of being a
French spy.[39]
The content of Rizal's writings changed considerably in his two most famous
novels, Noli Me Tángere, published in Berlin in 1887, and El Filibusterismo, published in
Ghent in 1891. For the latter, he used funds borrowed from his friends. These writings
angered both the Spanish colonial elite and many educated Filipinos due to their
symbolism. They are critical of Spanish friars and the power of the Church. Rizal's
friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, an Austria-Hungary-born professor and historian, wrote
that the novel's characters were drawn from real life and that every episode can be
repeated on any day in the Philippines. [40]
Blumentritt was the grandson of the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the former Austro-
Hungarian Empire and a staunch defender of the Catholic faith. This did not dissuade
him from writing the preface of El filibusterismo after he had translated Noli Me
Tángere into German. As Blumentritt had warned, these books resulted in Rizal's being
prosecuted as the inciter of revolution. He was eventually tried by the military, convicted
and executed. Teaching the natives where they stood brought about an adverse
reaction, as the Philippine Revolution of 1896 took off virulently thereafter.
Leaders of the reform movement in Spain. Left to right: Rizal, del Pilar, and Ponce (c. 1890).

As leader of the reform movement of Filipino students in Spain, Rizal contributed

essays, allegories, poems, and editorials to the Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad in
Barcelona (in this case Rizal used a pen name, "Dimasalang", "Laong Laan" and "May
Pagasa"). The core of his writings centers on liberal and progressive ideas of individual
rights and freedom; specifically, rights for the Filipino people. He shared the same
sentiments with members of the movement: that the Philippines is battling, in Rizal's
own words, "a double-faced Goliath"—corrupt friars and bad government. His
commentaries reiterate the following agenda:[note 8]

 That the Philippines be made a province of Spain (The

Philippines was a province of New Spain – now Mexico,
administered from Mexico city from 1565 to 1821. From
1821 to 1898 it was administered directly from Spain.)
 Representation in the Cortes
 Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars
– Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscans – in parishes
and remote sitios
 Freedom of assembly and speech
 Equal rights before the law (for both Filipino and Spanish
plaintiffs)
The colonial authorities in the Philippines did not favor these reforms. Such Spanish
intellectuals as Morayta, Unamuno, Pi y Margall, and others did endorse them.
Wenceslao Retana, a political commentator in Spain, had slighted Rizal by writing an
insulting article in La Epoca, a newspaper in Madrid. He implied that the family and
friends of Rizal were evicted from their lands in Calamba for not having paid their due
rents. The incident (when Rizal was ten) stemmed from an accusation that Rizal's
mother, Teodora, tried to poison the wife of a cousin, but she said she was trying to
help. With the approval of the Church prelates, and without a hearing, she was ordered
to prison in Santa Cruz in 1871. She was made to walk the ten miles (16 km) from
Calamba. She was released after two-and-a-half years of appeals to the highest court.
[24]
 In 1887, Rizal wrote a petition on behalf of the tenants of Calamba, and later that year
led them to speak out against the friars' attempts to raise rent. They initiated a litigation
which resulted in the Dominicans' evicting them from their homes, including the Rizal
family. General Valeriano Weyler had the buildings on the farm torn down.
Upon reading the article, Rizal sent a representative to challenge Retana to a duel.
Retana published a public apology and later became one of Rizal's biggest admirers,
writing Rizal's most important biography, Vida y Escritos del José Rizal.[41][note 9]

Return to Philippines (1892–96)

Exile in Dapitan

Bust of Padre Guerrico in clay, by Rizal

Rizal's pencil sketch of Blumentritt

Upon his return to Manila in 1892, he formed a civic movement called La Liga Filipina.
The league advocated these moderate social reforms through legal means, but was
disbanded by the governor. At that time, he had already been declared an enemy of the
state by the Spanish authorities because of the publication of his novel.
Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion and in July 1892, was
deported to Dapitan in the province of Zamboanga, a peninsula of Mindanao.[42] There he
built a school, a hospital and a water supply system, and taught and engaged in farming
and horticulture.[43] Abaca, then the vital raw material for cordage and which Rizal and
his students planted in the thousands, was a memorial. [citation needed]
The boys' school, which taught in Spanish, and included English as a foreign language
(considered a prescient if unusual option then) was conceived by Rizal and
antedated Gordonstoun with its aims of inculcating resourcefulness and self-sufficiency
in young men.[44] They would later enjoy successful lives as farmers and honest
government officials.[45][46][47] One, a Muslim, became a datu, and another, José Aseniero,
who was with Rizal throughout the life of the school, became Governor of Zamboanga.[48]
[49]

In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted a great effort to secure his return to the fold led by Fray
Francisco de Paula Sánchez, his former professor, who failed in his mission. The task
was resumed by Fray Pastells, a prominent member of the Order. In a letter to Pastells,
Rizal sails close to the deism familiar to us today.[50][51][52]
We are entirely in accord in admitting the existence of God. How can I doubt His when I
am convinced of mine. Who so recognizes the effect recognizes the cause. To doubt
God is to doubt one's own conscience, and in consequence, it would be to doubt
everything; and then what is life for? Now then, my faith in God, if the result of a
ratiocination may be called faith, is blind, blind in the sense of knowing nothing. I neither
believe nor disbelieve the qualities which many attribute to Him; before theologians' and
philosophers' definitions and lucubrations of this ineffable and inscrutable being I find
myself smiling. Faced with the conviction of seeing myself confronting the supreme
Problem, which confused voices seek to explain to me, I cannot but reply: ‘It could be’;
but the God that I foreknow is far more grand, far more good: Plus Supra!...I believe in
(revelation); but not in revelation or revelations which each religion or religions claim to
possess. Examining them impartially, comparing them and scrutinizing them, one
cannot avoid discerning the human 'fingernail' and the stamp of the time in which they
were written... No, let us not make God in our image, poor inhabitants that we are of a
distant planet lost in infinite space. However, brilliant and sublime our intelligence may
be, it is scarcely more than a small spark which shines and in an instant is extinguished,
and it alone can give us no idea of that blaze, that conflagration, that ocean of light. I
believe in revelation, but in that living revelation which surrounds us on every side, in
that voice, mighty, eternal, unceasing, incorruptible, clear, distinct, universal as is the
being from whom it proceeds, in that revelation which speaks to us and penetrates us
from the moment we are born until we die. What books can better reveal to us the
goodness of God, His love, His providence, His eternity, His glory, His wisdom? ‘The
heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth his handiwork. [53]
His best friend, professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, kept him in touch with European
friends and fellow-scientists who wrote a stream of letters which arrived in Dutch,
French, German and English and which baffled the censors, delaying their transmittal.
Those four years of his exile coincided with the development of the Philippine
Revolution from inception and to its final breakout, which, from the viewpoint of the court
which was to try him, suggested his complicity in it. [26] He condemned the uprising,
although all the members of the Katipunan had made him their honorary president and
had used his name as a cry for war, unity, and liberty. [54]
He is known to making the resolution of bearing personal sacrifice instead of the
incoming revolution, believing that a peaceful stand is the best way to avoid further
suffering in the country and loss of Filipino lives. In Rizal's own words, "I consider
myself happy for being able to suffer a little for a cause which I believe to be sacred [...].
I believe further that in any undertaking, the more one suffers for it, the surer its
success. If this be fanaticism may God pardon me, but my poor judgment does not see
it as such."[55]
In Dapitan, Rizal wrote "Haec Est Sibylla Cumana", a parlor-game for his students, with
questions and answers for which a wooden top was used. In 2004, Jean Paul
Verstraeten traced this book and the wooden top, as well as Rizal's personal watch,
spoon and salter.
Arrest and trial
By 1896, the rebellion fomented by the Katipunan, a militant secret society, had become
a full-blown revolution, proving to be a nationwide uprising.[56][self-published source?] Rizal had earlier
volunteered his services as a doctor in Cuba and was given leave by Governor-
General Ramón Blanco to serve in Cuba to minister to victims of yellow fever. Rizal and
Josephine left Dapitan on August 1, 1896, with letter of recommendation from Blanco.
Rizal was arrested en route to Cuba via Spain and was imprisoned in Barcelona on
October 6, 1896. He was sent back the same day to Manila to stand trial as he was
implicated in the revolution through his association with members of the Katipunan.
During the entire passage, he was unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on him, and had
many opportunities to escape but refused to do so.
While imprisoned in Fort Santiago, he issued a manifesto disavowing the current
revolution in its present state and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their
achievement of a national identity were prerequisites to freedom.
Rizal was tried before a court-martial for rebellion, sedition and conspiracy, and was
convicted on all three charges and sentenced to death. Blanco, who was sympathetic to
Rizal, had been forced out of office. The friars, led by then-Archbishop of Manila
Bernardino Nozaleda had 'intercalated' Camilo de Polavieja in his stead as the new
Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines after pressuring Queen-Regent Maria
Cristina of Spain, thus sealing Rizal's fate.

Execution

A photographic record of Rizal's execution in what was then Bagumbayan

Moments before his execution on December 30, 1896 by a squad of Filipino soldiers of
the Spanish Army, a backup force of regular Spanish Army troops stood ready to shoot
the executioners should they fail to obey orders. [57] The Spanish Army Surgeon General
requested to take his pulse: it was normal. Aware of this the sergeant commanding the
backup force hushed his men to silence when they began raising "vivas" with the highly
partisan crowd of Peninsular and Mestizo Spaniards. His last words were those
of Jesus Christ: "consummatum est" – "it is finished."[21][58][note 10]
He was secretly buried in Pacò Cemetery in Manila with no identification on his grave.
His sister Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the
cemetery with guards posted at the gate. Assuming this could be the most likely spot,
there never having been any ground burials, she made a gift to the caretaker to mark
the site "RPJ", Rizal's initials in reverse.
His undated poem Mi último adiós, believed to have been written a few days before his
execution, was hidden in an alcohol stove, which was later handed to his family with his
few remaining possessions, including the final letters and his last bequests. [59]:91 During
their visit, Rizal reminded his sisters in English, "There is something inside it", referring
to the alcohol stove given by the Pardo de Taveras which was to be returned after his
execution, thereby emphasizing the importance of the poem. This instruction was
followed by another, "Look in my shoes", in which another item was secreted.
Exhumation of his remains in August 1898, under American rule, revealed that he had
been uncoffined, his burial was not on sanctified ground granted to the 'confessed'
faithful, and whatever was in his shoes had disintegrated. He is now buried in the Rizal
Monument in Manila.[24]
In his letter to his family he wrote: "Treat our aged parents as you would wish to be
treated...Love them greatly in memory of me...December 30, 1896." [26] He gave his
family instructions for his burial: "Bury me in the ground. Place a stone and a cross over
it. My name, the date of my birth and of my death. Nothing more. If later you wish to
surround my grave with a fence, you can do it. No anniversaries."[60]
In his final letter, to Blumentritt – Tomorrow at 7, I shall be shot; but I am innocent of the
crime of rebellion. I am going to die with a tranquil conscience. [26] Rizal is believed to be
the first Filipino revolutionary whose death is attributed entirely to his work as a writer;
and through dissent and civil disobedience enabled him to successfully destroy Spain's
moral primacy to rule. He also bequeathed a book personally bound by him in Dapitan
to his 'best and dearest friend'. When Blumentritt received it in his hometown
of Litoměřice (Leitmeritz), he broke down and wept.

Works and writings

Rizal wrote mostly in Spanish, the lingua franca of the Spanish East Indies, though
some of his letters (for example Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos) were written in
Tagalog. His works have since been translated into a number of languages including
Tagalog and English.
Novels and essays
  "El amor patrio", 1882 essay[61]
 "Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo", 1884 speech given
at Restaurante Ingles, Madrid
 Noli Me Tángere, 1887 novel (literally Latin for 'touch me
not', from John 20:17)[62]
 Alin Mang Lahi ("Whate'er the Race"),
a Kundiman attributed to Dr. José Rizal[63]
 "Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga-Malolos" (To the Young
Women of Malolos), 1889 letter
 Annotations to Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas, 1889
 "Filipinas dentro de cien años" (The Philippines a Century
Hence), 1889–90 essay
 "Sobre la indolencia de los filipinos" (The Indolence of
Filipinos), 1890 essay[64]
 "Como se gobiernan las Filipinas" (Governing the
Philippine islands), 1890 essay
 El filibusterismo, 1891 novel; sequel to Noli Me Tángere
 Una visita del Señor a Filipinas, also known as Friars and
Filipinos, 14-page unfinished novel written in 1889 [65]
 Memorias de un Gallo, 2-page unfinished satire[65]
 Makamisa, unfinished Tagalog-language novel written in
1892

The Triumph of Science over Death, by Rizal

Poetry

 "Felicitación" (1874/75)
 "El embarque"[66] (The Embarkation, 1875)
 "Por la educación recibe lustre la patria" (1876)
 "Un recuerdo á mi pueblo" (1876)
 "Al niño Jesús" (c. 1876)
 "A la juventud filipina" (To the Philippine Youth, 1879)
 "¡Me piden versos!" (1882)
  "Canto de María Clara" (from Noli Me Tángere, 1887)
 "Himno al trabajo" (Dalit sa Paggawa, 1888)
 "Kundiman" (disputed, 1889) - also attributed to Pedro
Paterno
 "A mi musa" (To My Muse, 1890)
 "El canto del viajero" (1892–96)
 "Mi retiro" (1895)
 "Mi último adiós" (1896)
 "Mi primera inspiracion" (disputed) - also attributed to
Antonio Lopez, Rizal's nephew
Plays

 El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of Gods)

 Junto al Pasig (Along the Pasig)[67]:381
 San Euistaquio, Mártyr (Saint Eustache, the martyr)[68]
Other works
Rizal also tried his hand at painting and sculpture. His most famous sculptural work was
"The Triumph of Science over Death", a clay sculpture of a naked young woman with
overflowing hair, standing on a skull while bearing a torch held high. The woman
symbolized the ignorance of humankind during the Dark Ages, while the torch she bore
symbolized the enlightenment science brings over the whole world. He sent the
sculpture as a gift to his dear friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, together with another one
named "The Triumph of Death over Life".
The woman is shown trampling the skull, a symbol of death, to signify the victory the
humankind achieved by conquering the bane of death through their scientific
advancements. The original sculpture is now displayed at the Rizal Shrine Museum at
Fort Santiago in Intramuros, Manila. A large replica, made of concrete, stands in front of
Fernando Calderón Hall, the building which houses the College of Medicine of the
University of the Philippines Manila along Pedro Gil Street in Ermita, Manila.

Reactions after death

An engraving of the execution of Filipino insurgents at Bagumbayan (now Luneta)

Historical marker of José Rizal's execution site

Retraction controversy
Several historians report that Rizal retracted his anti-Catholic ideas through a document
which stated: "I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications
and conduct have been contrary to my character as a son of the Catholic Church." [note
11]
 However, there are doubts of its authenticity given that there is no certificate [clarification
needed]
 of Rizal's Catholic marriage to Josephine Bracken. [69] Also there is an allegation that
the retraction document was a forgery.[70]
After analyzing six major documents of Rizal, Ricardo Pascual concluded that the
retraction document, said to have been discovered in 1935, was not in Rizal's
handwriting. Senator Rafael Palma, a former President of the University of the
Philippines and a prominent Mason, argued that a retraction is not in keeping with
Rizal's character and mature beliefs.[71] He called the retraction story a "pious
fraud."[72] Others who deny the retraction are Frank Laubach,[21] a Protestant
minister; Austin Coates,[33] a British writer; and Ricardo Manapat, director of the National
Archives.[73]
Those who affirm the authenticity of Rizal's retraction are prominent Philippine
historians such as Nick Joaquin,[note 12] Nicolas Zafra of UP[74] León María Guerrero III,[note
13]
 Gregorio Zaide,[76] Guillermo Gómez Rivera, Ambeth Ocampo,[73] John Schumacher,
[77]
 Antonio Molina,[78] Paul Dumol[79] and Austin Craig.[24] They take the retraction document
as authentic, having been judged as such by a foremost expert on the writings of
Rizal, Teodoro Kalaw (a 33rd degree Mason) and "handwriting experts...known and
recognized in our courts of justice", H. Otley Beyer and Dr. José I. Del Rosario, both of
UP.[74]
Historians also refer to 11 eyewitnesses when Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a
Catholic prayer book, and recited Catholic prayers, and the multitude who saw him kiss
the crucifix before his execution. A great grand nephew of Rizal, Fr. Marciano Guzman,
cites that Rizal's 4 confessions were certified by 5 eyewitnesses, 10 qualified witnesses,
7 newspapers, and 12 historians and writers including Aglipayan bishops, Masons and
anti-clericals.[80] One witness was the head of the Spanish Supreme Court at the time of
his notarized declaration and was highly esteemed by Rizal for his integrity. [81]
Because of what he sees as the strength these direct evidence have in the light of
the historical method, in contrast with merely circumstantial evidence, UP
professor emeritus of history Nicolas Zafra called the retraction "a plain unadorned fact
of history."[74] Guzmán attributes the denial of retraction to "the blatant disbelief and
stubbornness" of some Masons.[80] To explain the retraction Guzman said that the
factors are the long discussion and debate which appealed to reason and logic that he
had with Fr. Balaguer, the visits of his mentors and friends from the Ateneo, and the
grace of God due the numerous prayers of religious communities. [80]
Supporters see in the retraction Rizal's "moral courage...to recognize his mistakes," [76][note
14]
 his reversion to the "true faith", and thus his "unfading glory," [81] and a return to the
"ideals of his fathers" which "did not diminish his stature as a great patriot; on the
contrary, it increased that stature to greatness." [84] On the other hand, senator Jose
Diokno stated, "Surely whether Rizal died as a Catholic or an apostate adds or detracts
nothing from his greatness as a Filipino... Catholic or Mason, Rizal is still Rizal – the
hero who courted death 'to prove to those who deny our patriotism that we know how to
die for our duty and our beliefs'."[85]
"Mi último adiós"
Main article: Mi último adiós
The poem is more aptly titled "Adiós, Patria Adorada" (literally "Farewell, Beloved
Fatherland"), by virtue of logic and literary tradition, the words coming from the first line
of the poem itself. It first appeared in print not in Manila but in Hong Kong in 1897, when
a copy of the poem and an accompanying photograph came to J. P. Braga who decided
to publish it in a monthly journal he edited. There was a delay when Braga, who greatly
admired Rizal, wanted a good facsimile of the photograph and sent it to be engraved in
London, a process taking well over two months. It finally appeared under "Mi último
pensamiento," a title he supplied and by which it was known for a few years. Thus,
the Jesuit Balaguer's anonymous account of the retraction and the marriage to
Josephine was published in Barcelona before word of the poem's existence had
reached him and he could revise what he had written. His account was too elaborate for
Rizal to have had time to write "Adiós."
Six years after his death, when the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 was being debated in
the United States Congress, Representative Henry Cooper of Wisconsin rendered an
English translation of Rizal's valedictory poem capped by the peroration, "Under what
clime or what skies has tyranny claimed a nobler victim?" [86] Subsequently, the US
Congress passed the bill into law, which is now known as the Philippine Organic Act of
1902.[87]
This was a major breakthrough for a U.S. Congress that had yet to grant the equal
rights to African Americans guaranteed to them in the U.S. Constitution and at a time
the Chinese Exclusion Act was still in effect. It created the Philippine legislature,
appointed two Filipino delegates to the U.S. Congress, extended the U.S. Bill of Rights
to Filipinos and laid the foundation for an autonomous government. The colony was on
its way to independence.[87] The United States passed the Jones Law that made the
legislature fully autonomous until 1916 but did not recognize Philippine independence
until the Treaty of Manila in 1946—fifty years after Rizal's death. This same poem,
which has inspired independence activists across the region and beyond, was recited
(in its Indonesian translation by Rosihan Anwar) by Indonesian soldiers of
independence before going into battle.[88]
Later life of Bracken
Josephine Bracken, whom Rizal addressed as his wife on his last day, [89] promptly joined
the revolutionary forces in Cavite province, making her way through thicket and mud
across enemy lines, and helped reloading spent cartridges at the arsenal in Imus under
the revolutionary General Pantaleón García. Imus came under threat of recapture that
the operation was moved, with Bracken, to Maragondon, the mountain redoubt in
Cavite.[90]
She witnessed the Tejeros Convention prior to returning to Manila and was summoned
by the Governor-General, but owing to her stepfather's American citizenship she could
not be forcibly deported. She left voluntarily returning to Hong Kong. She later married
another Filipino, Vicente Abad, a mestizo acting as agent for the Tabacalera firm in the
Philippines. She died of tuberculosis in Hong Kong on March 15, 1902, and was buried
at the Happy Valley Cemetery.[90] She was immortalized by Rizal in the last stanza of Mi
Ultimo Adios: "Farewell, sweet stranger, my friend, my joy...".
Polavieja and Blanco
Polavieja faced condemnation by his countrymen after his return to Spain. While
visiting Girona, in Catalonia, circulars were distributed among the crowd bearing Rizal's
last verses, his portrait, and the charge that Polavieja was responsible for the loss of the
Philippines to Spain.[91] Ramon Blanco later presented his sash and sword to the Rizal
family as an apology.[citation needed]

Criticism and controversies

Attempts to debunk legends surrounding Rizal, and the tug of war between free thinker
and Catholic, have kept his legacy controversial.

Rizal Shrine in Calamba City, Laguna, the ancestral house and birthplace of José Rizal, is now a museum
housing Rizal memorabilia.
José Rizal's original grave at Paco Park in Manila. Slightly renovated and date repainted in English.

National hero status

The confusion over Rizal's real stance on the Philippine Revolution leads to the
sometimes bitter question of his ranking as the nation's premier hero. [92][93] But then again,
according to the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) Section
Chief Teodoro Atienza, and Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo, there is no Filipino
historical figure, including Rizal, that was officially declared as national hero through law
or executive order.[94][95] Although, there were laws and proclamations honoring Filipino
heroes.
Made national hero by colonial Americans
Some[who?] suggest that Jose Rizal was made a legislated national hero by the American
forces occupying the Philippines. In 1901, the American Governor General William
Howard Taft suggested that the U.S. sponsored Philippine Commission name Rizal a
national hero for Filipinos. Jose Rizal was an ideal candidate, favourable to the
American occupiers since he was dead, and non-violent, a favourable quality which, if
emulated by Filipinos, would not threaten the American rule or change the status quo of
the occupiers of the Philippine islands. Rizal did not advocate independence for the
Philippines either.[96] Subsequently, the US-sponsored commission passed Act No. 346
which set the anniversary of Rizal's death as a “day of observance.” [97]
Renato Constantino writes Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was
promoted as the greatest Filipino hero during the American colonial period of the
Philippines – after Aguinaldo lost the Philippine–American War. The United States
promoted Rizal, who represented peaceful political advocacy (in fact, repudiation of
violent means in general) instead of more radical figures whose ideas could inspire
resistance against American rule. Rizal was selected over Andrés Bonifacio who was
viewed "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was considered "unregenerate."[98]
Made national hero by Emilio Aguinaldo
On the other hand, numerous sources[99] quote that it was General Emilio Aguinaldo, and
not the second Philippine Commission, who first recognized December 30 as "national
day of mourning in memory of Rizal and other victims of Spanish tyranny. As per them,
the first celebration of Rizal Day was held in Manila on December 30, 1898, under the
sponsorship of the Club Filipino.[100]
The veracity of both claims seems to be justified and hence difficult to ascertain.
However, most historians agree that a majority of Filipinos were unaware of Rizal during
his lifetime,[101] as he was a member of the richer elite classes (he was born in an affluent
family, had lived abroad for nearly as long as he had lived in the Philippines) and wrote
primarily in an elite language (at that time, Tagalog and Cebuano were the languages of
the masses) about ideals as lofty as freedom (the masses were more concerned about
day to day issues like earning money and making a living, something which has not
changed much today).[102]
Teodoro Agoncillo opines that the Philippine national hero, unlike those of other
countries, is not "the leader of its liberation forces". He gives the opinion that Andrés
Bonifacio not replace Rizal as national hero, like some have suggested, but that be
honored alongside him.[103]
Constantino's analysis has been criticised for its polemicism and inaccuracies regarding
Rizal.[104] The historian Rafael Palma, contends that the revolution of Bonifacio is a
consequence wrought by the writings of Rizal and that although the Bonifacio's revolver
produced an immediate outcome, the pen of Rizal generated a more lasting
achievement.[105]
Critiques of books
Others present him as a man of contradictions. Miguel de Unamuno in "Rizal: the
Tagalog Hamlet", said of him, “a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down
desires it. He pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair.” [106] His critics
assert this character flaw is translated into his two novels where he opposes violence
in Noli and appears to advocate it in Fili, contrasting Ibarra's idealism to Simoun's
cynicism. His defenders insist this ambivalence is trounced when Simoun is struck down
in the sequel's final chapters, reaffirming the author's resolute stance, Pure and
spotless must the victim be if the sacrifice is to be acceptable. [107]
Many thinkers tend to find the characters of María Clara and Ibarra (Noli Me Tángere)
poor role models, María Clara being too frail, and young Ibarra being too accepting of
circumstances, rather than being courageous and bold. [108]
In El Filibusterismo, Rizal had Father Florentino say: “...our liberty will (not) be secured
at the sword's point...we must secure it by making ourselves worthy of it. And when a
people reaches that height God will provide a weapon, the idols will be shattered,
tyranny will crumble like a house of cards and liberty will shine out like the first
dawn.”[107] Rizal's attitude to the Philippine Revolution is also debated, not only based on
his own writings, but also due to the varying eyewitness accounts of Pío Valenzuela, a
doctor who in 1895 had consulted Rizal in Dapitan on behalf of Bonifacio and
the Katipunan.
Role in the Philippine revolution
Upon the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in 1896, Valenzuela surrendered to the
Spanish authorities and testified in military court that Rizal had strongly condemned an
armed struggle for independence when Valenzuela asked for his support. Rizal had
even refused him entry to his house. Bonifacio, in turn, had openly denounced him as a
coward for his refusal.[note 15]
However, years later, Valenzuela testified that Rizal had been favorable to an uprising
as long as the Filipinos were well-prepared, and well-supplied with arms. Rizal had
suggested that the Katipunan get wealthy and influential Filipino members of society on
their side, or at least ensure they would stay neutral. Rizal had even suggested his
friend Antonio Luna to lead the revolutionary forces since he had studied military
science.[note 16] In the event that the Katipunan was discovered prematurely, they should
fight rather than allow themselves to be killed. Valenzuela said to historian Teodoro
Agoncillo that he had lied to the Spanish military authorities about Rizal's true stance
toward a revolution in an attempt to exculpate him. [109]
Before his execution, Rizal wrote a proclamation denouncing the revolution. But as
noted by historian Floro Quibuyen, his final poem Mi ultimo adios contains a stanza
which equates his coming execution and the rebels then dying in battle as
fundamentally the same, as both are dying for their country. [110]

Legacy and remembrance

Rizal was a contemporary of Gandhi, Tagore and Sun Yat Sen who also advocated
liberty through peaceful means rather than by violent revolution. Coinciding with the
appearance of those other leaders, Rizal from an early age had been enunciating in
poems, tracts and plays, ideas all his own of modern nationhood as a practical
possibility in Asia. In the Noli he stated that if European civilization had nothing better to
offer, colonialism in Asia was doomed.[note 17]
Government poster from the 1950s

Though popularly mentioned, especially on blogs, there is no evidence to suggest that

Gandhi or Nehru may have corresponded with Rizal, neither have they mentioned him
in any of their memoirs or letters. But it was documented by Rizal's biographer, Austin
Coates who interviewed Jawaharlal Nehru and Gandhi that Rizal was mentioned,
specifically in Nehru's prison letters to his daughter Indira.[111][112]
As a political figure, José Rizal was the founder of La Liga Filipina, a civic organization
that subsequently gave birth to the Katipunan led by Andrés Bonifacio,[note 18], a secret
society which would start the Philippine Revolution against Spain that eventually laid the
foundation of the First Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo. He was a proponent
of achieving Philippine self-government peacefully through institutional reform rather
than through violent revolution, and would only support "violent means" as a last resort.
[114]
 Rizal believed that the only justification for national liberation and self-government
was the restoration of the dignity of the people, [note 19] saying "Why independence, if the
slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow?" [115] However, through careful
examination of his works and statements, including Mi Ultimo Adios, Rizal reveals
himself as a revolutionary. His image as the Tagalog Christ also intensified early
reverence to him.
Rizal, through his reading of Morga and other western historians, knew of the genial
image of Spain's early relations with his people. [116] In his writings, he showed the
disparity between the early colonialists and those of his day, with the latter's injustices
giving rise to Gomburza and the Philippine Revolution of 1896. The English
biographer, Austin Coates, and writer, Benedict Anderson, believe that Rizal gave the
Philippine revolution a genuinely national character; and that Rizal's patriotism and his
standing as one of Asia's first intellectuals have inspired others of the importance of a
national identity to nation-building.[33][note 20]
The Belgian researcher Jean Paul "JP" Verstraeten authored several books about Jose
Rizal: Rizal in Belgium and France, Jose Rizal's Europe, Growing up like
Rizal (published by the National Historical Institute and in teacher's programs all over
the Philippines), Reminiscences and Travels of Jose Rizal and Jose Rizal "Pearl of
Unselfishness". He received an award from the president of the Philippines "in
recognition of his unwavering support and commitment to promote the health and
education of disadvantaged Filipinos, and his invaluable contribution to engender the
teachings and ideals of Dr. Jose Rizal in the Philippines and in Europe". One of the
greatest researchers about Rizal nowadays is Lucien Spittael.
Several titles were bestowed on him: "the First Filipino", "Greatest Man of the Brown
Race", among others. The Order of the Knights of Rizal, a civic and patriotic
organization, boasts of dozens of chapters all over the globe. [118][119] There are some
remote-area religious sects who venerate Rizal as a Folk saint collectively known as
the Rizalista religious movements, who claim him as a sublimation of Christ.[120] In
September 1903, he was canonised as a saint in the Iglesia Filipina Independiente,
however it was revoked in the 1950s.[121]
Species named after Rizal
José Rizal was imprisoned at Fort Santiago and soon after he was banished
at Dapitan where he plunged himself into studying of nature. He then able to collect a
number of species of various classes:
insects, butterflies, amphibians, reptiles, shells, snakes and plants.
Rizal sent many specimens of animals, insects, and plants for identification to the
(Anthropological and Ethnographical Museum of Dresden [122]), Dresden Museum of
Ethnology. It was not in his interest to receive any monetary payment; all he wanted
were scientific books, magazines and surgical instruments which he needed and used
in Dapitan.
During his exile, Rizal also secretly sent several specimens of flying dragons to Europe.
He believed that they were a new species. The German zoologist Benno Wandolleck
named them Draco rizali after Rizal. However, it has since been discovered that the
species had already been described by the Belgian-British zoologist George Albert
Boulenger in 1885 as Draco guentheri.[123]
There are three species named after Rizal:

 Draco rizali – a small lizard, known as a flying dragon

 Apogania rizali – a very rare kind of beetle with five horns
 Rhacophorus rizali – a peculiar frog species. Rhacophorus
rizali[124]
Historical commemoration

 Although his field of action lay in politics, Rizal's real

interests lay in the arts and sciences, in literature and in his
profession as an ophthalmologist. Shortly after his death,
the Anthropological Society of Berlin met to honor him with
 a reading of a German translation of his farewell poem and
Dr. Rudolf Virchow delivering the eulogy.[125]
 The Rizal Monument now stands near the place where he
fell at the Luneta in Bagumbayan, which is now called Rizal
Park, a national park in Manila. The monument, which also
contains his remains, was designed by the Swiss Richard
Kissling of the William Tell sculpture in Altdorf, Uri.[note 21] The
monument carries the inscription: "I want to show to those
who deprive people the right to love of country, that when
we know how to sacrifice ourselves for our duties and
convictions, death does not matter if one dies for those one
loves – for his country and for others dear to him." [26]
 The Taft Commission in June 1901 approved Act 137
renaming the District of Morong into the Province of Rizal.
Today, the wide acceptance of Rizal is evidenced by the
countless towns, streets, and numerous parks in the
Philippines named in his honor.

Close-up image of Rizal's statue at the Rizal Monument in Manila

 

Rizal Monument
 
 

Second tallest José Rizal statue in the world. Located

at Calamba, Laguna, Rizal's hometown. It was inaugurated on 2011, on
the 150th birth celebration of the hero.
 

Rizal on the obverse side of a 1970 Philippine peso coin

 

The Rizal Park at the Bulacan State University

 
 

The Portrait of Rizal, painted in oil by Juan Luna

 Republic Act 1425, known as the Rizal Law, was passed in

1956 by the Philippine legislature requiring all high school
and colleges to offer courses about his life, works and
writings.
 Monuments erected in his honor can be found in Madrid;
[127]
 Tokyo;[128] Wilhelmsfeld, Germany; Jinjiang, Fujian, China;
[129]
 Chicago;[130] Jersey City; Cherry Hill Township, New
Jersey; Honolulu;[131] San Diego;[132] Los Angeles including
the suburbs Carson and West Covina (both near Seafood
City, Mexico City, Mexico;[133] Lima, Peru;[134] Litomerice,
Czech Republic;[135] Toronto;[136]Markham;[137] and Montreal,
Quebec, Canada.[citation needed]
 A two-sided marker bearing a painting of Rizal by Fabián
de la Rosa on one side and a bronze bust relief of him by
Philippine artist Guillermo Tolentino stands at the Asian
Civilisations Museum Green marking his visits to Singapore
in 1882, 1887, 1891 and 1896.[138]
 A Rizal bronze bust was erected at La Molina district, Lima,
Peru, designed by Czech sculptor Hanstroff, mounted atop
a pedestal base with four inaugural plaque markers with
the following inscription on one: "Dr. José P. Rizal, Héroe
Nacional de Filipinas, Nacionalista, Reformador Political,
Escritor, Lingüistica y Poeta, 1861–1896." [139][140]
 A Rizal bust sits in front of the Filipino American Council of
Chicago, celebrating a one-day visit Dr. Rizal made to
Chicago on May 11, 1888, as seen below.
 

The USS Rizal (DD-174) launched in 1918
 

The statue of Rizal at the Rizal Park in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany

 

The National Historical Institute logo for the 150th birth anniversary of
José Rizal
 
 

The Hong Kong Government erected a plaque beside Dr. José Rizal's
residence in Hong Kong.

 A plaque marks the Heidelberg building where he trained

with Professor Becker while in Wilhemsfeld. There is a
small Rizal Park in that city where a bronze statue of Rizal
stands. The street where he lived was also renamed after
him. A sandstone fountain in Pastor Ullmer's house garden
where Rizal lived in Wilhelmsfeld, was given to the
Philippine government and is now located at Rizal Park in
Manila.[141]
 Throughout 2011, the National Historical Institute and other
institutions organized several activities commemorating the
150th birth anniversary of Rizal, which took place on June
19 of that year.
 The London Borough of Camden placed a Blue Plaque at
37 Chalcot Crescent, where Rizal lived for some time, with
the words: "Dr. José Rizal, Writer and National Hero of the
Philippines".
 A monument in honor of Rizal was planned [clarification needed] in
Rome.[142]
 In the City of Philadelphia, the 'City of
Murals' first Filipino mural in the US east coast honoring
José Rizal was to be unveiled[clarification needed] to the public in time
for Rizal's Sesquicentennial year-long celebration. [143]
 A street in Chanakyapuri, the Diplomatic Enclave of New
Delhi, India, is named Dr. Jose P. Rizal Marg[citation needed]
 The Grand Oriental Hotel in Colombo, Sri Lanka has a
suite named after Jose P. Rizal as he had stayed there in
May 1882.[citation needed]
 Nearly every town and city in the Philippines contains a
street named after Rizal (Rizal street and Rizal Avenue)[citation
needed]

 At least ten towns / cities in the Philippines are named

"Rizal" (for example: Rizal – Cagayan)[citation needed]
BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150) during the launching ceremony

 A road in the Chanakyapuri area of New Delhi (India) is

named Dr. Jose P Rizal Marg.[citation needed]
 A road in Medan, Indonesia is named Jalan Jose Rizal
after him.[citation needed]
 The USS Rizal (DD-174) was a Wickes-class
destroyer named after Rizal by the United States Navy and
launched on September 21, 1918.
 The José Rizal Bridge and Rizal Park in the city
of Seattle are dedicated to Rizal.[144]
 On 19 June 2019, on Rizal's 158th birthday, he was
honored with a Google Doodle.[145]
 A bronze bust of Rizal by F.B. Case was gifted to the City
of Toronto by the Government of the Philippines in 1998. It
is located at Earl Bales Park in the neighbourhood
of Lansing.[136]
 A monument by Mogi Mogado was unveiled at Luneta
Gardens (similar name as the park where Rizal is buried -
Luneta Park or now as Rizal Park) in 2019 as a gift from
the Filipino Canadian community of Markham to the City of
Markham. It is located in the Box Grove area of Markham,
Ontario near Rizal Avenue, which is also named for him. [146]
 A Jose Rizal-class frigate of the Philippine Navy was built
by Hyundai Heavy Industries. Two ships were ordered in
2016. They are the first guided missile frigate to enter
service with the Philippine Navy. The lead ship, BRP Jose
Rizal, arrived in the Philippines on May 22, 2020.[147]

Rizal in popular culture

Adaptation of his works
The cinematic depiction of Rizal's literary works won two film industry awards more than
a century after his birth. In the 10th FAMAS Awards, he was honored in the Best Story
category for Gerardo de León's adaptation of his book Noli Me Tángere. The recognition
was repeated the following year with his movie version of El Filibusterismo, making him
the only person to win back-to-back FAMAS Awards posthumously. [citation needed]
 Both novels were translated into opera by the composer-librettist Felipe Padilla de
León: Noli me tangere in 1957 and El filibusterismo in 1970; and his 1939
overture, Mariang Makiling, was inspired by Rizal's tale of the same name. [148]
Ang Luha at Lualhati ni Jeronima is a film inspired by the third chapter of Rizal's El
filibusterismo.[149]
Biographical films/TV series

 Portrayed by Eddie del Mar in the 1956 film, Ang Buhay at

Pag-ibig ni Dr. Jose Rizal
 Portrayed by Albert Martinez in the 1997 film, Rizal sa
Dapitan
 Portrayed by Dominic Guinto and Cesar Montano in the
1998 biographical film, José Rizal
 Portrayed by Joel Torre in the 1999 mockumentary
film, Bayaning 3rd World
 Portrayed by Nasser in the 2013 TV series, Katipunan
 Portrayed by Jhiz Deocareza and Alden Richards in the
2014 TV series, Ilustrado.
 Portrayed by Jericho Rosales in the 2014 film, Bonifacio:
Ang Unang Pangulo
 Portrayed by Tony Labrusca in the 2019 iWant original
series, Ang Babae sa Septic Tank 3: The Untold Story of
Josephine Bracken
Other

 Rizal appeared in the 1999 video game Medal of Honor as

a secret character in multiplayer, alongside other historical
figures such as William Shakespeare and Winston
Churchill. He can be unlocked by completing the single-
player mode, or through cheat codes.[150][151]
 The Tekken series introduced a character by the name
of Josie Rizal in acknowledgement of José Rizal.

Part of José Rizal's ancestry

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (Apr
2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Inez de la Rosa Eugenio Ursua Benigna Ochoa

 Francisco Mercado Bernarda Monicha Manuel de Quintos Regina Ochoa

Cirila Alejandro Clemente Mercado Lorenzo Alberto Alonso Brígida de Quintos

l Mercado Manuel Alonso Juan Alonso Gregorio Alonso Teodora Alonso

Narcisa Rizal Lucia Rizal José Rizal Josefa Rizal Soledad Rizal

Rizal Olympia Rizal María Rizal Concepción Rizal Trinidad Rizal

he ancestor's siblings, only the notable ones.

See also
 José Rizal University
 José Rizal's Global Fellowship
 Rizal Shrine (Calamba City)
 Rizal Shrine (Manila)
 Rizal Technological University
 Makamisa
 Rizal Without the Overcoat
 José Martí, Cuban national hero also executed by the
Spanish in 1895
 Bust of José Rizal, Houston, Texas
Notes and references
Notes

1. ^ When José was baptized, the record showed his parents as

Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Realonda."José Rizal’s
Lineage"
2. ^ His novel Noli was one of the first novels in Asia written outside
Japan and China and was one of the first novels of anti-colonial
rebellion. Read Benedict Anderson's commentary: [1].
3. ^ He was conversant in Spanish, French, Latin, Greek, German,
Portuguese, Italian, English, Dutch, and Japanese. Rizal also made
translations from Arabic, Swedish, Russian, Chinese, Greek, Hebrew
and Sanskrit. He translated the poetry of Schiller into his
native Tagalog. In addition he had at least some knowledge
of Malay, Chavacano, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Subanun.
4. ^ In his essay, "Reflections of a Filipino", (La Solidaridad, c.1888), he
wrote: "Man is multiplied by the number of languages he possesses
and speaks."
5. ^ Adolf Bernard Meyer (1840–1911) was a German ornithologist and
anthropologist, and author of the book Philippinen-typen (Dresden,
1888)
6. ^ Rizal's third novel Makamisa was rescued from oblivion by Ocampo.
7. ^ Dr. Reinhold Rost was the head of the India Office at the British
Museum and a renowned 19th century philologist.
8. ^ In his letter "Manifesto to Certain Filipinos" (Manila, 1896), he
states: Reforms, if they are to bear fruit, must come from above; for
reforms that come from below are upheavals both violent and
transitory.(Epistolario Rizalino, op cit)
9. ^ According to Laubach, Retana more than any other supporter who
'saved Rizal for posterity'. (Laubach, op.cit., p. 383)
10. ^ Rizal's trial was regarded a travesty even by prominent Spaniards of
his day. Soon after his execution, the philosopher Miguel de
Unamuno in an impassioned utterance recognized Rizal as a
"Spaniard", "...profoundly and intimately Spanish, far more Spanish
than those wretched men—forgive them, Lord, for they knew not what
they did—those wretched men, who over his still warm body hurled
like an insult heavenward that blasphemous cry, 'Viva Espana!'"Miguel
de Unamuno, epilogue to Wenceslao Retana's Vida y Escritos del Dr.
José Rizal.(Retana, op. cit.)
11. ^ Me retracto de todo corazon de cuanto en mis palabras, escritos,
impresos y conducta ha habido contrario á mi cualidad de hijo de la
Iglesia Católica: Jesus Cavanna, Rizal's Unfading Glory: A
Documentary History of the Conversion of Dr. José Rizal (Manila:
1983)
12. ^ Joaquin, Nick, Rizal in Saga, Philippine National Centennial
Commission, 1996:""It seems clear now that he did retract, that he
went to confession, heard mass, received communion, and was
married to Josephine, on the eve of his death".
13. ^ "That is a matter for handwriting experts, and the weight of expert
opinion is in favor of authenticity. It is nonsense to say that the
retraction does not prove Rizal's conversion; the language of the
document is unmistakable."[75]
 14. ^ The retraction, Javier de Pedro contends, is the end of a process
which started with a personal crisis as Rizal finished the Fili.[82][83]
15. ^ Bonifacio later mobilized his men to attempt to liberate Rizal while
in Fort Santiago. (Laubach, op.cit., chap. 15)
16. ^ Antonio Luna denounced the Katipunan, but became a general
under Emilio Aguinaldo's First Republic and fought in the Philippine–
American War.
17. ^ Also stated in Rizal's essay, "The Philippines: A Century
Hence", The batteries are gradually becoming charged and if the
prudence of the government does not provide an outlet for the
currents that are accumulating, someday the sparks will be
generated. (read etext at Project Gutenberg)
18. ^ Bonifacio was a member of La Liga Filipina. After Rizal's arrest and
exile, it was disbanded and the group splintered into two factions; the
more radical group formed into the Katipunan, the militant arm of the
insurrection.[113]
19. ^ Rizal's annotations of Morga's Sucesos de las islas Filipinas(1609),
which he copied word for word from the British Museum and had
published, called attention to an antiquated book, a testimony to the
well-advanced civilization in the Philippines during pre-Spanish era. In
his essay "The Indolence of the Filipino" Rizal stated that three
centuries of Spanish rule did not do much for the advancement of his
countryman; in fact there was a 'retrogression', and the Spanish
colonialists have transformed him into a 'half-way brute.' The absence
of moral stimulus, the lack of material inducement, the
demoralization--'the indio should not be separated from his carabao',
the endless wars, the lack of a national sentiment, the Chinese piracy
—all these factors, according to Rizal, helped the colonial rulers
succeed in placing the indio 'on a level with the beast'. (Read English
translation by Charles Derbyshire at Project Gutenberg.)
20. ^ According to Anderson, Rizal is one of the best exemplars of
nationalist thinking.[117] (See also Nitroglycerine in the Pomegranate,
Benedict Anderson, New Left Review 27, May–June 2004 (subscription
required))
21. ^ Rizal himself translated Schiller's William Tell into Tagalog in 1886.
[126]

References

1. ^ Valdez 2007, p. 57

2. ^ a b Valdez 2007, p. 59
3. ^ a b Valdez 2007, p. 7
4. ^ Nery, John (2011). "Revolutionary Spirit: Jose Rizal in Southeast
Asia", p. 240. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
Singapore. ISBN 978-981-4345-06-4.
5. ^ Fadul 2008, p. 31.
6. ^     Fadul 2008, p. 21.
a b

7. ^ Biography and Works of the Philippine Hero. Jose Rizal (June 20,
2014). Retrieved on 2017-07-07.
8. ^ Szczepanski, Kallie.  "Biography of Jose Rizal, National Hero of the
Philippines". ThoughtCo. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
9. ^ "Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws Honoring
Filipino Historical Figures"  (PDF). Reference and Research Bureau
 Legislative Research Service, House of Congress. Archived from  the
original  (PDF)  on April 19, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
10. ^ Zaide, Gregorio F.; Zaide, Sonia M. (1999). Jose Rizal: Life, Works
and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero. Quezon
City: All-Nations Publishing Co., Inc. ISBN 978-971-642-070-8.
Archived from  the original on September 23, 2013.
11. ^ "Rizal y Alonso, José Protasio, 1861–1896". Virtual International
Authority File (VIAF). Retrieved May 18,  2013.
12. ^ "Jose Rizal [Rizal Family]". joserizal.ph.
13. ^     Kallie Szczepanski.  "Jose Rizal Biography – National Hero of the
a b

Philippines". About.com Education.
14. ^ Grouped references:
 Remarks on the occasion of the 114th death anniversary of Dr.
Jose Rizal, 30 December 2010, Berlin, Embassy of the
Philippines in Berlin
 http://www.oovrag.com/essays/essay2010c-3.shtml Archived Augu
st 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
 The Mercado - Rizal Family, joserizal.ph
 Rizal's Family Tree and Ancestry, allaboutjoserizal.weebly.com
 Genealogoy of Jose Rizal, xhellephyeom23.files.wordpress.com
 Family Tree, akosimendozaabby.files.wordpress.com
15. ^ Austin Craig (January 8, 2005).  The Project Gutenberg EBook of
Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal: Philippine
Patriot.  www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved  July 1,  2016.
16. ^ "The Mercado – Rizal Family".
17. ^     Vicente L. Rafael On Rizal's El Filibusterismo, University of
a b

Washington, Dept. of History.

18. ^ Valdez 2007, p. 77
19. ^ Parco de Castro; M. E. G.  "Jose Rizal: A birthday wish list".  The
Varsitarian. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
20. ^ "Jose Rizal at University of Santo Tomas". Retrieved March
21,  2020.
21. ^ a b c d Frank Laubach, Rizal: Man and Martyr (Manila: Community
Publishers, 1936).
22. ^ Witmer, Christoper (June 2, 2001). "Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me
Not)". LewRockwell.com. Retrieved on September 29, 2012.
23. ^ a b The Many-Sided Personality. José Rizal University. Retrieved
January 10, 2007.
24. ^ a b c d Austin Craig, Lineage, Life and Labors of Rizal. Internet
Archive. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
25. ^ "Jose Rizal". Philippine Center for Masonic Studies. Retrieved  June
22,  2020.
26. ^ a b c d e f Kalaw, Teodoro."Epistolario Rizalino: 4 volumes, 1400 letters
to and from Rizal". Bureau of Printing, Manila.
27. ^ Antonio T. Tiongson; Edgardo V. Gutierrez; Ricardo Valencia
Gutierrez; Ricardo V. Gutierrez (2006).  Positively No Filipinos
Allowed: Building Communities and Discourse. Temple University
Press. p.  17. ISBN 978-1-59213-123-5.
"Rizal in America". Jose Rizal University. 2004. Retrieved  December
5, 2014.
28. ^ Zaide, Gregorio (1957). Rizal's Life, Works and Writings. Manila,
Philippines: Villanueva Book Store. pp.  43–44.
29. ^ Ambeth Ocampo (1990). "Rizal without the Overcoat". Anvil
Publishing Co., Manila. ISBN 971-27-0043-7.
30. ^ Ocampo, Ambeth. "Demythologizing Rizal". Retrieved January 10,
2007.
31. ^ Martinez-Clemente, Jo (200-06-20) Keeping up with legacy of Rizal’s
‘true love’ Inquirer Central Luzon at inquirer.net. Retrieved on
December 3, 2011.
32. ^ a b c Leonor Rivera, José Rizal University, joserizal.ph
33. ^       Coates, Austin. "Leonor Rivera", Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and
a b c

Martyr, Oxford University Press (Hong Kong), pp. 52–54, 60, 84, 124,
134–136, 143, 169, 185–188, 258.
34. ^ Fadul 2008, p. 17.
35. ^ Craig 1914, p. 215.
36. ^ Fadul 2008, p. 38.
37. ^       Cuizon, Ahmed (June 21, 2008). "Rizal’s affair with 'la petite
a b c

Suzanne'" Archived February 26, 2014, at the Wayback

Machine, Inquirer/Cebu Daily, Retrieved on September 20, 2012.
38. ^ Sichrovsky, Harry (1987).  Ferdinand Blumentritt: an Austrian life for
the Philippines: the story of José Rizal's closest friend and companion.
p. 39.  ISBN  978-971-13-6024-5.
39. ^ Ambeth Ocampo, Rizal without the Overcoat (Manila: Anvil
Publishing Co., 1990) ISBN 971-27-0043-7. Retrieved January 10,
2007.
40. ^ Harry Sichrovsky (1987). Ferdinand Blumentritt: an Austrian life for
the Philippines  : The Story of José Rizal's Closest Friend and
Companion. p.  39. ISBN 978-971-13-6024-5.
41. ^ Retana, Wenceslao. Vida y Escritos del José Rizal. Libreria General
de Victoriano Suarez, Madrid 1907.
42. ^ "Appendix II: Decree Banishing Rizal. Governor-General Eulogio
Despujol, Manila, July 7, 1892." In Miscellaneous Correspondence of
Dr. José Rizal / translated by Encarnacion Alzona. (Manila: National
Historical Institute.)
43. ^ Gibbs, Eloise A. (1960). Rizal in Dapitan: A Story Based on the Life
of José Rizal During His Exile in Dapitan. University Book Supply.
p. 230. Retrieved  August 20,  2019.
44. ^ Romero, Ma. Corona S.; Sta. Maria, Julita R.; Santos, Lourdes
Y.  Rizal & the Dev. Of National Consciousness. Goodwill Trading Co.,
Inc. p.  60. ISBN 9789715741033. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
45. ^ Laput, Gualberto (July 17, 2018).  "126 years ago today, Jose Rizal
arrives in Dapitan". www.pna.gov.ph. Retrieved  August 20,  2019.
46. ^ Bantug, Asunción López (2008). Lolo José: an intimate and
illustrated portrait of José Rizal. Vibal Foundation.
p. 137.  ISBN  9789719398530. Retrieved  August 20,  2019.
47. ^ Mercado, Norbert; Mercado, Norberto (2014).  Morning Glory.
Norbert Mercado Novels. Retrieved  August 20,  2019.
48. ^ "PROVINCE OF ZAMBOANGA – ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE
GOVERNORS".  The Daily Dipolognon. Retrieved  August 16,  2015.
49. ^ Orendain, Juan Claro (1966). Rizal: Model Citizen of Dapitan.
International Graphic Service. p. 117. Retrieved  August 20,  2019.
50. ^ Bonoan, Raul J. (1992). "The Enlightenment, Deism, and
Rizal". Philippine Studies. 40 (1): 53–67. JSTOR 42633293.
51. ^ "Rizal as a Deist Research Paper - 1191 Words". studymode.com.
52. ^ Raul J. Bonoan, S.J., The Rizal-Pastells Correspondence(Manila:
Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1996)
53. ^ Epistolario Rizalino: 4 volumes, 1400 letters to and from Rizal,
edited by Teodoro Kalaw (Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1930–38)
54. ^ "Rizalismo (isang sanaysay)". Definitely Filipino™. Archived
from  the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved  October 6,  2012.
55. ^ Rizal, Dapitan, September 1, 1892. In Raul J. Bonoan, The Rizal-
Pastells Correspondence. Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press,
1994, 86s.
56. ^ Fadul, Jose (2010). Council of the Gods. Lulu.com.
p. 61.  ISBN  9780557358939. Retrieved  August 20,  2019.
57. ^ Russell, Charles Edward; Rodriguez, Eulogio Balan (1923). The
hero of the Filipinos: the story of José Rizal, poet, patriot and martyr.
The Century co. p. 308.
58. ^ Austin Coates, Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr(London:
Oxford University Press, 1968) ISBN 0-19-581519-X
59. ^ Alvarez, S.V., 1992, Recalling the Revolution, Madison: Center for
Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, ISBN 1-
881261-05-0
60. ^ "Letters Between Rizal and his Family, #223". The Life and Writings
of José Rizal. Retrieved on September 29, 2012
61. ^ Almario, Virgilio  (2011). "6. Mahal Mo Ba ang Bayan Mo?". Rizal:
Makata (in Filipino).  Mandaluyong City: Anvil
Publishing.  ISBN  9789712729515. Retrieved  March 23,  2020. Ang
nararamdaman at hindi maipahayag na pag-ibig sa Bayan ang naging
"El amor patrio" noong 1882...
62. ^ "The life and works of Jose Rizal".  www.joserizal.com.
Retrieved September 3, 2013.
63. ^ "The Life and writings of Dr. Jose Rzal". National Historical
Commission of The Philippines. Archived from  the originalon
September 16, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
64. ^ "The life and works of Jose Rizal". Retrieved  September 3,  2013.
65. ^     Ocampo, Ambeth  (February 25, 2005). "Rizal's two unfinished
a b

novels".  Looking Back. Retrieved March 23,2020.

66. ^ Retana, W. E. (1907).  Vida y escritos del Dr. José Rizal  (in
Spanish). Madrid: Librería General de Victoriano Suarez.
p. 457.  ISBN  9785877689848. Retrieved  March 23,  2020.
67. ^ Foreman, J., 1906, The Philippine Islands, A Political, Geographical,
Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine
Archipelago, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
68. ^ Yoder, Dr. Robert L. "The Life and of Dr. José Rizal". Archived
from  the original on September 28, 2013.
69. ^ Ricardo Roque Pascual, José Rizal Beyond the Grave(Manila: P.
Ayuda & Co., 1962)
70. ^ Ildefonso T. Runes and Mameto R. Buenafe, The Forgery of the
Rizal "Retraction" and Josephine's "Autobiography" (Manila: BR Book
Col, 1962).
71. ^ "Rizal's Retraction: A Note on the Debate, Silliman Journal (Vol. 12,
No. 2, April, May, June 1965), pages 168–183". Life and Writings of
José Rizal. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
72. ^ Rafael Palma, Pride of the Malay Race (New York: Prentice Hall,
1949)
73. ^ a b Ambeth Ocampo (2008).  Rizal Without the Overcoat. Anvil
Publishing.
74. ^ a b c Nicolas Zafra (1961).  Historicity of Rizal's Retraction. Bookmark.
75. ^ Guerrero, León Maria III (1963). "The First Filipino: A Biography of
José Rizal". National Historical Institute of The Philippines, Manila.
76. ^     Gregorio Zaide (2003). Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings of a
a b

Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero. National Bookstore.

77. ^ Schumacher, John. "The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-
Century Nationalism".
78. ^ Molina, Antonio M. (1998). "Yo, José Rizal". Ediciones de Cultura
Hispánica, Madrid.
79. ^ "Uncovering Controversial Facts about José
Rizal"(mariaronabeltran.com)
80. ^ a b c Marciano Guzman (1988).  The Hard Facts About Rizal's
Conversion. Sinagtala Publishers.
81. ^ a b Jesus Cavanna (1983).  Rizal's Unfading Glory: A Documentary
History of the Conversion of Dr. Jose Rizal.
82. ^ Javier de Pedro (2005) Rizal Through a Glass
DarklyArchived December 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine,
University of Asia and the Pacific
83. ^ "Evolution of Rizal's Religious Thought" ArchivedJanuary 15, 2010,
at the Wayback Machine.
84. ^ (1950-01-06). "Joint Statement of the Catholic Hierarchy of the
Philippines on the Book 'The Pride of the Malay Race'". CBCP
(Catholic Bishop's Conference of the Philippines) Documents.
Retrieved on September 30, 2012.
85. ^ Garcia, Ricardo P. (1964). "The Great Debate: The Rizal
Retraction – Preface". R.P. Garcia Publishing Co., Quezon City.
86. ^ Esteban de Ocampo, "Why is Rizal the Greatest Filipino Hero?"
National Historical Institute. ISBN 971-538-053-0
87. ^ a b Pacis, Vicente Albano (December 27, 1952). "RIZAL IN THE
AMERICAN CONGRESS". The Philippines Free Press Online.
Archived from  the original on May 4, 2006.
88. ^ "Mi Ultimo Adios by Jose Rizal". Philippine American Literary House.
Archived from  the original on August 28, 2011.
89. ^ Craig 1914, p. 241.
90. ^     Fadul 2008, p. 18.
a b

91. ^ Craig 1914, pp. 259–260.

92. ^ Ocampo, Ambeth (1990).  Rizal without the overcoat. Manila: Anvil
Publishing. ISBN 978-971-27-0920-3.
93. ^ Almario, Manuel (December 31, 2011).  "Commentary, Rizal:
'Amboy' or home-made hero?".  The Philippine Inquirer.
Retrieved September 3, 2013.
94. ^ "Philippine Fast Facts". National Commission for Culture and the
Arts. Archived from  the original on December 6, 2008.
Retrieved March 10, 2009.
95. ^ "Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws Honoring
Filipino Historical Figures". National Commission for Culture and the
Arts. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
96. ^ Forbes, Cameron (1945).  The Philippine Islands. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press. Archived from the original  on April 2, 2015.
Retrieved September 3, 2013.
97. ^ Constantino, Renato (December 30, 1969).  "Rizal Day
Lecture".  Philippine Inquirer. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
98. ^ Constantino, Renato (1980) [1970], "Veneration without
Understanding, Dissent and Counter-consciousness", pp. 125–145.
Malaya Books, Quezon City .
99. ^ "Aguinaldo's Rizal Day Decree, 1898". Philippine Freemasons.
Retrieved September 3, 2013.
100. ^ "General Emilio Aguinaldo decrees December 30, 1898, as a
national day of mourning".  El Heraldo dela Revolucion. December 25,
1898. Retrieved  September 3,  2013.
101. ^ Ocampo, Ambeth.  "Was Jose Rizal an American-sponsored
Hero?".  Reflections of Jose Rizal. NHCP – National Historical
Commission of The Philippines. Archived from  the original on October
2, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
102. ^ Zaide, Gregorio and Sonia (1999).  Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and
Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero. Quezon
City: All Nations publishing Co. Inc. ISBN 978-971-642-070-8.
Archived from  the original on September 23, 2013.
103. ^ Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960], "History of the Filipino People
(8th ed.)". Garotech Publishing Inc., Quezon City. ISBN 971-8711-06-6
104. ^ Couttie, Bob (2007). "The End of Veneration". Scribd.com.
Retrieved on September 29, 2012.
105. ^ Rafael Palma (1949). "Pride of the Malay Race", p. 367. Prentice
Hall, New York.
106. ^ Miguel de Unamuno, "The Tagalog Hamlet" in Rizal: Contrary
Essays, edited by D. Feria and P. Daroy (Manila: National Book Store,
1968).
107. ^ a b José Rizal, El Filibusterismo (Ghent: 1891) chap.39, translated
by Andrea Tablan and Salud Enriquez (Manila: Marian Publishing
House, 2001) ISBN 971-686-154-0. (online text at Project Gutenberg)
108. ^ Lua, Shirley (August 22, 2011).  "Love, Loss and the Noli". The
Philippine Inquirer. Retrieved  September 3,  2013.
109. ^ Agoncillo, Teodoro. The Revolt of the Masses.
110. ^ Quibuyen, A Nation Aborted: Rizal, American Hegemony, And
Philippine Nationalism
111. ^ "The Paper". thecommunitypaper.com.
112. ^ Look, Wing, Kam (1997).  Jose Rizal and Mahatma Gandhi:
nationalism and non- violence  (PDF). Hongkong: The University of
Hongkong.
113. ^ [2]. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
114. ^ Trillana III, Dr. Pablo S.  "2 historical events led to birth of modern
RP".  Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original  on January
20, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
115. ^ José Rizal (2007). The Reign of Greed. Echo Library.
p. 231.  ISBN  978-1-4068-3936-4.
116. ^ José Rizal, "Indolence of the Filipino". Retrieved on January 10,
2007.
117. ^ Anderson Benedict (2005). "Under Three Flags: anarchism and
the anti colonial imagination". Verso Publication, London. ISBN 1-
84467-037-6.
118. ^ Knights of Rizal - central website of the Order, Philippines
119. ^ Order of the Knights of Rizal - website of the Malaya chapter,
Chicago, Illinois
120. ^ (2011-08-23). "Spot the Difference: Rizalista as Religious Cult vs
Rizalistas in a Socio-Civic Org'n". Ladies for Rizal Bonn Chapter.
Retrieved on September 20, 2012.
121. ^ Dennis Villegas (June 30, 2011).  "'Saint' Jose Rizal". Philippine
Online Chronicles. Archived from the original  on November 3, 2012.
Retrieved January 13, 2013.
122. ^ "Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden – Museum für
Völkerkunde Dresden".  skd.museum. Archived from  the original on
May 9, 2011.
123. ^ Peter Uetz; Jakob Hallermann; Jiri Hosek. "Draco
guentheriBOULENGER, 1885". The Reptile Database.
Retrieved December 23,  2013.
124. ^ "Jose Rizal [Trivia]". joserizal.ph.
125. ^ "Dr. Virchow's obituary on Rizal, 1897". Archived from the original
on June 18, 2008. Retrieved  November 12, 2006.
126. ^ "Rizal in Berlin, Germany". José Rizal University. Retrieved on
January 10, 2007.
127. ^ Monumento a José Rizal (Madrid) Archived October 31, 2015, at
the Wayback Machine Retrieved January 10, 2007
128. ^ 日比谷公園 見どころ [Hibiya Park Sights]. www.tokyo-
park.or.jp  (in Japanese). Archived from the original on June 26, 2014.
Retrieved March 26, 2015.
129. ^ "Article Index – INQUIRER.net". Archived from the original on May
4, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2017.. Web.archive.org (May 4, 2008).
Retrieved on February 19, 2011.
130. ^ Sir Choy Arnaldo, KGOR. Paris in Springtime – Knights and
Damas blossom!, Rizal Bulletin, March 29, 2010.
131. ^ Honolulu Star-Advertiser. "Isle Filipinos honor Philippines
hero". Honolulu Star-Advertiser – Hawaii Newspaper.
132. ^ "The Star-News – Jan 3, 2003".  byronik.com.
133. ^ "Jose Rizal Monument". Jose Rizal Monument.
134. ^ "Philippine president to open park in Lima during APEC Summit".
Andina.com.pe. Archived from the original  on March 23, 2010.
Retrieved December 30,  2009.
135. ^ "Traces of Rizal's visit to Litomerice
(Leitmeritz)". www.univie.ac.at.  Archived  from the original on October
18, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
136. ^ a b "Toronto Arts Online - Neighbourhood Arts
Network". neighbourhoodartsnetwork.org.
137. ^ "Markham unveils Dr. José Rizal Monument – Markham
Review". markhamreview.com.
138. ^ "Feature: Rizal returns to Singapore"  (Press release). Philippine
Information Agency (PIA). June 20, 2008. Archived from the
original on March 24, 2010. Retrieved  June 24,2008.
 139. ^ ログイン – 日刊まにら新聞. Manila-shimbun.com (in Japanese).
Retrieved December 30,  2009.
140. ^ Peru erects monument for Jose Rizal Archived January 23, 2009,
at the Wayback Machine, Michael Lim Ubac, Philippine Daily Inquirer,
November 22, 2008
141. ^ Castillo, Rafael MD. (June 20, 2008). "Dr. Jose Rizal in
Heidelberg" Archived January 11, 2012, at the Wayback
Machine. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
142. ^ "New Rizal monument in Rome for 150th birthday". GMA News.
Retrieved January 1, 2011.
143. ^ "The 1st Filipino Mural in the East Coast". Faapi. Retrieved
November 2003. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
144. ^ Dr. Jose Rizal Park Archived March 17, 2007, at the Wayback
Machine, Seattle Parks and Recreation Information
145. ^ "José Rizal's 158th Birthday".  Google. June 19, 2019.
146. ^ https://markhamreview.com/city-unveils-dr-jose-rizal-monument/>
147. ^ https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/05/future-philippine-
navy-frigate-brp-jose-rizal-sails-home-for-commissioning/
148. ^ Mari Arquiza (December 2, 1992).  ":: Felipe De
Leon". Philmusicregistry.net. Retrieved  December 30, 2009.
149. ^ Internet Movie Database. ":: Plot: Ang Luha at Lualhati ni
Jeronima".
150. ^ "Medal of Honor 2 cheats for Playstation PSone PS1
PSX". absolute-playstation.com. Archived from  the original on July
26, 2011. Retrieved May 20,  2010.
151. ^ "Medal of Honor cheats for Playstation PSone PS1
PSX". absolute-playstation.com. Archived from  the original on July
26, 2011. Retrieved May 20,  2010.

Sources
 Craig, Austin (1914). Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose
Rizal, Philippine Patriot. Yonker-on-Hudson World Book
Company.
 Fadul, Jose (ed.) (2008). [3]. Morrisville, North Carolina:
Lulu Press. ISBN 978-1-4303-1142-3
 Valdez, Maria Stella S. (2007). Doctor Jose Rizal and the
Writing of His Story. Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 978-971-
23-4868-6.
 "José Rizal > Quotes". goodreads. Retrieved March
26, 2015.

Further reading
 Catchillar, Chryzelle P. (1994) The Twilight in the Philippines
 Fadul, Jose (2002/2008). A Workbook for a Course in Rizal. Manila: De La
Salle University Press. ISBN 971-555-426-1 /C&E Publishing. ISBN 978-
971-584-648-6
  Gripaldo, Rolando M. Rizal's Utopian Society (1998, 2014), C& E
Publishing, Inc., 2009 (slightly revised, 2014)
 Guerrero, Leon Ma. (2007) The First Filipino. Manila: National Historical
Institute of The Philippines (1962); Guerrero Publishing. ISBN 971-9341-
82-3
 Hessel, Dr. Eugene A. (1965) Rizal's Retraction: A Note on the
Debate. Silliman University
 Joaquin, Nick (1977). A Question of Heroes: Essays and criticisms on ten
key figures of Philippine History. Manila: Ayala Museum.Mapa, Christian
Angelo A.(1993) The Poem Of the Famous Young Elder José Rizal
 Jalosjos, Romeo G. (Compiler) The Dapitan Correspondence of Dr.José
Rizal and Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt. The City Government Dapitan City:
Philippines, 2007. ISBN 978-971-9355-30-4.
 Medina, Elizabeth (1998). Rizal According to Retana: Portrait of a Hero
and a Revolution. Santiago, Chile: Virtual Multimedia. ISBN 956-7483-09-4
 Ocampo, Ambeth R. (2008).Rizal Without the Overcoat. Pasig: Anvil
Publishing.
 Ocampo, Ambeth R. (2001).Meaning and history: The Rizal Lectures.
Pasig: Anvil Publishing.
 Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1993). Calendar of Rizaliana in the vault of the
National Library.Pasig: Anvil Publishing.
 Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1992).Makamisa: The Search for Rizal's Third Novel.
Pasig: Anvil Publishing.
 Quirino, Carlos (1997). The Great Malayan. Makati City: Tahanan
Books. ISBN 971-630-085-9
 Rizal, Jose. (1889)."Sa mga Kababayang Dalaga ng Malolos" in Escritos
Politicos y Historicos de José Rizal (1961). Manila: National Centennial
Commission.
 José Rizal (1997). Prophecies of Jose Rizal about the Philippines: From
the Pen of the Visionary National Hero, Phenomenal Revelations and
Coded Messages about Events Past, Present and Future   : Destiny of the
Philippines …. Rex Bookstore, Inc.  ISBN  978-971-23-2240-2.
 Runes, Ildefonso (1962). The Forgery of the Rizal Retraction'.Manila:
Community Publishing Co.
 Thomas, Megan C. Orientalists, Propagandists, and "Ilustrados": Filipino
Scholarship and the End of Spanish Colonialism(University of Minnesota
Press; 2012) 277 pages; Explores Orientalist and racialist discourse in the
writings of José Rizal and five other ilustrados.
 Tomas, Jindřich (1998) José Rizal, Ferdinand Blumentritt and the
Philippines in the New Age. The City of Litomerice: Czech Republic.
Publishing House Oswald Praha (Prague).
 Venzon, Jahleel Areli A. (1994) The Doorway to hell, Rizal's Biography
 Zaide, Gregorio F. (2003) José Rizal: Life, Works and Writings of a Genius,
Writer, Scientist and National Hero. Manila: National Bookstore. ISBN 971-
08-0520-7

External links
José Rizalat Wikipedia's sister projects

 Media from Wikimedia Commons

 Quotations from Wikiquote
  Texts from Wikisource
 Data from Wikidata

 Interesting Facts About Dr. Jose P. Rizal

 The Complete Jose Rizal at Filipiniana.net
 Talambuhay ni Jose Rizal
 The Life and Writings of Jose Rizal
 Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "José Mercado
Rizal"  . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton
Company.
 Works by José Rizal at Project Gutenberg
 Works by or about José Rizal at Internet Archive
 Works by José Rizal at Open Library
 Works by José Rizal at LibriVox (public domain
audiobooks) 
 Jose Rizal Website
 Rizal's Little Odyssey
 Review of Dimasalang: The Masonic Life Of Dr. Jose P.
Rizal
 Comparison between Jose Rizal and Jose Marti (Spanish)
 Extensive annotated list of Rizaliana materials on the
Internet
 Chevaliers de Rizal (in French)
 Poems written by Dr. José Rizal
 Philippine Literature and José Rizal, articles by José
Tlatelpas, Edmundo Farolán and others. Published in
Spanish by La Guirnalda Polar, webzine, Canada, 1997.
 Songs written by Dr. José Rizal

José Rizal

ra Alonso Realonda (mother)

hine Bracken (common-law wife)

ina Hidalgo (eldest sister)

no Rizal (older brother)

a Lopez (older sister)

a Herbosa de Natividad (niece)
o Municipal de Manila (high school)

rsity of Santo Tomas

rsidad Central de Madrid

rsity of Paris

rsity of Heidelberg

Noli Me Tángere (1887)

El filibusterismo (1891)

Makamisa (unfinished)

"A la juventud filipina" (1879)

"Himno al trabajo" (1888)

"Mi retiro" (1895)

"Mi último adiós" (1896)

El Consejo de los Dioses (1880 play)

"The Turtle and the Monkey" (1886/1889 short story)

"Filipinas dentro de cien años" (1889–1890 essay)

The Triumph of Science over Death (1890 sculpture)

"Sobre la indolencia de los filipinos" (1890 essay)

"Maria Makiling" (1890 short story)

ational Association of Filipinologists

a filipina

idaridad

La vida de Jose Rizal

Rizal sa Dapitan

José Rizal

Bayaning 3rd World

Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo

Heneral Luna

Bayani

Katipunan

Ilustrado

Vida y Escritos del Dr. José Rizal

 The First Filipino

Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr

Jose Rizal

Rizal Without the Overcoat

Encyclopedia Rizaliana

f José Rizal

l Fellowship

izal Memorial Protected Landscape

ts of Rizal

Clara

Calamba, North Borneo

pine ₱1 coin

pine ₱2 note

Day

Law

Monument (in Calamba)

Monument (in Daet)

Monument (in Ermita)

Shrine (in Calamba)

Shrine (in Intramuros)

sta religious movements (Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi)

king Mga Kabata"

Virgilio S. Almario

Encarnacion Alzona

Tomás N. Alonso

Harold Augenbraum

Charles Derbyshire

Maria Odulio de Guzman

Frank Ernest Gannett

León María Guerrero III

Nick Joaquin

Patricio Mariano

Camilo Osías

Pascual H. Poblete
  National symbols of the Philippines

arms

al

language

Sign Language

Hinirang"

Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa"

ne eagle

ne pearl

uita

and Baro't saya

Ko"

a Cruz

ang Palace

Seal
ne peso

waling

Andrés Bonifacio
Implied
José Rizal

Veterans of the Second World War

lared from national Benigno Aquino Jr.

legislation Heroes' Day

Martyrs and Heroes during the Martial Law Period

Emilio Aguinaldo

Corazon Aquino

Melchora Aquino

Marcelo H. del Pilar

From proposed laws
Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat

Juan Luna

Apolinario Mabini

Gabriela Silang

 Filipino painters
Montojo

 Category:Filipino painters

SYS: 90753628

C: 000039785

E: XX870212

F: cb11922137c (data)

NTIC: a10977892

ii: DA02140634
D: 118601407

I: 0000 0000 8120 1592

CN: n80051794

L: 00454313

C: jn20000701512

A: 35454499

: 001789700

K: KAC201513738

P: A18389569

K: 000251391

A: 071090568

RO: 02-A000138150

LIBR: 197695

AC: w6jf5kvd

DOC: 027102572

ve: 958696

BA: 495/21964

AF: 41845763

rldCat Identities: lccn-n80051794
Categories: 
 José Rizal
 1861 births
 1896 deaths
 19th-century novelists
 19th-century Filipino medical doctors
 19th-century Filipino painters
 19th-century Filipino writers
 Artists from Laguna (province)
 Ateneo de Manila University alumni
 Civilians who were court-martialed
 Complutense University of Madrid alumni
 Deaths by firearm in the Philippines
 Deified people
 Executed Filipino people
 Executed revolutionaries
 Executed writers
 Anti-Spanish sentiment
  Filipino artists
 Filipino exiles
 Filipino expatriates in Germany
 Filipino expatriates in Hong Kong
 Filipino Freemasons
 Filipino novelists
 Filipino ophthalmologists
 Filipino people of Chinese descent
 Filipino people of Japanese descent
 Filipino Resistance activists
 Filipino revolutionaries
 Filipino Roman Catholics
 Linguists from the Philippines
 Nonviolence advocates
 People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
 People executed by Spain by firing squad
 People from Calamba, Laguna
 People of the Philippine Revolution
 Spanish-language writers of the Philippines
 Tagalog people
 Tagalog-language writers
 University of Santo Tomas alumni
 Writers from Laguna (province)
Navigation menu
 Not logged in
 Talk
 Contributions
 Create account
 Log in
 Article
 Talk
 Read
 View source
 View history
Search
Search Go

 Main page
 Contents
 Current events
 Random article
 About Wikipedia
 Contact us
 Donate
Contribute
 Help
 Learn to edit
 Community portal
 Recent changes
 Upload file
Tools
 What links here
 Related changes
 Special pages
 Permanent link
 Page information
 Cite this page
 Wikidata item
Print/export
 Download as PDF
 Printable version
In other projects
 Wikimedia Commons
 Wikiquote
 Wikisource
Languages
 Afrikaans
 ‫العربية‬
 Bân-lâm-gú
 Bikol Central
 Български
 Brezhoneg
 Català
 Cebuano
 Čeština
 Chavacano de Zamboanga
 Cymraeg
 Dansk
 Deutsch
 Eesti
 Español
 Esperanto
 Euskara
 ‫فارسی‬
 Français
 Gaeilge
 Galego
 한국어
 Հայերեն
 हिन्दी
 Hrvatski
 Ido
 Ilokano
 Bahasa Indonesia
 Interlingua
 Italiano
 ‫עברית‬
 Kapampangan
 ქართული
 Kiswahili
 Latina
 Latviešu
 Magyar
 Malagasy
 മലയാളം
 ‫مصرى‬
 Bahasa Melayu
 Mirandés
 မြန်မာဘာသာ
 Nederlands
 日本語
 Norsk bokmål
 Occitan
 Pangasinan
 Polski
 Português
 Română
 Runa Simi
 Русский
 Scots
 Simple English
 Slovenčina
 ‫کوردی‬
 Suomi
 Svenska
 Tagalog
 தமிழ்
 ไทย
 Türkçe
 Українська
 Tiếng Việt
 Winaray
 吴语
  中文
Edit links
 This page was last edited on 15 November 2020, at 20:34 (UTC).
 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using
this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
 Privacy policy

 About Wikipedia

 Disclaimers

 Contact Wikipedia

 Mobile view

 Developers

 Statistics

 Cookie statement