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    The document describes the process and parameters involved in conducting a tensile test of a material specimen. It discusses the typical equipment used which includes a movable upper crosshead, tension specimen, and electrical-resistance strain gauge. It then outlines various material properties that can be determined from the test including yield stress, ultimate stress, and fracture stress. The document also differentiates between the mechanical behavior of ductile versus brittle materials and how temperature can affect a material's properties.

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    Lecture_06

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    The document describes the process and parameters involved in conducting a tensile test of a material specimen. It discusses the typical equipment used which includes a movable upper crosshead, tension specimen, and electrical-resistance strain gauge. It then outlines various material properties that can be determined from the test including yield stress, ultimate stress, and fracture stress. The document also differentiates between the mechanical behavior of ductile versus brittle materials and how temperature can affect a material's properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views29 pages

    Tensile Test

    Uploaded by

    maria
    The document describes the process and parameters involved in conducting a tensile test of a material specimen. It discusses the typical equipment used which includes a movable upper crosshead, tension specimen, and electrical-resistance strain gauge. It then outlines various material properties that can be determined from the test including yield stress, ultimate stress, and fracture stress. The document also differentiates between the mechanical behavior of ductile versus brittle materials and how temperature can affect a material's properties.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Tensile test

    Specimen under test

    ASTM A370.1977
    Uniaxial stress
    Equipment
    Movable
    upper
    crosshead
    Dial indicator

    Tension
    specimen
    Motor and
    load controls
    Electrical-resistance
    Strain gauge

    Typical steel specimen with attached strain gauge


    𝐹
    𝜎=
    𝐴0

    𝐿 − 𝐿0
    𝜖=
    𝐿0
    Parameters

    𝜎𝑝𝑙 Proportional limit


    Elastic region
    Elastic limit
    𝜎𝑌 Yield Stress Yielding

    𝜎𝑢 Ultimate Stress Strain Hardening

    𝜎𝑓 Fracture Stress Necking


    Ductile and brittle Materials
    • Any material that can be subjected • Material that exhibit no yielding
    to large strains before its fracture is before failure are referred to as
    called a ductile material brittle materials
    • Aluminium, mild steel. • Gray cast iron
    • Capable of absorbing shock loads • Higher resistance to axial
    and vibratons compression
    • Usually exhibit large deformation • Concrete: Maximmum compressive
    before failing. stress is almost 12.5 greater then
    its tensile strength (5ksi>0.4ksi)
    • At low temperatures, materials can
    be brittle.
    Parameters for Ductil materials
    𝛿𝑓 𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿0
    𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝜖𝑓 = =
    𝐿0 𝐿0
    𝐿0 Original gauge length
    𝐿𝑓 Length at fracture

    ∆𝐴 𝐴0 − 𝐴𝑓
    𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ∗ (100%)
    𝐴0 𝐴0

    𝐴𝑓 Area of the neck at the fracture


    𝐴0 Original area
    Yield strength and Offset method

    0.2 %
    0.2% offset

    (𝑖𝑛/𝑖𝑛)

    Yield strength for an aluminium alloy


    Rubber Behaviour: non linear elastic behaviour

    (𝑖𝑛/𝑖𝑛)
    Behaviour of Brittle Materials

    Diagram for gray cast iron


    Temperature effect
    Hooke´s Law
    We know
    In solid materials
    𝑛
    𝑌 = 𝜎 = 𝐾𝜖 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖
    𝐾 Resistance coefficient lb/ in2 (MPa)
    𝑛 Stress Hardening exponent
    Load-Unload features
    𝜎 − 𝜎1 = 𝐸(𝜖 − 𝜖1 )

    𝑛
    𝑌 = 𝜎 = 𝐾𝜖
    𝐾 Resistance coefficient lb/ in2 (MP
    𝑛 Stress Hardening exponent
    Calculate the maximum load that a rod can withstand?

    𝑭
    𝝈= F F
    𝑨

    Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5


    Diámetro (mm) 2 4 6 8 10

    Material Al Cold rolled Mg Cu Bronze

    𝜎𝑌 (MPa)
    F(kN)=

    carabiner
    Deformation Energy Density

    2
    1 𝜎𝑝𝑙
    𝑢𝑝𝑙 =
    2 𝐸

    Hooke´s law

    P92
    International evaluation
    • ASTM : American Society for Testing Materials
    • ASM : American Society for Metal
    • Alloy center Database
    • Alloy phase diagram database
    • Failure analysis database
    • Medical materials
    • Micrograph
    Opensource
    • Matweb.com
    MatWeb
    • Includes data sheets of thermoplastic and thermoset polymers such
    as ABS, nylon, polycarbonate, polyester, polyethylene and
    polypropylene; metals such as aluminum, cobalt, copper, lead,
    magnesium, nickel, steel, superalloys, titanium and zinc alloys;
    ceramics; plus semiconductors, fibers, and other engineering
    materials
    References for materials

    Subscription Opensource
    Option 1

    Material connection
    • http://www.materialconnexion.com/
    • 250 USD per year 7500 items
    Option 1
    PDF: Manganese
    Bronze, UNS C86100,
    Copper Casting Alloy
    Tensile test video

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