I

NTRODUCTI
ONTOCOMPUTERNETWORKS
NETWORKPROTOCOLS:
 Anet
wor
kprot
ocoli
sasetofr
ulesf
orcommuni
cat
ionamongnet
wor
ked
devices.
 Protocolsgenerall
yincludesrul
esofhowandwhenadev i
cecansendor
receivethedata,howi sthesentdatapackaged,
andhowi
treachesi
ts
destinat
ion.
 Wewi l
ldiscussfol
lowingf i
vepr
otocol
s:

1.HTTP(
HyperTextTr
ansf
erPr
otocol
)

2.HTTPS(
HyperTextTr
ansf
erPr
otocolSecur
ed)

3.FTP(
Fil
eTr
ansf
erPr
otocol
)

4.TCP/I
P(Tr
ansmi
ssi
onCont
rol
Prot
ocol/I
nter
netPr
otocol
)

5.PPP(
Poi
ntt
oPoi
ntPr
otocol
):

HTTP(
HyperTextTr
ansf
erPr
otocol
)

 Hyper
textTr
ansf
erPr
otocol
isasetofr
ulewhi
chi
susedf
ort
ransf
err
ingt
he
f
il
esl
i
ke,audi
o,v
ideo,
graphi
cimage,
textandot
hermul
ti
medi
afi
l
esont
he
WWW (Worl
dWideWeb).

 WhenanHTTPcl
i
ent(
abr
owser
)sendsar
equestt
oanHTTPser
ver(
web
server),t
heserv
ersendsresponsesbacktot
hecli
entaf
terwhichthecl
ient
disconnectst
heconnect
ion.Thi
st r
ansf
erofr
equest
sandr esponsesi
sdone
foll
owingHTTPpr ot
ocol
.

 Thestandar
d(def
aul
t)por
tforHTTPconnect
ioni
s80,
butot
herpor
tcanal
so
beused.

 HTTPdoesnothav
eanysecur
it
y.

 TheHTTPwasdesi
gnedmai
nlyt
ofet
cht
heht
mldocumentandsendi
ttot
he
cl
ient
.
HTTPS(
HyperTextTr
ansf
erPr
otocol
Secur
e)

 HTTPShasasecuretr
ansf
er.Usi
ngtheHTTPS,sensit
ivei
nformati
ont
hatwe
wantt
otr
ansf
erfr
om oneusertoanot
herusercanbedonesecurel
y.

 HTTPSisusedtoencry
ptordecr
yptuserHTTPpageorHTTPpager
equest
s
t
hatar
eret
urnedbythewebser
ver
.

 I
nHTTPS,
thest
andar
dpor
ttot
ransf
ert
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
s443.

 I
tist
hedef
aul
tpr
otocol
forconduct
ionf
inanci
alt
ransact
ionsont
heweb.

 HTTPSpr
otocolusesHTTPonconnect
ionencr
ypt
edbySSL(
Secur
eSocket
Lay
er)
 
 Secur
eSocketLay
er:
 Secure Sockets Layer 
(SSL)i s a prot
ocolwhich help users
prot
ecttheirdataduri
ngtransferbycreat
ingauniquel
yencrypted
channelforpri
vatecommuni cati
onsoverthepubl
i
cI nt
ernet
.
Vi
deour
l:ht
tps:
//www.
yout
ube.
com/
wat
ch?
v=hExRDVZHhi
g&t
=95s

FTP(
Fil
eTransferProt
ocol
)
 FTPi sastandardi
nter
netpr
otocol
prov
idedbyTCP/
IPusedf
ort
ransmi
tt
ing
t
he
f
il
esfrom onehostt
oanother
.

 I
tismai
nlyusedfort
ransf
err
ingthewebpagefi
l
esfrom t
heircreat
ort
othe
comput
erthatact
sasaserverforot
hercomput
ersontheinter
net.

 I
tisal
sousedf
ordownl
oadi
ngt
hef
il
est
ocomput
erf
rom ot
herser
ver
s.

 I
ttr
ansf
erst
hedat
amor
erel
i
abl
yandef
fi
ci
ent
ly.

 Al
thoughtr
ansferr
ingfi
lesfrom onesystem t
oanot herisverysimpl eand
st
rai
ghtf
orward,butsometi
mesi tcancauseproblems.Forexampl e,
 t wosystemsmayhav edif
ferentfil
econv enti
ons.
 Twosy stemsmayhav edi
fferentwayst orepresenttext
anddata.
 Twosy stemsmayhav edi
fferentdi
rectorystr
uct ur
es.

FTP protocolover
comes these probl
ems byestabl
ishi
ng two connect
ions
between hosts.One connecti
on is used fordatat r
ansf
er,and another
connecti
onisusedfort
hecontrolconnect
ion.
 Vi
deour
l:ht
tps:
//www.
yout
ube.
com/
wat
ch?
v=t
Oj8MSEI
bfA

TCP/
IP(
Transmi
ssi
onCont
rol
Prot
ocol
/Int
ernetPr
otocol
)

 I
tisaconnect
ion-
ori
ent
edpr
otocolt
hatmeansi
test
abl
i
shest
heconnect
ionpr
iort
othe
communicat
ionthatoccur
sbetweent hecomputi
ngdev
icesi
nanet
wor
k.Thi
spr
otocoli
sused
wit
han 
IP pr
otocol
,sotogether
,theyarer
efer
redt
oasa TCP/
IP.

 Themai
nfunct
ional
i
tyoft
heTCPi
s
 totakethedat
af r
om t
hesenderanddi v
idethem i
ntosever
alpacket
s.
 provi
denumberingtothesepacket
s
  
final
lyt
ransmi
tsthesepacketstothedest
inati
on(
recei
ver)
.

 I
tal
sosuppor
tst
heacknowl
edgmentmechani
sm,whi
chcheckst
hest
ateandsoundar
ri
valof
thedata.Int heacknowledgmentmechanism,therecei
versendsei
therposi
ti
veornegat i
ve
acknowledgmenttothesendersot hatt
hesendercangettoknowwhethert
hedatapackethas
beenreceivedorneedstoresend.

 Thi
spr
otocolensur
est
hatt
hedat
areachest
hei
ntendedr
ecei
veri
nthesameor
deri
nwhi
chi
t
i
ssent
.

 Themai
ntaskofI
Pist
odel
i
vert
hepacket
sfr
om sour
cet
othedest
inat
ionbasedont
heI
P
addr
essesav
ail
abl
eint
hepacketheader
s.
 I
Pdef
inest
hepacketst
ruct
uret
hathi
dest
hedat
awhi
chi
stobedel
i
ver
edaswel
last
he
addr
essi
ngmet
hodt
hatl
abel
sthedat
agr
am wi
thasour
ceanddest
inat
ioni
nfor
mat
ion.

 Vi
deour
l:ht
tps:
//www.
yout
ube.
com/
wat
ch?
v=uwoD5YsGACg&t
=4s

Commonpr
otocol
sofTCP/
IPi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

 HTTP 
(Hy
perTextTr
ansf
erPr
otocol
)handl
est
hecommuni
cat
ionbet
weenawebser
verandaweb

br
owser
.

 HTTPS 
(Secur
eHTTP)handl
essecur
ecommuni
cat
ionbet
weenawebser
verandawebbr
owser
.

 FTP 
(Fi
leTr
ansf
erPr
otocol
)handl
est
ransmi
ssi
onoff
il
esbet
weencomput
ers.

PPP(
Poi
ntt
oPoi
ntPr
otocol
):

 Iti s a prot
ocolf ordi r
ectcommuni cati
on between two comput ers,
typical
lyapersonal computerconnectedbyphonel i
net oaser v
er.
 MostI nt
ernetservicepr ov
iders(ISPs)usePPP f orcust omerdial-
up
accesst otheInter
net .
 PPP i susedov ermanyt ypesofphy sicalnetworksincludi
ngcel l
ular
telephone,seri
alcable,phoneline,
speciali
zedradi
ol i
nks,andfiberoptic
l
inks.

I
dent
if
icat
ionofcomput
ersanduser
sov
eranet
wor
k

 MAC(Medi
aAccessCont
rol
)addr
ess

I
PAddr
ess

MAC(
Medi
aAccessCont
rol
)addr
ess

 Each NI
C has a uni
ver
sal
l
y uni
que addr
ess assi
gned t
oitby i
ts
manufact
urer
.Thi
saddr
essi
sknownast
heMAC(
Medi
aAccessCont
rol
)
addr
essofthecar
d.

 I
tist
hephy
sical
addr
ess

 MACaddr
essofanNI
Cisper
manentandnev
erchange.
  MACaddr
essesar
e12-
digi
thexadeci
mal
(or48bi
t)number
s.

 MACaddr
essesar
eusual
l
ywr
it
teni
noneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
wof
ormat
s:

MM:
MM:
MM:
SS:
SS:
SS
MM-
MM-
MM-
SS-
SS-
SS

 Thefi
rsthal
f(MM:MM:MM)ofaMACaddr
esscont
ainst
heI
D
numberoft
hemanufact
urer

 Thesecondhal
f(SS:
SS:
SS)ofaMAC addr
essr
epr
esent
sthe
ser
ial
numberassi
gnedt
otheNI
Cbyi
tsmanuf
act
urer
.

Forexampl
e,i
nthef
oll
owi
ngMACaddr
ess,

00:
A0:
C9:
14:
C8:
35

Thepr
efi
x00:
A0:
C9i
ndi
cat
est
hemanuf
act
urer

Lastt
hreenumber
s14:
C8:
35ar
egi
venbyt
hemanuf
act
urert
othi
sNI
C

I
PAddr
ess

 AnI
Paddr
essi
sagr
oupoff
ourby
tes(
or32bi
ts)eachofwhi
chcanbea
numberf
rom 0t
o255.

I
tist
hel
ogi
cal
addr
ess

 At
ypi
cal
IPaddr
essl
ooksl
i
ket
his:

59.
177.
134.
72
  Onanet
wor
k,I
Paddr
essofamachi
ne,
andnott
heMACaddr
essofi
tsNI
C,i
s
usedt
oident
if
yit
.

 MACaddressi
susedonl
ywhenaspeci
fi
cmachi
nei
stobet
arget
ed.For
example,supposewewanttoblockaspecif
icPCtoaccesssomenet work
resour
ce.IfweusethePCsIPaddress,t
hent hePCisnotblockedper
manently
asitsI
Paddr essmaychangewhenitconnectstothenetworknextt
ime.
Inst
ead,i
fthePCsMACaddr essisusedforthepurpose,
thenthejobisdone.

 Therearet
wov
ersi
onsofI
Paddr
esses

 versi
on4(
IPv
4)

 versi
on6(
IPv
6)

v
ersi
on4(
IPv
4)

 I
Pv4uses32bi
tsf
oranI
Paddr
ess

 Usi
ngI
Pv4onl
y2(
appr
oxi
mat
ely4bi
l
li
on)di
sti
nctdev
icescanbe
addr
essed.

v
ersi
on6(
IPv
6)

 I
Pv6uses128bi
tsf
oranI
Paddr
ess

 Usi
ngIPv62(appr
oxi
mat
ely4Bnx4Bnx4Bnx4Bn)di
sti
nctdev
ices
canbeaddr
essed.

 I
Pv6alsoi
ncl
udesani
mportantf
eat
ure:
asetofpossi
blemi
grat
ionand
t
ransi
ti
onpl
ansfr
om I
Pv4.