Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Shallow Foundation
Shallow Foundation
Shallow Foundation
29 – 10 – 2019
Figure: (a) plain concrete foundation, (b) stepped reinforced concrete foundation, (c) reinforced
concrete rectangular foundation, (d) reinforced concrete wall foundation.
Shallow Foundation – Bearing Capacity (BC): Shallow Foundation – Bearing Capacity (BC):
Factors considered in foundation: Steps for the selection of the type of foundation:
• The nature of the superstructure and the loads to be transmitted to the foundation.
o The foundation must be stable against shear failure of the • Obtain the subsurface soil conditions.
supporting soil. • Explore the possibility of constructing any one of the types of foundation under the
o The foundation must not settle beyond a tolerable limit to avoid existing conditions by taking into account (i) the bearing capacity of the soil to carry the
required load, and (ii) the adverse effects on the structure due to differential settlements;
damage to the structure.
Eliminate in this way, the unsuitable types.
Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019 Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019
Shallow Foundation – Bearing Capacity (BC): Shallow Foundation – Bearing Capacity (BC):
• Once one or two types of foundation are selected on the basis of preliminary studies, make sand or clayey soil of
medium compaction
more detailed studies.
• These studies may require more accurate determination of loads, subsurface conditions
Local shear failure
and footing sizes. It may also be necessary to make more refined estimates of settlement
dense sand or stiff cohesive soil
in order to predict the behavior of the structure.
• Estimate the cost of each of the promising types of foundation, and choose the type that
a fairly loose soil
1
10/29/2019
Shallow Foundation – Bearing Capacity (BC): Shallow Foundation – Bearing Capacity (BC):
3. The failure surface is well defined and failure occurs quite suddenly, as 3. A small bulge may occur, but considerable settlement, perhaps on the
illustrated by the load displacement curve.
order of half the foundation width, is necessary before a clear shear
4. A clearly formed bulge appears on the ground surface adjacent to the
surface forms near the ground.
foundation.
4. Even then, a sudden failure does not occur, as happens in the general
5. Though bulges may appear on both sides of the foundation, ultimate failure
shear case. The foundation just continues to sink ever deeper into the
occurs on one side only, and it is often accompanied by rotations of the
Load displacement curve Load displacement curve
foundation.
ground.
Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019 Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019
Shallow Foundation – Bearing Capacity (BC): Shallow Foundation – Bearing Capacity (BC):
Punching shear failure
Modes of BC Failure: Modes of BC Failure:
o Punching shear failure
Shallow Foundation – Bearing Capacity (BC): Shallow Foundation – Bearing Capacity (BC):
Quantitative criteria for three modes of failure: Quantitative criteria for three modes of failure:
• Shallow foundations in rock and undrained clays are governed by the general shear • For nearly all practical shallow foundation design problems, it is only necessary to check the
case.
general shear case, and then conduct settlement analyses to verify that the foundation will not
• Shallow foundations in dense sands are governed by the general shear case. In this
settle excessively. These settlement analyses implicitly protect against local and punching
context, a dense sand is one with a relative density, " greater than about 67%.
shear failures.
• Shallow foundations on loose to medium dense sands (30% < < 67%) are probably
• the ultimate load may occur at a foundation settlement of 4% to 10% of B. This condition
governed by local shear
• Shallow foundations on very loose sand ( < 30%) are probably governed by punching occurs with general shear failure in soil; however, with local or punching shear failure, the
shear. ultimate load may occur in settlements of 15% to 25% of the width of foundation (B).
Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /01/10/2019 Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /27/10/2019
2
10/29/2019
Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Terzaghi’s bearing capacity formula: Bearing capacity analysis in soils:
, , ! " #
Bearing capacity analysis in soils – The Factor of Safety Bearing capacity analysis in soils –
o Problem 1:
A square foundation is 1.5 m X 1.5 m in plan. The soil supporting the foundation has a
friction angle = 20o , and = 15.2 kN/m 2 . The unit weight of soil is 17.8 kN/m3.
Determine the allowable gross load on the foundation with a factor of safety (FS ) of 4.
3
10/29/2019
ft below the ground surface. Compute the ultimate bearing capacity and the column load required
Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /01/10/2019 Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019
Table: Variation of the preceding bearing capacity factors with soil friction angles (Vesic’s 1973). Shallow Foundation:
Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019 Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019
o Vesic’s bearing capacity formula – Shape factors: o Vesic’s bearing capacity formula – Depth factors:
Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019 Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019
4
10/29/2019
Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Groundwater table
. "" / 0 ,1 + 2 1345 6 17
=>
The factor 1 ! .0 # : =@
1 91345 6 17 ) =?
d
• Condition II: Water table : 0 ≤ + ≤
. "" / 0 1 -
The factor 1 ! .0 # :
;
1̅ 1 + 91 6 1 )
Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019 Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019
A # B / B B# +
C D#D E#0 "#0 + #
Figure: Eccentrically loaded foundations (Meyerhof, 1955)
Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019 Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019
5
10/29/2019
• Step I • Step 2
F# J I6 • Step 3
F# G I6 • Step 4
• Step 5
Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019 Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019
o Foundations with two way eccentricity: o Foundations with two way eccentricity:
Step 1
and
Step - 2 Step - 5
Step - 3
Step - 4
Figure: Analysis of foundation with two-way eccentricity
Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019 Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019
o Foundations with two way eccentricity: o Foundations with two way eccentricity:
• The effective length, K , is the larger of the two dimensions, that is, B1 or L1
6
10/29/2019
o Foundations with two way eccentricity: o Foundations with two way eccentricity:
The magnitudes of B1 and B2 can be The ratios of B 2/B and L2/L (and hence B 2 and
L2) can be obtained from Figures
determined from these Figures
Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019 Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019
Problem 3: A continuous foundation is shown in Figure. Assume that the load eccentricity, Practice problem: A square foundation is shown in Figure with eL = 0.3 m and eB = 0.15 m. Assume
e = 0.15 m. Determine the ultimate load, Qult . two-way eccentricity and determine the ultimate load, Qult .
Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019 Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019