Shallow Foundation PDF

10/29/2019
Shallow Foundation – Bearing Capacity (BC):
Types of shallow foundation:

Soil Mechanics II (CE 324)
Tariq Mahmood Bajwa , PhD
NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan
Office: NIT # 112
Email: tariq.bajwa@nice.nust.edu.pk
29 – 10 – 2019
Figure: (a) plain concrete foundation, (b) stepped reinforced concrete foundation, (c) reinforced
concrete rectangular foundation, (d) reinforced concrete wall foundation.
Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019
Shallow Foundation – Bearing Capacity (BC): Shallow Foundation – Bearing Capacity (BC):
Factors considered in foundation: Steps for the selection of the type of foundation:
• The nature of the superstructure and the loads to be transmitted to the foundation.
o The foundation must be stable against shear failure of the • Obtain the subsurface soil conditions.
supporting soil. • Explore the possibility of constructing any one of the types of foundation under the
o The foundation must not settle beyond a tolerable limit to avoid existing conditions by taking into account (i) the bearing capacity of the soil to carry the
required load, and (ii) the adverse effects on the structure due to differential settlements;
damage to the structure.
Eliminate in this way, the unsuitable types.
Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019 Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019
Steps for the selection of the type of foundation: Modes of BC Failure:
• Once one or two types of foundation are selected on the basis of preliminary studies, make sand or clayey soil of
medium compaction
more detailed studies.
• These studies may require more accurate determination of loads, subsurface conditions
Local shear failure
and footing sizes. It may also be necessary to make more refined estimates of settlement
dense sand or stiff cohesive soil
in order to predict the behavior of the structure.
• Estimate the cost of each of the promising types of foundation, and choose the type that
a fairly loose soil
represents the most acceptable compromise between performance and cost.

General shear failure
Punching shear failure

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Modes of BC Failure: Modes of BC Failure:

o General shear failure o Local shear failure
1. the most common mode.
1. an intermediate case.
2. Occurs in relatively incompressible and reasonably strong soil, in rock, and
General shear failure 2. The shear surfaces are well defined under the foundation, and then
in saturated normally consolidated clays - loaded rapidly enough that the
undrained condition prevails. become vague near the ground surface.
3. The failure surface is well defined and failure occurs quite suddenly, as 3. A small bulge may occur, but considerable settlement, perhaps on the
illustrated by the load displacement curve.
order of half the foundation width, is necessary before a clear shear
4. A clearly formed bulge appears on the ground surface adjacent to the
surface forms near the ground.
foundation.
4. Even then, a sudden failure does not occur, as happens in the general
5. Though bulges may appear on both sides of the foundation, ultimate failure
shear case. The foundation just continues to sink ever deeper into the
occurs on one side only, and it is often accompanied by rotations of the
Load displacement curve Load displacement curve
foundation.
ground.
Punching shear failure
Modes of BC Failure: Modes of BC Failure:
o Punching shear failure
1. opposite extreme to GSF
2. occurs in very loose sands, in a thin crust of strong soil underlain

• Vesic (1973) investigated these three
modes of failure by conducting load
by a very weak soil, or in weak clays loaded under slow drained
tests on model circular foundations in a
conditions.
sand.
3. The high compressibility of such soil profiles causes large • Shallow foundation ⁄ 2
settlements and poorly defined vertical shear surfaces.
4. Little or no bulging occurs at the ground surface and failure
develops gradually, as illustrated by the ever-increasing load

Figure: Modes of failure of model circular foundations in
settlement curve. Load displacement curve
Chattahoochee Sand (Adapted from Vesic 1963 and 1973).
Quantitative criteria for three modes of failure: Quantitative criteria for three modes of failure:
• Shallow foundations in rock and undrained clays are governed by the general shear • For nearly all practical shallow foundation design problems, it is only necessary to check the
case.
general shear case, and then conduct settlement analyses to verify that the foundation will not
• Shallow foundations in dense sands are governed by the general shear case. In this
settle excessively. These settlement analyses implicitly protect against local and punching
context, a dense sand is one with a relative density, " greater than about 67%.
shear failures.
• Shallow foundations on loose to medium dense sands (30% < < 67%) are probably
• the ultimate load may occur at a foundation settlement of 4% to 10% of B. This condition
governed by local shear
• Shallow foundations on very loose sand ( < 30%) are probably governed by punching occurs with general shear failure in soil; however, with local or punching shear failure, the
shear. ultimate load may occur in settlements of 15% to 25% of the width of foundation (B).
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Shallow Foundation: Shallow Foundation:
Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Terzaghi’s bearing capacity formula: Bearing capacity analysis in soils:
Assumptions: o Terzaghi’s bearing capacity formula:

• The depth of the foundation is less than or equal to its width (D ≤ B).
• The bottom of the foundation is sufficiently rough that no sliding occurs between the foundation and the soil.
• The soil beneath the foundation is a homogeneous semi-infinite mass (i.e., the soil extends for a great distance
below the foundation and the soil properties are uniform throughout).
• The shear strength of the soil is described by the formula, +
• The general shear mode of failure governs.
Rankine passive zone
• No consolidation of the soil occurs (i.e., settlement of the foundation is due only to the shearing and lateral
movement of the soil).
• The foundation is very rigid in comparison to the soil. Radial shear zone Triangular zone
• The soil between the ground surface and a depth D has no shear strength, and serves only as a surcharge load.
• The applied load is compressive and applied vertically Figure: Bearing capacity failure in soil under a rough rigid continuous foundation
Shallow Foundation: Terzaghi’s bearing capacity formula

Bearing capacity analysis in soils
o Terzaghi’s bearing capacity formula:
For strip or continuous footing
For square footing
For circular footing
, , ! " #
For a total stress analysis: c $% , 0, 5.7, 1 + 0

Bearing capacity analysis in soils – The Factor of Safety Bearing capacity analysis in soils –
o Problem 1:
A square foundation is 1.5 m X 1.5 m in plan. The soil supporting the foundation has a
friction angle = 20o , and = 15.2 kN/m 2 . The unit weight of soil is 17.8 kN/m3.
Determine the allowable gross load on the foundation with a factor of safety (FS ) of 4.
Assume that the depth of the foundation (Df ) is 1 meter
• The factor of safety may be at least 3 in all cases.

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Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Bearing capacity analysis in soils –
o Practice problem: o Modifications to Terzaghi’s bearing capacity equations (Vesic’s 1973)
• A square footing is to be constructed as shown in Figure. The groundwater table is at a depth of 50
ft below the ground surface. Compute the ultimate bearing capacity and the column load required
to produce a bearing capacity failure
Table: Variation of the preceding bearing capacity factors with soil friction angles (Vesic’s 1973). Shallow Foundation:
Bearing capacity analysis in soils –
o Vesic’s bearing capacity formula:
o Vesic’s bearing capacity formula – Shape factors: o Vesic’s bearing capacity formula – Depth factors:
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Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Groundwater table
o Vesic’s bearing capacity formula – Inclination factors:

• Condition I: Water table : 0 ≤ , ≤ -
. "" / 0 ,1 + 2 1345 6 17
=>
The factor 1 ! .0 # : =@
1 91345 6 17 ) =?
d
• Condition II: Water table : 0 ≤ + ≤
. "" / 0 1 -
The factor 1 ! .0 # :
;
1̅ 1 + 91 6 1 )
• Condition III: Water table + <

No effect of WT on the UBC
o Problem 2: o Practice Problem:

A square column foundation to be constructed on a sandy soil has to carry a gross allowable total load
• A square footing is shown in Figure. Determine the safe gross load (factor of
of 150 kN. The depth of the foundation will be 0.7 m. The load will be inclined at an angle of 20o to the
safety of 3) that the footing can carry. Use Vesic’s method
vertical. Assume that the unit weight of the soil is 18 kN/m3 . Determine the width of the foundation, B .
Use a factor of safety of 3.
o Practice Problem: o Eccentrically loaded foundations:
A # B / B B# +
C D#D E#0 "#0 + #
Figure: Eccentrically loaded foundations (Meyerhof, 1955)
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o Eccentrically loaded foundations: o Eccentrically loaded foundations:
• Step I • Step 2
F# J I6 • Step 3
F# G I6 • Step 4
• Step 5
o Foundations with two way eccentricity: o Foundations with two way eccentricity:
Step 1
and
Step - 2 Step - 5
Step - 3
Step - 4
Figure: Analysis of foundation with two-way eccentricity
• Effective area: case I • Effective area: case II:
The magnitudes of L1 and L2 can

be determined from these Figures
• The effective length, K , is the larger of the two dimensions, that is, B1 or L1

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• Effective area: case III • Effective area: case IV:
The magnitudes of B1 and B2 can be The ratios of B 2/B and L2/L (and hence B 2 and
L2) can be obtained from Figures
determined from these Figures

o Foundations with eccentricity: o Foundations with eccentricity:
Problem 3: A continuous foundation is shown in Figure. Assume that the load eccentricity, Practice problem: A square foundation is shown in Figure with eL = 0.3 m and eB = 0.15 m. Assume
e = 0.15 m. Determine the ultimate load, Qult . two-way eccentricity and determine the ultimate load, Qult .
Thank you very much / Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa

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10/29/2019

Shallow Foundation – Bearing Capacity (BC):

Types of shallow foundation:

Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019

Steps for the selection of the type of foundation: Modes of BC Failure:

represents the most acceptable compromise between performance and cost.

Punching shear failure

Modes of BC Failure: Modes of BC Failure:

undrained condition prevails. become vague near the ground surface.

1. opposite extreme to GSF

2. occurs in very loose sands, in a thin crust of strong soil underlain

4. Little or no bulging occurs at the ground surface and failure

develops gradually, as illustrated by the ever-increasing load

Shallow Foundation: Shallow Foundation:

Assumptions: o Terzaghi’s bearing capacity formula:

Shallow Foundation: Terzaghi’s bearing capacity formula

o Terzaghi’s bearing capacity formula:

For strip or continuous footing

For square footing

For circular footing

For a total stress analysis: c $% , 0, 5.7, 1 + 0

Shallow Foundation: Shallow Foundation:

Assume that the depth of the foundation (Df ) is 1 meter

• The factor of safety may be at least 3 in all cases.

Shallow Foundation: Shallow Foundation:

Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Bearing capacity analysis in soils –

o Practice problem: o Modifications to Terzaghi’s bearing capacity equations (Vesic’s 1973)

• A square footing is to be constructed as shown in Figure. The groundwater table is at a depth of 50

to produce a bearing capacity failure

Bearing capacity analysis in soils –

o Vesic’s bearing capacity formula:

Shallow Foundation: Shallow Foundation:

Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Bearing capacity analysis in soils –

Shallow Foundation: Shallow Foundation:

o Vesic’s bearing capacity formula – Inclination factors:

• Condition III: Water table + <

Shallow Foundation: Shallow Foundation:

Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Bearing capacity analysis in soils –

o Problem 2: o Practice Problem:

Use a factor of safety of 3.

Shallow Foundation: Shallow Foundation:

Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Bearing capacity analysis in soils –

o Practice Problem: o Eccentrically loaded foundations:

Shallow Foundation: Shallow Foundation:

Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Bearing capacity analysis in soils –

o Eccentrically loaded foundations: o Eccentrically loaded foundations:

Shallow Foundation: Shallow Foundation:

Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Bearing capacity analysis in soils –

Shallow Foundation: Shallow Foundation:

Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Bearing capacity analysis in soils –

• Effective area: case I • Effective area: case II:

The magnitudes of L1 and L2 can

Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa /29/10/2019

Shallow Foundation: Shallow Foundation:

Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Bearing capacity analysis in soils –

• Effective area: case III • Effective area: case IV:

Shallow Foundation: Shallow Foundation:

Bearing capacity analysis in soils – Bearing capacity analysis in soils –

Thank you very much / Dr. Tariq Mahmood Bajwa

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