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C3 Equivalent System of Forces PDF
C3 Equivalent System of Forces PDF
Twelfth Edition
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Chapter 3
• Principle of Transmissibility -
Conditions of equilibrium or motion
are not affected by transmitting a
force along its line of action.
NOTE: F and F’ are equivalent forces.
Vector products:
• are not commutative; however, Q × P = −(P × Q)
• are distributive, P × (Q1 + Q2) = P × Q1 + P × Q2
• are not associative, (P × Q) × S ≠ P × (Q × S)
i i = 0 j i = −k k i = j
i j =k j j =0 k j = −i
i k = − j j k = i k k = 0
+ ( PxQy − Py Qx ) k
i j k
= Px Py Pz
Qx Qy Qz
(
r F1 + F2 + ) = r F +r F +
1 2
MO = r F, r = xi + yj + zk
F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k
M O = M xi + M y j + M z k
i j k
= x y z
Fx Fy Fz
The components of M O , Mx, My, and Mz, represent the moments about the
x, y, and z axis, respectively.
M B = rA / B F
rA / B = rA − rB
= ( x A − xB ) i + ( y A − y B ) j + ( z A − z B ) k
F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k
i j k
M B = ( x A − xB ) ( y A − yB ) ( z A − zB )
Fx Fy Fz
M O = ( xFy − yFz ) k
MO = M Z
= xFy − yFz
M B = ( x A − xB ) Fy − ( y A − yB ) Fz k
MB = MZ
= ( x A − xB ) Fy − ( y A − yB ) Fz
M O = ( 100 lb ) ( 12 in. )
M O = −1200 lb in., or
= 1200 lb in.
M O = Fd
1200 lb in.
F= F = 57.7 Ib
20.8 in.
1200 lb in.
F= F = 50 Ib
24 in.
M O = Fd
1200 lb in. = (240 lb)d
1200 lb in.
d= = 5 in.
240 lb
OB cos 60 = 5 in. OB = 10 in.
Reflect and Think: Various combinations of force and lever arm can
produce equivalent moments, but the system of force and moment produces
a different overall effect in each case.
M A = rC A F
rC A = rC − rA = ( 0.3 m ) i + ( 0.08 m ) k
rC D
F = F = ( 200 N )
rC D
i j k
M A = 0.3 0 0.08
−120 96 −128
Scalar products:
• are commutative, P • Q = Q • P
• are distributive, P • ( Q1 + Q2 ) = P • Q1 + P • Q2
( )(
P • Q = Px i + Py j + Pz k • Qx i + Qy j + Qz k )
i •i =1 j • j =1 k •k =1 i • j = 0 j •k = 0 k •i = 0
P • Q = PxQx + Py Qy + Pz Qz
PxQx + Py Qy + Pz Qz
cos q =
PQ
P • Q = PQ cos
P•Q
= P cos = POL
Q
+ S z ( PxQy − Py Qx )
Sx Sy Sz
= Px Py Pz
Qx Qy Qz
M BL = • M B
(
= • rA B F )
rA B = rA − rB
Strategy: Use the equations presented in this section to compute the moments
asked for. You can find the distance between AG and FC from the expression
for the moment MAG.
rF A = ai − a j = a ( i − j )
(
P= P / 2 ) j −( P / 2 ) k = ( P / 2 ) ( j −k )
MA = a ( i − j )( P / 2 ) ( j − k )
(
M A = aP / 2 ) (i + j +k )
• List an alternative to the position vector rF A ,
and discuss your answer with a neighbor.
M AG = • M A
ai − aj − ak
( )
rG A 1
= = = i − j −k
rG A a 3 3
MA =
aP
2
(
i + j +k )
M AG =
1
3
(
i − j −k •
aP
2
) (
i + j +k )
aP
= (1−1−1) M AG = −
aP
6 6
P• =
P
2
( j − k ) • 13 ( i − j − k ) = P
6
( 0 −1+1)
(
= 0 since by definition P • = ( P ) ( 1 ) cos )
Therefore, P is perpendicular to AG.
aP a
M AG = = Pd d=
6 6
Reflect and Think: In a problem like this, it is
important to visualize the forces and moments in
three dimensions so you can choose the appropriate
equations for finding them and also recognize the
geometric relationships between them.
M = rA F + rB − F ( )
= ( rA − rB ) F
= r F
M = rF sin = Fd
M 2 = r F2 in plane P2
(
M = r R = r F1 + F2 )
• By Varignon’s theorem.
M = r F1 + r F2
= M1 + M 2
• Sum of two couples is also a couple that is
equal to the vector sum of the two couples.
• Force vector F can not be simply moved to O without modifying its effect
on the body.
• Attaching equal and opposite force vectors at O produces no net change of
effect on the body.
• The three forces may be replaced by an equivalent force vector and couple
vector, i.e, a force-couple system.
Access the text alternative for these images.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Resolution of a Force Into a Force at O and a
Couple 2
= MO + s F
• Moving the force-couple system from O to Oʹ requires the addition of the
moment of the force at O about Oʹ.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Sample Problem 3.6 1
Strategy:
Look for ways to add equal and opposite
forces to the diagram that, along with
already known perpendicular distances,
will produce new couples with moments
along the coordinate axes. These can be
combined into a single equivalent couple.
Modeling:
• Attach equal and opposite 20 lb forces in
the ± x direction at A, thereby producing
Determine the components of 3 couples for which the moment
the single couple equivalent to components are easily computed.
the two couples shown.
Analysis:
You can represent these three couples
by three couple vectors Mx, My, and
Mz directed along the coordinate axes.
The corresponding moments are
+ ( 180 lb in. ) k
M = M D = ( 18 in. ) j ( −30 lb ) k
Strategy:
The force part of an equivalent
force-couple system is simply the
sum of the forces involved. The
couple part is the sum of the
moments caused by each force
relative to the point of interest. Once
For the beam, reduce the system of you find the equivalent force-couple
forces shown to (a) an equivalent at one point, you can transfer it to
force-couple system at A, (b) an any other point by a moment
equivalent force couple system at B, calculation.
and (c) a single force or resultant.
Note: Since the support reactions
are not included, the given system
will not maintain the beam in
equilibrium.
Access the text alternative for this image.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
Sample Problem 3.8 2
R= F
R = − ( 600 N ) j
(
M AR = r F )
= ( 1.6 i ) ( −600 j ) + ( 2.8 i ) ( 100 j )
+ ( 4.8 i ) ( −250 j )
M AR = − ( 1880 N m ) k
M BR = M AR + rA B R
= − ( 1880 N m ) k + ( 2880 N m ) k
M BR = + (1000 N m ) k
r R = M RA
xi (−600 N) j = −(1880 N m)k
Solving for x, you get x = 3.13 m.
Thus, the single force equivalent
− x(600 N)k = −(1880 N m)k to the given system is defined as
R = 600 N , x = 3.13 m
Strategy:
• Determine the relative position
vectors for the points of application
of the cable forces with respect to A.
• Resolve the forces into rectangular
components.
• Compute the equivalent force,
R= F
rE B 75 i − 150 j + 50k
= =
rE B 175
i j k
rD A F D = 0.100 −0.100 0 = 163.9k
600 1039 0