Chemistry labs for form 5 ….

Lab # 7

Title : Salt Preparation

Aim : To prepare samples of barium sulphate and magnesium chloride

Apparatus / Materials : Retort stand, Boss clamp, Conical flasks, Spatula, Filter paper, Funnel
,Magnesium metal, Barium nitrate crystals , Zinc sulphate crystals , Hydrochloric acid solution, Bunsen
burner, Tripod stand , Electronic balance.

Procedure 1: REPORTED SPEECH

1. Make a solution of barium nitrate and zinc sulphate

2. Mix the solution to form a precipitate
3. Filter the precipitate to separate the solution
4. Wash the precipitate with distilled water to remove impurities
5. Leave the precipitate to dry.

Procedure 2

1. Measure the mass of beaker 1

2. Add the magnesium metal to the hydrochloric acid in beaker 2 until effervescence is no longer
observe and excess appears.
3. Filter the metal and acid to remove the excess acid, then transfer the contents to beaker 1.
4. Heat the contents of beaker one until it is dry.
5. Record the final mass of the beaker

Observation

Pt.1

 Two soluble salts of barium nitrate and zinc sulphate where mixed together to form a white
cloudy precipitate.it was then filtered to separate the solution and the solution came out clear.
 The precipitate was then washed and left to dry. After it was dried the precipitate color was
white.

Pt.2

Then after the mass of beaker was measured which was 33.5g .then beaker 2 filled with hydrochloric
acid was placed unto the tripod stand while magnesium metal was added until effervescence is no
longer observed .the beaker started to condense on the outside and it started to bubble, then after the
excess solution appears.it was then filtered to remove excess hydrochloric acid then it was transferred
to the solution of barium nitrate and zinc sulphate and was heated until it becomes dry. A red-pink color
was formed from the magnesium chloride .Lastly the final mass of the beaker was measured which was
38.6g.
Discussion/ Analysis

* A salt consists of the positive ion (cation) of a base and the negative ion (anion) of an
acid. The reaction between an acid and a base is called a neutralization reaction. The
term salt is also used to refer specifically to common table salt, or sodium chloride.
When in solution or the molten state, most salts are completely dissociated into
negatively and positively charged ions and are good electrolytes (conductors
of electricity).

State each method of salt preparation use in each experiment write the equations for the experiment.

State why these steps for each experiment was taken.

* Ba(NO3)2 + ZnSO4 = Zn(NO3)2 + BaSO4

 Mg+2HCL=mgcl2+h2

Precautions :

 Work area should have sufficient exhaust ventilation.

 Avoid eye contact and wear eye protection.
 Avoid skin contact and wear protective clothing and gloves.

Conclusion: it can be concluded that samples of barium sulphate and magnesium chloride was
prepared.
Lab # 8

Title : Volumetric Analysis

Aim : To determine the concentration of nitric acid

Apparatus/ materials: Retort stand, Boss clamp, Conical flask, Pipette filler, Pipette, Funnel, Beaker,
3
1dm Volumetric flasks, Dropper, Phenolphthalein indicator, Nitric acid (HNO 3), 0.1M sodium hydroxide
solution ( NaOH)

Procedure

1. Rinsed all apparatus with water

2. Fill Beaker A with Nitric acid
3. Fill beaker with hydrochloric acid
4. Rinse the burette with acid and the pipette with base.
5. Fill the burette with Nitric acid
6. Pipette 25cm3 of sodium hydroxide in the conical flask
7. Add two drops of the indicator to the conical flask
8. Titrate the nitric acid into the conical flask until the first permanent colour change is seen
9. Repeat steps 6-8 until 2 consecutive readings are obtain.

Observation

Headings

Titration Final Burette Reading Initial Burette Reading Volume of acid used
/cm3
Rough
1
2

The average volume of nitric acid that reacted with sodium hydroxide was 6.5 cm^3

Analysis / Discussion

Define volumetric analysis. Describe each aspect of titration. Describe the experiment.
Titration is a common laboratory method of using quantitative chemical analysis. This method is
used to determine the unidentified concentration of a known analyte. The volume measurement is
known as volumetric analysis, and it is important in the titration.There are many types of titration
when considering goals and procedures. However, the most common types of titration in quantitative
chemical analysis are redox titration and acid-base titration.
Titrations can be classified as:

1. Acid-base Titrations
2. Redox Titrations.
3. Precipitation Titrations.
4. Complexometric Titrations.
1. It is a quantitative analysis method to determine an acid’s or bases’ concentration by precisely
neutralizing them with a standard solution of either acid or base of known concentration. It is
monitored with the help of a pH indicator to know the development of the acid-base reaction

2. The redox titration is also known as an oxidation-reduction reaction. In this type of titration, the
chemical reaction takes place with a transfer of electrons in the reacting ions of aqueous solutions

3. The titration is based on the insoluble precipitate formation when the two reacting substances are
brought into contact are called precipitation titration

4. The complexometric titration is where an undissociated complex is formed at an equivalence

point. It is greater than the precipitation titrations, and there will be no error due to co-precipitations

-Volume of HNO3 used

- No. of mol. NaOH

Equation of the experiment.

Calculate the molar concentration of HNO3

Moles=concentration(moldm3)times volume(dm3)
=

: when handling the acid avoid contact with skin

Avoid excessive inhalation of the acid

Conclusion: it can be concluded that the concentration of nitric acid was determined.it was 0.38 moldm-
3.
Lab no 9

Title : Thermometric Analysis

Aim : To determine the concentration of hydrochloric acid solution using thermometric analysis

Apparatus/ materials .: Beakers, Measuring cylinder, Styrofoam cup, Thermometer , Test tube, Sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) , Hydrochloric acid (HCL)

Procedure

1. Measure 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution and put it in a Styrofoam cup

2. Record the temperature of the solution
3. Allow 4cm3 of the acid to run into the sodium hydroxide in the Styrofoam cup. Measure the
temperature every time.
4. Increase the volume of the acid by 4cm3 until 28 cm3 of the acid in the cup. Record the
temperature each time
5. Plot a graph temperature versus volume.

Observation

Volume of naoh cm3) Volume of acid Temperature (degrees

Celsius)
25 0 0
25 4 58
25 8 64
25 12 61
25 16 59
25 20 56
25 24 54
25 28 53

Analysis

Define thermometric analysis

Describe the experiment and what occurred
Write the equation for the reaction
Calculate the mass HCL used

Graph
 Precaution:

Conclusion:

Reminders

Please use a dictionary when writing your labs

Research how to write in reported speech

Remember

Table label at the top in pen

Diagram label at the bottom in caps underlined