Application of Trigonometry

version: 1.
CHAPTER
12 Application of
Trigonometry
1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.Punjab 1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.Punjab
12. Application of Trigonometry eLearn.Punjab 12. Application of Trigonometry eLearn.Punjab
ii) To find sin 38° 28’, we first find sin 38° 24’, and then see the right hand column headed
12.1 Introduction by mean differences. Running down the column under 4’ till the row of 38° is reached.
We find 9 as the difference for 4’. Adding 9 to 6211, we get 6220.
A triangle has six important elements; three angles and three sides. In a triangle ABC, the
∴ sin 38 24′ =
0.6220
measures of the three angles are usually denoted by a, b, g and the measures of the three
sides opposite to them are denoted by a, b, c respectively. Note: 1. As sin q, sec q and tan q go on increasing as q increases from 0° to 90°, so the
If any three out of these six elements, out of which atleast one side, are given, the numbers in the columns of the differences for sin q, sec q and tan q are added.
remaining three elements can be determined This process of finding the unknown elements 2. Since cos q, cosec q and cot q decrease as q increases from 0° to 90°, therefore,
is called the solution of the triangle. for cos q, cosec q and cot q the numbers in the column of the, differences are
We have calculated the values of the trigonometric functions of the angles measuring 0°, subtracted.
30°, 45°, 60° and 90°. But in a triangle, the angles are not necessarily of these few measures.
So, in the solution of triangles, we may have to solve problems involving angles of measures iii) Turning to the tables of Natural Tangents read the number 65° in the first column on
other than these. In such cases, we shall have to consult natural sin/cos/tan tables or we the left hand side headed by degrees. Looking along the row of 65° till the minute
column under 30’ is reached, we get the number 1943. The integral part of the figure
may use sin , cos , tan keys on the calculator.
just next to 65° in the horizontal line is 2.
Tables/calculator will also be used for finding the measures of the angles when value
of trigonometric ratios are given e.g. to find q when sinq = x. ∴ tan 6530′ =
2.1943
Example 2: If sinx = 0.5100, find x.

12.2 Tables of Trigonometric Ratios
Solution: In the tables of Natural Sines, we get the number (nearest to 5100) 5090 which
Mathematicians have constructed tables giving the values of the trigonometric ratios of lies at the intersection of the row beginning with 30° and the column headed by 36’. The
large number of angles between 0° and 90°. These are called tables of natural sines, cosines, difference between 5100 and 5090 is 10 which occurs in the row of 30° under the mean
tangents etc. In four-figure tables, the interval is 6 minutes and difference corresponding to difference column headed by 4’. So, we add 4’ to 30° 36’ and get
1,2, 3, 4, 5 minutes are given in the difference columns.
sin -1 (0.5100) = 30 40′
The following examples will illustrate how to consult these tables.
Hence x = 30° 40
Exercise 12.1
Example 1: Find the value of
i) sin 38° 24’ ii) sin 38° 28’ iii) tan 65° 30’.
1. Find the values of:
i) sin 53 40′ ii) cos36 20′ iii) tan1930′
Solution: In the first column on the left hand side headed by degrees (in the Natural Sine
table) we read the number 38°. Looking along the row of 38° till the minute column number iv) cot 3350′ v) cos 4238′ vi) tan 2534′
24’ is reached, we get the number 0.6211.
vii) sin1831′ viii) cos5213′ ix) cot 899′
∴ sin 38 24′ =
0.6211
version: 1.1 version: 1.1
2 3
2. Find q , if: CASE II: When Measures of One Side and One Angle are Given
i) sin q = 0.5791 ii) cos q = 0.9316
iii) cos q = 0.5257 iv) tan q = 1.705 Example 2: Solve the right triangle, in which
v) tan q = 21.943 vi) sin q = 0.5186
= a 58
= 
13′ , b 125.7
= and g 90
12.3 Solution of Right Triangles Solution:  g = 90 , a = 5813′ ∴ b = 90 - 58 13′ = 31 47′
From the figure,
In order to solve a right triangle, we have to find: a
= tan 58 13′
i) the measures of two acute angles b
and ii) the lengths of the three sides.
⇒ a (125.7) tan 5813′
=
We know that a trigonometric ratio of an acute angle of a right triangle involves 3
quantities “lengths of two sides and measure of an angle”. Thus if two out of these three = 125.7(1.6139)
= 202.865
quantities are known, we can find the third quantity.
∴ a =
202.9
Let us consider the following two cases in solving a right triangle:
a
Again = sin 5813′
CASE I: When Measures of Two Sides are Given
c
202.9
⇒ c =
Example 1: Solve the right triangle ABC, in which b = 30.8, c = 37.2 and g= 90°. 0.8500

∴ c =
238.7
Solution: From the figure, Hence =a 202.9, b
= 31 47′=
and c 238.7

b 30.8
cos a= = = 0.8280
c 37.2 Exercise 12.2
⇒
= = 346′
a cos -1 0.8280

 g = 90 ⇒ b = 90 - a = 90 - 346, = 5554, 1. Find the unknown angles and sides of the following triangles:

a
 = sin a
c
⇒ a = c sin a =
37.2sin 346,
= 37.2(0.5606)

= 20.855

Solve the right triangle ABC, in which g = 90°
⇒ a = 20.9
=2. a 37 =
20′, a 243
= 3. a 62=
40′, b 796
Hence
= a 20.9, a
= 34 and b = 55 54
4. a = 3.28, b =5.74 5. b = 68.4, c = 96.2
4 5
6. a = 5429, c = 6294
= 7. b 50
= 
10′, c 0.832 Now = m∠O 60 =
and OB 200 m
Suppose AB = x meters
12.4 (a) Heights And Distances In right ∆OAB,

One of the chief advantages of trigonometry lies in finding heights and distances of x 3 1.732
= sin 60
= 
=
inaccessible objecst: 200 2 2
In order to solve such problems, the following procedure is adopted:  1.732 
⇒ x = 200   = 100(1.732)= 173.2
1) Construct a clear labelled diagram, showing the known measurements.  2 
2) Establish the relationships between the quantities in the diagram to form Hence the height of the kite above the ground = 173.2 m.
equations containing trigonometric ratios.
3) Use tables or calculator to find the solution. Example 2: A surveyor stands on the top of 240 m high hill by the side of a lake. He observes
two boats at the angles of depression of measures 17° and 10°. If the boats are in the same
straight line with the foot of the hill just below the observer, find the distance between the
two boats, if they are on the same side of the hill.
(b) Angles of Elevation and Depression

If OA is the horizontal ray through the eye of the
observer at point O, and there are two objects B and C
such that B is above and C is below the horizontal ray

OA , then,
i) for looking at B above the horizontal ray, we have to raise our eye , and ∠AOB is
called the Angle of Elevation and
ii) for looking at C below the horizontal ray we have to lower our eye , and ∠AOC is
called the Angle of Depression.
Solution: Let T be the top of the hill TM , where the observer is stationed, A and B be the
Example 1: A string of a flying kite is 200 meters long, and its angle of elevation is 60°. Find positions of the two boats so that m∠XTB = 10° and m∠XTA = 17° and TM = 240m :

the height of the kite above the ground taking the string to be fully stretched.
Now, m∠MAT = m∠XTA =17 ( TX MA )


Solution: Let O be the position of the observer, B be the position of the kite and OA be the
and m∠MBT = m∠XTB = 10


(
TX MA )
horizontal ray through O.
 TM
Draw BA ⊥ OA From the figure, = tan17
AM
6 7
By Componendo and Dividendo, we have

TM 240
⇒ AM = = tan15 + tan 30 h - 100 + h + 100 2h h
tan17 0.3057 = = =
tan15 - tan 30 h - 100 - h - 100 -200 -100
⇒ AM =
785 m
tan 30 + tan15  0.5774 + 0.2679 
∴ h
= = × 100  × 100
tan 30 - tan15  0.5774 - 0.2679 

TM

and = tan10 ⇒
BM h = 273.1179.
TM 240 Hence height of the peak = 273 m. (Approximately)
⇒ BM= = = 1361m
tan10 0.1763
∴ AB = BM - AM = 1361 - 785 = 576 m 12.5 Engineering and Heights and Distances

Hence the distance between the boats = 576m.
Engineers have to design the construction of roads and tunnels for which the knowledge
Example 3: From a point 100 m above the surface of a lake, the angle of elevation of a peak of heights and distance is very useful to them. Moreover, they are also required to find the
of a cliff is found to be 15° and the angle of depression of the image of the peak is 30°. Find heights and distances of the out of reach objects.
the height of the peak.
Example 4: An O.P., sitting on a cliff 1900 meters high, finds himself in the same vertical
Solution: plane with an anti-air-craft gun and an ammunition depot of the enemy. He observes that
Let A be the top of,the peak AM and MB be its the angles of depression of the gun and the depot are 60° and 30° respectively. He passes
image. Let P be the point of observation and L be the this information on to the headquarters. Calculate the distance between the gun and the
point just below P (on the surface of the lake). depot.
such that PL = 100m
Solution: Let O be the position of the O.P., A be the point
From P, draw PQ ⊥ AM .
on the ground just below him and B and C be the positions
Let PQ = y metres and AM = h metres.
of the gun and the depot respectively.
∴ AQ =h - QM =h - PL =h - 100 OA = 1900m
From the figure,
m∠BOX =
60

AQ h - 100 BQ 100 + h
and m∠COX =
30
tan15
= 
= and tan=
30 =
PQ y PQ y
⇒ m∠ABO = m∠BOX = 60 , m∠ACO = 30
By division, we get
In right ∆BAO, In right ∆CAO,

tan15 h - 100 1900 1900
= = tan 60 = tan 30
tan 30 h + 100 AB AC
1900 1900 1900
⇒ AB= = AC =
tan 60 3 tan 30
8 9
the length of the flag staff.

Now BC
= AC - AB ⇒ AC 1900 3
=
12. The angle of elevation of the top of a 60 m high tower from a point A, on the same level

1900 as the foot of the tower, is 25°. Find the angle of elevation of the top of the tower from
⇒ BC= 1900 3 - = 2193.93
3 a point B, 20 m nearer to A from the foot of the tower.
∴ Required distance = 2194 meters. 13. Two buildings A and B are 100 m apart. The angle of elevation from the top of the
building A to the top of the building B is 20°. The angle of elevation from the base of
Exercise 12.3 the building B to the top of the building A is 50°. Find the height of the building B.
14. A window washer is working in a hotel building. An observer at a distance of 20 m
1. A vertical pole is 8 m high and the length of its shadow is 6 m. What is the angle of from the building finds the angle of elevation of the worker to be of 30°. The worker
elevation of the sun at that moment? climbs up 12 m and the observer moves 4 m farther away from the building. Find the
2. A man 18 dm tall observes that the angle of elevation of the top of a tree at a distance new angle of elevatiqn of the worker.
of 12 m from him is 32 . What is the height of the tree? 15 A man standing on the bank of a canal observes that the measure of the angle of
3. At the top of a cliff 80 m high, the angle of depression of a boat is 12°. How far is the elevation of a tree on the other side of the canal, is 60. On retreating 40 meters from
boat from the cliff? the bank, he finds the measure of the angle of elevation of the tree as 30 . Find the
4. A ladder leaning against a vertical wall makes an angle of 24° with the wall. Its foot is height of the tree and the width of the canal.
5m from the wall. Find its length.
5. A kite flying at a height of 67.2 m is attached to a fully stretched string inclined at an 12.6 Oblique Triangles
angle of 55° to the horizontal. Find the length of the string.
6. When the angle between the ground and the suri is 30°, flag pole casts a shadow of A triangle, which is not right, is called an oblique triangle. Following triangles are not
40m long. Find the height of the top of the flag. right, and so each one of them is oblique:
7. A plane flying directly above a post 6000 m away from an anti-aircraft gun observes the
gun at an angle of depression of 27°.Find the height of the plane.
8. A man on the top of a 100 m high light-house is in line with two ships on the same side
of it, whose angles of depression from the man are 17° and 19° respecting. Find the
distance between the ships.
9. P and Q are two points in line with a tree. If the distance between P and Q be 30 m and
the angles of elevation of the top of the tree at P and Q be 12° and l5° respectively, find We have learnt the methods of solving right triangles. However, in solving oblique
the height of the tree. triangles, we have to make use of the relations between the sides a, b, c and the angle a,b,g
10 Two men are on the opposite sides of a 100 m high tower. If the measures of the of such triangles, which are called law of cosine, law of sines and law of tangents.
angles of elevation of the top of the tower are 18° and 22°respectively find the distance Let us discover these laws one by one before solving oblique triangles.
between them.
11. A man standing 60 m away from a tower notices that the angles of elevation of the top
and the bottom of a flag staff on the top of the tower are 64° and 62° respectively. Find
10 11
12.6.1 The Law of Cosine

b2 + c2 - a 2
cos a =
In any triangle ABC, with usual notations, prove that: 2bc
c2 + a 2 - b2
cos b =
2ca
i) a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos a
a 2 + b2 - c2
ii) b 2 = c 2 + a 2 - 2ca cos b cos g =
2ab
iii) c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos g
Note: If ∆ABC is right, then
Law of cosine reduces to Pythagorous Theorem i.e.,
if
= a 90 then
= b2 + c2 a 2
Proof: Let side AC of triangle ABC be along the positive direction of the x-axis with vertex or
= if b 90 then
= c2 + a 2 b2
A at origin, then ∠BAC will be in the standard position. or if
= g 90 then
= a 2 + b2 c2
 AB
= c and m∠BAC = a
∴ coodinatesof B are(c cos a , c sin a )
12.6.2 The Law of Sines

a AC = b and point C is on the x-axis
∴ Coordinates of C are (b, 0)
In any triangle ABC, with usual notations, prove that:
By distance formula,
a b c
= =
2 sin a sin b sin g
BC= (c cos a - b) 2 + (c sin a - 0) 2

a2
⇒= c 2 cos 2 a + b 2 - 2bc cos a + c 2 sin 2 a (=
BC a )
a2
⇒= c 2 (cos 2 a + sin 2 a ) + b 2 - 2bc cos a

⇒ a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos a
⇒ (i)

In a similar way, we can prove that

b2 = c 2 + a 2 - 2ca cos b (ii)
c2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos g (iii)

(i), (ii) and (iii) are called law of cosine. They can also be expressed as: Proof: Let side AC of.triangle ABC be along the positive direction of the x-axis with vertex A
at origin, then ∠BAC will be in the standard position.
12 13
∴ = AB c and m∠BAC = a

∴ The coodinates of the point B are (c cos a , c sin a )
g -a
If the origin A is shifted to C, then ∠BCX will be in the standard position, c-a tan
iii) = 2
 BC = a and m∠BCX = 180 - g

c+a g + a
tan
∴ The coodinates of B are [a cos(180 - g ), a sin(180 - g )] 2

In both the cases, the y-coordinate of B remains the same Proof: We know that by the law of sines:
⇒ a sin (180 - g ) =
csin a a b
=
sin a sin b
a sin g = c sin a
a b a sin a
⇒
= (i) ⇒ =
sin a sin b b sin b
By componendo and dividendo,

In a similar way, with side AB along +ve x-axis, we can prove that:

a +b a -b
a -b sin a - sin b 2cos sin
a b 2 2
= (ii) = =
sin a sin b a+b sin a + sin b a +b a -b
2sin cos
2 2
a b c aa--bb
From (i) and (ii), we have = = tan
tan
sin a sin b sin g aa--bb 22
⇒⇒ =
= (i)
aa++bb tan aa++bb
tan
22
This is called the law of sines.
Similarly, we can prove that:
12.6.3 The Law of Tangents
In any triangle ABC, with usual notations, prove that:

b -g g -a
b-c tan c-a tan
= 2 (ii) and = 2 (iii)
a -b b -g b+c b +g c+a g +a
tan tan tan tan
a -b 2 b-c 2 2 2
i) = ii) =
a+b a +b b+c b +g
tan tan
2 2 ⇒ (i), (ii) and (iii) are called Law of Tangents.
14 15
12.6.4 Half Angle Formulas In a similar way, we can prove that
b ( s - c)(s - a ) g ( s - a )( s - b)
We shall now prove some more formulas with the help of the law of cosine, which
= sin = and sin
2 ca 2 ab
are called half-angle formulas:
a) The Sine of Half the Angle in Terms of the Sides b) The Cosine of Half the Angle in Term of the Sides
In any triangle ABC, prove that : In any triangle ABC, with usual notation, prove that:
a s( s - a) 
a ( s - b)( s - c) 
i) cos = 
(i) sin =  2 bc 
2 bc  
b s ( s - b)
b ( s - c)( s - a)  ii) cos =  where 2 s = a + b + c
(ii) sin =  where 2s = a + b + c 2 ac 
2 ca 
g s ( s - c) 
g ( s - a)( s - b)  iii) cos = 
(iii) sin =  2 ab 
2 ab 

Proof: We know that Proof: We know that
a a b2 + c2 - a 2  b2 + c2 - a 2 
2sin 2 = 1 - cos a 2cos =+ 1 cos a =
2
1+  cos a = 2bc 
2 2 2bc  
2 2 2 2 2
a b2 + c2 - a 2  b2 + c2 - a 2 2bc + b + c - a (b + c) - a
∴ 2sin =2
1-  cos a = = =
2 2bc  2bc 2bc 2bc

2bc - b 2 - c 2 + a 2 (b + c + a )(b + c - a )
= =
2bc 2bc

a (a + b + c)(b + c - a )
2a a 2 - (b 2 + c 2 - 2bc) a 2 - (b - a ) 2 ∴ cos 2 =
2sin
∴ = = 2 4bc
2 2bc 2bc
a (a + b - c)(a - b + c) a 2 s . 2( s - a )
∴ sin 2 = ∴ cos 2 = (∴ 2 s = a + b + c)
2 4bc 2 4bc
a 2( s - c).2( s - b)  
∴ sin 2 = { a + b + c 2 s}  a is measureof
 a is measureof
2 4bc
a s ( s - a) s ( s- a ) 
= cos
⇒ =
⇒ ⇒ cos an angleof ∆ABC
an angleof ∆ABC
2 bc 2 bc
 a  a a a
 ∴ isacute∴ ⇒ cosisacute
== ve cos ==
+⇒ + ve
  2  2 2 2
is the measure of
a ( s - b)( s - c)  In a similar way, we can prove that
Hence: sin = an angle of ABC
2 bc  a a b b s ( s -s (bs)- b) g g s ( s -s (cs) - c)
∴ < 90 ⇒ sin = + ve =
= cos cos =
= andandcos cos
and
 2 2 2 2 ca ca 2 2 ab ab

16 17
c) The Tangent of Half the Angle in Terms of the Sides or ii) two sides and their included angle are known
In any triangle ABC, with usual notation, prove that: or iii) three sides are known.
Now we shall discover the methods of solving an oblique triangle in each of the above
a ( s - b)( s - c)  cases:
(i) tan = 
2 s( s - a) 
b ( s - c)( s - a )  12.7.1 Case I: When measures of one side and two angles are given
(ii) tan =  where 2 s = a + b + c
2 s ( s - b) 
In this case, the law of sines can be applied.
g ( s - a )( s - b) 
(iii) tan = 
2 s ( s - c) 
Example 1: Solve the triangle ABC, given that
Proof: We know that:
= a 35
=
17′, b 45
=
13′, b 421
Solution:  a + b +g = 180
a ( s - b)( s - c) a s( s - a)
sin = and cos ∴ g = 180 - (a + b ) = 180 - (35 17′ + 45 13′)= 99 30′
2 bc 2 bc
By Law of sines, we have
a ( s - b)( s - c) a b
a sin =
⇒ tan = 2 = bc sin a sin b
2 b s( s - a)
cos sin a 421 × sin 35 17′ 421(0.5776)
2 bc ⇒ a =b = =

sin b sin 45 13′

0.7098
a ( s - b)( s - c) \ a = 342.58 = 343 approximately.
∴
∴ tan
2
=
s( s - a)
c b

In a similar way, we can prove that: Again =
sin g sin b

b ( s - c)( s - a ) g ( s - a )( s - b) sin g 421 × sin 99 30′ 421(0.9863)

= tan = and tan ∴ c = b
sin b
=
sin 45 13′
=
0.7098
2 s ( s - b) 2 s ( s - c)
12.7 Solution of Oblique Triangles = 584.99 = 585 approximately.

Hence
= 30′, a 343,
g 99= = c 585.
We know that a triangle can be constructed if:
i) one side and two angles are given, Exercise 12.4
or ii) two sides and their included angle are given
or iii) three sides are given. Solve the triangle ABC, if
In the same way, we can solve an oblique triangle if 1.
= b 60
= 
, g 15 =
, b 6
i) one side and two angles are known,
2.
= b 52
= 
, g 89 35
=′ , a 89.35
18 19
=3. b 125
= , g 53 ,
= a 47 Solution: Here a > c ∴ a >g
4. c 16.1
= , 45′
a 42 = , g 74 32′
 a + b + g =180
5.
= a 53
= , b 88 36′=
, g 31 54′
 a + g= 180 - b = 180 - 78 10′

⇒ a +g =101 50′
12.7.2 Case II: When measures of two sides and their included angle are given ⇒
a +g
50 55′
=
2
In this case, we can use any one of the following methods:
\ By the law of tangents,
i) First law of cosine and then law of sines,
or ii) First law of tangents and then law of sines. a -g
tan a-c a -g a-c a +g
2 = ⇒ tan = tan
a +g a+c 2 a+c 2
Example 1: Solve the triangle ABC, by using the cosine and sine laws, given that b = 3, c = 5 tan
2
and a = 120°.
a -g 36.21 - 30.14
so tan = . tan 50 55′
Solution: By cosine laws, 2 36.21 + 30.14
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos a = 9 + 25 - 2(3)(5) cos 120 a -g 6.07
tan = × 1.2312
2 66.35
 1 a -g
= 9 + 25 - 2(3)(5)  -  = 9 + 25 + 15 = 49 ⇒ tan = 0.1126
 2 2
a -g
\ a = 7 ⇒ tan = 6 26′
2
a b a - g =12 52′ (ii)
NOW =
sin a sin b
b sin a 3 × sin120 3 × 0.866 Solving (i) and (ii) we have
⇒ sin b = = = = 0.3712
a 7 7
= a 57 21 and g
= 44 29′
∴ 21 47′
b =
To find side b, we use law of sines
∴ g = 180 - (a + b =
) 180 - (120 + 21 47′)
g = 88 13′ b a a sin b
= ⇒ b=
Hence= b 21 47′and g =3813′
a 7,= sin b sin a sin a
36.21 × sin 78 10′ (36.21)(0.9788)
Example 2: Solve the triangle ABC, in which: =b = = 420.09

sin 57 21′ (0.8420)
=a 36.21,
= c 30.14,
= b 78 10′
Hence
= b 42.09,
= g 44 29′ =
and a 57 21′
20 21
Example 3: Two forces of 20 Newtons and 15 Newtons, inclined at an angle of 45°,

→- →- →- →-
are applied at a point on a body. If these forces are represented by two adjacent sides Make AB , BC , AD and AC
of a parallelogram then, their resultant is represented by its diagonal. Find the resultan
force and also the angle which the resultant makes with the force of 20 Newtons.
→-
BC × sin 135
15 × 0.707
Solution: ∴ sin m∠BAC
= = = 0.3274
→-
32.4
Let ABCD be a llm, such that AC

AB represent 20 Newtons ∴ m∠BAC 19 6′
=


AD represents 15 Newtons
Exercise 12.5
and m∠BAD =45

Solve the triangle ABC in which:
m

 ABCD is a 
  1.
= b 95
= c 34 and
= a 52
 BC
= = AD 15 N
∴  2.
= b 12.5
= c 23 and
= a 38 20′

 m∠ABC
= 180 - m∠BAD= 180 - 45
= 
135 3. a =3 - 1 b =3 + 1 and g =
60
By the law of cosine, 4.
= a 3=c 6 and
= b 36 20′

 2     5.
= a 7= b 3 and
= g 38 13′
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
AC = AB + BC - 2 AB × BC × cos 135 Solve the following triangles, using first Law of tangents and then Law of sines:
2 2 -1 6.
= a 36.21
= b 42.09 =
and g 44 29′
= (20) + (15) - 2 × 20 × 15×
2 7.
= a 93
= b 101 and
= b 80
= 400 + 225 + 424.2 8.
= a 14.8
= c 16.1 and
= a 42 45′
= 1049.2 9.
= a 319
= b 168 and
= g 110 22
→- 10. a 61
= = a 32 = and a 59 30
∴ AC= 1049.2= 32.4 N
11. Measures of two sides of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 2 and they include an angle of
measure 57°. Find the remaining two angles.
By the law of sines, →- →-
12. Two forces of 40 N and 30 N are represented by AB and BC which are inclined at an
→- →-
BC AC →- →- →-
angle of 147° 25”. Find AC , the resultant of AB and BC .
=
sin m∠BAC sin 135 
22 23
12.7.3 Case. lll: When Measures of Three Sides are Given

b ( s - c)( s - a ) 86 × 231
=tan = = 0.4429
In this case, we can take help of the following formulas: 2 s ( s - b) 514 × 197
i) the law of cosine; b
or ii) the half angle formulas: ∴ = 23 53′ ⇒ b = 47 46′
2

∴ g = 180 - (a + b ) = 180 - (41 24′ + 47 46′)= 90 50′
Example 1: Solve the triangle ABC, by using the law of cosine when
a = 7, b = 3, c = 5
Solution: We know that
Exercise 12.6
b2 + c2 - a 2 Solve the following triangles, in which

cos a =
2bc
1. a = 7 ,b = 7 ,c = 9
9 + 25 - 49 15 1
∴ cos a = = - =
- 2. a = 32 , b = 40 , c = 66
30 30 2
3. a = 28.3 , b = 31.7 , c = 42.8
∴ a 120
= 4. a = 31.9 , b = 56.31 , c = 40.27

5. a = 4584 , b = 5140 , c = 3624
c2 + a 2 - b2 25 + 49 - 9 65
cos
= b = = = 0.9286 6. Find the smallest angle of the triangle ABC, when a = 37.34,
2ca 70 70
b = 3.24, c = 35.06.
∴ b 21 17′
= 7. Find the measure of the greatest angle, if sides of the triangle are 16, 20, 33.

and g = 180 - (a + b ) = 180 - (120 + 21 47′)= 38 13′ 8. The sides of a triangle are x 2 + x + 1, 2 x + 1 and x 2 - 1. Prove that the greatest angle of the
triangle is 120°.
Example 2: Solve the triangle ABC, by half angle formula, when 9. The measures of side of a triangular plot are 413, 214 and 375 meters. Find the
a = 283, b = 317, c = 428 measures of the comer angles of the plot.
Solution: 2s = a + b + c = 283 + 317 + 428 = 1028 10. Three villages A, B and C are connected by straight roads 6 km. 9 km and 13 km. What
s = 514 angles these roads make with each other?
s - a = 514 - 283 = 231
s - b = 514 - 317 = 197
12.8 Area of Triangle
s - c = 514 - 428 = 96
a ( s - b)( s - c) 197 × 86 We have learnt the methods of solving different types of triangle. Now we shall find the
Now,
= tan = = 0.3777
2 s(s - a) 514 × 231 methods of finding the area of these triangles.
a
= 20 53′ ⇒ a= 41 24′ and
2

24 25
case 1 Area of Triangle in Terms of the Measures of Two Sides and Their Included Angle Similarly, we can prove that:
With usual notations, prove that:
1 1
=∆ bc sin a
= ca sin b
1 1 1 2 2
Area of triangle
= ABC = bc sin a = ca sin b ab sin g
2 2 2
Case II. Area of Triangle in Terms of the Measures of One Side and two Angles
Proof: Consider three different kinds of triangle ABC with m∠C =
g as In a triangle ∆ABC , with usual notations, prove that:
i) acute ii) obtuse and iii) right
a 2 sin b sin g b 2 sin g sin a c 2 sin a sin b
From A, draw AD ⊥ BC or BC produced. Area
= of triangle = =
2sin a 2sin b 2sin g
Proof: By the law of sines, we know that:
a b c
= =
sin a sin b sin g
sin a sin b
=
⇒ a c and
= b c
sin g sin g

We know that area of triangle ABC is
AD
In figure. (i), = sin g 1
AC ∆ = ab sin g
2
AD 1  sin a   c sin b 
In figure. (ii), = -g)
sin (180 = sin g ⇒ ∆ = c   sin g
AC 2  sin g   sin g 
c 2 sin a sin b
AD ∴∴ ∆ =
In figure. (iii), = 1
= sin
= 90 sin g 2sin g

AC
In a similar way, we can prove that:
In all the three cases, we have
= AD =AC sin g b sin g a 2 sin b sin g b 2 sin g sin a

= ∆ABC and ∆ABC
=
Let ∆ denote the area of triangle ABC. 2sin a 2sin b
By elementary geometry we know that Case III. Area of Triangle in Terms of the Measures of its Sides
1 In a triangle ABC, with usual notation, prove that:
∆ = (base)(altitude)
2 Area of triangle = s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c
1 Proof: We know that area of triangle ABC is
∴ ∆ = BC . AD
2
1 1
∴ ∆ = a b sin g ∆ =bc sin a
2 2
26 27
1 a a  a a 1 (42.1) 2 (0.7097)(0.5776)
= bc . 2 sin cos = ∴ sin a 2 sin cos  =
2 2 2  2 2
2 (0.9863)
( s - b)( s - c) s( s - a) ∴ ∆ =368.3 square units.
= bc (by half angle formulas)
bc bc
Example 3: Find the area of the triangle ABC in which
s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c)
= bc a = 275.4, b = 303.7, c = 342.5
bc
∴ =∆ s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c) Solution: ∴
=
 a 275.4,
= b 303.7,
= c 342.5
Which is also called Hero’s formula ∴ 2s = a+b+c
= 275.4 + 303.7 + 342.5 = 921.6
Example 1: Find the area of the triangle ABC, in which
∴ s = 460.8
b = 21.6, c = 30.2 and a = 52° 40’
Now s - a = 460.8 - 275.4 =185.4
s - b = 460.8 - 303.7=157.1
Solution: We know that:
s - c = 460.8 - 342.5 =118.3
1 1 Now =
∆ s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c)
∆ABC= bc sin
= a (21.6)(30.2) sin 52 40′
2 2
= 460.8 × 185.4 × 157.1 × 118.3
1
= (21.6)(30.2)(0.7951) ∴ ∆ = 39847 sq. units
2

∴ ∆ABC =259.3 sq.units
Exercise 12.7
Example 2: Find the area of the triangle ABC, when
1. Find the area of the triangle ABC, given two sides and their included

= a 35 17′ , g
= 45 13′ and b
= 42.1
angle:
Solution:  a + b + g = 180 =i) a 200 ,
= b 120
= , g 150

∴ b= 180 - (a + g )= 180 - (35 17′ + 45 13′=
) 99 30′ =ii) b 37 ,
= c 45=
, a 30 50′

Also= b =42.1 a 35 17′ , g
= 45
=
13′ , b 99 30′ =iii) b 4.33 ,
= b 9.25
= , g 56 44′
We know that the area of triangle ABC is
2. Find the area of the triangle ABC, given one side and two angles:
1 b 2 sin g sin a =i) b 25.4 ,
= g 36 41
= ′ , a 45 17′
∆ =
2 sin b =ii) c 32
= , a 47
= 
24′ , b 70 16′
1 (42.1) 2 sin 45 13′ sin 35 17′ =iii) a 8.2 ,
= a 42′
83 = , g 37 12′
∴ =
2 sin 99 30′
28 29
3. Find the area of the triangle ABC, given three sides: Proof: Consider three different kinds of triangle ABC with m∠A = a
i) a = 18 , b =24 , c = 30 i) acute ii) obtuse iii) right.

ii) a = 524 , b =276 , c = 315
Let O be the circum-centre of ∆ABC . Join B to O and produce BO to -meet the circle
iii) a = 32.65 , b =42.81 , c = 64.92
again at D. Join C to D. Thus we have the measure =
of diameter mBD 2 R and
= mBC a
4. The area of triangle is 2437. If a = 79, and c = 97, then find angle b .
5. The area of triangle is 121.34. If a = 32° 15 b = 65° 37 then find c and angle g. I. In fig. (i), m∠BDC = m∠A = a (Angles in the same segment)
6. One side of a triangular garden is 30 m. If its two corner angles are 22  1
2 and 112  1
2 , find In right triangle BCD,
the cost of planting the grass at the rate of Rs. 5 per square meter.
m BC
= sin m∠BDC = sin a
m BD
12.9 Circles Connected with Triangle II. In fig. (ii),
In our previous classes, we have learnt the methods of drawing the following three kinds m∠BDC + m∠A = 180 (Sum of opposite angles of a

of circles related to a triangle:
m∠BDC + a
⇒= 180=
cyclic quadrilateral 180
i) Circum-Circle ii) In-Circle iii) Ex-Circle.
⇒ m∠BDC = 180 - a
In right triangle BCD,
12.9.1 Circum-Circle:
m BC
The circle passing through the three vertices of a triangle is called a Circum- Circle. Its = = sin (180 - a=
sin m∠BDC ) sin a
m BD
centre is called the circum-centre, which is the point of intersection of the right bisectors of
the sides of the triangle. Its radius is called the circum-radius and is denoted by R. III. In fig. (iii), m∠A = a = 90

a b c
a) Prove that:
= R = = with usual notations.
2 sin a 2 sin b 2 sin g m BC

∴ 1 =
= sin a
sin 90 =
m BD
In all the three figures, we have proved that
m BC
= sin a
m BD
a
⇒ = sin a ⇒ 2 R sin a = a
2R
a
∴ R =
2 sin a
30 31
Similarly, we can prove that 12.9.2 In-Circle

b R.c
=R = and R The circle drawn inside a triangle touching its three sides is called its inscribed

2 sin b 2 sin g
circle or in-circle. Its centre is known as the in-centre, it is the point of intersection of the
a b c
Hence R
= = = bisectors of angles of the triangle. Its radius is called in-radius and is denoted by r.
2 sin a 2 sin b 2 sin g
∆
a) Deduction of Law of Sines: a) Prove that: r = with usual notations.
s
a b c
We know that
= R = = Proof: Let the internal bisectors of angles of triangle ABC meet at O, the in-centre
2sin a 2sin b 2 sin g
Draw OD ⊥ BC , OE ⊥ AC and OF ⊥ AB
a b c
⇒ === 2R

sin a sin b sin g
a b c
∴ == , which is the law of sines.

sin a sin b sin g
abc
b) Prove that: R =
4∆
a
Proof: We know that: R =
2sin a
a  a a Let, mOD
= mOE = = mOF r
=
⇒ R =  sin a 2 sin cos 
a a  2 2
2 .2 sin cos From the figure Area ∆ABC = Area∆OBC + Area∆OCA + Area∆OAB
2 2
a 1 1 1
=
∴ ∆= BC × OD + CA × OE + AB × OF
s ( s - b)( s - c) s( s - a) 2 2 2
4 (by half angle formulas)
bc bc 1 1 1
= ar + br + cr
abc 2 2 2
= 1
4 s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c) = r (a + b + c)

2
abc 1
∴ R=
4∆
(=
∆ s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c) )
∆ =
2
r . 2s ( 2s = a + b + c)
∆
⇒⇒ r =
s
32 33
12.9.3 Escribed Circles = ( s - a ) r1

A circle, which touches one side of the triangle externally and the other two produced
∆
sides, is called an escribed circle or ex-circle or e-circle. Obviously, there could be only Hence r1 =
s-a
three such circles of a triangle, one opposite to each angle of the triangle.
The centres of these circles, which are called ex-centres are the points where the In a similar way, we can prove that:
internal bisector of one and the external bisectors of the other two angles of the triangle
meet. ∆ ∆
r2 = and
and r3 =
In ∆ABC , centre of the ex-circle opposite to the vertex A is usually taken as l1 and its s -b s-c
raidus is denoted by r1. Similarly, centres of ex-circles opposite to the vertices B and C are Example 1: Show that:
taken as l2 and l3 and their radii are denoted by r2 and r3 respectively.
a b g
r =( s - a ) tan =( s - b) tan =( s - c) tan
2 2 2
a) With usual notation, prove that:
∆ ∆ ∆ a
=
r1 = , r2 and r3
, = Solution: To prove =
r ( s - a ) tan
s-a s -b s-c 2
Proof: Let l1 be the centre of the escribed circle opposite to the vertex A of ∆ABC , a ( s - b)( s - c)
We know that: tan =
 2 s( s - a)
From l1 draw I1D ⊥ BC , I1E ⊥ AC
 a ( s - b)( s - c)
produced and I1F ⊥ AB produced. R.H.S = ( s - a ) tan =( s - a)
2 s( s - a)
Join l1 to A, B and C.

( s - a )( s - b)( s - c)
Let= =
mI1D mI1E
= =mI1F r1 s

From the figure s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c) ∆
∆ABC = ∆I1 AB + ∆ I1 AC - ∆I1BC = = = r
s2 s
a
∴ ( s - a ) tan =r
1 1 1 2
⇒ ∆= AB × I1F + AC × I1E - BC × I1D
2 2 2 In a similar way, we can prove that:
1 1 1
= c r1 + b r1 - a r1 b g
2 2 2 r ( s - b) tan
= and r =
( s - c) tan
1 2 2
=
∆ r1 (c + b - a )
2
a b g
1 Example 2: Show that r1 = 4 R sin cos cos .
= r1 . 2( s - a ) (2 s = a + b + c) 2 2 2
2

34 35
Example 4: If the measures of the sides of a triangle ABC are 17, 10, 21. Find R, r, r1, r2 and r3.
a b g
Solution: R.H.S. = 4 R sin cos cos .
2 2 2 Solution: Let a = 17, b = 10 , c = 21
abc ( s - b)( s - c) s ( s - b) s ( s - c) \ 2s = a + b + c = 17+10 + 21 = 48
= 4.
4∆ bc ca ab ⇒ S = 24
s ( s - b)( s - c) ∴ s - a = 24 - 17 = 7, s - b = 24 - 10 = 14 and s - c = 24 - 21 = 3
=
∆
Now ∆
= s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c)
s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c)
= =
⇒ ∆ 24(7)(14)(3)
= 84
∆ . ( s - a)
∆2 abc 17 . 10 . 21 85
= Now
= R = =

∆( s - a) 4∆ 4 . 84 8
∆ ∆ 84 7 ∆ 84
= = = r1 L.H.S r= = = ,=r1 = = 12,
s-a s 24 2 s-a 7

a b g ∆ 84 ∆ 84
Hence r1 = 4 R sin cos cos . r=
2 = = 6,= r3 = = 28
2 2 2 s -b 14 s-c 3
1 1 1 1 a 2 + b2 + c2
Example 3 : Prove that 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 12.10 Engineering and Circles Connected With Triangles
r r1 r2 r3 ∆
We know that frames of all rectilinear shapes with the exception of triangular ones,
1 1 1 1 change their shapes when pressed from two corners. But a triangular frame does not change
Solution: L.H.S. = + + +
r 2 r12 r2 2 r32 its shape, when it is pressed from any two vertices. It means that a triangle is the only rigid
s 2 ( s - a)2 ( s - b) 2 ( s - c)2 rectilinear figure. It is on this account that the engineers make frequent use of triangles for
=2 + + +
∆ ∆2 ∆2 ∆2
the strength of material in all sorts of construction work.
s 2 + ( s - a ) 2 + ( s - b) 2 + ( s - c ) 2
= Besides triangular frames etc., circular rings can stand greater pressure when pressed from
∆2
any two points on them. That is why the wells are always made cylindrical whose circular
4s 2 - 2s(a + b + c) + a 2 + b 2 + c 2
= surfaces can stand the pressure of water from all around their bottoms. Moreover, the
∆2
arches below the bridges are constructed in the shape of arcs of circles so that they can bear
4 s 2 - 2 s .2 s + a 2 + b 2 + c 2
= the burden of the traffic passing over the bridge.
∆2
a 2 + b2 + c2
= a) We know that triangular frames change their rectilinear
∆2
nature when they are pressed from the sides. From the

= R.H.S. strength of material point of view, the engineers have to
Hence the result. fix circular rings touching the sides of the triangular frames.
36 37
For making these rings, they have to find the in-radii of the
triangles. a b g
3. Show that: i) r1 = 4 R sin cos cos
2 2 2
a b g
ii) r2 = 4 R cos sin cos
2 2 2
b) In order to protect the triangular discs from any kind of damage,
a b g
the engineers fit circular rings enclosing the discs. For making iii) r3 = 4 R cos cos sin
2 2 2
rings of proper size, the engineers are bound to calculate the 4. Show that:
circum-radii of the triangles. a b g
i) r1 = s tan ii) r2 = s tan iii) r3 = s tan
2 2 2
c) In certain triangular frames, the engineers have to extend two 5. Prove that:
sides of the frames. In order to strengthen these loose wings, i) r1r2 + r2 r3 + r3r1 =s 2 ii) rr1 r2 r3 = ∆2
the engineer feels the necessity of fixing circular rings iii) r + r + r - r = 4 R iv) r r r = rs 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
touching the extended sides andthe third side of the frames. 6. Find R, r, r1 r2 and r3, if measures of the sides of triangle ABC are
i) a = 13 , b = 14 , c = 15
ii) a = 34 , b = 20 , c = 42
For making appropriate rings, the engineers have to find ex-radii of the triangles. 7. Prove that in an equilateral triangle,
The above discussion shows that the methods of calculations of the radii of incircle, i) r : R : r1 = 1 : 2 : 3
circum-circle and ex-circles of traingles must be known to an engineer for performing his ii) r : R : r1 : r2 : r3 = 1 : 2 : 3 : 3 : 3

professional duty efficiently.
8. Prove that:
Exercise 12.8
a b g
i) ∆ = r 2 cot cot cot
2 2 2
a b g
1. Show that: r = 4 R sin sin sin a b g
2 2 2 ii) r = s tan tan tan
a b g 2 2 2
ii) s = 4 R cos cos cos
2 2 2
a b g
iii) ∆ =4 R cos cos cos
2 2 2
b g a g a b
2.
= Show that: r a sin sin sec
= b sin sin sec
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
a b g 9. Show that: i) = + +
= c sin sin sec 2rR ab bc ca
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
ii) = + +
r r1 r2 r3
38 39
1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.Punjab
12. Application of Trigonometry eLearn.Punjab
10. Prove that:
b g a g a b
a sin sin b sin .sin c sin .sin

= r = 2 2 = 2 2 2 2
a b g
cos cos cos
2 2 2
11. Prove that: abc (sin a + sin b + sin g ) = 4∆s
g
12. Prove that: i) (r1 + r2 ) tan c.
=
2
g
ii) (r3 - r ) cot c
=
2
version: 1.1
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version: 1.

Example 2: If sinx = 0.5100, find x.

version: 1.1 version: 1.1

version: 1.1 version: 1.1

version: 1.1 version: 1.1

By Componendo and Dividendo, we have

the length of the flag staff.

version: 1.1 version: 1.1

12.6.1 The Law of Cosine

By componendo and dividendo,

In any triangle ABC, with usual notations, prove that:

version: 1.1 version: 1.1

12.6.4 Half Angle Formulas In a similar way, we can prove that

version: 1.1 version: 1.1

12.7 Solution of Oblique Triangles = 584.99 = 585 approximately.

version: 1.1 version: 1.1

Example 3: Two forces of 20 Newtons and 15 Newtons, inclined at an angle of 45°,

and m∠BAD =45

version: 1.1 version: 1.1

12.7.3 Case. lll: When Measures of Three Sides are Given

b2 + c2 - a 2 Solve the following triangles, in which

version: 1.1 version: 1.1

Proof: By the law of sines, we know that:

version: 1.1 version: 1.1

version: 1.1 version: 1.1

Similarly, we can prove that 12.9.2 In-Circle

version: 1.1 version: 1.1

12.9.3 Escribed Circles = ( s - a ) r1

10. Prove that:

11. Prove that: abc (sin a + sin b + sin g ) = 4∆s

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