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Application of Trigonometry
Application of Trigonometry
Application of Trigonometry
CHAPTER
12 Application of
Trigonometry
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ii) To find sin 38° 28’, we first find sin 38° 24’, and then see the right hand column headed
12.1 Introduction by mean differences. Running down the column under 4’ till the row of 38° is reached.
We find 9 as the difference for 4’. Adding 9 to 6211, we get 6220.
A triangle has six important elements; three angles and three sides. In a triangle ABC, the
∴ sin 38 24′ =
0.6220
measures of the three angles are usually denoted by a, b, g and the measures of the three
sides opposite to them are denoted by a, b, c respectively. Note: 1. As sin q, sec q and tan q go on increasing as q increases from 0° to 90°, so the
If any three out of these six elements, out of which atleast one side, are given, the numbers in the columns of the differences for sin q, sec q and tan q are added.
remaining three elements can be determined This process of finding the unknown elements 2. Since cos q, cosec q and cot q decrease as q increases from 0° to 90°, therefore,
is called the solution of the triangle. for cos q, cosec q and cot q the numbers in the column of the, differences are
We have calculated the values of the trigonometric functions of the angles measuring 0°, subtracted.
30°, 45°, 60° and 90°. But in a triangle, the angles are not necessarily of these few measures.
So, in the solution of triangles, we may have to solve problems involving angles of measures iii) Turning to the tables of Natural Tangents read the number 65° in the first column on
other than these. In such cases, we shall have to consult natural sin/cos/tan tables or we the left hand side headed by degrees. Looking along the row of 65° till the minute
column under 30’ is reached, we get the number 1943. The integral part of the figure
may use sin , cos , tan keys on the calculator.
just next to 65° in the horizontal line is 2.
Tables/calculator will also be used for finding the measures of the angles when value
of trigonometric ratios are given e.g. to find q when sinq = x. ∴ tan 6530′ =
2.1943
2 3
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2. Find q , if: CASE II: When Measures of One Side and One Angle are Given
i) sin q = 0.5791 ii) cos q = 0.9316
iii) cos q = 0.5257 iv) tan q = 1.705 Example 2: Solve the right triangle, in which
v) tan q = 21.943 vi) sin q = 0.5186
= a 58
=
13′ , b 125.7
= and g 90
12.3 Solution of Right Triangles Solution: g = 90 , a = 5813′ ∴ b = 90 - 58 13′ = 31 47′
From the figure,
In order to solve a right triangle, we have to find: a
= tan 58 13′
i) the measures of two acute angles b
and ii) the lengths of the three sides.
⇒ a (125.7) tan 5813′
=
We know that a trigonometric ratio of an acute angle of a right triangle involves 3
quantities “lengths of two sides and measure of an angle”. Thus if two out of these three = 125.7(1.6139)
= 202.865
quantities are known, we can find the third quantity.
∴ a =
202.9
Let us consider the following two cases in solving a right triangle:
a
Again = sin 5813′
CASE I: When Measures of Two Sides are Given
c
202.9
⇒ c =
Example 1: Solve the right triangle ABC, in which b = 30.8, c = 37.2 and g= 90°. 0.8500
∴ c =
238.7
Solution: From the figure, Hence =a 202.9, b
= 31 47′=
and c 238.7
b 30.8
cos a= = = 0.8280
c 37.2 Exercise 12.2
⇒
= = 346′
a cos -1 0.8280
g = 90 ⇒ b = 90 - a = 90 - 346, = 5554, 1. Find the unknown angles and sides of the following triangles:
a
= sin a
c
⇒ a = c sin a =
37.2sin 346,
= 37.2(0.5606)
= 20.855
Solve the right triangle ABC, in which g = 90°
⇒ a = 20.9
=2. a 37 =
20′, a 243
= 3. a 62=
40′, b 796
Hence
= a 20.9, a
= 34 and b = 55 54
4. a = 3.28, b =5.74 5. b = 68.4, c = 96.2
4 5
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6. a = 5429, c = 6294
= 7. b 50
=
10′, c 0.832 Now = m∠O 60 =
and OB 200 m
Suppose AB = x meters
12.4 (a) Heights And Distances In right ∆OAB,
One of the chief advantages of trigonometry lies in finding heights and distances of x 3 1.732
= sin 60
=
=
inaccessible objecst: 200 2 2
In order to solve such problems, the following procedure is adopted: 1.732
⇒ x = 200 = 100(1.732)= 173.2
1) Construct a clear labelled diagram, showing the known measurements. 2
2) Establish the relationships between the quantities in the diagram to form Hence the height of the kite above the ground = 173.2 m.
equations containing trigonometric ratios.
3) Use tables or calculator to find the solution. Example 2: A surveyor stands on the top of 240 m high hill by the side of a lake. He observes
two boats at the angles of depression of measures 17° and 10°. If the boats are in the same
straight line with the foot of the hill just below the observer, find the distance between the
two boats, if they are on the same side of the hill.
(b) Angles of Elevation and Depression
If OA is the horizontal ray through the eye of the
observer at point O, and there are two objects B and C
such that B is above and C is below the horizontal ray
OA , then,
i) for looking at B above the horizontal ray, we have to raise our eye , and ∠AOB is
called the Angle of Elevation and
ii) for looking at C below the horizontal ray we have to lower our eye , and ∠AOC is
called the Angle of Depression.
Solution: Let T be the top of the hill TM , where the observer is stationed, A and B be the
Example 1: A string of a flying kite is 200 meters long, and its angle of elevation is 60°. Find positions of the two boats so that m∠XTB = 10° and m∠XTA = 17° and TM = 240m :
the height of the kite above the ground taking the string to be fully stretched.
Now, m∠MAT = m∠XTA =17 ( TX MA )
Solution: Let O be the position of the observer, B be the position of the kite and OA be the
and m∠MBT = m∠XTB = 10
(
TX MA )
horizontal ray through O.
TM
Draw BA ⊥ OA From the figure, = tan17
AM
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AQ h - 100 BQ 100 + h
and m∠COX =
30
tan15
=
= and tan=
30 =
PQ y PQ y
⇒ m∠ABO = m∠BOX = 60 , m∠ACO = 30
By division, we get
In right ∆BAO, In right ∆CAO,
tan15 h - 100 1900 1900
= = tan 60 = tan 30
tan 30 h + 100 AB AC
1900 1900 1900
⇒ AB= = AC =
tan 60 3 tan 30
version: 1.1 version: 1.1
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a2
⇒= c 2 cos 2 a + b 2 - 2bc cos a + c 2 sin 2 a (=
BC a )
a2
⇒= c 2 (cos 2 a + sin 2 a ) + b 2 - 2bc cos a
⇒ a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos a
⇒ (i)
In a similar way, we can prove that
b2 = c 2 + a 2 - 2ca cos b (ii)
c2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos g (iii)
(i), (ii) and (iii) are called law of cosine. They can also be expressed as: Proof: Let side AC of.triangle ABC be along the positive direction of the x-axis with vertex A
at origin, then ∠BAC will be in the standard position.
version: 1.1 version: 1.1
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∴ = AB c and m∠BAC = a
∴ The coodinates of the point B are (c cos a , c sin a )
g -a
If the origin A is shifted to C, then ∠BCX will be in the standard position, c-a tan
iii) = 2
BC = a and m∠BCX = 180 - g
c+a g + a
tan
∴ The coodinates of B are [a cos(180 - g ), a sin(180 - g )] 2
In both the cases, the y-coordinate of B remains the same Proof: We know that by the law of sines:
⇒ a sin (180 - g ) =
csin a a b
=
sin a sin b
a sin g = c sin a
a b a sin a
⇒
= (i) ⇒ =
sin a sin b b sin b
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b ( s - c)(s - a ) g ( s - a )( s - b)
We shall now prove some more formulas with the help of the law of cosine, which
= sin = and sin
2 ca 2 ab
are called half-angle formulas:
a) The Sine of Half the Angle in Terms of the Sides b) The Cosine of Half the Angle in Term of the Sides
In any triangle ABC, prove that : In any triangle ABC, with usual notation, prove that:
a s( s - a)
a ( s - b)( s - c)
i) cos =
(i) sin = 2 bc
2 bc
b s ( s - b)
b ( s - c)( s - a) ii) cos = where 2 s = a + b + c
(ii) sin = where 2s = a + b + c 2 ac
2 ca
g s ( s - c)
g ( s - a)( s - b) iii) cos =
(iii) sin = 2 ab
2 ab
Proof: We know that Proof: We know that
a a b2 + c2 - a 2 b2 + c2 - a 2
2sin 2 = 1 - cos a 2cos =+ 1 cos a =
2
1+ cos a = 2bc
2 2 2bc
2 2 2 2 2
a b2 + c2 - a 2 b2 + c2 - a 2 2bc + b + c - a (b + c) - a
∴ 2sin =2
1- cos a = = =
2 2bc 2bc 2bc 2bc
2bc - b 2 - c 2 + a 2 (b + c + a )(b + c - a )
= =
2bc 2bc
a (a + b + c)(b + c - a )
2a a 2 - (b 2 + c 2 - 2bc) a 2 - (b - a ) 2 ∴ cos 2 =
2sin
∴ = = 2 4bc
2 2bc 2bc
a (a + b - c)(a - b + c) a 2 s . 2( s - a )
∴ sin 2 = ∴ cos 2 = (∴ 2 s = a + b + c)
2 4bc 2 4bc
a 2( s - c).2( s - b)
∴ sin 2 = { a + b + c 2 s} a is measureof
a is measureof
2 4bc
a s ( s - a) s ( s- a )
= cos
⇒ =
⇒ ⇒ cos an angleof ∆ABC
an angleof ∆ABC
2 bc 2 bc
a a a a
∴ isacute∴ ⇒ cosisacute
== ve cos ==
+⇒ + ve
2 2 2 2
is the measure of
a ( s - b)( s - c) In a similar way, we can prove that
Hence: sin = an angle of ABC
2 bc a a b b s ( s -s (bs)- b) g g s ( s -s (cs) - c)
∴ < 90 ⇒ sin = + ve =
= cos cos =
= andandcos cos
and
2 2 2 2 ca ca 2 2 ab ab
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c) The Tangent of Half the Angle in Terms of the Sides or ii) two sides and their included angle are known
In any triangle ABC, with usual notation, prove that: or iii) three sides are known.
Now we shall discover the methods of solving an oblique triangle in each of the above
a ( s - b)( s - c) cases:
(i) tan =
2 s( s - a)
b ( s - c)( s - a ) 12.7.1 Case I: When measures of one side and two angles are given
(ii) tan = where 2 s = a + b + c
2 s ( s - b)
In this case, the law of sines can be applied.
g ( s - a )( s - b)
(iii) tan =
2 s ( s - c)
Example 1: Solve the triangle ABC, given that
Proof: We know that:
= a 35
=
17′, b 45
=
13′, b 421
Solution: a + b +g = 180
a ( s - b)( s - c) a s( s - a)
sin = and cos ∴ g = 180 - (a + b ) = 180 - (35 17′ + 45 13′)= 99 30′
2 bc 2 bc
By Law of sines, we have
a ( s - b)( s - c) a b
a sin =
⇒ tan = 2 = bc sin a sin b
2 b s( s - a)
cos sin a 421 × sin 35 17′ 421(0.5776)
2 bc ⇒ a =b = =
sin b sin 45 13′
0.7098
a ( s - b)( s - c) \ a = 342.58 = 343 approximately.
∴
∴ tan
2
=
s( s - a)
c b
In a similar way, we can prove that: Again =
sin g sin b
b ( s - c)( s - a ) g ( s - a )( s - b) sin g 421 × sin 99 30′ 421(0.9863)
= tan = and tan ∴ c = b
sin b
=
sin 45 13′
=
0.7098
2 s ( s - b) 2 s ( s - c)
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=3. b 125
= , g 53 ,
= a 47 Solution: Here a > c ∴ a >g
4. c 16.1
= , 45′
a 42 = , g 74 32′
a + b + g =180
5.
= a 53
= , b 88 36′=
, g 31 54′
a + g= 180 - b = 180 - 78 10′
⇒ a +g =101 50′
12.7.2 Case II: When measures of two sides and their included angle are given ⇒
a +g
50 55′
=
2
In this case, we can use any one of the following methods:
\ By the law of tangents,
i) First law of cosine and then law of sines,
or ii) First law of tangents and then law of sines. a -g
tan a-c a -g a-c a +g
2 = ⇒ tan = tan
a +g a+c 2 a+c 2
Example 1: Solve the triangle ABC, by using the cosine and sine laws, given that b = 3, c = 5 tan
2
and a = 120°.
a -g 36.21 - 30.14
so tan = . tan 50 55′
Solution: By cosine laws, 2 36.21 + 30.14
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos a = 9 + 25 - 2(3)(5) cos 120 a -g 6.07
tan = × 1.2312
2 66.35
1 a -g
= 9 + 25 - 2(3)(5) - = 9 + 25 + 15 = 49 ⇒ tan = 0.1126
2 2
a -g
\ a = 7 ⇒ tan = 6 26′
2
a b a - g =12 52′ (ii)
NOW =
sin a sin b
b sin a 3 × sin120 3 × 0.866 Solving (i) and (ii) we have
⇒ sin b = = = = 0.3712
a 7 7
= a 57 21 and g
= 44 29′
∴ 21 47′
b =
To find side b, we use law of sines
∴ g = 180 - (a + b =
) 180 - (120 + 21 47′)
g = 88 13′ b a a sin b
= ⇒ b=
Hence= b 21 47′and g =3813′
a 7,= sin b sin a sin a
36.21 × sin 78 10′ (36.21)(0.9788)
Example 2: Solve the triangle ABC, in which: =b = = 420.09
sin 57 21′ (0.8420)
=a 36.21,
= c 30.14,
= b 78 10′
Hence
= b 42.09,
= g 44 29′ =
and a 57 21′
20 21
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1.
= b 95
= c 34 and
= a 52
BC
= = AD 15 N
∴ 2.
= b 12.5
= c 23 and
= a 38 20′
m∠ABC
= 180 - m∠BAD= 180 - 45
=
135 3. a =3 - 1 b =3 + 1 and g =
60
By the law of cosine, 4.
= a 3=c 6 and
= b 36 20′
2 5.
= a 7= b 3 and
= g 38 13′
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
AC = AB + BC - 2 AB × BC × cos 135 Solve the following triangles, using first Law of tangents and then Law of sines:
2 2 -1 6.
= a 36.21
= b 42.09 =
and g 44 29′
= (20) + (15) - 2 × 20 × 15×
2 7.
= a 93
= b 101 and
= b 80
= 400 + 225 + 424.2 8.
= a 14.8
= c 16.1 and
= a 42 45′
= 1049.2 9.
= a 319
= b 168 and
= g 110 22
→- 10. a 61
= = a 32 = and a 59 30
∴ AC= 1049.2= 32.4 N
11. Measures of two sides of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 2 and they include an angle of
measure 57°. Find the remaining two angles.
By the law of sines, →- →-
12. Two forces of 40 N and 30 N are represented by AB and BC which are inclined at an
→- →-
BC AC →- →- →-
angle of 147° 25”. Find AC , the resultant of AB and BC .
=
sin m∠BAC sin 135
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a ( s - b)( s - c) 197 × 86 We have learnt the methods of solving different types of triangle. Now we shall find the
Now,
= tan = = 0.3777
2 s(s - a) 514 × 231 methods of finding the area of these triangles.
a
= 20 53′ ⇒ a= 41 24′ and
2
24 25
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case 1 Area of Triangle in Terms of the Measures of Two Sides and Their Included Angle Similarly, we can prove that:
With usual notations, prove that:
1 1
=∆ bc sin a
= ca sin b
1 1 1 2 2
Area of triangle
= ABC = bc sin a = ca sin b ab sin g
2 2 2
Case II. Area of Triangle in Terms of the Measures of One Side and two Angles
Proof: Consider three different kinds of triangle ABC with m∠C =
g as In a triangle ∆ABC , with usual notations, prove that:
i) acute ii) obtuse and iii) right
a 2 sin b sin g b 2 sin g sin a c 2 sin a sin b
From A, draw AD ⊥ BC or BC produced. Area
= of triangle = =
2sin a 2sin b 2sin g
a b c
= =
sin a sin b sin g
sin a sin b
=
⇒ a c and
= b c
sin g sin g
We know that area of triangle ABC is
AD
In figure. (i), = sin g 1
AC ∆ = ab sin g
2
AD 1 sin a c sin b
In figure. (ii), = -g)
sin (180 = sin g ⇒ ∆ = c sin g
AC 2 sin g sin g
c 2 sin a sin b
AD ∴∴ ∆ =
In figure. (iii), = 1
= sin
= 90 sin g 2sin g
AC
In a similar way, we can prove that:
In all the three cases, we have
= AD =AC sin g b sin g a 2 sin b sin g b 2 sin g sin a
= ∆ABC and ∆ABC
=
Let ∆ denote the area of triangle ABC. 2sin a 2sin b
By elementary geometry we know that Case III. Area of Triangle in Terms of the Measures of its Sides
1 In a triangle ABC, with usual notation, prove that:
∆ = (base)(altitude)
2 Area of triangle = s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c
1 Proof: We know that area of triangle ABC is
∴ ∆ = BC . AD
2
1 1
∴ ∆ = a b sin g ∆ =bc sin a
2 2
version: 1.1 version: 1.1
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1 a a a a 1 (42.1) 2 (0.7097)(0.5776)
= bc . 2 sin cos = ∴ sin a 2 sin cos =
2 2 2 2 2
2 (0.9863)
( s - b)( s - c) s( s - a) ∴ ∆ =368.3 square units.
= bc (by half angle formulas)
bc bc
Example 3: Find the area of the triangle ABC in which
s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c)
= bc a = 275.4, b = 303.7, c = 342.5
bc
∴ =∆ s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c) Solution: ∴
=
a 275.4,
= b 303.7,
= c 342.5
Which is also called Hero’s formula ∴ 2s = a+b+c
= 275.4 + 303.7 + 342.5 = 921.6
Example 1: Find the area of the triangle ABC, in which
∴ s = 460.8
b = 21.6, c = 30.2 and a = 52° 40’
Now s - a = 460.8 - 275.4 =185.4
s - b = 460.8 - 303.7=157.1
Solution: We know that:
s - c = 460.8 - 342.5 =118.3
1 1 Now =
∆ s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c)
∆ABC= bc sin
= a (21.6)(30.2) sin 52 40′
2 2
= 460.8 × 185.4 × 157.1 × 118.3
1
= (21.6)(30.2)(0.7951) ∴ ∆ = 39847 sq. units
2
∴ ∆ABC =259.3 sq.units
Exercise 12.7
Example 2: Find the area of the triangle ABC, when
1. Find the area of the triangle ABC, given two sides and their included
= a 35 17′ , g
= 45 13′ and b
= 42.1
angle:
Solution: a + b + g = 180 =i) a 200 ,
= b 120
= , g 150
∴ b= 180 - (a + g )= 180 - (35 17′ + 45 13′=
) 99 30′ =ii) b 37 ,
= c 45=
, a 30 50′
Also= b =42.1 a 35 17′ , g
= 45
=
13′ , b 99 30′ =iii) b 4.33 ,
= b 9.25
= , g 56 44′
We know that the area of triangle ABC is
2. Find the area of the triangle ABC, given one side and two angles:
1 b 2 sin g sin a =i) b 25.4 ,
= g 36 41
= ′ , a 45 17′
∆ =
2 sin b =ii) c 32
= , a 47
=
24′ , b 70 16′
1 (42.1) 2 sin 45 13′ sin 35 17′ =iii) a 8.2 ,
= a 42′
83 = , g 37 12′
∴ =
2 sin 99 30′
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3. Find the area of the triangle ABC, given three sides: Proof: Consider three different kinds of triangle ABC with m∠A = a
i) a = 18 , b =24 , c = 30 i) acute ii) obtuse iii) right.
ii) a = 524 , b =276 , c = 315
Let O be the circum-centre of ∆ABC . Join B to O and produce BO to -meet the circle
iii) a = 32.65 , b =42.81 , c = 64.92
again at D. Join C to D. Thus we have the measure =
of diameter mBD 2 R and
= mBC a
4. The area of triangle is 2437. If a = 79, and c = 97, then find angle b .
5. The area of triangle is 121.34. If a = 32° 15 b = 65° 37 then find c and angle g. I. In fig. (i), m∠BDC = m∠A = a (Angles in the same segment)
6. One side of a triangular garden is 30 m. If its two corner angles are 22 1
2 and 112 1
2 , find In right triangle BCD,
the cost of planting the grass at the rate of Rs. 5 per square meter.
m BC
= sin m∠BDC = sin a
m BD
12.9 Circles Connected with Triangle II. In fig. (ii),
In our previous classes, we have learnt the methods of drawing the following three kinds m∠BDC + m∠A = 180 (Sum of opposite angles of a
of circles related to a triangle:
m∠BDC + a
⇒= 180=
cyclic quadrilateral 180
i) Circum-Circle ii) In-Circle iii) Ex-Circle.
⇒ m∠BDC = 180 - a
In right triangle BCD,
12.9.1 Circum-Circle:
m BC
The circle passing through the three vertices of a triangle is called a Circum- Circle. Its = = sin (180 - a=
sin m∠BDC ) sin a
m BD
centre is called the circum-centre, which is the point of intersection of the right bisectors of
the sides of the triangle. Its radius is called the circum-radius and is denoted by R. III. In fig. (iii), m∠A = a = 90
a b c
a) Prove that:
= R = = with usual notations.
2 sin a 2 sin b 2 sin g m BC
∴ 1 =
= sin a
sin 90 =
m BD
In all the three figures, we have proved that
m BC
= sin a
m BD
a
⇒ = sin a ⇒ 2 R sin a = a
2R
a
∴ R =
2 sin a
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abc
b) Prove that: R =
4∆
a
Proof: We know that: R =
2sin a
a a a Let, mOD
= mOE = = mOF r
=
⇒ R = sin a 2 sin cos
a a 2 2
2 .2 sin cos From the figure Area ∆ABC = Area∆OBC + Area∆OCA + Area∆OAB
2 2
a 1 1 1
=
∴ ∆= BC × OD + CA × OE + AB × OF
s ( s - b)( s - c) s( s - a) 2 2 2
4 (by half angle formulas)
bc bc 1 1 1
= ar + br + cr
abc 2 2 2
= 1
4 s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c) = r (a + b + c)
2
abc 1
∴ R=
4∆
(=
∆ s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c) )
∆ =
2
r . 2s ( 2s = a + b + c)
∆
⇒⇒ r =
s
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1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.Punjab 1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.Punjab
12. Application of Trigonometry eLearn.Punjab 12. Application of Trigonometry eLearn.Punjab
A circle, which touches one side of the triangle externally and the other two produced
∆
sides, is called an escribed circle or ex-circle or e-circle. Obviously, there could be only Hence r1 =
s-a
three such circles of a triangle, one opposite to each angle of the triangle.
The centres of these circles, which are called ex-centres are the points where the In a similar way, we can prove that:
internal bisector of one and the external bisectors of the other two angles of the triangle
meet. ∆ ∆
r2 = and
and r3 =
In ∆ABC , centre of the ex-circle opposite to the vertex A is usually taken as l1 and its s -b s-c
raidus is denoted by r1. Similarly, centres of ex-circles opposite to the vertices B and C are Example 1: Show that:
taken as l2 and l3 and their radii are denoted by r2 and r3 respectively.
a b g
r =( s - a ) tan =( s - b) tan =( s - c) tan
2 2 2
a) With usual notation, prove that:
∆ ∆ ∆ a
=
r1 = , r2 and r3
, = Solution: To prove =
r ( s - a ) tan
s-a s -b s-c 2
Proof: Let l1 be the centre of the escribed circle opposite to the vertex A of ∆ABC , a ( s - b)( s - c)
We know that: tan =
2 s( s - a)
From l1 draw I1D ⊥ BC , I1E ⊥ AC
a ( s - b)( s - c)
produced and I1F ⊥ AB produced. R.H.S = ( s - a ) tan =( s - a)
2 s( s - a)
Join l1 to A, B and C.
( s - a )( s - b)( s - c)
Let= =
mI1D mI1E
= =mI1F r1 s
From the figure s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c) ∆
∆ABC = ∆I1 AB + ∆ I1 AC - ∆I1BC = = = r
s2 s
a
∴ ( s - a ) tan =r
1 1 1 2
⇒ ∆= AB × I1F + AC × I1E - BC × I1D
2 2 2 In a similar way, we can prove that:
1 1 1
= c r1 + b r1 - a r1 b g
2 2 2 r ( s - b) tan
= and r =
( s - c) tan
1 2 2
=
∆ r1 (c + b - a )
2
a b g
1 Example 2: Show that r1 = 4 R sin cos cos .
= r1 . 2( s - a ) (2 s = a + b + c) 2 2 2
2
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1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.Punjab 1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.Punjab
12. Application of Trigonometry eLearn.Punjab 12. Application of Trigonometry eLearn.Punjab
Example 4: If the measures of the sides of a triangle ABC are 17, 10, 21. Find R, r, r1, r2 and r3.
a b g
Solution: R.H.S. = 4 R sin cos cos .
2 2 2 Solution: Let a = 17, b = 10 , c = 21
abc ( s - b)( s - c) s ( s - b) s ( s - c) \ 2s = a + b + c = 17+10 + 21 = 48
= 4.
4∆ bc ca ab ⇒ S = 24
s ( s - b)( s - c) ∴ s - a = 24 - 17 = 7, s - b = 24 - 10 = 14 and s - c = 24 - 21 = 3
=
∆
Now ∆
= s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c)
s ( s - a )( s - b)( s - c)
= =
⇒ ∆ 24(7)(14)(3)
= 84
∆ . ( s - a)
∆2 abc 17 . 10 . 21 85
= Now
= R = =
∆( s - a) 4∆ 4 . 84 8
∆ ∆ 84 7 ∆ 84
= = = r1 L.H.S r= = = ,=r1 = = 12,
s-a s 24 2 s-a 7
a b g ∆ 84 ∆ 84
Hence r1 = 4 R sin cos cos . r=
2 = = 6,= r3 = = 28
2 2 2 s -b 14 s-c 3
1 1 1 1 a 2 + b2 + c2
Example 3 : Prove that 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 12.10 Engineering and Circles Connected With Triangles
r r1 r2 r3 ∆
We know that frames of all rectilinear shapes with the exception of triangular ones,
1 1 1 1 change their shapes when pressed from two corners. But a triangular frame does not change
Solution: L.H.S. = + + +
r 2 r12 r2 2 r32 its shape, when it is pressed from any two vertices. It means that a triangle is the only rigid
s 2 ( s - a)2 ( s - b) 2 ( s - c)2 rectilinear figure. It is on this account that the engineers make frequent use of triangles for
=2 + + +
∆ ∆2 ∆2 ∆2
the strength of material in all sorts of construction work.
s 2 + ( s - a ) 2 + ( s - b) 2 + ( s - c ) 2
= Besides triangular frames etc., circular rings can stand greater pressure when pressed from
∆2
any two points on them. That is why the wells are always made cylindrical whose circular
4s 2 - 2s(a + b + c) + a 2 + b 2 + c 2
= surfaces can stand the pressure of water from all around their bottoms. Moreover, the
∆2
arches below the bridges are constructed in the shape of arcs of circles so that they can bear
4 s 2 - 2 s .2 s + a 2 + b 2 + c 2
= the burden of the traffic passing over the bridge.
∆2
a 2 + b2 + c2
= a) We know that triangular frames change their rectilinear
∆2
nature when they are pressed from the sides. From the
= R.H.S. strength of material point of view, the engineers have to
Hence the result. fix circular rings touching the sides of the triangular frames.
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1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.Punjab 1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.Punjab
12. Application of Trigonometry eLearn.Punjab 12. Application of Trigonometry eLearn.Punjab
For making these rings, they have to find the in-radii of the
triangles. a b g
3. Show that: i) r1 = 4 R sin cos cos
2 2 2
a b g
ii) r2 = 4 R cos sin cos
2 2 2
b) In order to protect the triangular discs from any kind of damage,
a b g
the engineers fit circular rings enclosing the discs. For making iii) r3 = 4 R cos cos sin
2 2 2
rings of proper size, the engineers are bound to calculate the 4. Show that:
circum-radii of the triangles. a b g
i) r1 = s tan ii) r2 = s tan iii) r3 = s tan
2 2 2
c) In certain triangular frames, the engineers have to extend two 5. Prove that:
sides of the frames. In order to strengthen these loose wings, i) r1r2 + r2 r3 + r3r1 =s 2 ii) rr1 r2 r3 = ∆2
the engineer feels the necessity of fixing circular rings iii) r + r + r - r = 4 R iv) r r r = rs 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
touching the extended sides andthe third side of the frames. 6. Find R, r, r1 r2 and r3, if measures of the sides of triangle ABC are
i) a = 13 , b = 14 , c = 15
ii) a = 34 , b = 20 , c = 42
For making appropriate rings, the engineers have to find ex-radii of the triangles. 7. Prove that in an equilateral triangle,
The above discussion shows that the methods of calculations of the radii of incircle, i) r : R : r1 = 1 : 2 : 3
circum-circle and ex-circles of traingles must be known to an engineer for performing his ii) r : R : r1 : r2 : r3 = 1 : 2 : 3 : 3 : 3
professional duty efficiently.
8. Prove that:
Exercise 12.8
a b g
i) ∆ = r 2 cot cot cot
2 2 2
a b g
1. Show that: r = 4 R sin sin sin a b g
2 2 2 ii) r = s tan tan tan
a b g 2 2 2
ii) s = 4 R cos cos cos
2 2 2
a b g
iii) ∆ =4 R cos cos cos
2 2 2
b g a g a b
2.
= Show that: r a sin sin sec
= b sin sin sec
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
a b g 9. Show that: i) = + +
= c sin sin sec 2rR ab bc ca
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
ii) = + +
r r1 r2 r3
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1. Quadratic Equations eLearn.Punjab
12. Application of Trigonometry eLearn.Punjab
b g a g a b
a sin sin b sin .sin c sin .sin
= r = 2 2 = 2 2 2 2
a b g
cos cos cos
2 2 2
g
12. Prove that: i) (r1 + r2 ) tan c.
=
2
g
ii) (r3 - r ) cot c
=
2
version: 1.1
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