Advance Computer Programming

By

Hasnat Ali
 Contents

 Difference between JRE, JDK, JVM, and JIT

 Java Execution Flow
 Compiling and Execution of Java Program through
Command Prompt

 path and CLASSPATH

 Anatomy of Java Program
 Summary
Difference between JDK, JRE, JVM, and JIT
 JDK (Java Development Kit)

 JDK contains tools required to develop Java

Programs. Therefore, JDK mainly targeted for java
development

 Used for creation and compiling of java programs

 Tools included compiler (javac.exe), java
application launcher (java.exe), appletviewer etc.
 JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

 '.class' file consists of Java byte code; understandable by

JVM.

 JVM interprets the byte code into the machine code

depending upon the underlying operating system and
hardware combination.

 It is responsible for all the things like garbage collection,

array bounds checking, etc.

 The JVM is called "virtual" because it provides a machine

interface that does not depend on the underlying
operating system and machine hardware architecture.
 JIT (Just In-Time Compiler)

 JIT is the part of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that is

used to speed up the execution time.

 In JIT (also known as dynamic translation), compilation

done during execution of a program – at run time –
rather than prior to execution. Most often this refers to
translation to machine code, which is then executed
directly, but can also refer to translation to another
format.

 Here the term “compiler” refers to a translator from the

instruction set of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the
instruction set of a specific CPU.
 JRE (Java Run Time Environment)

 Contains JVM, class libraries, and other supporting

files.

 It does not contain any development tool i.e.

compiler or debugger

 JVM becomes an instance of JRE at runtime of a java

program. It is widely known as a runtime interpreter.
 JAVA Program
and
Execution Flow
 A Simple Java Program

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");

}
}
 A Simple Java Program

import java.lang.*;

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome extends Object{

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");

}
}
 Trace a Program Execution

Enter main method

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
 Trace a Program Execution

Execute statement

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
 Trace a Program Execution

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

print a message to the

console
 Compiling and Running Java from the Command Window

 Set path to JDK bin directory

 set path=c:\Program Files\java\jdk1.8.0\bin

 Set classpath to include the current directory

 set classpath=.

 Compile
 javac Welcome.java

 Run
 java Welcome
 path and classpath

 Path is an environment variable which is used by the

operating system to find the executable.

 Classpath is an environment variable which is used by

the Java compiler to find the path of classes i.e. in J2EE
we give the path of jar files.

 In short,
 PATH = only for executable
 CLASSPATH = for directories containing .class files,
JAR files & ZIP files.
 path and classpath

 PATH is nothing but setting up an environment for operating

system. Operating System will look in this PATH for executable.

 Classpath is nothing but setting up the environment for Java. Java

will use to find compiled classes (i.e. .class files).

 For example, assume that Java is installed in C:\jdk1.7.0\ and your

code is in C:\Sample\example.java, then your PATH and
CLASSPATH should be set to:

 PATH = C:\jdk1.7.0\bin
 CLASSPATH = D:\Sample
 Anatomy of a Java Program

 Import package
 Comments
 Reserved words
 Modifiers
 Statements
 Command-Line Arguments
 Classes (constructor, data fields, Methods)
 The main method
 Importing package

 No need to write explicitly

import java.lang.*;

 But there is need to write it for importing other

packages
 Comments

Three types of comments in Java.

 Line comment: A line comment is preceded by two slashes
(//) in a line.

 Paragraph comment: A paragraph comment is enclosed

between /* and */ in one or multiple lines.

 javadoc comment: javadoc comments begin with /** and

end with */. They are used for documenting classes, data, and
methods. They can be extracted into an HTML file using JDK's
javadoc command.
 Documentation Comments

 javadoc comment: javadoc comments begin with /** and

end with */. They are used for documenting classes, data, and
methods. They can be extracted into an HTML file using JDK's
javadoc command.

 For javadoc (in default mode) to extract a comment, the

comment must satisfy two conditions:
 The comment must immediately precedea public class
definition, a public method definition, or other public
item.
 The comment must be a block comment (that is, the
/*and */style of comment),
 Documentation Comments - Example
/*
* My First Program in Java.
* Just to execute a line of code.
*/
import java.lang.*;
@tag: The special /**
information about * This will print Welcome message
* @author Liang
some parameters */
is preceded by the public class Test {
@symbol and are /**
* This class has main method
called@tags. */
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Line to print
System.out.println("Welcome Java");
}
}
 Documentation Comments – Running javadoc

Run javadoc on a single class file will produce documentation

for the class Welcome:

javadoc Test.java

You can run javadoc on all classes in a directory with

javadoc *.java
Documentation Comments – Running javadoc
Documentation Comments – Running javadoc
 Running javadoc - Options

Run javadoc with various options i.e.

javadoc –d Documentation_Directory Package_Name
 Reserved Words

 Reserved words or keywords are words that have a

specific meaning to the compiler and cannot be used
for other purposes in the program.

 For example, when the compiler sees the word class,

it understands that the word after class is the name
for the class. Other example reserved words are
public, static, void etc.
Reserved Words
 Modifiers

 Java uses certain reserved words called modifiers that

specify the properties of the data, methods, and
classes and how they can be used.

 Examples of modifiers are public and static. Other

modifiers are private, final, abstract, and protected.

 A public datum, method, or class can be accessed by

other programs. A private datum or method cannot
be accessed outside the class of its declaration.
 Statements

 A statement represents an action or a sequence of

actions e.g. following statement

System.out.println("Welcome to Java!")

in the program is a statement to display the greeting

"Welcome to Java!“

 Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;).

 Command-Line Arguments

class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
int x;
for(int i=0; i<args.length; i++){
x = Integer.parseInt(args[i]);
System.out.println(x);
}
}
}
 For Each Loop

public class Test{

public static void main(String args[]) {
int arr[] = {11, 33, 88, 90};
for(int i : arr)
System.out.println(i);
}
}
public class Test{
public static void main(String args[]) {
String arr[] = {"aa", "bb", "cc"};
for(String i : arr)
System.out.println(i);
}
}
 Classes

 The class is the essential Java construct.

 A class is a template for objects.
 To program in Java, you must understand classes
and be able to write and use them.
 System.out.println()

 What is System.out.println?
 It is a method: a collection of statements that performs a
sequence of operations to display a message on the
console. It can be used even without fully understanding
the details of how it works.

 It is used by invoking a statement with a string argument.

The string argument is enclosed within parentheses. In
this case, the argument is "Welcome to Java!“.
 main Method

 The main method provides the control of program

flow. The Java interpreter executes the application by
invoking the main method.

The main method looks like this:

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Code Statements;
}
 Summary

 Difference between JDK, JRE, JIT, and JVM

 Java Execution Flow
 path and classpath setting
 Compiling and Execution of Java Program with
Command Prompt

 Anatomy of Java Program