DE ZG641

Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity

CS-1, 29th August, 2020
BITS Pilani Dr. Gulshan Kumar
Mechanical Engineering Department
Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani-Dubai Campus
 BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

DE ZG641, Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity

Lecture No. 1
 What is Elasticity ?
 The tendency of a material to return to its original configuration (shape and size) after
removal of load/forces/constraints causing deformation
 It is a reversible deformation process
 It can be caused by tension/compression or shear forces
 A material is perfectly elastic if its loading and unloading paths are same
 There is no dissipation of energy
 Usually in metals and ceramics elastic deformation is seen at low strains (<
10-3)
 However, other materials can be stretched elastically to large strains
 So elastic deformation should not be assumed to be small deformation!

Metals and Ceramic

- Linear

Linear Non-Linear
Elasticity Elasticity
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 Contd…
• Perfect Elasticity: State of stress is independent of the previous history of
stresses.
• Stress is a unique function of strain
• In non-linear elastic material the stress is a non-linear function of strain
• Stress is obtained from a energy potential –strain energy

• Visco-Elasticity: Different loading and unloading path

• There is no residual strain in this material
• However, there is a dissipation of energy
• Stress not only depends on strain but also on strain rate

• Stress is not unique function of strain—strain energy function cannot be derived

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 Stress
 Stress is defined as the intensity of force, F, at a point
 Is it uniformaly distributed over the cross section of a member?
 External forces acting on body: surface forces and
body forces
 Forces distributed over the surface of the body, such
as hydrostatic pressure or the pressure exerted by
one body on another are called surface forces
 Forces distributed over the volume of a body such as
gravitational forces, magnetic forces or inertia forces
Forces on parts
Body in Equilibrium are called body forces

 For stress at point O in mm plane. Part 1 is removed and replaced by P.

 Assume ΔA is the area and ΔP is the force acting on it. If ΔA is reduced to zero then
the limiting value of the ΔP/ ΔA is the stress at point O.
 Same stress can be obtained by removing part 2 at same plane mm
 However, stress will be different for point O passing through any other plane nn
 If the stress is same everywhere then σ = P/A
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Stress and Strain
 Stress: The internal resistance produced in a body with the
application of force
 It is basically the intensity of force at a particular point
 Strain: measure of the amount of deformation

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 How many stress components in a
element
Normal Stress Component:
Nine In which the force is acting
normal to the plane
 May be tensile or
compressive
Shear Stress Component:
 In which the force is acting
parallel to the plane

σ
For example: xx is a stress
acting in x-direction
It denotes the direction σxy is a shear stress acting
of applied force on the x-plane in the y-
It denotes the plane normal on direction
which force acts BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
 Sign convention for shear stress
 Shear stress would be positive if it points in the positive
direction on the positive face
OR
 If points in the negative direction on the negative face

Positive shear Negative shear

stress stress
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Stress state in Tensorial form

A single subscript can be used for normal stress and shear stress
can be represented by τ. For example, σx ≡ σxx and τxy ≡ σxy.

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Equilibrium equations in X-axis
Infinitesimal Element

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Equilibrium equations in Y-axis
Infinitesimal Element

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Moment around Z-axis at point G

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Equilibrium Equations in 2D

Equilibrium Equations in 3D

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 State of Stress in Two Dimension
(Plane stress)
 A stress condition in which one of the stress is zero is called plane
stress condition
 To know the stress state at point O of a thin plate, it is important to
describe the stress components at O for any orientation of the axes
through the point
 Consider an oblique plane at an angle theta between the x-axis and
the outward normal to the plane

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Contd…
Important notes:
1) Maximum and Minimum normal
stress occur when shear stress is
zero
2) Maximum and Minimum
normal and shear stress occur at
90° apart
3) Maximum shear stress occur at
halfway of normal stress
4) Variation is of sine wave type

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Example

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References

 An introduction to Continumm Mechanics by J.N. Reddy

 Mechanical Metallurgy by G.E. Dieter
 Introduction to Theory of Elasticity by Kengo Nakajima
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uaQeXi4E7gA&t=190
s
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zcVsvgnTKA&t=437
s

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