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CK-12 Physics Int Workbook Answer Key (07.25.17)
CK-12 Physics Int Workbook Answer Key (07.25.17)
Workbook
The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the
terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively
“CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12
Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international
laws.
iii
Contents www.ck12.org
Contents
7 Momentum Worksheets 83
7.1 Momentum and Impulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.2 Conservation of Momentum in One Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.3 Conservation of Momentum in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
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www.ck12.org Contents
8 Statics Worksheets 92
8.1 Angular Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.2 Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.3 Two Conditions of Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.4 Applications of Equilibrium Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
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Contents www.ck12.org
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www.ck12.org Chapter 1. What is Science? Worksheets
C HAPTER
1 What is Science?
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
1.1 S CIENTIFIC I NQUIRY
1.2 F UNDAMENTAL U NITS AND S TANDARD U NITS
1.3 U NIT C ONVERSIONS
1.4 M EASUREMENT AND R ECORDING DATA
1.5 W ORKING WITH E RROR
1.6 R EFERENCES
1
1.1. Scientific Inquiry www.ck12.org
Worksheet
1. Why is your friend incorrect when they state, "But that is only a scientific theory"?
2. Choose two important steps in a scientific investigation and describe them below.
3. Give an example in which we use numbers to describe something in the physical world around us.
4. Why do you think scientists record their experimental data as numbers instead of drawing representative
pictures?
Lesson Objective: Explain how scientists investigate nature by ensuring their models can be proven incorrect
(falsifiable) and are tested by many independent researchers.
5. Develop a scientific investigation to address the following question: "Does heating a cup of water allow it to
dissolve more salt?"
Lesson Objective: Describe the difference between a hypothesis, theory, and law.
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Lesson Objective: Explain that new theories explain phenomena more accurately than preexisting theories,
and such theories are consistent with the correct predictions of previous theories.
11. Why does science involve repeating experiments and examining sources of error?
FIGURE 1.1
13. Pick one observation from your list above and develop a hypothesis. Be sure to include your reasoning for this
prediction.
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1.1. Scientific Inquiry www.ck12.org
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www.ck12.org Chapter 1. What is Science? Worksheets
Answer Key
1. Theories are not guesses or opinions, they are broad explanations supported by an enormous amount of
evidence.
2. Answers may vary. Sample answers may describe how scientists make observations, ask questions, form
hypotheses, test hypotheses, draw conclusions, and communicate results.
3. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: We use numbers to describe height and weight.
4. Answers will vary. Sample Answers: Recording numerical data allows scientists to be more precise and
accurate when collecting evidence to support their hypothesis. Numbers are easier to analyze than pictures
and can be represented in graphs, tables and charts. Numbers allow scientists to easily see the effect of one
variable on another. Numbers are objective and pictures are subjective.
5. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Develop a Hypothesis such as, "If you increase the heat of water, then
more salt will dissolve". Test the hypothesis by increasing the heat of water by 25◦ C and measuring the amount
of salt that dissolves (repeat at least three times). Keep the amount of water, amount of salt, and the pot that
the salt and water are in constant.
6. The process for developing a scientific explanation can go in different orders, but must meet the following
requirements: it must be logically consistent, it must make predictions, and it must be potentially disprovable.
7. A scientific hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation based on logic. Examples will vary.
8. A scientific theory is the best explanation for a broad range natural phenomena based on many lines of
evidence. Examples will vary.
9. A scientific law is a specific mathematical relationship that can describe experimental data. Examples will
vary.
10. Scientific theories are not absolute truths; they are simply the best explanation based on evidence at the time.
Therefore, if new evidence arises, theories must be edited or overturned.
11. Scientists test their explanations by repeating the experiment and examining sources of error in order to ensure
the validity of their conclusions.
12. Answers may vary. Sample Answers: The man is trying to lift the weights. The man is holding his breath. The
man is at the gym.
13. Answers may vary. Sample Answers: If the amount of weight decreases, the man will be able to lift the weight
more quickly. Rationale: it will be easier for the man to lift a lighter load, so he will be able to lift the weight
faster. I could test this by decreasing the amount of weight by 10 lbs and measuring the amount of time it takes
the man to lift the weight in seconds.
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1.2. Fundamental Units and Standard Units www.ck12.org
Worksheet
3. Give an example of how fundamental units can be used to derive another units.
4. Force is measured in Newtons. If the equation for Force is F = ma, how can you express Newtons in
fundamental units?
Lesson Objective: List and use standard units in the study of mechanics.
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12. Use dimensional analysis to calculate how many dozen donuts you would need to order to feed a school of
456 students.
13. Use dimensional analysis to calculate how many quarters are in 50 dollars.
Answer Key
1. A set of units for physical quantities that can be used to derive all other units.
2. Answers will vary. Sample Answers: Mass (kg), length (m), time (s), temperature (◦ C)
3. Answers may vary. Sample Answer: Velocity is derived from the fundamental units of length (m) and time (s);
Velocity (m/s) = distance (m) / time (s)
4. N = kg x (m/s2 )
5. Kilogram (Kg)
6. Degree Celsius (◦ C)
7.
a. 0.00764 kg
b. 9.87 m
c. 0.065 s
8. These prefixes relate to the meter by some power of ten:
• The prefix kilo means 103 , so 1 km = 1000 m
• The prefix centi means 10−2 , so 1 cm = 0.01 m
• The prefix milli means 10−3 , so 1 mm = 0.001 m
9. Dimensional analysis involves finding a numerical quantity with its corresponding units. This allows you to
check mathematical equations and predict units based on the relation of other units. Examples will vary.
10. C
2
11. When we multiple these units together, we get cmm . These are not the correct units we are looking for. The
correct equation would be:
1m
5 cm × 100 cm = 0.05 m
12. You would need to order 38 dozen.
456 donuts × 121 dozen
donuts = 38 dozen
13. There are 200 quarters in 50 dollars.
50 quarters × 41quarters
dollar = 200 quarters
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1.3. Unit Conversions www.ck12.org
Worksheet
5. An NFL linebacker weighs 252 lbs. What is his weight in kg if 1 lb=0.454 kg?
6. When writing an extremely small number is scientific notation, the exponent will be:
a. Positive
b. Negative
c. Zero
d. None of the above
7. When writing an extremely large number is scientific notation, the exponent will be:
a. Positive
b. Negative
c. Zero
d. None of the above
8. Convert the following numbers to scientific notation.
a. 7000
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b. 0.000087
c. 543
d. 254000
9. Convert the following numbers out of scientific notation.
a. 5.32 x 10−3
b. 6.35 x 105
c. 4.2 x 104
d. 3.5 x 10−4
10. Solve the following problems and write your answer in scientific notation.
a. (9.0 x 109 ) x (2.7 x 10−4 )
b. (5.0 x 10−6 ) ÷ (3.5 x 102 )
Answer Key
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1.4. Measurement and Recording Data www.ck12.org
Worksheet
1. A measurement is based on
a. qualitative observations
b. quantitative observations
c. hypotheses
d. none of the above
2. Which one of the following is a reasonable measurement for the height of a coconut palm tree?
a. 250 m
b. 25 m
c. 2.5 m
d. 0.25 m
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b. 123,456,789
c. 5.363
d. 0.00632
e. 407.5
b. 0.0000000000078
c. 9.06
d. 1.5 x 105
e. 909,000
f. 909,000.00
9. Apply the rule of zeros to determine the amount of significant figures in the following measurements:
a. 900 m
b. 0.00000053 mm
c. 89,000 kg
d. 6,000,000,000,000.0 g
Lesson Objective: Add, subtract, multiply, and divide with significant digits.
10. Solve each of the following, keeping the correct number of significant figures in the answer:
a. 2.4 + 13.5 + 3.38 =
b. 0.050 x 0.000080 =
c. 0.025/0.00755 =
11. When doing math with significant figures, what determines the number of significant figures in the answer?
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1.4. Measurement and Recording Data www.ck12.org
b. 87
c. 0.0000543
d. 5500
b. 6.0 x 105
c. 2.456 x 104
d. 3.29 x 104
Answer Key
1. B
2. B
3. Significant figures are the certain digits in a measurement plus one uncertain or estimated digit.
4.
a. All non-zero numbers are significant
b. Zeros that appear between other non-zero digits are always significant
c. Left-end zeros are never significant
d. Right-end zeros in a number that lacks a decimal point are not significant
e. Right-end zeros in a number with a decimal point are significant
5. For any zero written after the non-zero digits. For example, the number 6300 has right end zeros. If there is
a decimal, these zeros are significant. If there is no decimal, these zeros are insignificant. In the example of
6300, the right-end zeros are insignificant.
6. Any zero that is before all of the non-zero digits. For example, the number 0.0063 has left-end digits. All
left-end zeros are always insignificant.
7. a. 8.67; b. 1.23 x 108 ; c. 5.36; d. 6.32 x 10−3 ; e. 408
8. a. 4; b. 2; c. 3; d. 2; e. 3; f. 8
9. a. 1; b. 2; c. 2; d. 14
10. a. 19; b. 4.0 x 10−6 ; c. 3.3
11. The LEAST number of significant figures in any number of the problem determines the number of significant
figures in the answer.
12. a. 7.65 x 105 ; b. 8.7 x 101 ; c. 5.43 x 10−5 ; d. 5.5 x 103
13. a. 0.00567; b. 600,000; c. 24,560; d. 32,900
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www.ck12.org Chapter 1. What is Science? Worksheets
Worksheet
5. When using a force probe, a physics student forgets to calibrate the instrument. This will most likely result in:
a. A systematic error
b. A random error
c. Both A B
d. None of the above
6. What is accuracy?
7. What is precision?
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1.5. Working with Error www.ck12.org
b. Provide an example of a data set that is not accurate and but is precise.
Answer Key
1. An error of constant value that is made repeatedly, usually due to the measuring instrument. This type of error
can be easily corrected.
2. An error that varies within the inherent uncertainty of a measurement and cannot be corrected by a calculation.
3. Examples will vary. Sample Answer: The scale reads 1 g lower than the actual weight of an object, each time
the object it is measured.
4. Examples will vary. Sample Answer: Using 0.1mL less of a solution than required due to difficulty using
syringe.
5. A
6. Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the correct value of the quantity being measured.
7. Precision is how close a series of measurements are to each other.
8.
a. Answers will vary. Sample Answers: If the correct mass of a red clay brick is 3kg, a data set with the
following measurements: 3.01kg, 3.02kg, 3.03kg, 2.99kg would be both accurate (close to the correct
value) and precise (the series of measurements are close to each other).
b. Answers will vary. Sample Answers: If the correct mass of a red clay brick is 3kg, a data set with the
following measurements: 5.01kg, 5.02kg, 5.03kg, 4.99kg would be precise (the series of measurements
are close to each other) but not accurate (these numbers are not close to the actual mass of the brick,
3kg).
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1.6 References
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C HAPTER
2 One-Dimensional Motion
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
2.1 L OCATING AN O BJECT: D ISTANCE AND D ISPLACEMENT
2.2 S PEED AND V ELOCITY IN O NE D IMENSION
2.3 AVERAGE S PEED, V ELOCITY, AND I NSTANTANEOUS V ELOCITY
2.4 U NIFORM ACCELERATION
2.5 T HE K INEMATIC E QUATIONS
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www.ck12.org Chapter 2. One-Dimensional Motion Worksheets
Worksheet
3. How do we use positive and negative signs to communicate the direction of a vector?
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2.1. Locating an Object: Distance and Displacement www.ck12.org
11. If the bases are 90 ft apart, what is the distance Joe travels if he hits a home run and runs around all 4 bases?
12. What is Joe’s displacement after his run around the bases?
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www.ck12.org Chapter 2. One-Dimensional Motion Worksheets
Answer Key
1. When calculating displacement, you have to consider both magnitude and direction.
2. When calculating the distance traveled by an object, the direction of the object does not matter.
3. Usually, a positive number indicates a vector quantity is moving rightward or upward. A negative number
indicates a vector quantity is moving leftward or downward.
4. 14 miles
5. Zero. The difference between her final position and initial position is zero.
6. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: My friend’s house is 5 miles west of my house. The grocery store is 10
miles west of my house. I first drive to the grocery and the stop at my friend’s house on the way back. I’ve
traveled a distance of 15 miles. My displacement from my starting location (my house) to my ending location
(my friends house) is 5 miles west.
7. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: The shopping mall is 25 miles northeast of my house. When I drive to the
mall, I have traveled a distance of 25 miles and also have a displacement of 25 miles northeast.
8. Answers will vary. Sample Answers: My job is 15 miles from my house. I drive my car to work and back. The
distance I have traveled is 30 miles, but my displacement is zero.
9. Distance because it does not include a direction. Displacement is a vector and requires magnitude and
direction.
10. They both have the same magnitude of 200 ft.
11. 4 x 90 = 360 feet
12. Displacement is zero because his final position is the same as his initial position.
13. See distance-time graph below.
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2.1. Locating an Object: Distance and Displacement www.ck12.org
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www.ck12.org Chapter 2. One-Dimensional Motion Worksheets
Worksheet
1. In your own words, define constant speed and provide an example of an object moving with a constant speed.
2. When calculating the velocity of a moving object, do you need to consider the distance traveled or the object’s
displacement? Explain.
3. You are flying 2586 miles from San Francisco to New York. An hour into the flight, you are 600 miles from
San Francisco. What is your speed in m/s?
4. The pilot looks at the speedometer on the plane and it reads 615 mph. This is a measure of the:
a. Average speed
b. Instantaneous speed
c. Average velocity
d. Instantaneous velocity
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2.2. Speed and Velocity in One Dimension www.ck12.org
7. If you looked at your speedometer on your drive to school and it read 30mph, this value describes your
a. Instantaneous speed
b. Average speed
c. Instantaneous velocity
d. Average velocity
8. Positive slope
9. Negative slope
11. The following data table depicts the motion of a mouse as it runs rightward across a street. Create a position-
time graph and use your graph to derive the mouse’s velocity.
1. Constant speed is when an object travels an equal distance in any given time period during its motion. For
example: 1 m/s describes the constant speed of a moving object. It means that the object moves 1 meter every
second. After 5 s, the object will have travelled 5 meters.
2. You need to consider an object’s displacement. Velocity is a vector, so the direction the object is moving
matters. Displacement is a vector quantity and takes direction into account. Therefore, to solve for an object’s
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www.ck12.org Chapter 2. One-Dimensional Motion Worksheets
velocity you must divide an object’s displacement (change in position) by the change in time.
1600 m 1 hr 1 min
3. 600 miles
hr × 1 mile × 60 min × 60 s = 266.7 s
m
4. B
5. 0.625 miles/min = 16.7 m/s
1600 m 1 min
0.625 miles
min × 1 mile × 60 s = 16.7
m
s
6. 0.27 miles/min = 7.2 m/s north
Average velocity = change in position/change in time =15 miles north/56 minutes = 0.27 miles/min north
1600 m 1 min
0.27 miles
min × 1 mile × 60 s = 7.2 s
m
7. A
8. A positive slope indicates a positive velocity, so the motion is to the right.
9. A negative slope indicated a negative velocity, so the motion is to the left.
10. A horizontal line indicates zero velocity, so the object is not moving.
11. The velocity of the mouse can be derived from the slope of the position-time graph.
(7 m−5 m)
= 21 ms = 2 ms
(4 s−3 s)
The slope of this line is +2 m/s, so the velocity is 2 m/s rightward.
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2.3. Average Speed, Velocity, and Instantaneous Velocity www.ck12.org
Worksheet
TABLE 2.4:
t (s) x (m)
0 11
11 11
15 31
19 61
23 71
29 71
31 61
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www.ck12.org Chapter 2. One-Dimensional Motion Worksheets
TABLE 2.5:
t (s) x (m) v (m/s)
0 0
6 -3.2
11 -5.7
16 -8.5
21 -10.5
26 -13.2
31 -15.7
36 -18.5
7. Complete the table above by solving for the instantaneous velocity of the paper airplane.
8. Solve for the average velocity of the paper airplane.
10. Explain why the instantaneous velocity at t=6s and the average velocity of the paper airplane are different
values.
12. Explain how you could use your graph determine the paper plane’s instantaneous velocity at 7 s.
Answer Key
1. The variable for the position of an object is x. According to the chart, at t=29 s, x=71 m.
2. [ |(11-11)| + |(31-11)| + |(61-31)| + |(71-61)|+|(71-71)| + |(61-71)|] = 70 m
3. Average Speed = total distance/total time
70 m/31 s = 2.3 m/s
4. Displacement:∆x = p f − pi ; 61 m-11 m=50 m rightward
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2.3. Average Speed, Velocity, and Instantaneous Velocity www.ck12.org
∆x
5. ∆v = (t f −ti ) ; 50 m/31 s = 1.6 m/s rightward
6.
A close approximation of the instantaneous velocity can be calculated by finding the slope of a line drawn
tangent to the curve of the position-time graph at 7 s.
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www.ck12.org Chapter 2. One-Dimensional Motion Worksheets
Worksheet
TABLE 2.6:
Quantity SI Units Scalar/Vector
Displacement
Speed
Velocity
Acceleration
2. Explain how an object can have a rightward velocity and a leftward acceleration.
3. If an object is moving rightward and speeding up, the sign of the acceleration must be
a. Positive
b. Negative
4. Explain the reason for your answer in question #3.
5. Explain why the following statement is a misconception, "An object does not accelerate if it remains at the
same speed but changes direction".
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2.4. Uniform Acceleration www.ck12.org
TABLE 2.7:
t (s) x (m) v (m/s)
3 19 6.3
10 64 6.4
15 92 6.1
19 120 6.3
23 140 6.1
25 150 6.0
10. Describe how you could use the graph to derive acceleration?
Answer Key
1.
TABLE 2.8:
Quantity SI Units Scalar/Vector
Displacement meters Vector
Speed meters/sec Scalar
Velocity meters/sec Vector
Acceleration meters/sec2 Vector
v v −v
f i
2. ~aavg = ∆~
∆t = ( t f −ti )
So, if an object traveling rightward has a final velocity that is less than its initial velocity, it will have a negative
acceleration. This object is slowing down.
3. A
4. If an objects velocity and acceleration are in the same direction, an object will speed up. In this case, an
object is moving rightward, so its velocity will be positive. Therefore, in order for the object to speed up, its
acceleration must also be positive.
5. This is a misconception because acceleration is the change in velocity over time. Velocity is a vector quantity
and direction matters. If the magnitude of the velocity remains the same but the direction of motion changes,
the object still experiences acceleration.
6. Answers will vary. (Sample Answer: A jet goes from 700 mph to 705 mph in 3 seconds. The magnitude of its
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www.ck12.org Chapter 2. One-Dimensional Motion Worksheets
10. The slope of the line in a velocity-time graph is the acceleration. You could calculate the slope of the line to
derive the acceleration.
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2.5. The Kinematic Equations www.ck12.org
Worksheet
1. Without doing any calculations, will the velocity at t=3 s be positive, negative or zero?
a. positive
b. negative
c. zero
4.
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www.ck12.org Chapter 2. One-Dimensional Motion Worksheets
5.
6.
7. Without doing any calculations, predict the sign of the displacement according to the graph above.
a. positive
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2.5. The Kinematic Equations www.ck12.org
b. negative
c. zero
10. Without doing any calculations, will the average acceleration be positive, negative or zero?
a. positive
b. negative
c. zero
Answer Key
1. Positive
2. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: The velocity can be derived from the area under an acceleration-time
graph. The area bounded by this line is in the positive quadrant.
3. The shape of the area bounded by the line is a triangle and the equation for the area of a triangle is A = 12 b × h
. Velocity=(1/2)3 x 12 = +18 m/s rightward
4.
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www.ck12.org Chapter 2. One-Dimensional Motion Worksheets
5.
6.
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2.5. The Kinematic Equations www.ck12.org
7. Positive
8. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: The displacement can be derived from the area under a v-t graph. The
area of this v-t graph is in the positive quadrant.
9. The shape of the area bounded by the line is a triangle and the equation for the area of a triangle is A = 21 b × h.
A=(1/2)10 x 20 = +100 m rightward
10. Positive
11. Answers will vary. Sample answers: The acceleration can be derived from the slope of the line in a v-t graph.
The slope of this line is positive.
∆y
12. slope = ( ∆x ) ; (20-10)/(10-5)= +2 m/s2
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www.ck12.org Chapter 3. Two-Dimensional Motion Worksheets
C HAPTER
3 Two-Dimensional Motion
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
3.1 I NDEPENDENCE OF M OTION A LONG E ACH D IMENSION
3.2 V ECTOR R EPRESENTATION
3.3 I NERTIAL F RAMES AND R ELATIVE M OTION
3.4 P ROJECTILE M OTION
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3.1. Independence of Motion Along Each Dimension www.ck12.org
Worksheet
1. Provide a real-world example that supports this concept: Motion in each dimension works independently.
2. A penny is dropped from 2 m high. How long does it take the penny to hit the floor?
3. A penny is pushed horizontally off a desk 2m high. How long does it take the penny to hit the floor?
4. Compare your answers to question #2 and question #3. Provide a reason for any similarities or differences.
5. Create a horizontal position-time (x-t) graph and a vertical position-time (y-t) graph for a penny that is pushed
off a table that is 2 m high with an initial x-velocity of 3.6 m/s.
Lesson Objective: Solve problems involving objects, which are simultaneously under the influence of uniform
acceleration and constant velocity along different dimensions
6. Complete the chart below, describing the two-dimensional motion of a soccer ball that is kicked from the
ground with an initial horizontal velocity of +3 m/s and an initial vertical velocity of +5 m/s.
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www.ck12.org Chapter 3. Two-Dimensional Motion Worksheets
TABLE 3.1:
time (s) position x (m) Vx (m/s) position y (m) Vy (m/s)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
Answer Key
2.
1
y f = gt 2 + yi
2
1
0 m = (−10)t 2 + 2 m
2
t = 0.63 s
3.
1
y f = gt 2 + yi
2
1
0 m = (−10)t 2 + 2 m
2
t = 0.63 s
4. X motion and Y motion are independent of each other. Although the pennies have different horizontal veloci-
ties, their vertical velocities are the same. Therefore, they will hit the floor at the same time. Giving the penny
an x-velocity has no affect on the vertical motion. TIME is the only factor that is the same for both dimensions.
5.
TABLE 3.2:
time (s) position x (m) Vx (m/s) position y (m) Vy (m/s)
0.00 0.00 +3.00 0.00 +5.00
0.05 0.15 +3.00 0.24 +4.50
0.10 0.30 +3.00 0.45 +4.00
0.15 0.45 +3.00 0.64 +3.50
0.20 0.60 +3.00 0.80 +3.00
0.25 0.75 +3.00 0.94 +2.50
0.30 0.90 +3.00 1.05 +2.00
0.35 1.05 +3.00 1.14 +1.50
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3.1. Independence of Motion Along Each Dimension www.ck12.org
FIGURE 3.1
6.
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Worksheet
Lesson Objective: Use vectors and vector components to add and subtract vectors.
Use the following prompt for questions #4-5:
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3.2. Vector Representation www.ck12.org
9. Describe how you could use trigonometry to solve for the magnitude of the X and Y components of the two-
dimensional vector ~A.
10. Use trigonometry to solve for the magnitude of the x-component of Vector ~A.
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11. Use trigonometry to solve for the magnitude of the y-component of Vector ~A.
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: A vector that is directed at an angle is two-dimensional. There is a
horizontal (x) component and a vertical (y) component that make up every two-dimensional vector.
2. Answers will vary. Sample Answer:
3. Answers will vary. Sample Answers: The coordinates (x,y) define a point on a graph. An arrow drawn from
the origin to a point on a graph creates a vector. The first number of a coordinate corresponds to the horizontal
(x) component of the vector and the second number of a coordinate corresponds to the vertical (y) component
of the vector.
~
4. C = ((15)+(-1),(-2)+(9)) = (14,7)
5. ~D = ((-1)-(15),(9)-(-2)) = (-16,11)
6.
7.
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3.2. Vector Representation www.ck12.org
8.
9. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Trigonometric functions can be used to find the magnitude of the
horizontal and vertical components of two-dimensional vectors.
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Worksheet
43
3.3. Inertial Frames and Relative Motion www.ck12.org
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant velocity of the plane if it encounters the following:
Answer Key
1. A frame of reference is a fixed point that we can use in order to measure relative directions and speeds.
Examples will vary. Sample Answer: If you are a passenger on a train, the ground could serve as a frame of
reference.
2. Objects that are moving with a constant velocity can serve as inertial frames of reference. Examples will vary.
Sample Answer: A train that is traveling at a constant speed of 65 mph could serve as a inertial frame of
reference.
3. All of the following objects could be used as a frame of reference:
• A plane traveling at a constant velocity of 500 mph
• Your desk
• The finish line of a race
• A car using cruise control, traveling at 65 mph on the highway
A ball in the air, accelerating at -10 m/s2 due to the Earth’s gravity could not be used as a frame of reference
because it does not have a constant velocity.
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www.ck12.org Chapter 3. Two-Dimensional Motion Worksheets
4. A frame of reference is a fixed point that we can use to measure relative motion. So, your desk and the finish
line of a race are fixed points we can use to measure relative motion. An object moving at constant velocity
can also serve as an inertial frame of reference. The plane and car are moving at constant velocities, so they
can be used as inertial frames of reference. The ball is a project and experiences vertical acceleration (does
not have constant velocity). Therefore, it cannot be use as a frame of reference.
5. D
6. The velocity of Car A is +25 mph and the velocity of car B is -50 mph
~v0b =~vb −~va = −50 mph − 25 mph = −75 mph
7. C
8. The velocity of Car A is +25 mph and the velocity of car B is -50 mph
~v0a =~va −~vb = 25 mph − (−50) mph = −75 mph
9. +30 m/s + (-10 m/s) = +20 m/s
10. +30 m/s + 10 m/s= +40 m/s
11. Pythagorean Theorem:
a2 + b2 = c2
(30)2 + (10)2 = c2
31.6 m/s noramp;theast
a2 + b2 = c2
(30)2 + (10)2 = c2
31.6 m/s noramp;thwest
45
3.3. Inertial Frames and Relative Motion www.ck12.org
46
www.ck12.org Chapter 3. Two-Dimensional Motion Worksheets
Worksheet
47
3.4. Projectile Motion www.ck12.org
5. You throw a baseball with an initial horizontal velocity of 1 m/s east. What will the final horizontal velocity
be when your teammate catches it 0.4s later?
6. A bowling ball is rolled with an initial horizontal velocity of 12 m/s rightward and hits the pins 1.5 seconds
later. What is the initial vertical velocity of the bowling ball?
A marble is rolled horizontally off the edge of a 1.5 m table and lands 0.7 m away.
11. The five darts described below are all thrown from the same initial position. Which will hit the ground first?
a. Dart A, with an initial vertical velocity of 20 m/s upward and an initial horizontal velocity of 0 m/s.
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www.ck12.org Chapter 3. Two-Dimensional Motion Worksheets
b. Dart B, with an initial vertical velocity of 10 m/s upward and an initial horizontal velocity of 10 m/s.
c. Dart C, with an initial vertical velocity of 15 m/s upward and an initial horizontal velocity of 0 m/s.
d. Dart D, with an initial vertical velocity of 5 m/s upward and an initial horizontal velocity of 20 m/s.
12. Neglecting air resistance, what would happen if you were a passenger in a convertible automobile traveling at
a constant velocity and threw a ball straight up in the air?
13. Explain the reasoning for your answer choice to question #12.
14. A tennis ball is hit with an initial velocity of 15 m/s at an angle of 40◦ . What is the horizontal displacement of
the ball after 2 s?
Answer Key
1. The slope of a position-time graph is velocity. The x-t graph of any projectile must be a straight line because
the horizontal velocity of a projectile is always constant. This graph shows a projectile moving rightward at a
constant speed.
2. The slope of a position-time graph is velocity. The y-t graph of any projectile must be parabolic because the
vertical velocity of a projectile is always changing. This acceleration is due to Earth’s gravity.
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3.4. Projectile Motion www.ck12.org
3. The slope of a velocity-time graph is acceleration. The Vx -t graph of any projectile must have a slope of 0
because the horizontal velocity of a projectile is constant, and the object has a horizontal acceleration of 0.
4. The slope of a velocity-time graph is acceleration. The Vy -t graph of any projectile must have a slope of
-10m/s2 because this is the acceleration due to Earth’s gravity.
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www.ck12.org Chapter 3. Two-Dimensional Motion Worksheets
10. x f = (vx )t + xi
0.7 = (vx )(0.55 s) + 0
vx = 1.3 m/s
11. D
12. C.
13. A projectile has constant horizontal motion. Therefore, if you are traveling inside the car and throw the ball,
the horizontal velocity of the ball and the car are the same.
14.
x f = (v cos θ)t + xi
x f = (15 cos 40◦ )(2) + (0) = 22.98 m
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www.ck12.org
C HAPTER
4 Newton’s Three Laws
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
4.1 N EWTON ’ S F IRST L AW
4.2 N EWTON ’ S S ECOND L AW
4.3 N EWTON ’ S T HIRD L AW
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www.ck12.org Chapter 4. Newton’s Three Laws Worksheets
Worksheet
53
4.1. Newton’s First Law www.ck12.org
Lesson Objective: Understand the meaning of inertia and Newton’s First Law.
8. How will the same amount of force affect a small rock compared to a giant boulder?
9. Explain why the following statement is false. "A water bottle is sitting on a table. Since it is not moving, there
are no forces acting on it."
10. An airplane is moving at a constant velocity of 270 m/s (600 mph). What is the net force on the airplane?
Answer Key
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www.ck12.org Chapter 4. Newton’s Three Laws Worksheets
Worksheet
14. In your own words, explain why the same net force results in different accelerations in question #11-13 above.
15. A motorcycle with a mass of 200 kg is moving at a constant velocity of +11 m/s. Calculate the magnitude of
the net force on the motorcycle.
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4.2. Newton’s Second Law www.ck12.org
16. What net force is required to accelerate a 60 g tennis ball +15 m/s2 ?
17. A runner with a mass of 60 kg begins from rest and increases his speed to 3 m/s in 60 s. What is the net force
on the runner?
18. A net force of +100 N was exerted on an object to increase its speed 10 m/s in 5s. Calculate the mass of the
object.
Answer Key
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. True
7. True
8. False
9. False
10. True
11. 15 N = (5 kg)(a); a = +3 m/s2
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www.ck12.org Chapter 4. Newton’s Three Laws Worksheets
57
4.3. Newton’s Third Law www.ck12.org
Worksheet
For each of the following forces acting on a box, identify the reaction force according to Newton’s third law of
motion and the concept of action-reaction force pairs. Be sure to specify the following:
1. Action: A rightward frictional force from the Earth acting on the box.
2. Action: A downward gravitational force from the Earth acting on the box.
3. Action: An upward normal force from the Earth acting on the box.
Lesson Objective: Understand the difference between countering force and action-reaction.
Use the following prompt for questions #4-7:
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www.ck12.org Chapter 4. Newton’s Three Laws Worksheets
Lesson Objective: Use Newton’s three laws to solve problems in one dimension.
Newton’s three laws of motion explain the motion of objects as we observe in our everyday lives. In your own words,
explain each of Newton’s three laws and illustrate each of the laws using the example of the motion of a box on the
Earth.
Answer Key
1. Reaction Force: A leftward frictional force from the box acting on the Earth.
2. Reaction Force: A upward gravitational force from the box acting on the Earth.
3. Reaction Force: A downward normal force from the box acting on the Earth.
4. D
5. A countering force is a different type of force than the original force; it acts on the same object as the original
force does and is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
6. B
7. A reaction force is the same type of force as the original force; it acts on a different object and is also equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction.
8. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Newton’s first law of motion addresses an object that is at rest or moving
with a constant velocity. In this situation, all of the forces acting on the object must be balanced (Fnet =0). If
a box is resting on the Earth, the downward force of gravity from the Earth is balanced by the upward normal
force from the Earth. The box will remain at rest until acted upon by another force.
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4.3. Newton’s Third Law www.ck12.org
9. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Newton’s second law of motion addresses the acceleration (change in
motion) of an object. In this situation, the forces acting on the object must be unbalanced (Fnet >0 or <0).
If a person pushes a box rightward across the Earth, the rightward force of the push from the person on the
box must be greater than the leftward force of friction from the Earth on the box, giving the box a rightward
acceleration.
10. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Newton’s third law of motion addresses action-reaction pairs. In this
situation, every object the box interacts with results in a force and every force has a reaction force pair. The
reaction force is the same type of force, acting on a different object; it is equal in magnitude, and opposite
in direction. For example, the reaction force to the upward normal force from the Earth on the box is the
downward normal force from the box on the Earth.
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www.ck12.org Chapter 5. Forces in Two Dimensions Worksheets
C HAPTER
5 Forces in Two Dimensions
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
5.1 N ORMAL F ORCE AND F RICTION F ORCE
5.2 I NCLINED P LANES
5.3 C IRCULAR M OTION
5.4 F ORCES IN T RANSLATIONAL E QUILIBRIUM
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5.1. Normal Force and Friction Force www.ck12.org
Worksheet
Lisa’s mass is 68 kg. She is in an elevator that is moving down and speeding up with an acceleration of -1.5 m/s2
2. What is the magnitude and direction of the force due to Earth’s gravity acting on Lisa?
3. What is the magnitude and direction of the net force acting on Lisa?
4. What is the magnitude and direction of the normal force acting on Lisa?
5. In your own words, explain how the forces acting on Lisa are responsible for her motion according to Newton’s
laws.
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www.ck12.org Chapter 5. Forces in Two Dimensions Worksheets
A dog pushes a chew toy with a mass of 3 kg horizontally on the kitchen floor. The coefficient of static friction
is 0.8 and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.4.
7. How much force did it take to get the chew toy to start moving? (Hint: How much force did it take to overcome
the force of static friction?)
8. How much force does it take to get the chew toy to continue sliding across the kitchen floor?
9. Which of the following would help decrease the force of kinetic friction on the chew toy?
a. Pushing down on the chew toy
b. Lifting the chew toy off the floor a little
c. Sliding the chew toy on a carpeted floor (with a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.8)
10. Explain the reason for your choice above.
Answer Key
1.
2. Fg = mg
(68kg)(-10 m/s2 )=-680 N downward
3. FNet = ma
(68 kg)(-1.5 m/s2 )= -102 N downward
4.
Fnet = FNormal−Elevator + FGravity−Earth
−102 N = FNormal−Elevator + (−680 N)
FNormal−Elevator = +578 N upward
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5.1. Normal Force and Friction Force www.ck12.org
5. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: The force due to Earth’s gravity is acting from a distance on Lisa and
is constant on Earth. The normal force is due to Lisa’s contact with the floor (surface) of the elevator. The
normal force is less than the force of Earth’s gravity at this instance, creating a net force on Lisa of -102 N
downward. According to Newton’s 2nd law of motion, an unbalanced (net) force of -102 N will cause Lisa to
accelerate downwards at -1.5 m/s2 (Fnet =ma).
6. FN counters the force due to gravity, or the chew toy’s weight
W = mg = (3 kg)(-10 N/kg)=-3 N downward
FN = + 3 N upwards
7.
Fs = µs Fn
Fs = (0.8)(3 N) = −2.4 N le f tward
FA > +2.4 N rightward
8.
Fk = µk Fn
Fk = (0.4)(3 N) = −1.2 N le f tward
FA > +1.2 N rightward
9. B
10. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The normal force and the force of kinetic friction are proportional (Fk =
µk Fn ). Lifting the chew toy off the floor would decrease the normal force on the chew toy, and simultaneously
decrease the force of kinetic friction.
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www.ck12.org Chapter 5. Forces in Two Dimensions Worksheets
Worksheet
1. (True/False) If the weight of a 50 kg box on a flat surface is 500 N, then its weight on an inclined plane will
be smaller than 500 N.
2. (True/False) If the weight of a 50kg box on a flat surface is 500 N, then the normal force exerted on it when
placed on an inclined plane will be smaller than 500 N.
3. (True/False) The direction of the normal force on an object resting on an inclined plane is always opposing
the direction of the force due to gravity.
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5.2. Inclined Planes www.ck12.org
Lesson Objective: Understand how to apply Newton’s Second Law to the inclined plane problems.
Use the following prompt for questions #8-10:
8. If sliding at a constant speed, what is the force of kinetic friction on the box?
10. If accelerating at -3 m/s2 , what is the force of kinetic friction on the box?
Answer Key
1. False. The weight of a 50 kg box will be 500 N on Earth no matter what surface it rests on.
2. True. FN =mgcosθ , so the normal force will be a smaller magnitude than the weight (W = mg).
3. False. The normal force on an object resting on an inclined plane is always perpendicular to the inclined plane,
which generally is not the direction of gravity.
4. W = Fg = mg = -500 N
5. Fg−x = mg sinθ = -250 N
6. Fg−y = mg cosθ = -433 N
7. FN = mg cosθ = +433 N
8.
FNet−x = 0 N
0 N = Fg−x + Ff
Ff = −Fg−x
Ff = mg sin θ = +250 N
9.
FNet−X = 500 N
−50 N = −250 N + Ff
Ff = +200 N
10.
FNet−X = −150 N
−150 N = −250 N + Ff
Ff = +100 N
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www.ck12.org Chapter 5. Forces in Two Dimensions Worksheets
Worksheet
5. Dispel the following misconception: "The astronauts on the International Space Station are floating because
there is no gravity in space."
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5.3. Circular Motion www.ck12.org
Lesson Objective: Understand how to calculate that speed using the period of motion and the distance of its
path (circumference of the circle it traces out).
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the centripetal acceleration of the following objects moving in a circle:
6. A 2000 kg truck drives along a circular round a bout with a radius of 20 m at a constant speed of 10 m/s.
7. A 0.08 kg marble moves in a circle with a radius of 0.5 m at a constant speed of 3 m/s.
8. A 64 kg skater travels around a skate rink with a radius of 25 m at a constant speed of 2.2 m/s.
9. A 1000 kg racecar drives along a circular track with a radius of 50 m with an acceleration of 4m/s2 .
10. A 70 kg runner runs around a track with a radius of 36.8 m with an acceleration of 3 m/s2 .
Answer Key
1. A
2. D
3. D
4. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: To get into orbit, the ISS needed a rocket to accelerate it to a high
sideways velocity that is tangent to its orbital path. Once the ISS reaches this velocity, it no longer needs the
rocket’s force. According to Newton’s 1st law, the ISS will remain at a constant speed. The ISS is in constant
free fall around the Earth.
5. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: There is gravity in space. The International Space Station is only 205
miles (220 km) from the Earth, so the force of gravity on the astronauts is almost the same as on the Earth.
The astronauts and the International Space Station are all falling at the same rate around the Earth, which
makes the astronauts appear to be floating.
6.
v2
ac =
r
100( ms )2 m2
ac = =5 towards the center o f the circle
20 m s
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www.ck12.org Chapter 5. Forces in Two Dimensions Worksheets
7.
v2
ac =
r
9( m )2 m2
ac = s = 18 towards the center o f the circle
0.5 m s
8.
v2
ac =
r
9( m )2 m2
ac = s = 18 towards the center o f the circle
0.5 m s
9.
v2
ac =
r
m v2
4 2=
s 50
v = 14 m/s
10.
v2
ac =
r
m v2
3 2=
s 36.8
v = 10.5 m/s
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5.4. Forces in Translational Equilibrium www.ck12.org
Worksheet
Complete the following chart using your understanding of Newton’s Second Law under equilibrium conditions in
two dimensions.
TABLE 5.1:
Force Horizontal (x) Component Vertical (y) Component
Weight
Tension A
Tension B
Tension C
Net Force
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www.ck12.org Chapter 5. Forces in Two Dimensions Worksheets
Answer Key
TABLE 5.2:
Force Horizontal (x) Component Vertical (y) Component
Weight 0N -100N
Tension A 70cos30= -35N 70sin30= +60.62N
Tension B 40.41cos30= +35N 40.41sin30= +20.2N
Tension C 0N +19.18N
Net Force 0N 0N
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www.ck12.org
C HAPTER
6 Work and Energy
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
6.1 W ORK
6.2 E NERGY
6.3 E NERGY C ONSERVATION
6.4 P OWER
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www.ck12.org Chapter 6. Work and Energy Worksheets
6.1 Work
Worksheet
Read the following statements and determine whether or not they represent examples of work (in the scientific sense).
Circle YES or NO, and EXPLAIN the reasoning behind your choice.
2. Sonia applies a enough force to move her couch 15 m across the room.
YES / NO. Explain:
3. Jeffrey gets extremely tired after applying a force to a giant boulder that does not move.
YES / NO. Explain:
4. Joe applies enough force to lift a 100 lb barbell directly over his head.
YES / NO. Explain:
5. A woman is applying an upward normal force to hold her purse and walking rightward.
YES / NO. Explain:
6. Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between force, distance and work in a
simple machine?
a. Simple machines increase the amount of force needed to move an object by decreasing the distance over
which the force is applied. The work increases as well.
b. Simple machines increase the amount of force needed to move an object by decreasing the distance over
which the force is applied. The overall work stays the same.
c. Simple machines decrease the amount of force needed to move an object by increasing the distance over
which the force is applied. The amount of work decreases.
d. Simple machines decrease the amount of force needed to move an object by increasing the distance over
which the force is applied. The overall work stays the same.
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6.1. Work www.ck12.org
Three different families, each driving a 2000kg rental minivan, decide to drive to a ski resort for winter break. The
first family takes Route A, the second family takes Route B, and the third family takes Route C.
8. How much force does it take the family traveling on Route B to get to the ski resort?
9. How much force does it take the family traveling on Route C to the ski resort?
10. Did the family that took Route A use more, less, or the same amount of energy to get to the ski resort as the
family that took Route B? Explain.
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: In physics, work is done whenever a force is applied to move an object a
distance.
2. Yes. Sample Explanation: In physics, work is the done when a force is applied over a distance.
3. No. Sample Explanation: In physics, work is the product of force and distance. The boulder does not move,
so there is no distance. As a result, no work is done. **Misconception Alert: Just because Jeff is tired does
not mean he has done work in the scientific sense.
4. Yes. Sample Explanation: In physics, work is the done when a force is applied over a distance. Joe has applied
a force to move the barbell a distance.
5. No. Sample Explanation: In order for work to be done, the force cannot be perpendicular to the direction
of motion. In this case, the purse is moving rightward and the force is upward. Therefore, the force is
perpendicular to the motion and no work is being done.
6. D
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www.ck12.org Chapter 6. Work and Energy Worksheets
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6.2. Energy www.ck12.org
6.2 Energy
Worksheet
You lift a 1 kg object from the floor to the top of a 1.5 m high table.
2. How much work must you do to lift the object to the table?
4. Once the object is resting on the table, where does the energy go?
A diver climbs a ladder to the top of a diving board. Once he reaches the top, he stands on top of the diving
board. Then, he jumps off the diving board into a pool.
5. Which of the following points describes when the diver does work?
a. When the diver climbs the ladder
b. When the diver stands on the diving board.
c. When the diver is falling into the pool
d. None of the above
6. At which of the following points does the diver have the most potential energy?
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www.ck12.org Chapter 6. Work and Energy Worksheets
Lesson Objective: Understand the role of friction as it pertains to work and energy.
Use the following prompt for questions #8-9:
Joe pushes a box rightward with a force of 3 N, causing it to slide 2m across the floor at a constant speed.
Lesson Objective: Be able to solve problems involving kinetic and potential energy and friction.
Use the following prompt for questions #10-13:
10. At which point does this person have maximum potential energy?
a. Point A
b. Point B
c. Point C
d. None of the above
Justify your answer by solving for the Potential Energy at points A-C below.
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6.2. Energy www.ck12.org
Answer Key
1. F = mg = (1 kg)(10 N/kg) = 10 N
2. W = Fd = (10 N)(1.5 m) = 15 J
3. 15 J (work is energy)
4. The energy is stored as Potential Energy due to the objects height above the Earth (PE=mgh).
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. W = Fd =(3 N)(2 m) = +6 J
9. W = (-3 N)(2 m) = -6 J
10. C
11. PE = mgh = (65)(10 N/kg)(0 m) = 0 J
12. PE = mgh = (65)(10 N/kg)(1 m) = 650 J
13. PE = mgh = (65)(10 N/kg)(2 m) = 1300 J
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www.ck12.org Chapter 6. Work and Energy Worksheets
Worksheet
The total mechanical energy of the roller coaster below is 1800 J. The mass of the cart is 100 kg and the velocity
at Point C is +6 m/s. Assume no energy is lost due to dissipative forces such as friction.
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6.3. Energy Conservation www.ck12.org
Answer Key
1. B
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. C
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www.ck12.org Chapter 6. Work and Energy Worksheets
6.4 Power
Worksheet
2. In your own words, describe the relationship between power and the amount of time it takes to do work.
5. Did your calculations in the problems above align with your answer to question #2?
A piano with a mass of 130 kg is lifted 10m above the ground in 5 s by a crane.
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6.4. Power www.ck12.org
A second piano with the same mass is lifted 10m above the ground in 15 s by a forklift.
9. Which does the most work, the crane or the forklift? Explain.
10. Which expends the most power, the crane or the forklift? Explain
Answer Key
1. The amount of work and the rate at which the work is done (P=W/t).
2. P = W/t, so power and the time it takes to do work are inversely proportional. As the time it takes to do a
certain amount of work increases, the power decreases.
3. The power is halved
P = W/t
1800 J/20 s = 90 W
4. The power is doubled
P = W/t
1800 J/5s = 360 W
5. Yes, as the time increased the power decreased by the same factor.
6. W = (1300 N)(10 m) = 13,000 J
T=5s
P = W/t = 2600 W
7. 1000 W = 1 kW
1 kW
2600 W · 1000 W = 2.6 kW
8. 1hp=746W
1 hp
2600 W · 746 W = 3.5 hp
9. They both do the same work because they lift the same mass to the same height (apply the same force over the
same distance).
10. The crane expends the most power because it does the work in the least amount of time (as time decreases,
power increases).
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www.ck12.org Chapter 7. Momentum Worksheets
C HAPTER
7 Momentum Worksheets
Chapter Outline
7.1 M OMENTUM AND I MPULSE
7.2 C ONSERVATION OF M OMENTUM IN O NE D IMENSION
7.3 C ONSERVATION OF M OMENTUM IN T WO D IMENSIONS
7.4 C OLLISIONS AND C ONSERVATION P RINCIPLES
83
7.1. Momentum and Impulse www.ck12.org
Worksheet
3. Is it possible for a 1 kg object to have the same momentum as a 100 kg object? Explain.
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www.ck12.org Chapter 7. Momentum Worksheets
Answer Key
1. Mass Velocity
2. Increase their mass (wear a backpack, etc); Increase their velocity (apply a force to cause an acceleration)
3. Even though the two objects have different masses, they can be traveling at certain velocities that will make
the product of their mass and velocity (momentum) the same. The 1 kg object could be traveling at a velocity
of 100 m/s and the 100 kg object could be traveling at a velocity of 1 m/s.
4. A car traveling 65 mph on the freeway
5. The car has more momentum. The bus has no momentum because it is as rest (v = 0 m/s)
6. p = mv =(533 kg)(+75 m/s) = 39,975 kg•m/s east
7. p = mv =(900 kg)(+75 m/s) = 39,975 kg•m/s northwest
8. p = mv =(105 kg)(-15 m/s) = -1,575 kg•m/s west
9. A 36,000 kg semi truck moving -2 m/s leftward
10. p = mv =(36,000 kg)(-2 m/s) = -72,000 kg•m/s leftward p = mv = (0.01 kg)(-3000 m/s) = -30 kg•m/s leftward
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7.2. Conservation of Momentum in One Dimension www.ck12.org
Worksheet
Determine if the following statements are true or false by circling the correct answer. Then, explain the reason for
your choice.
1. The magnitude of contact force between the fly and the semi truck are the same.
True / False. Explain:
2. The direction of contact force between the fly and the semi truck are the same.
True / False. Explain:
3. The time of the collision experienced by the fly and the semi truck are the same.
True / False. Explain:
4. The magnitude of the impulse experienced by both the fly and semi truck is the same.
True / False. Explain:
5. The direction of the impulse experienced by both the fly and semi truck is the same.
True / False. Explain:
6. The magnitude of the change in momentum for the both the fly and semi truck is the same.
True / False. Explain:
7. The direction of the change in momentum for the both the fly and semi truck is the same.
True / False. Explain:
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www.ck12.org Chapter 7. Momentum Worksheets
8. The magnitude of the acceleration experienced by both the fly and semi truck is the same.
True / False. Explain:
9. The direction of the acceleration experienced by both the fly and semi truck is the same.
True / False. Explain:
10. The magnitude of the change in velocity for the fly and semi truck is the same.
True / False. Explain:
Answer Key
1. True. According to Newton’s third law, the contact force between the fly and the semi truck are action-reaction
pairs. Therefore, they are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
2. False. According to Newton’s third law, the contact force between the fly and the semi truck are action-reaction
pairs. Therefore, they are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
3. True. The time of the collision is the same for both objects in the collision.
4. True. The equation for impulse is f ∆t . If the magnitude of the contact force and the time of the collision are
the same for both the fly and the semi truck, then the magnitude of the impulse must be the same.
5. False. The equation for impulse is f ∆t. Although the magnitude of the force and the time of the collision are
the same for both the fly and semi truck, the direction of the forces are opposite. Therefore, the direction of
the impulse for the fly and semi truck will also be opposite.
6. True. Impulse is a change in momentum. Therefore, if the magnitude of the impulse is the same, then the
magnitude of the change in momentum will also be the same for both the fly and the semi truck.
7. False. Impulse is a change in momentum. Therefore, if the direction of the impulse for the fly and the semi
truck are opposite, then the direction of the change in momentum will also be opposite.
8. False. According to Newton’s 2nd law, forces equal mass times the acceleration (F = ma). The magnitude of
the contact force between the fly and the semi truck are the same. The mass of the fly is much less than the
mass of the semi truck. As a result, the magnitude of the acceleration of the fly must be much greater than the
magnitude of the acceleration of the semi truck.
9. False. According to Newton’s 2nd law, the direction of the force must be in the same direction as the
acceleration (F = ma). The direction of the contact force between the fly and the semi truck are in opposite
direction. As a result, the direction of their accelerations will also be in opposite directions.
10. False. A change in velocity is the acceleration. The acceleration of the fly is much greater than the acceleration
of the semi truck (according to Newton’s 2nd law). As a result, the change in the fly’s velocity is much greater
than the semi truck’s change in velocity.
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Worksheet
1. In your own words, describe what it means for the total momentum of a system to be conserved.
3. Set up an equation, using only the variables for mass (m) and velocity (v), which represents the total momen-
tum of a cannon and a cannon ball before and after an explosion.
4. Set up an equation, using only the variables for mass (m) and velocity (v), which represents the total momen-
tum of a tennis ball and racket before and after the racket hits the ball.
5. Set up an equation, using only the variables for mass (m) and velocity (v), which represents the total momen-
tum before and after a fly is hit by a fly swatter (and sticks to it).
In the Homecoming football game, a fullback (m=60kg) moves rightward at a velocity of +2 m/s and a linebacker
(mass = 80kg) moves leftward with a velocity of -3 m/s until they collide and move together.
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10. What is the final speed of the fullback and linebacker and they move together after the collision?
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: The total momentum before two objects interact will be the same as the
total momentum after they are done interacting.
2. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: The game of pool illustrates the conservation of momentum. The initial
total momentum of the system is due to the white ball and is equal to the final total momentum of all the moving
billiard balls.
3. [mcannon · vi−cannon ] + [mcannon ball · vi−cannonball ] = [mcannon · v f −cannon ] + [mcannon ball · (−v f −cannonball )] 0 kg ·
m/s = [mcannon · v f −cannon ] + [mcannon ball · (−v f −cannonball )]
4. [mtennis racket · vi−tennis racket ] + [mtennis ball · (−vi−tennis ball )] = [mtennis racket · (−v f −tennis racket )] + [mtennis ball ∗
v f −tennis ball ]
5. [m f ly · vi− f ly ] + [m f ly swatter (−vi− f ly swatter )] = [(m f ly + m f ly swatter )v f ]
6. p = mv = (60kg)(+2m/s) = +120kgm/s rightward
7. p = mv = (80kg)(−3m/s) = −240kgm/s le f tward
8. pi− f ullback + pi−linebacker = (+120 kg ∗ m/s − 240 kg ∗ m/s) = −120 kg ∗ m/s le f tward
9. -120 kg*m/s
10. −120 kg ∗ m/s = (60kg + 80kg)v f v f = −0.9 m/s le f tward
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7.4. Collisions and Conservation Principles www.ck12.org
Worksheet
1. (Elastic / Inelastic) A white cue ball hits the black 8-ball in a game of pool. They bounce off each other, but
both move in the same direction.
2. (Elastic / Inelastic) Brittany catches a beach ball.
3. (Elastic / Inelastic) A tennis ball hits a racket and both move in the opposite direction after the collision.
4. (Elastic / Inelastic) A fullback tackles a linebacker and they move together in the air.
5. (Elastic / Inelastic) A dog catches a ball in his mouth.
6. Describe how you distinguished between elastic and inelastic collisions in the section above.
Lesson Objective: Be able to solve problems using both energy and momentum conservation.
Use the following prompt for questions #7-8:
A skateboarder (mass = 75 kg) is standing at rest on a skateboard. His friend throws him a football (mass = 0.45
kg) with a velocity of +6 m/s rightward. Assume the ground is frictionless.
8. What is the velocity of the skateboarder (and the football) after he catches the ball?
A 0.145 kg baseball is moving through the air. At point A, the baseball is 2 m high and moving with a velocity
of +15 m/s rightward. At point B, the baseball is 3 m high and moving with an unknown velocity.
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9. Use the principle of conservation of energy to determine the velocity of the baseball at point B.
Answer Key
1. Elastic
2. Inelastic
3. Elastic
4. Inelastic
5. Inelastic
6. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: In elastic collisions, the objects bounce off each other. In inelastic
collisions, the objects stick together.
7. Inelastic. The skateboarder catches the football, so they stick together.
8. (0.45 kg)(6 m/s)=(75 kg+0.45 kg)v f v f = + 0.036 m/s rightward
9. Total Energy Point A = Total Energy Point B [PEA + KEA ]= [PEB + KEB ] mA ghA + 1/2mA vA 2 =mB ghB +
1/2mB vB2 (0.145 kg)(10 N/kg)(2 m) + (1/2)(0.145 kg)(15 m/s)2 =(0.145 kg)(10 N/kg)(3 m) + (1/2)(0.145
kg)(vB m/s)2 19.21 J = 4.35 J +0.0725vB 2 vB = +14.32 m/s rightward
10. p = mv (0.145 kg)(14.32 m/s) = +2.08 kg•m/s rightward
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C HAPTER
8 Statics Worksheets
Chapter Outline
8.1 A NGULAR M OMENTUM
8.2 TORQUE
8.3 T WO C ONDITIONS OF E QUILIBRIUM
8.4 A PPLICATIONS OF E QUILIBRIUM C ONDITIONS
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Worksheet
1. Rotational Inertia:
2. Angular Velocity:
5. Provide a real world example that illustrates the effect of moving a mass closer to its axis of rotating.
6. What is the angular momentum of a gymnast at rest with a rotational inertia of 60 kg•m2 ?
a. 0 kg•m2 /s
b. 10 kg•m2 /s
c. 180 kg•m2 /s
d. 1800 kg•m2 /s
7. What is the angular momentum of a gymnast that has an angular velocity of 3 rad/s and a rotational inertia of
60 kg•m2 ?
a. 0 kg•m2 /s
b. 10 kg•m2 /s
c. 180 kg•m2 /s
d. 1800 kg•m2 /s
8. If the rotational inertia of a rotating object is decreased by a factor of 4, what is the resulting angular velocity
according to the conservation of angular momentum?
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a. 2ω
b. 4ω
c. 6ω
d. 8ω
9. Lisa is an ice skater. During a rotation, her initial angular velocity is 4 rev/s. She moves her arms in order
to decrease her rotational inertia by 50%. Assuming the angular momentum of the system is conserved,
determine Lisa’s resulting angular velocity.
10. What is the major difference between linear momentum and angular momentum?
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: A rotating object’s tendency to keep rotating.
2. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: How quickly an object is rotating.
3. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Angular momentum of a system will remain the same. As a result, as the
rotational inertia of a rotating object decreases, the angular velocity will increase, and the overall angular
momentum will not change.
4. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: As a result of moving a mass closer to its axis of rotation, its rotational
inertia will decrease. As a result of the conservation of angular momentum, its angular velocity will increase
and the overall angular momentum of the system will remain the same.
5. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: An ice-skater who is spinning will begin with their arms out and bring
them in, moving their center of mass closer to the axis of rotation. This will decrease the rotational inertia
and increase the angular velocity, but the overall angular momentum will remain the same.
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. If the rotational inertia decreases by 50%, then the angular velocity must increase by 50%. Therefore, Lisa’s
resulting angular velocity will be 8 rev/s.
10. In linear momentum, the inertia of an object cannot change. In angular momentum, the rotational inertia of an
object can change.
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8.2 Torque
Worksheet
5. Explain why a wrench with a long handle has a better mechanical advantage than a wrench with a short handle.
6. Explain the physics behind why football coaches instruct players to stay as low as possible.
7. The door to your physics classroom has a width of 0.7 m and requires a torque of 12 N•m to open. If the
doorknob is position 0.05 m from the left edge of the door, what is the minimum force that must be applied to
open the door?
8. Determine the magnitude of the perpendicular force that must be applied to a see-saw to cause a torque of 75
N•m, 2.5 meters away from the center fulcrum.
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A bookshelf with a mass of 3 kg extends 0.33 m from a wall and remains stationary.
9. Calculate the magnitude of the torque due to the force of gravity on the bookshelf.
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: A torque produces rotation. It is a perpendicular force applied to a lever
arm to get an object to spin.
2. D
3. In order for a torque to be produced, there must be (1) a lever arm and (2) a perpendicular force applied to the
lever arm a certain distance away from the center of mass
4. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: A torque is not simply a force; it is a force applied perpendicular to a
lever arm to get an object to rotate. A net force causes an object to accelerate, whereas a net torque causes
an object to spin.
5. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: You can decrease the force required to turn an object by increasing the
length of the lever arm. A wrench with a longer handle will require less force than a wrench with a short
handle to do the same amount of work.
6. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: When player with a low center of mass comes into contact with another
player with a high center of mass, the player with the high center of mass is more likely to rotate or spin. This
is due to the concept of torque, τ=rFsinθ
7.
τ = rF sin θ
12N · m = (0.7 − 0.05 m)(F)(sin 90◦ )
F = 18.5 N
8.
τ = rF sin θ
75N · m = (2.5 m)(F)(sin 90◦ )
F = 30 N
9.
Fg = (3 kg)(10 N/kg) = 30 N
τ = rF sin θ
τ = (0.33 m)(30 N)(sin 90◦ )
τ = 9.9 N · m
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10. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Whatever is fixing the bookshelf to the wall (a bolt, etc) is also producing
a torque of equal magnitude to torque due to gravity but in the opposite direction. Therefore, the net torque
on the bookshelf is zero and it is in rotational equilibrium (as well as translational equilibrium and static
equilibrium).
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Worksheet
1. Rotational equilibrium
2. Translational equilibrium
3. Static equilibrium
Answer Key
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8.4. Applications of Equilibrium Conditions www.ck12.org
Worksheet
Jack and Jill sit on a long seesaw that is in rotational equilibrium. Jack has a mass of 35 kg and sits 3 m from the
center axis. Jill has a mass of 20 kg.
Answer Key
1.
Fg = mg
Fg = (35 kg)(10 N/kg) = −350 N downward
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2.
Fg = mg
Fg = (20 kg)(10 N/kg) = −350 N downward
3.
τ = rF sin θ
τ = (3 m)(350 N) = 1050 N · m
4. If the seesaw is in rotational equilibrium, the net torque must equal zero.
5.
τ jack + τ jill = 0 N · m
1050 N · m + τ jill = 0 N · m
1050 N · m + (? )(−200 N) = 0 N · m
−200r = −1050 N · m
r = 5.25 m
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C HAPTER
9 Newton’s Universal Law of
Gravity Worksheets
Chapter Outline
9.1 K EPLER ’ S L AWS
9.2 N EWTON ’ S U NIVERSAL L AW OF G RAVITY
9.3 C IRCULAR O RBITS
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Worksheet
1. Create a sketch the shape of the Earth’s orbit around the sun.
For questions #3-8, match each of the following laws with their correct explanation:
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11. Use Kepler’s Third Law of Motion to solve for the constant of proportionality (k) if the period of the Earth
around the sun is one year and the distance of the Earth to the sun is one AU.
12. Use Kepler’s Third Law of Motion to solve for the period of Pluto around the sun, in years, if the distance of
Pluto to the sun is 39.5 AU.
13. Use Kepler’s Third Law of Motion to determine the distance of Mars to the sun, in AU, if the period of Mars
around the sun is 1.87 years.
Answer Key
T = 61629
T=248 years
13. T2 =kr3
(1.87) 2 =(r)3
√3
r = 3.497
r=1.52 AU
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Worksheet
1. Universal:
2. Law:
3. Gravity:
4. Use your answers to questions #1-3 to re-write Newton’s Universal Law of Gravity in your own words.
Label the following statements in #6-10 as true or false by circling the correct answer.
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9. The force acting on an apple as it falls from a tree is different from the force acting on Venus as it orbits the
sun.
a. True
b. False
10. The Earth is pulling down on me with a force due to gravity and I am pulling up on the Earth with a force due
to gravity of equal magnitude.
a. True
b. False
11. Based on your understanding of Newton’s Universal Law of Gravity, can a massive object ever be weightless?
Gm1 m2
Refer to the equation for Newton’s Universal Law of Gravity (F = r2
) to answer questions #12-15:
12. If the distance between two objects is doubled, the force of gravity will
a. Double
b. Quadruple
c. Decrease by a factor of 4
d. Decrease by a factor of 16
13. If the distance between two objects is quadrupled, the force of gravity will
a. Double
b. Quadruple
c. Decrease by a factor of 4
d. Decrease by a factor of 16
14. If the mass of an object is doubled, the force of gravity will
a. Double
b. Quadruple
c. Decrease by a factor of 4
d. Decrease by a factor of 16
15. If the mass of both objects are doubled, the force of gravity will
a. Double
b. Quadruple
c. Decrease by a factor of 4
d. Decrease by a factor of 16
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Applies to everything in the universe; a commonality between everything
in the universe.
2. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: A general rule based on the conclusions of repeated experiments.
3. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: The force of an attraction between massive objects.
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4. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: The Universal Law of Gravity is a general rule stating that every massive
object in the universe exerts a force of attraction on all other massive objects in the universe.
5. F = Gmr12m2 The farther away one massive object is from another, the smaller the force of gravity is between
them. If the distance is doubled, the force of gravity between two massive objects decreases by a factor of
four.
6. A
7. A
8. A
9. B
10. A
11. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: No, because Newton’s Universal Law of Gravity states that every massive
object in the universe experiences a force due to gravity from every other massive object in the universe. In
physics, weight is equal to the force due to gravity. Therefore, a massive object can never be weightless.
Objects experience “apparent weightlessness” when they do not have a normal force countering the force due
to gravity. These objects are in free fall.
12. C
13. D
14. A
15. B
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9.3. Circular Orbits www.ck12.org
Worksheet
1. Describe the major difference between the orbits of planets and the orbits of satellites.
2. When solving problems involving circular orbits, you must consider which of the following?
a. Centripetal acceleration
b. Universal gravity
c. Both A B
d. None of the above
3. What is the distance from the center of the Earth of a satellite orbiting at a distance equal to the Earth’s radius
(Re )?
a. 21 Re
b. Re
c. 2 Re
d. 3 Re
4. Write an equation that could be used to calculate the force due to gravity acting on a satellite orbiting at a
distance equal to the Earth’s radius (Re ).
5. Calculate the acceleration of a satellite orbiting at a distance equal to the Earth’s radius (Re ).
6. Calculate the velocity of a satellite orbiting at a distance equal to the Earth’s radius (Re ).
Answer Key
1. The shape of a planetary orbit is an ellipse and the shape of a satellite orbit is a circle.
2. C
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3. C
Gm1 m2
4. F = (2Re )2
1
5. a = (2)2
1
a= (2)2
(10 m/s2 ) = 2.5 m/s2
v 2 √
6. a = r ;v = ar
q
v = (2.5 m/s2 )(6.37 ∗ 106 m)
v = 3991 m/s
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C HAPTER
10Periodic Motion Worksheets
Chapter Outline
10.1 S IMPLE H ARMONIC M OTION
10.2 M ASS ON A S PRING
10.3 S IMPLE P ENDULUM
10.4 WAVES AND WAVE P ROPERTIES
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Worksheet
2. Use your list of requirements above to identify all of the objects that exhibit periodic motion. Circle your
answer choices below.
a. The pendulum in a grandfather clock
f. A child on a swing
i. A rider on a merry-go-round
j. A mass on a spring
3. Describe the connection between periodic motion and simple harmonic motion (SHM).
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4. Describe the connection between uniform circular motion and simple harmonic motion (SHM).
7. Sketch the general shape of a position-time (x-t) graph of an object in simple harmonic motion.
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample List: (1) The object is moving (2) The object repeats its motion in a pattern (3)
The object’s repetitive motion pattern is completed in equal time intervals.
2. A,D,E,F,G,I, J
3. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Simple harmonic motion is a type of periodic motion in which an object
moves back and forth through a point of equilibrium due to a restoring force directly proportional to the
object’s displacement.
4. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: The conditions for uniform circular motion are the same as the conditions
for SHM. Also, when an object in uniform circular motion is projected in one dimension, the object exhibits
SHM.
5. (1) There must be a restoring force, or a force returning the object to its original position, that is directly
proportional to the displacement. (2) The object moves around a point of equilibrium.
6. A child on a swing meets the two conditions for SHM. (1) The restoring force of gravity is acting on the child
and (2) the child moves back and forth around a point of equilibrium.
7.
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10.2. Mass on a Spring www.ck12.org
Worksheet
1. Circle all the variables below that affect the period (T) of a spring-mass system.
a. Force on the spring (Fspring )
d. Mass (m)
2. Circle all the following statements that correctly describe the restoring force in a mass-spring system.
a. The restoring force causes the mass-spring system to move toward the point of equilibrium
b. The restoring force cause the mass-spring system to move away from the point of equilibrium
c. The direction of the restoring force is always opposite of the displacement of the mass-spring system
d. The direction of the restoring force is always the same as the displacement of the mass-spring system
e. The magnitude of the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement of the mass-spring
system
f. The magnitude of the restoring force is inversely proportional to the displacement of the mass-spring
system
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7. How many times does this mass-spring system pass through the point of equilibrium if it vibrates for 10
seconds?
Answer Key
1. B D
2. A,C, E
3. Use Hooke’s Law to determine the spring constant: Fs =kx.
Since the spring is hung, the force on the spring (Fs ) is equal to the force of gravity (Fg ).
Fg = mg = (3 kg)(10 N/kg) = 30 N
30 N = k(0.15 m)
k = 200 N/m
4.
r
m
T = 2π
k
s
3 kg
= 2π
200 N/m
= 0.8 s
5.
1
f=
T
1
=
0.8
= 1.25 Hz
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6. The amplitude (A) is the maximum distance from equilibrium and will be 0.15 m for this mass-spring system.
7. The mass will pass through the point of equilibrium two times each cycle. Its period is 0.8 s, so it takes 0.8
s for this spring-mass system to complete one cycle. If it is allowed to vibrate for 10 s, it will complete 12.5
cycles (10 s/0.8 s = 12.5 cycles). As a result, it will pass through the point of equilibrium 25 times in 10 s
(12.5 cycles x 2 times through the point of equilibrium =25 times passing through the point of equilibrium).
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Worksheet
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5. Sketch a position-time (x-t) graph of the pendulum as it moves back and forth from point A to point B.
9. An astronaut takes the pendulum to the moon where the gravitational constant, g, is 1.6N/kg
10. A spaceship takes the pendulum to Saturn, where the gravitational constant, g, is 11.2 N/kg.
Answer Key
1. The period of the pendulum above is from Point A to Point B and back to Point A again.
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2.
s
L
T = 2π
g
s
0.7 m
= 2π
10 N/kg
= 1.7 s
5.
6. The period of a pendulum is independent of the mass, so it will remain 2.8 s.
7.
s
L
T = 2π
g
s
1m
= 2π
10 N/kg
= 1.99 s
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10.
s
L
T = 2π
g
s
2m
= 2π
11.2 N/kg
= 2.64 s
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Worksheet
3. Explain why a beach ball in the ocean will bob vertically up and down as a wave travels horizontally to the
shore.
A coiled spring, such as a slinky, can produce both transverse and longitudinal waves.
7. Light passing through a small crack in the door illuminates an entire room
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• Reflection
• Refraction
• Diffraction
Explain:
Explain:
Explain:
10. A telescope bends light in order to view objects very far away
• Reflection
• Refraction
• Diffraction
Explain:
Answer Key
1. Energy
2. A longitudinal wave causes vibrations parallel to the direction the wave is travelling. A transverse wave causes
vibrations perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling.
3. An ocean wave is an example of a transverse wave.
4. A sound wave causes air molecules to vibrate back and forth, parallel to the direction the wave is traveling.
5. You need to move the slinky in a direction parallel to the direction of the wave energy to create a longitudinal
wave on a slinky. Therefore, you must move the slinky horizontally back and forth as the wave propagates
horizontally back and forth.
6. You need to move the slinky in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the wave energy to create a
transverse wave on a slinky. Therefore, you must move the slinky vertically up and down as the wave
propagates horizontally back and forth.
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7. Diffraction. Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: Diffraction is the ability of light waves to spread
out. This explains how light traveling from a small crack in the door can spread out and illuminate a large
room.
8. Refraction. Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: When a wave bends, it exhibits refraction. In this
case, light bends to make an object appear larger.
9. Reflection. Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: Whenever a wave bounces, it is described as
reflecting. In this case, sound waves bounce off the walls in an empty room.
10. Refraction. Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: When a wave bends, it exhibits refraction. In this
case, light bends to make an object appear closer.
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C HAPTER
11 Vibrations and Sound
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
11.1 T RANSMISSION OF S OUND
11.2 WAVE S PEED
11.3 R ESONANCE WITH S OUND WAVES
11.4 D OPPLER E FFECT
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Worksheet
5. Predict what would happen to the vibration caused by your vocal cords if you screamed in outer space.
Lesson Objective: Explain what is meant by the superposition of waves and interference.
For questions #6-8, define the following terms in your own words:
6. Superposition
7. Constructive Interference
8. Destructive Interference
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9. Explain how two sound waves can interfere to cancel each other out.
10. Explain how two sound waves can interfere to create a louder sound.
Two sound waves have different amplitudes but the same wavelength and period. The first wave has an amplitude
of 5 m and the second wave has an amplitude of 2 m.
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: (1) There is a medium, or interacting particles, that the sound wave moves
through (2) There is an original source causing the initial vibration (3) The sound wave is transported from
one place to another as a result of particle interactions (the energy is transferred but each particle experiences
no net displacement).
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: An original source causes a vibration (such as a speaker), which induces
vibrations in the particles nearby (such as air molecules. These particle interactions allow the wave energy
to be transmitted but each individual particle experiences no net displacement.
3. They require a medium to move through (unlike light waves that can move through a vacuum).
4. A medium is the group of particles in which a wave moves through. An example of a medium is water, in
which sonar sound waves move through.
5. Nothing - there would be silence because sound is a mechanical wave and requires a medium to move through.
Therefore, a scream in the vacuum of outer space would produce no sound (spooky!).
6. When two wave amplitudes are added together
7. When two waves are in phase and their superposition results in a larger amplitude (louder sound).
8. When two waves are out of phase and their superposition results in a smaller amplitude (quieter sound).
9. When two sound waves are completely out of phase, their superposition will result in complete destructive
interference or an amplitude of zero.
10. When two sound waves are in phase, their superposition will result in constructive interference and their
amplitude will get larger. The amplitude of a sound wave is related to its perceived loudness, so as the
amplitude increase the loudness increases.
11. When two waves interfere with similar frequencies, they create beats as a result of periodic constructive and
destructive interference.
12. B
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Worksheet
127
11.2. Wave Speed www.ck12.org
5. If the frequency of Wave A increased, what would happen to the wave speed?
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. Stay the same
d. Not enough information to determine
Describe the affect on the following properties of a sound wave as it travels from a violin string, through the air, to
the ear of the violinist by circling the correct choice. Then, explain the reason for your choice.
6. Wave Speed
a) Changes
b) Remains the Same
Explain:
7. Frequency
a) Changes
b) Remains the Same
Explain:
8. Wavelength
a) Changes
b) Remains the Same
Explain:
9. Calculate the wavelength of sound waves that bats can hear if they occur at frequencies around 80,000 Hz.
10. Calculate the wavelength of sound waves that humans can hear if they occur at a maximum frequency of
20,000 Hz.
Answer Key
1. B
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. Changes; Sample Explanation: When a sound wave travels from one medium to another, it changes speed.
7. Remains the same; Sample Explanation: When a sound wave travels from one medium to another, the
frequency remains the same.
8. Changes; Sample Explanation: When a sound wave travels from one medium to another, the wavelength
changes (it is directly proportional to the wave speed).
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9. v=fλ
343 m/s = (80,000 Hz)(λ)
λ=4*10−3 m
10. v=fλ
343 m/s = (20,000 Hz)(λ)
λ=2*10−2 m
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Worksheet
Lesson Objective: Solve problems with strings and pipes using the condition for resonance.
Use the following prompt for questions #3-5:
3. Create a sketch of the standing wave on the violin string at the third harmonic.
5. Compare the velocity of the wave on the violin string (your answer to question #2) to the velocity of the sound
wave it creates in the air. If the two velocities differ, explain why.
A sound wave travels through a 2 m organ pipe, open at both ends, with a speed of 343 m/s.
6. Calculate the frequency and provide a sketch of the standing wave created at the 1st Harmonic in the space
below:
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7. Calculate the frequency and provide a sketch of the standing wave created at the 2nd Harmonic in the space
below:
8. Calculate the frequency and provide a sketch of the standing wave created at the 3rd Harmonic in the space
below:
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Use the image of a standing wave produced in a pipe closed at one end to answer questions #9-10:
9. How many nodes are present in the standing wave illustrated above?
a. Zero
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b. One
c. Two
d. Three
a. First
b. Second
c. Third
d. Fourth
Answer Key
1. Answer will vary. Sample Answer: The forced vibration frequency matches the natural frequency, causing the
amplitude of vibration to dramatically increase.
2. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Pushing a child on a swing is a great example of using resonance to
increase the amplitude of an object in simple harmonic motion. When a parent’s “push frequency” matches
their child’s “swing frequency”, the amplitude of the swinging child will greatly increase. This is due to
the phenomenon of resonance, when the forced vibration frequency of one object is the same as the natural
frequency of another object, causing a dramatic increase in the second object’s amplitude.
3.
4. v=fλ
V=(3430 Hz)(0.2m)=686 m/s
5. Answers will vary. The speed of the wave on the violin string is faster than the speed of sound in air. The
velocity of the wave on the violin string is 686 m/s, which is double the speed of sound in air traveling at 343
m/s. This is due to the material the violin string is made of, which allows the wave energy to travel faster
through it than the molecules in the air. The speed of a wave depends on the medium. When the wave travels
from the violin string to the air, the frequency remains the same and the wave speed and wavelength change.
6.
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7.
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• The second harmonic will occur at a frequency two times the first harmonic (fn =nf1 )
• 85.75 Hz * 2 = 171.5 Hz
8.
• The third harmonic will occur at a frequency three times the first harmonic (fn =nf1 )
• 85.75 Hz * 3 = 257.25 Hz
9. B
10. A
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11.4. Doppler Effect www.ck12.org
Worksheet
1. In your own words, explain why a sound becomes higher in pitch as it approaches you.
Demonstrate your understanding of how the Doppler effect influences the following properties of sound waves as a
result of a sound source traveling away from an observer by answering questions #2-7 below:
2. Wavelength
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains constant
3. Frequency
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains constant
4. Wave Speed
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains constant
5. Amplitude
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains constant
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8. An ambulance is driving with a velocity of 11 m/s and its siren blaring at 670 Hz. Calculate the frequency you
hear as it approaches you in the space below.
Answer Key
1. According to the Doppler effect, if the source of sound is moving towards you, the waves are being compressed
and the wavelengths are decreasing. As the wavelengths decrease, the frequencies increase because the speed
of sound in air remains constant. The frequencies of the sound waves are related to the pitch. So, as the
frequencies increase, the overall pitch will increase as well.
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. D
8. f 0 = f v+v
v+vs
r
343 m/s
670 Hz( 343 m/s−11 m/s ) = 692.2 Hz
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C HAPTER
12 Fluid Mechanics
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
12.1 P RESSURE IN F LUIDS
12.2 M EASURING P RESSURE
12.3 PASCAL’ S L AW
12.4 A RCHIMEDES ’ L AW
12.5 B ERNOULLI ’ S L AW
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Lesson Worksheet
1. In your own words, explain the difference between weight and density.
2. Provide an example of two objects with the same weight and different densities.
A wood block made of pine has a mass of 3.7 g and a volume of 10 cm3.
4. Calculate the specific gravity of the wood block compared to water (1000 kg/m3 ).
5. Using your calculations above, do you believe the wood block will sink or float when placed in a pool of
water? Explain.
Lesson Objective: Understand pressure and be able to solve problems with pressure.
6. In your own words, explain the difference between force and pressure.
7. Provide an example of two objects with the same force and different pressures.
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Describe how the following variables affect the pressure of a fluid at rest in the space provided:
8. Volume
10. Density
11. Depth
13. Calculate the amount of force exerted by the atmosphere on the roof of your house (area = 95 m2 ) if the
pressure is 101,000 Pa.
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Weight is the force of gravity on an object due to its mass. It can be
calculated by multiplying the mass of an object by the gravitational constant “g” on Earth (10 N/kg). The
more mass an object has, the more the Earth’s gravity will pull on it, causing an increase in its weight. Density
is the measure of how much mass is present in a given volume (mass per unit volume). The more mass in a
certain volume, the denser the object will be.
2. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Box A has a volume of 0.5 m3 and Box B has a volume of 1 m3 . Both
boxes have a mass of 15 kg. The weight of both Box A and Box B are the same (150 N), but the densities
differ. The density of Box A is 30 kg/m3 and the density of Box B is 15 kg/m3 . This is because Box A has
more mass per unit volume.
3.
m
ρ=
v
3.7 g g
ρ= 3
= 0.37 3
10 cm cm
0.37 g 1 kg (100 cm3
× × = 370 kg/m3
1cm3 1000 g 1m3
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4.
density
sg =
1000 kg/m3
kg
370 m3
sg = = 0.37
1000 mkg3
5. The wood block will float because its density is less than the density of water, as shown by its specific gravity
being less than 1.
6. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Force is a push or pull. Pressure is the amount of force exerted over a
specific area.
7. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Person A and Person B are both 60kg. When person A stands on both
his feet (area = 0.09m2 ), he exerts a normal force of 600 N downward and produces a pressure of 6667 N/m2 .
When person B stands on just one foot (area = 0.045m2 ), he also exerts a downward normal force of 600N but
produces a pressure of 13,333 N/m2 .
8. Volume has no affect on the pressure of a fluid at rest.
9. The shape of a container has no affect on the pressure of a fluid at rest.
10. As the density of a fluid increases, the pressure increases.
11. As the depth of a fluid increases, the pressure increases.
12. The size of a container has no affect on the pressure of a fluid at rest.
13. P = FA
F/95m2 =101,000 Pa
F = 9,595,000 N
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Lesson Worksheet
3. Explain why the roof of your house does not collapse under atmospheric pressure?
4. A drinking straw
5. A suction cup
6. A vacuum cleaner
8. The atmospheric pressure in the mountains is the atmospheric pressure at sea level.
a. Greater than
b. Less than
c. Equal to
d. Not enough information to determine
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10. What is the total pressure of a tire with a gauge pressure of 151.7kPa?
a. 101.3 kPa
b. 151.7 kPa
c. 253 kPa
d. 303.4 kPa
Answer Key
1. A
2. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: The pressure created by the force of gravity acting on air molecules in
the Earth’s atmosphere over a certain area.
3. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: The atmospheric pressure on both sides of the roof are equal and opposite,
making the net pressure on the roof zero.
4. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: By sucking, you reduce the air pressure in the straw. The atmospheric
pressure pushes down on the surface of the drink, causing it to go up into the straw. A straw works by using
the atmospheric pressure to PUSH liquid into the straw.
5. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: A suction cup reduces the air pressure on one side of the cup, so the
atmospheric pressure pushes on the other side of the cup, causing it to stick. Again, the atmospheric pressure
is PUSHING on the suction cup.
6. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: A vacuum cleaner reduces the air pressure inside the vacuum and relies
on atmospheric pressure to push the dirt up into the device. The dirt is not sucked up, but rather PUSHED up
into the vacuum.
7. Barometer
8. B
9. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Any pressure added to a system in addition to atmospheric pressure.
10. C
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Lesson Worksheet
2. Hydraulic lifts
a. obey the law of conservation of energy
b. produce more output energy than input energy
c. produce more output work than input work
d. do not provide a mechanical advantage
3. Draw a sketch of a hydraulic lift and label each of the parts.
A hydraulic lift has a large piston with an area of 2.5 m2 and a small piston with area of 1 m2.
4. What force must be applied by the large piston to lift a 1500 kg vehicle upward at a constant speed?
5. What force must be applied to the small piston to lift a 1500 kg vehicle upward at a constant speed?
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Pascal’s law states that the pressure (P=F/A) will remain constant
everywhere in a liquid. Hydraulics work by applying a small input force over a small area and generating
a large output force over a large area.
2. A
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3. Sketches will vary. All sketches should include a small piston filled with fluid connected to a large piston.
Pressure on the fluid in the smaller piston is transferred directly to pressure on the large piston.
4. To lift a 1500 kg vehicle at a constant speed, the upward force must be equal to the downward force of gravity
(or the vehicle’s weight).
F = mg = (1500 kg)(10 N/kg) = 15,000 N.
5. F1 /A1 =F2 /A2
F1 = 15,000 N; A1 = 2.5m2
F2 = ?; A2 = 1m2
15,000 N/2.5 m2 = x/1m2
F2 = 6000 N
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Lesson Worksheet
3. Describe how does Archimedes’ Law combines displacement and the buoyant force.
For questions #4-6, consider the following statements regarding a rubber ducky floating in a tub of water. Label each
statement as true of false and include an explanation for your choice.
5. The magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the rubber ducky.
a. True
b. False
Explain:
6. According to Archimedes’ Law, the weight of the rubber ducky determines if it will float or not.
a. True
b. False
Explain:
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An aluminum cube with a volume of 1 m3 has a density of 2700 kg/m3 and is submerged in water with a density
of 1000 kg/m3.
10. Will the aluminum cube sink or float? Provide an explanation for your choice.
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: In fluid mechanics, displacement occurs when an object is placed in a
fluid and causes the fluid to move out of the way.
2. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: The buoyant force is the upward force from a fluid on an object ( ).
According to Archimedes’ Law, the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid that is displaced by the
submerged object.
3. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: According to Archimedes’ Law, the buoyant force is equal to the weight
of the fluid that is displaced by the submerged object.
4. True. Sample Explanation: There is a downward gravitational force and an upward buoyant force acting on
the rubber ducky.
5. True. Sample Explanation: The rubber ducky is floating, so the downward force of gravity (weight) must be
balanced by the upward buoyant force.
6. False. Sample Explanation: Archimedes Law states that the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid
the object displaces. Therefore, the weight of the displaced fluid determines if the ducky will float.
7. Solve for the mass of the cube using the equation for density (ρ = mv );
2720 kg
m3
= 1 xm3 = 2720 kg
Then, use this mass to solve for the weight (force due to gravity); Fgravity = mg = (2729 kg)(10 N/kg) = 27,290
N
8. F_b = ρVg
Fb = (1000 kg/m3 )(1 m3 )(10 N/kg)=10,000 N
9. 10,000 N. According to Archimedes’ Law, the weight of the water displaced by the aluminum cube will be
equal to the buoyant force.
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10. Answers will vary. Sample Answers: The aluminum cube will sink because the gravitational force (weight)
is greater than the buoyant force. As a result, there is a net downward force and, according to Newton’s 2nd
Law, the aluminum cube will experience a downward acceleration (it will sink). Other reasons include: The
aluminum cube does not displace its weight in water, and therefore will sink. The density of the aluminum
cube is greater than the density of water, and therefore it will sink.
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Lesson Worksheet
Answer Key
1. A
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: According to Bernoulli’s principle, the faster the air moves, the lower the
pressure. Therefore, there will be less pressure on top of the ball than on the bottom of the ball.
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C HAPTER
13 Heat Worksheets
Chapter Outline
13.1 T EMPERATURE
13.2 K INETIC T HEORY OF T EMPERATURE
13.3 H EAT
13.4 H EAT T RANSFER
13.5 S PECIFIC H EAT
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13.1 Temperature
Worksheet
1. Circle all of the following statements that correctly complete the following sentence:
Temperature is ...
a. the measurement that describes how hot or cold an object is
b. only used to determine the amount of heat in a liquid
c. related to the motion of the atoms in an object
d. the energy transferred between two objects
e. related to the average kinetic energy of the atoms in an object
f. the measure of how much heat is required to boil water
g. commonly measured with a thermometer
h. measured in Fahrenheit
i. measured in Celsius
j. measured in Kelvin
k. measured in calories
l. measured in Joules
Lesson Objective: Use the centigrade (Celsius) and Kelvin temperature scales.
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h. 273K
i. 100°C
Answer Key
1. A, C, E, G, H, I, J
2. D, F, H
3. A, B, I
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Worksheet
2. Water in a glass
3. Helium in a balloon
4. In your own words, describe the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy.
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13.2. Kinetic Theory of Temperature www.ck12.org
Answer Key
1. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The atoms of this solid wood block vibrate back and forth in place.
2. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The atoms of the water (liquid) in a glass are free to move around each
other.
3. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The atoms of the Helium (gas) in this balloon can move freely in any
direction.
4. Answers will vary. Sample Answers: Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms
in an object. As temperature increase, the average kinetic energy of the atoms in an object increases.
5. C
6. D
7. B
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13.3 Heat
Worksheet
4. In your own words, describe the difference between heat, temperature, and internal (thermal) energy.
Determine if the following statements are true or false. Then, explain the reason for your choice.
6. Heat and temperature are two ways to describe the same thing.
True
False
Explain:
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13.3. Heat www.ck12.org
Answer Key
1. B
2. A difference in temperature between two objects.
3. Heat flows from an object with a higher temperature to an object with a lower temperature.
4. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Heat is the transfer of energy. Temperature is the measure of the average
kinetic energy of the atoms in an object. Internal energy is directly proportional to both the temperature of an
object and the amount of atoms that make up an object.
5. False. A hot object does not contain heat; it contains internal energy. Heat is the energy transferred by a hot
object to a cold object. An object cannot contain heat.
6. False. Heat is the energy transferred between two objects with different temperatures. Temperature is the
measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms in an object.
7. A calorie measures energy. One calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram
of water by one degree Celsius.
8. 4.186 J
9. 1000 calories = 1 food calorie.
10. 4186 J
11. 400 Calories × 1 4186 J
Calorie = 1, 674, 000 J
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Worksheet
Answer Key
1. Heat is transferred by conduction when two objects with different temperatures come into contact. The hotter
object transfers heat to the cooler object.
2. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Accidently touching a hot BBQ will burn your hand through conduction.
3. Heat is transferred by radiation through the movement of electromagnetic waves. Radiation does not rely on
the movement of atoms to transfer heat.
4. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Radiation is how the sun’s heat energy travels through space.
5. Heat is transferred by convection through the movement of fluids. Hot fluids rise and cool fluids fall.
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13.4. Heat Transfer www.ck12.org
6. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Water in the ocean gets colder as you swim deeper.
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Worksheet
2. Describe the relationship between the specific heat value and the energy needed to produce a change in
temperature.
The specific heat of aluminum is 0.982 J/g◦ C. The specific heat of wood is 1.760 J/g◦ C.
3. Compare the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of aluminum to that of wood.
4. If a piece of aluminum and a piece of wood were each exposed to one hour of sunlight, compare the amount
of energy absorbed by each material.
5. If a piece of aluminum and a piece of wood were each exposed to one hour of sunlight, which one would
experience an increase in temperature first?
6. Calculate the amount of joules required to raise the temperature of 17 g of wood from 20◦ C to 45◦ C using the
equation .
7. Calculate the amount of joules required to raise the temperature of 17 g of aluminum from 20◦ C to 45◦ C using
the equation .
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Answer Key
1. Specific heat is the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree
Celsius.
2. As the specific heat value increases, the amount of energy required to produce a temperature change increases.
3. About half as much heat energy is needed to raise the temperature of aluminum compared to wood.
4. The amount of energy absorbed by each material will be the same.
5. The aluminum’s temperature would increase first because it has a lower specific heat.
6. (17 g)(1.76 J/g◦ C)(25◦ C)=748 J
7. (17 g)(0.982 J/g◦ C)(25◦ C)=417 J
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C HAPTER
14 Thermodynamics
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
14.1 T HE I DEAL G AS L AW
14.2 F IRST L AW OF T HERMODYNAMICS
14.3 S ECOND L AW OF T HERMODYNAMICS
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14.1. The Ideal Gas Law www.ck12.org
Worksheet
5. What happens to the boiling point of water (100◦ C, 373K) in the mountains (at high altitudes)? Explain your
answer with reference to the Ideal Gas Law.
An ideal gas takes up a volume of 20 liters, has a pressure of 1.3 atm, and a temperature of 301 K.
7. Avogadro’s number defines one mole of a substance as having 6.022*1023 atoms. How many individual atoms
of the gas are present?
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8. If the temperature of the gas increases to 349 K and the pressure decreases to 1 atm, what is the new volume
of the gas?
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: A conceptual gas whose atoms experience perfectly elastic collisions.
2. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: No, they are theoretical. However, real gases such as Nitrogen, Oxygen,
and Hydrogen will act as an ideal gas under certain conditions.
3. Most real gases will act as an ideal gas under higher temperature and lower pressure.
4. The ideal gas law fails at low temperature and high pressure.
5. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The boiling point of water at high altitudes decreases. According to the
Ideal Gas Law, PV=nRT. Pressure and temperature are directly proportional. At high altitudes, there is lower
atmospheric pressure. As a result, if the pressure drops, then the temperature must also drop.
6. PV=nRT
(1.30 atm)(20.0 L)=(n)(0.0821 L*atm/mol*K)(301 K)
n=1.05 mols
23 atoms
7. 1.05 mol × 6.022×10
1 mol = 6.33 × 1023 atoms
8. PT1V1 1 = PT2V2 2
(1.3 atm)(20 L) (1 atm)(V2 )
(301 K) = 349 K
V = 30.15 L
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14.2. First Law of Thermodynamics www.ck12.org
Worksheet
6. Explain why the variable Q is positive when heat flows into a system.
7. Explain why the variable W is negative when work is done by the system on the environment.
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9. Calculate the change in the internal energy of a system that does 500 J of work as a heat reservoir transfers
700 J of energy into the system.
10. Calculate the change in the internal energy of a system that transfers 300 J of heat to the environment.
Answer Key
1. A
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. When heat flows into a system, the internal energy of the system increases. Therefore, energy is added to the
system and Q must be positive.
7. When work is done by the system, the internal energy of the system decreases because energy is lost by the
system. Therefore, the W must be negative.
8. A heat reservoir can be used to accept and deliver heat in order to maintain a system at constant temperature.
9. ∆U=+Q-W
∆U=700 J-500 J=200 J
10. ∆U=-W
∆U=-300 J
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14.3. Second Law of Thermodynamics www.ck12.org
Worksheet
Match each of the following processes of an internal combustion engine with its proper description in questions
#5-9.
a. Intake
b. Expansion
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c. Ignition
d. Compression
e. Exhaust
5. Gasoline and air are mixed together in a cylinder that expands against a piston.
6. A crankshaft moves the piston upward compressing the mixture.
7. At the instant of maximum compression, a spark plug releases an electric spark into the mixture, igniting the
gasoline-air mixture and rapidly increasing the temperature in the cylinder.
8. The hot mixture QH expands rapidly.
9. The exhaust gases QL are ejected at a lower temperature as the piston and the process repeats.
10. Calculate the efficiency of a heat engine whose ignition transfers 7.25*103 J into the system and exhaust
transfers 4.32*103 J out of the system.
Answer Key
1. True. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Heat is the transfer of energy from objects with a high temperature
to objects with a low temperature.
2. False. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: All natural processes are irreversible because the universe tends
to go from a more ordered state to a less ordered state.
3. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Heat engines are used to convert heat into work.
4. A
5. A
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. E
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168
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C HAPTER
15 Electrostatics Worksheets
Chapter Outline
15.1 S TATIC E LECTRICITY
15.2 C OULOMB ’ S L AW
15.3 E LECTROSTATIC F IELDS
169
15.1. Static Electricity www.ck12.org
Worksheet
Lesson Objective: Understand that there are two different kinds of electric charge.
5. A person with a rubber soled shoe walks on carpet. As a result, the carpet becomes negatively charged and
the person becomes positively charged. Describe how this demonstrates the conservation of electric charge.
6. In the scenario described above, the person becomes positively charged as a result of
a. Gaining protons
b. Loosing electrons
c. Induction
d. The creation of electric charge
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7. Two protons
a. Repulsive
b. Attractive
Explain:
8. Two electrons
a. Repulsive
b. Attractive
Explain:
Explain:
10. Describe one material that is a good conductor. Explain the reason for your choice.
11. Describe one material that is a good insulator. Explain the reason for your choice.
Answer Key
1. Friction or Conduction
2. Induction
3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged.
Protons are much more massive than electrons. Protons reside in the nucleus and electrons are in motion
around the nucleus. Electrons can be transferred from one atom to another, but protons always remain in the
nucleus.
4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: They both reside in an atom. The both have the same magnitude of charge.
In a neutral atom, there is the same number of protons as electrons.
5. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Electrons are neither created nor destroyed, they are simply transferred
from the person to the carpet. As a result, the person becomes positively charged (because they have lost
electrons) and the carpet becomes negatively charged (because it has gained electrons).
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6. B
7. Repulsive. Sample answer: According to the law of charges, opposite charges attract and like charges repel.
Protons are positively charged. So, if two protons are interacting, they will repel each other with a repulsive
electrostatic force.
8. Repulsive. Sample answer: According to the law of charges, opposite charges attract and like charges repel.
Electrons are negatively charged. So, if two electrons are interacting, they will repel each other with a
repulsive electrostatic force.
9. Attractive. Sample Answer: According to the law of charges, opposite charges attract and like charges repel.
Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged. So, if a proton and an electron are
interacting, they will experience an attractive electrostatic force.
10. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Metallic objects are good conductors because they allow electrons to
move freely.
11. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Rubber objects are good insulators because they do not allow electrons
to move about freely.
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Worksheet
5. Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force between a + 8.0µC charged particle and a + 9.0µC charged
particle separated by 0.5 cm.
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: According to Coulomb’s law, the electrostatic force is directly propor-
tional to the product of two charges. As a result, in this scenario, the electrostatic force will double.
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: According to Coulomb’s law, the electrostatic force is directly propor-
tional to the product of two charges. As a result, in this scenario, the electrostatic force will be reduced by
1/3.
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3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: According to Coulomb’s law, the electrostatic force is inversely propor-
tional to the square of the distance between two charged particles. As a result, in this scenario, the electrostatic
force will be reduced by 1/9.
4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: According to Coulomb’s law, the electrostatic force is inversely propor-
tional to the square of the distance between two charged particles. As a result, in this scenario, the electrostatic
force will increase by a factor of 16.
5. First, convert µC to Coulombs and centimeters to meters.
8.0 µC = 8.0x10−6 C
9.0 µC = 9.0x10−6 C
0.5 cm = 5.0x10−3 m
Then, use Coulomb’s law to solve:
q1 q2
F =k
r2
N · m2 (8.0 × 10−6C)(9.0 × 10−6C)
F = (8.99 × 109 )(
C2 (5.0 × 10−3 m)2
F = 25891 N
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1. Compare and contrast the gravitational field (g) and the electric field (E).
Explain:
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7. Electric field lines point in the direction a small, negative test charge would travel.
a. True
b. False
Explain:
Explain:
9. The denser the electric field lines, the greater the magnitude of the charge.
a. True
b. False
Explain:
10. A charge of +4C should have less electric field lines surrounding it compared to a +2C charge.
a. True
b. False
Explain:
11. A +3.0 mC charge is placed in an electric field at a point where the magnitude of the electric field is 4.23 x
105N/C. Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force acting on the charge.
12. Draw the electric field lines surrounding the charged particles below.
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Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The gravitational field surrounds a mass and the electric field surrounds
a charged particle. Both fields exert forces at a distance. Gravitational fields exert a gravitational force on
other massive objects. Electric fields exert an electrostatic force on other charged particles. Both fields are
vector quantities, with both magnitude and direction.
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The strength of an electric field is measured by calculating the force
exerted on a small, positive, test charge using the equation E=F/q.
3. C
4. A
5. A
6. False. Electric field lines point away from a positive charge. The field lines always point in the direction of
the force that would act on a small, positive, test charge.
7. False. Electric field lines point in the direction a small, positive test charge would travel (away from a positive
charge and toward a negative charge).
8. True. Electric field lines can never cross.
9. True. A +2 C charge should have double the amount of field lines as a +1 C charge.
10. False. A charge of +4 C should more electric field lines (actually double) than a +2 C charge. The greater the
amount of charge, the denser the electric field lines.
11. First, convert +3.0 mC to Coulombs: 3.0 x 10−3 C
F = qE
F = (3.0 x 10−3 C)(4.23 x 105 N/C)=1269 N
12.
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C HAPTER
16 Electric Potential
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
16.1 R EVIEWING G RAVITATIONAL P OTENTIAL E NERGY
16.2 E LECTRIC P OTENTIAL
16.3 C APACITANCE
16.4 D IELECTRICS
16.5 E LECTRICAL E NERGY S TORAGE
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Worksheet
1. Describe how you could increase the gravitational potential energy of an empty box on the ground.
You lift a 10 kg box from the floor to the top of a 1.5 m shelf.
3. How much work must you do to lift the box to the top of the shelf?
4. How much energy is needed to lift the box to the top of the shelf?
5. Once the box is resting on the table, where does the energy go?
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: You could lift the box a height from the ground and fill the box with
massive objects. PEg=mgh; by increasing the height and mass, the gravitational potential energy of an object
will increase.
2. F=mg=(10kg)(10N/kg)=100N
3. W=Fd=(100N)(1.5m)=150J
4. Work = Energy = 150J
5. It is stored as gravitational potential energy (150J).
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Worksheet
1. List and describe all the variables that the electric potential energy depends on.
2. Describe the change in electric potential energy of an electron that moves from the negative plate of a parallel
plate conductor to the positive plate.
3. Calculate the electric potential energy of a particle with a net charge of -2 nC and an electric potential
difference of 2.27 V.
5. Describe voltage in terms of the work done by the electric field in a parallel plate conductor.
6. Which of the following statements correctly describes the analogy between electric potential and gravitational
potential?
a. A height above the Earth provides gravitational potential just as a voltage provides electric potential.
b. A height above the Earth provides gravitational potential just as a charge provides electric potential.
c. A massive object provides gravitational potential just as a voltage provides electric potential.
d. A gravitational force provides gravitational potential just as a voltage provides electric potential.
7. Explain the difference between electric potential and electric potential energy.
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11. Explain the relationship between the electric field and the electric potential energy of a charged particle.
12. Calculate the change in voltage due to an electric field doing 50 J of work on a 0.5 C charge.
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The electric potential energy is dependent on the amount of charge (q),
the charge’s location in an electric field (x), and the strength of the electric field (E). In other words, it relates
to the amount of charge (q) and the voltage (V) or the difference in electric potential.
PEe = qEx
U = qV
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The electric potential energy decreases because it turns into kinetic
energy. Another explanation is that the work the electric field does on the negative charge is equal to negative
potential energy (or a decrease in electric potential energy).
3. U = qV = (-2 x 10−9 C)(2.27 V) = -4.54x10−9 J
4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Voltage measures the electric potential difference in volts (V).
5. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The voltage is equal to the amount of work the electric field does on each
charge, moving it between from the positive plate to the negative plate. V = W/q
6. A
7. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The electric potential (voltage) is the electric potential energy per unit
charge (J/C); V = PEe /q
8. V = Ed = (50 N/C)(0.04 m) = 2 V
9. C
10. V = Ed
12 V = (E)(0.11 m)
E = 12 V/0.11 m = 109 V/m
11. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Electric potential energy can be stored by doing work on a charge against
the electric field. A charged object has electric potential energy based on its location in an electric field.
12. V = W/q = 50 J/0.6 C = 100 V
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16.3 Capacitance
Worksheet
1. What is capacitance?
4. List all the possible ways to increase the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.
7. Describe the electric field between the two plates in a parallel plate capacitor.
8. Calculate the electric potential difference between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor with a capacitance of
0.5 mF and 0.5 mC of charge.
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9. Determine the area of the plates in a parallel plate capacitor that are 1mm apart and have a capacitance of 0.2
µF.
10. Determine the amount voltage required to apply 3 µC of charge to a capacitor with a capacitance of 150 pF.
Answer Key
10. Q = CV
(3 x 10−6 C) = (1.50 x 10−7 F)(V)
V = 20 V
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16.4 Dielectrics
Worksheet
1. What is a dielectric?
In physics class, you build a simple parallel plate capacitor using 1 mm square metal plates 2 mm apart.
5. Calculate the amount of charged stored on this capacitor when you connect it to a 1.5 V battery.
6. If you added a rubber dielectric between the metal plates (k = 2.8), what would be the new capacitance?
7. How much more charge would be able to be stored due to the rubber dielectric (k = 2.8)?
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Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: An easily polarized, insulating material that is inserted between the plates
of a parallel plate capacitor.
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: It increases the capacitance of a capacitor by enabling it to store more
charge.
3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: an electric field is created inside the dielectric that opposes the electric
field between the two plates of a parallel plate conductor. As a result, the overall electric field of a capacitor
with a dielectric decreases.
4.
A
C = ε0
d
C2 (1.0 × 10−3 m)2
C = (8.85 × 10−12 )
N · m2 2.0 × 10−3 m
C = 4.43 × 10−15 F
5.
Q = CV
Q = (4.43 × 10−15 F)(1.5 V )
Q = 6.64 × 10−15 C
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Worksheet
3. List one way to increase the electric potential energy of a charged object in an electric field.
For questions #4-6, determine if each statement is true or false. Then, explain the reason for your choice.
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7. Calculate the electric potential difference between the two plates of a capacitor with 5 microfarads of capaci-
tance that is storing 10J of electric potential energy.
8. Determine the amount of electric potential energy stored by a capacitor that carries 1 picocoulombs of charge
after being charged by a 12V battery.
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Work is done (by a battery or other voltage source) to move charges from
one plate to another against the electric field. As a result of the work done by a voltage source, the electrons
are all removed from one plate (the positive plate) and pushed to the other plate (the negative plate). The
energy from the work is now stored as electric potential energy do to this placement of charges.
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Yes, because energy is neither created nor destroyed - it is merely
transferred from the work done by a voltage source into electric potential energy stored in the capacitor.
3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A battery can be used to do work on the charge and move it against the
electric field.
4. True. Sample explanation: The work done by a battery on the charges of a capacitor is transformed into
electric potential energy.
5. False. Sample explanation: A battery provides the energy to move a charge from a low potential to a high
potential, establishing an electric potential difference or a voltage.
6. False. Sample explanation: A battery no longer works when it runs out of energy. The chemical reaction that
produces energy has gone to completion in a dead battery.
7.
1
PEcap = CV 2
2
1
10 J = (5.0 × 10−6 F)(V 2 )
2
V = 0.005 V
8.
1
PEcap = QV f
2
1
PEcap = (1.0 × 10−12 C)(12 V ) = 6.0 × 10−12 J
2
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C HAPTER
17 Circuits Worksheets
Chapter Outline
17.1 E LECTRIC C URRENT
17.2 O HM ’ S L AW
17.3 R ESISTIVITY
17.4 R ESISTORS IN S ERIES AND PARALLEL
17.5 M EASURING C URRENT AND VOLTAGE
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Worksheet
5. Where do the charges come from that move through an electrical circuit?
7. Calculate the current produced by 3 C of charge passing a point along a circuit in 30 seconds.
8. Calculate the amount of charge that passes by a cross section of a wire in 1.5 minutes if the current along the
wire is 0.3 amperes.
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Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A rate quantity is the measure of something over time. Current is the
measure of the quantity of electrical charge (Q) moving past a specific point in a circuit over time (I=Q/t).
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A high is caused by a lot of charges passing through a point of a wire on
a circuit. The more charges that are present, the higher the current.
3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The current at all points along a simple circuit is the same.
4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: In order for current to flow, there must be an energy source doing work
to create an electric potential difference (ex: a battery providing a voltage) and a closed loop of conducting
materials for charges to flow (ex: wire).
5. Answers will vary. Sample answer: They come from the wire or other conducting material used to build the
loop of the circuit. *They DO NOT come from the battery or outlet.
6. D
7.
∆Q
I=
∆t
3C
I=
30 s
I = 0.1 A
8.
∆Q
I=
∆t
q
0.3 A =
90 s
q = 27 C
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Worksheet
3. What electrical charges actually move in a current? How does this differ from the definition and direction of
conventional current?
7. According to Ohm’s law, what happens to the current flowing through a circuit if the resistance is held constant
and the voltage doubles?
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8. According to Ohm’s law, what happens to the current flowing through a circuit if the resistance is doubled and
the voltage remains the same?
9. According to Ohm’s law, how could you maintain a constant current if the resistance in a circuit is tripled?
10. What is the current that flows through a toaster, with an electrical resistance of 20 ohms, plugged into a wall
outlet that provides 120 volts?
Answer Key
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17.3 Resistivity
Worksheet
6. Which of the following wires allows the greatest current to flow through it?
a. A 10 cm piece of 10-gauge wire
b. A 10 cm piece 12-gauge wire
c. A 10 cm piece of 18-guage wire
d. A 10 cm piece of 22-gauge wire
7. Explain the reason for your choice in question #6.
8. Why do you think it is necessary for electricians to have access to wires with different gauges?
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9. What is the relationship between the length of a wire and its resistivity?
12. Calculate the resistance of a copper wire (rcopper = 1.7 x 10−8 ) with a length of 20cm and a cross-sectional
area of 4 mm2 .
Use the following chart to determine the resistance in ohms of the four-band resistors in questions #17-20:
17. A resistor with a band color sequence of Brown, Red, Brown, Gold has a resistance of
a. 16
b. 3.9 x 102
c. 9.1 x 105
d. 120
18. A resistor with a band color sequence of Brown, Blue, Black, Gold
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a. 16
b. 3.9 x 102
c. 9.1 x 105
d. 120
19. A resistor with a band color sequence of Orange, White, Red, Silver
a. 16
b. 3.9 x 102
c. 9.1 x 105
d. 120
20. A resistor with a band color sequence of White, Brown, Yellow, None
a. 16
b. 3.9 x 102
c. 9.1 x 105
d. 120
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: They are inversely proportional; as the resistivity of a material increases,
its conductivity decreases.
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The gauge of a wire describes its thickness, or diameter. It is important
because the resistivity of a wire depends on its cross sectional area (and its length).
3. B
4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A 10-gauge wire has a greater diameter than an 18-gauge wire and, as a
result, as a lower resistivity.
5. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A 12-gauge wire because it has a much wider diameter, and therefore less
resistance, then a 24-gauge wire. The lower the resistivity of a wire, the greater its conductivity.
6. A
7. Answers will vary. Sample answer: All of the wires have the same length, but different diameters. A 10-gauge
wire is the thickest (has the greatest diameter) and therefore will allow the greatest current to flow through it
(has the least resistance).
8. Answers will vary. Sample answer: As the wire gauge increases in number, it decreases in thickness and
allows less current to flow through it. Therefore, the wire gauge allows an electrician to control the current in
a circuit.
9. Answers will vary; Sample answer: They are directly proportional; as the length of a wire increases, its
resistivity increases.
10. B
11. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Obtain wires with the exact same cross-sectional area and length, but
made of different materials. Apply the same voltage to each wire and measure the current. Use Ohm’s law
(V=IR) to determine the resistance in each wire. Now, you would have all variables to calculate the resistivity
(ρ) using the equation R = ρ AL .
12.
L
R=ρ
A
ρcopper = 1.7 × 10−8 ; L = 0.02 m; A = 0.004 m2
0.02 m
R = (1.7 × 10−8 )(
0.004m2
−8
R = 8.5 × 10 Ω
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13. The first band codes for the first number of the resistance.
14. The second band codes for the second number of the resistance.
15. The third band codes for the multiplier of the resistance.
16. The fourth band codes for the tolerance or measure of accuracy (a percentage).
17. D
18. A
19. B
20. C
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Worksheet
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b. Circuit B
c. Circuit C
d. None of the above
a. Circuit A
b. Circuit B
c. Circuit C
d. Circuit A C
9. If the resistors were light bulbs, predict what would happen if one of the bulbs burned out in circuit B.
10. If the resistors were light bulbs, predict what would happen if one of the bulbs burned out in circuit C.
11. If the resistors were light bulbs, predict what would happen to each bulb’s brightness if another bulb was added
in series to circuit B.
12. If another 9V battery was added to each circuit, which circuit would experience an increase in current?
a. Circuit A
b. Circuit B
c. Circuit C
d. All of the above
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Answer Key
1. B
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2. C
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Circuit B has two resistors in series. Therefore, the current has to go
through a greater equivalent resistance and the overall current will decrease.
7. D
8. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The resistors in circuit B are in series, so the electrons go through two
resistors and loose some voltage across the first resistor. In circuits A C, each electron only goes through one
resistor, so the voltage drop across every resistor is the full 9 V.
9. Answers will vary. Sample answer: If one of the bulbs burned out in circuit B, it would become an open circuit
(because the resistors are connected in series) and current would stop flowing. As a result, the second bulb
would also go out.
10. Answers will vary. Sample answer: If one of the bulbs burned out in circuit C, the current would only be able
to flow across the second resistor (because the resistors are in parallel). As a result, the second bulb would
still be able to work.
11. Answers will vary. Sample answer: If another bulb was added in series to circuit B, all the bulbs would dim
(decrease in brightness) because the overall current would decrease as a result of the increase in equivalent
resistance.
12. D
13. Req−X =[(10 Ω x10 Ω)/(10 Ω+10 Ω)]=[100 Ω/20 Ω]=5 Ω
14. Rseries−equivalent = R1 + R2 + ...
Req−Y = 10 Ω+10 Ω=20 Ω
15. V = IR = 1.5 V = (I)(5 Ω) = 0.3 A
16. V = IR = 1.5 V = (I)(20 Ω) = 0.075 A
17. The voltage drop across each resistor in a parallel circuit is the same for each resistor, or 1.5V.
18. The current running through each resistor in a series circuit is the same as the total current (question #16)
V = (0.075 A)(10 Ω) =0.75 V through each resistor
19. 1.5 V = (I)(10 Ω) = 0.15 A
20. The current running through each resistor in a series circuit is the same as the total current (question #16).
V = IR = 1.5 V = (I)(20 Ω) = 0.075 A
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Worksheet
a. Point A
b. Point B
c. Point A and Point B
d. None of the above
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Answer Key
1. B
2. First, calculate the equivalent resistance of this circuit in series.
Req−X = 50Ω+50Ω = 100Ω
Then, calculate the total current running through this circuit in series.
V = IReq
9 V = (I)(100 Ω)I = 0.09 A
3. D
4. A
5. D
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C HAPTER
18 Magnetism Worksheets
Chapter Outline
18.1 M AGNETIC F IELDS
18.2 T HE M AGNETIC F ORCE ACTING ON A C URRENT-C ARRYING W IRE
18.3 M AGNETIC F ORCE ON M OVING E LECTRIC C HARGES
18.4 A P RACTICAL A PPLICATION OF M AGNETIC F IELDS
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Worksheet
1. Draw the magnetic field lines around the permanent bar magnet made of iron in the space below:
3. The magnetic fields surrounding the loops of wire in a coil cancel out to make the overall magnetic field
through the coil very weak.
True
False
Explain:
4. A magnetic field always surrounds a straight wire, even if there is no current running through it.
True
False
Explain:
5. The direction of the magnetic field is based on the direction of the current running through a wire.
True
False
Explain:
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Lesson Objective: Know how to determine the direction of the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying
wire.
6. When using the first Right-Hand Rule to determine the direction of magnetic field around a current-carrying
wire, the thumb should point in the same direction as
a. The current
b. The magnetic field
c. The magnetic force
d. The magnetic domain
7. When using the first Right-Hand Rule to determine the direction of magnetic field around a current-carrying
wire, the fingers should point in the same direction as
a. The current
b. The magnetic field
c. The magnetic force
d. The magnetic domain
Use the image of the loop of current-carrying wire to answer questions #8-10 below:
8. At what point does the magnetic field point out of the page?
a. Point A
b. Point B
c. Point C
d. Point D
9. At what point is the magnetic field the strongest?
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a. Point A
b. Point B
c. Point C
d. Point D
10. Explain the reason for your choice in question #9 above.
Answer Key
1.
2. False. Sample explanation: Any wire with a current through it produces a magnetic field. Moving charges
(current) create a magnetic field.
3. False. Sample explanation: The magnetic fields surrounding the loops of wire in a coil add together to make
the overall magnetic field very strong.
4. False. Sample explanation: A magnetic field surrounds any wire with a current through it. Moving charges
(current) create a magnetic field.
5. True. Sample explanation: The first Right-Hand Rule helps to determine the direction of the magnetic field
based on the direction of the current running through the wire.
6. A
7. B
8. A
9. A
10. Answers will vary. Sample explanation: In a loop, all the magnetic fields add together and are strongest at
the center of the loop.
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Worksheet
1. Explain why the following statement is a misconception, "A current-carrying wire experiences a force when
placed near a magnet because the electrons in the wire are repelled by the electrons in the magnet."
Lesson Objective: Use the right-hand rule to determine the force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic
field.
Complete the following sentence to answer questions #2-4 below:
When using the second Right-Hand Rule to determine the direction of the force on a current-carrying wire in a
magnetic field .....
Use the image of the two current-carrying wires placed side by side to answer questions #5-6:
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Lesson Objective: Solve problems involving the force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field.
7. Wire X has a length 0.08 m and is carrying a 0.3 A current in the +x-direction. Magnetic field Y has a
magnitude of 2.50 T in the +y-direction. Determine the magnitude and direction of the force exerted by
magnetic field Y on the current-carrying wire X.
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample explanation: It is a misconception to think that the force comes from the electrons
repelling. Magnetic fields push moving charges. As a result, a current-carrying wire (which consists of moving
charges) experiences a force when placed near a magnetic (which is surrounded by a magnetic field).
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. Yes. Sample explanation: The moving charges (current) in wire B creates a magnetic field. This magnetic
field exerts a force on the moving charges (current) in wire A. The direction of the force from wire B on wire A
is rightward.
6. Yes. Sample explanation: According to Newton’s 3rd Law, if wire B exerts a force on wire A, then Wire A must
exert a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on wire B. The direction of the force from wire A
on wire B is leftward.
7. F = ILB sin θ
F = (0.3 A)(0.08 m)(2.5 T)sin 90◦ = 0.06 N, along the + z-axis (out of the page)
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Worksheet
1. Describe the conditions in which a moving electric charge experiences a force when placed in a magnetic field.
Decide if each of the particles described in questions #2-5 will experience a force when placed in a magnetic field
by circling yes or no. Then, Explain the reason for your choice.
Lesson Objective: Use the right-hand rule in order to determine the force on a moving electric charge in a
magnetic field.
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Use the prompt below to answer questions #6-9. The magnetic field (B) is illustrated in blue and the velocity vector
of the moving electric charge (V) is illustrated in red.
An electron moves leftward into a magnetic field that is traveling into the page (along the - z-axis).
6. When using the second Right-Hand Rule to determine the direction of the force on the moving electron above,
the velocity vector (V) is represented by the direction of your
a. Thumb
b. Fingers
c. Palm
d. None of the above
7. When using the second Right-Hand Rule to determine the direction of the force on the moving electron above,
the magnetic field (B) is represented by the direction of your
a. Thumb
b. Fingers
c. Hand curling
d. None of the above
8. When using the second Right-Hand Rule to determine the direction of the force on the moving electron above,
the force (F) is represented by the direction of your
a. Thumb
b. Fingers
c. Hand curling
d. None of the above
9. According to the second Right-Hand Rule, what is the direction of the force (F) on the moving electron
depicted in the magnetic field above? Explain the reason for your choice.
Lesson Objective: Solve problems involving the force acting on a moving electric charge in a magnetic field.
10. Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of an electron moving perpendicular to a magnetic field of 2 T that
feels a force of 4×10−16 N.
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Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: An electric charge (proton/electron) will experience a force when it moves
through a magnetic field at an angle.
2. No. Sample explanation: The electric charge must be moving to experience a force when placed in a magnetic
field.
3. No. Sample explanation: The particle must be charged in order to experience a force when placed in a
magnetic field.
4. Yes. Sample explanation: The electric charge is moving at an angle to the magnetic field and will experience
a magnetic force as a result.
5. No. Sample Explanation: The velocity vector of the moving electric charge must form an angle with the
magnetic field vector to experience a force form a magnetic field.
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. The direction of the force on the moving electron is upward. Sample explanation: When using the second
Right-Hand Rule, you should place fingers to the left, turn your hand so it curls into the page, and the thumb
will point downward. However, this is a NEGATIVELY charged particle, so the direction of the force will be
reversed.
10.
F = qvB sin θ
4.0 × 10−16 N = (1.6 × 10−19C)(V )(2 × 10−6 T )
(4.0 × 10−16 N)
V=
(1.6 × 10−19C)(2.0 × 10−6 T )
V = 1.25 × 109 m/s
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Worksheet
For questions #3-5, explain the role of each of the parts of a simple electric motor in your own words.
4. A battery
5. A bar magnet
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: An electric motor is used to transform electric potential energy into
mechanical energy (kinetic energy of a rotating loop of wire).
2. D
3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The wire is coiled in order to increase the magnetic field generated by the
current-carrying wire.
4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Moving charges experience a force from a magnetic field. Therefore,
current is necessary for the wire to experience a force from the bar magnet’s magnetic field.
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5. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A permanent magnet is used to generate the magnetic field that exerts a
force on the current-carrying wire in a simple motor.
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C HAPTER
19 Electromagnetism
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
19.1 E LECTROMAGNETIC I NDUCTION
19.2 T HE E LECTRIC G ENERATOR
19.3 E LECTRICAL P OWER T RANSFER
19.4 T HE E LECTROMAGNETIC S PECTRUM
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Worksheet
2. The plane of a coil of wire should be placed _____ the magnetic field to produce a maximum magnetic flux.
a. Perpendicular to
b. Parallel to
c. Outside of
d. None of the above
3. Explain the reason for your answer choice above.
4. Calculate the magnetic flux through a coil of wire with a cross-sectional area of 0.03 m2 placed at a 60◦ angle
to a 0.7 T magnetic field.
6. The magnitude of the induced voltage in a coil of wire depends on how quickly the magnetic flux through the
coil of wire changes.
True
False
Explain:
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7. There is only an induced voltage in a coil of wire if the magnetic flux through the coil of wire changes.
True
False
Explain:
According to Lenz’s law, what is the direction of the induced current? Explain the reason for your choice.
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Magnetic flux is the average number of magnetic field lines passing
through a given area (usually the center of a coil of conducting wire). It is determined by multiplying the
average number of field lines going through a given area with the cross-sectional area and the cosine of the
angle between the field vector and area vector (Φ=BA cos θ). It basically provides physicists with a way to
measure the magnitude of the magnetic field passing through a coil of wire.
2. A
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3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: When the plane of a coil of wire is placed perpendicular to a magnetic
field, the angle between the magnetic field vector (B) and the cross-sectional area vector (A) of the coil is zero.
As a result, the magnetic flux (Φ=BA cos θ) will be at its greatest.
4. Φ=BA cos θ
Φ=(0.7 T)(0.03 m2 )(cos 60◦ )=0.01 Wb
5. D
6. True. Sample explanation: According to Faraday’s law of induction, the induced voltage in a coil is equal
to the product of the number of loops in the coil and the rate of change in the magnetic flux through the coil.
Therefore, the induced voltage is dependent on how quickly the magnetic flux changes.
7. True. Sample Explanation: According to Faraday’s law of induction, the induced voltage in a coil is equal
to the product of the number of loops in the coil and the rate of change in the magnetic flux through the coil.
Therefore, a changing magnetic flux is necessary for an induced voltage.
8. False. Sample Explanation: An induced voltage provides a potential difference. This causes the electrons in
the coil of wire to begin moving, or an induced current.
9. D
10. Counter Clockwise. Sample explanation: According to Lenz’s law, the induced current must create a magnetic
field to oppose a change in flux. Therefore, the induced magnetic field must be pointed out of the page, which
requires a counter clockwise induced current.
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Worksheet
7. In a generator, a rotating magnetic produces a magnetic field that increases and decreases relative to a coil of
conducting wire. This produces a(n)
a. Resistor
b. Capacitor
c. Direct current
d. Alternating current
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Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The materials necessary for a generator to produce an electric current
are a coil of wire and a magnet. The coil of wire and the magnet must be moving relative to each other.
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and a genera-
tor converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A turbine is a device used to rotate a large magnet relative to a coil in a
generator to produce an electric current.
4. D
5. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Coil (fossil fuel) is burned, turning water into steam. This steam is used to
turn a turbine and rotate a magnet near a coil of wire, producing an electric current through electromagnetic
induction.
6. Answers will vary. Sample answer: In a nuclear plant, uranium atoms split in a process of nuclear fission,
producing the heat necessary to turn water into steam. This steam is used to turn a turbine and rotate a magnet
near a coil of wire, producing an electric current through electromagnetic induction.
7. D
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Worksheet
2. What is the difference between the primary coil and the secondary coil of a transformer?
4. Describe the power input of the primary coil and the power output of the secondary coil in a transformer.
A transformer has 300 turns in its primary coil and 150 turns in its secondary coil.
5. Is this a step-up or step-down transformer? Explain the reason for your answer.
6. If 240 V is put across the primary coil, what is the resulting voltage output of the secondary coil?
7. If 1200 W of power is input to the primary coil, what is the power output of the secondary coil? Explain the
reason for your answer.
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Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Transformers are used to change potential differences (voltages). Most
commonly, transformers are used to reduce the large potential differences produced by power stations to the
lower voltages in our electrical outlets (~120 V).
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The primary coil is connected to the power source and the secondary coil
is not.
3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: In a step-up transformer, the number of loops in the secondary coil
is greater than the number of loops in the primary coil (Ns >NP ), resulting in a greater secondary voltage
(Vs >VP ). In a step-down transformer, the number of loops in the secondary coil is less than the number of
loops in the primary coil (Ns <NP ), resulting in a smaller secondary voltage (Vs <VP ).
4. Answers will vary. ;;Sample answer: The power input to the primary coil is equal to the power output of the
secondary coil. P=IV, so the current and voltage are inversely proportional as a result of the power remaining
constant.
5. Answers will vary. Sample answer: This is a step-down transformer because the secondary coil has less
number of loops than the primary coil, decreasing the voltage.
V
6. Npp = NVss
120 V Vs
300 = 150
Vs = 60 V
7. Answers will vary. Sample answer: 1200 W, due to the conservation of energy. The voltage of the secondary
coil has been stepped down, but the current steps up, resulting in the same amount of power.
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Worksheet
The list below categorizes all the electromagnetic waves along the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Radio Waves
• Microwaves
• Infrared
• Visible Light
• Ultraviolet Rays
• X Rays
• Gamma Rays
5. Which of the electromagnetic waves listed above has the highest energy?
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6. Which of the electromagnetic waves listed above has the highest frequency?
7. Which of the electromagnetic waves listed above has the shortest wavelength?
8. UV rays, x-rays, and gamma rays all considered to be dangerous to human beings because
a. Their wavelengths are so long, they can penetrate the nucleus of our cells and destroy our DNA
b. Their wavelengths are so short, they can penetrate the nucleus of our cells and destroy our DNA
c. They vibrate at the same frequency as the water and fat molecules in our bodies
d. None of the above
9. What is light? How does it relate to the electromagnetic waves along the electromagnetic spectrum?
10. If the frequency of blue visible light is about 7.5*1014 Hz, calculate the wavelength of blue light.
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A vibrating electric charge, commonly referred to as radiation, produces
an electromagnetic wave.
2. D
3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Both sound waves and electromagnetic waves are produced by vibrations.
The difference is that sound waves are produced by vibrating air molecules (or water molecules, etc) and EM
waves are produced by vibrating electric charges. Both sound waves and EM waves transfer energy. However,
sound waves require a medium to transfer energy and EM waves can transfer energy through a vacuum (empty
space).
4. D
5. Gamma Rays
6. Gamma Rays
7. Gamma Rays
8. B
9. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Light is an electromagnetic wave that transfers energy through the electric
and magnetic field. All the electromagnetic waves along the electromagnetic spectrum are light; visible light
is just a small range in the middle of the spectrum.
10. V=fλ ; velocity is the speed of light = 3.0*108 m/s
3.0*108 m/s =(7.5*1014 Hz)(λ)
λ=4.0*10−7 m
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C HAPTER
20 Geometric Optics
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
20.1 L IGHT AS A R AY AND THE L AW OF R EFLECTION
20.2 C ONCAVE AND C ONVEX M IRRORS
20.3 I NDEX OF R EFRACTION
20.4 T HIN L ENSES
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Lesson Worksheet
1. What is light and how does this differ from how light is perceived by our eyes?
2. What physical phenomena does the ray model of light help to explain?
3. An incident ray
4. A reflected ray
5. A refracted ray
6. Describe the steps involved in using the law of reflection to draw ray diagrams.
7. Follow the steps listed above to determine the angle of reflection and draw the reflecting ray off the mirror
below.
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Lesson Objective: Explain how images are formed from flat mirrors.
8. Describe the size of an object compared to the size of the image it forms in a flat mirror.
9. Describe the distance of an object in front of a flat mirror compared to the distance of the image it forms
behind the mirror
10. Explain why the following statement is false, “That image in the flat mirror is real.”
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Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Light is a transverse electromagnetic wave created by the vibrations of
electric charges. Although light is a wave, the motion of the electrons that produce light are so fast and the
wavelengths are so small that it is perceived by our eyes as a straight line, or ray.
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The ray model is used in geometrical optics to explain the reflection and
refraction of light.
3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Incident rays are the incoming rays of light that strike a surface, such as
a mirror or glass lens.
4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The ray of light that is reflected by a surface is referred to as the reflected
ray.
5. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The ray of light that passes through a surface is referred to as the refracted
ray.
6. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
Step 1: Draw a normal line that is perpendicular (90◦ angle) to the reflecting surface.
Step 2: Measure the incident angle (θi ) that the incident ray makes with the normal line using a protractor.
Step 3: According to the law of reflection, the angle of reflection (θr ) will be equal to the angle of incidence
(θi ). Measure the angle of reflection from the normal line and draw the reflecting ray using a protractor.
7.
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8. The size of the image in a flat mirror will be equal to the actual size of the object.
9. The distance of the image behind a flat mirror will be equal to the distance of the object in front of the flat
mirror.
10. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The image in a flat mirror is always a virtual image. A flat mirror will
always create a virtual image because the reflecting rays will never actually meet in real space. As a result,
you use a dotted line to illustrate the reflected rays of light behind the mirror, where they only exist in our
minds.
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Lesson Worksheet
1. Which of the following symbolizes the concave mirror in the image above?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
2. Which of the following signifies the focal point (f) in the image above?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
3. Which of the following signifies the center of curvature (c) in the image above?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
4. Which of the following signifies the principal axis (p) in the image above?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
5. Provide a general description of the image of an object placed closer to a concave mirror than its focal point
by circling the correct choices below:
Image orientation:
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UPRIGHT / INVERTED
Type of image:
REAL / VIRTUAL
BIGGER / SMALLER
Image location:
6. Provide a general description of the image of an object placed beyond the focal point of a concave mirror by
circling the correct choices below:
Image orientation:
UPRIGHT / INVERTED
Type of image:
REAL / VIRTUAL
BIGGER / SMALLER
Image location:
7. Describe the three principle rays that can be drawn to construct ray diagrams for concave mirrors.
8. Use the three principle rays described above to construct a ray diagram for the image of a tree in the following
concave mirror.
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9. Describe the image of the tree in question #8 by circling the correct answer choices below:
Image orientation:
UPRIGHT / INVERTED
Type of image:
REAL / VIRTUAL
BIGGER / SMALLER
Image location:
10. What could you do create a virtual image of the tree in the concave mirror?
11. Complete the following chart regarding sign conventions for spherical mirrors:
TABLE 20.1:
Term Variable Sign or Value Description
Distance of the Image di Positive (+)
Negative (-)
Height of the Image hi Positive (+)
m Positive (+)
Negative (-)
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Use the diagram below of a tree beyond the focal point of a concave mirror to answer questions
12. Use the mirror equation ( d1o + d1i = 1f ) to solve for the image distance (di ) in the illustration above.
hi
13. Use the magnification equation (m = ho = − ddoi ) to solve for the magnification of the image (m) in the
illustration above.
14. Based in your calculations and the chart in question #11, describe the image of the tree in the concave mirror
by circling the correct answer choices below:
Image orientation:
UPRIGHT / INVERTED
Type of image:
REAL / VIRTUAL
BIGGER / SMALLER
Image location:
15. Does your mathematical answers and description above match the image formed by your ray diagram in
question #8?
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Lesson Objective: Understand how to draw ray diagrams for convex mirrors.
16. Provide a general description of the image of an object placed anywhere in front of a convex mirror by
circling the correct choices below:
Image orientation:
UPRIGHT / INVERTED
Type of image:
REAL / VIRTUAL
BIGGER / SMALLER
Image location:
17. Describe the three principle rays that can be drawn to construct ray diagrams for convex mirrors.
18. Use the three principal rays described above to construct a ray diagram for the image of a tree in the following
convex mirror.
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19. Use the mirror equation ( d1o + d1i = 1f ) to solve for the image distance (di) in the illustration above.
hi
20. Use the magnification equation (m = ho = − ddoi ) to solve for the magnification of the image (m) in the
illustration above.
21. Based in your calculations and the chart in question #11, describe the image of the tree in the convex mirror
by circling the correct answer choices below:
Image orientation:
UPRIGHT / INVERTED
Type of image:
REAL / VIRTUAL
BIGGER / SMALLER
Image location:
22. Do your mathematical answers and description above match the image formed by your ray diagram in question
#18?
Answer Key
1. C
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2. B
3. A
4. D
5. Upright, virtual, bigger, behind the mirror
6. Inverted, real, smaller, in front of the mirror
7. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
Ray 1: A ray drawn parallel to the principal axis and then reflects off the mirror through the focal point, f.
Ray 2: A ray drawn through the focal point, f, and then reflects off the mirror parallel to the principal axis
Ray 3: A ray drawn through the center of curvature, c, and then reflects back through c.
∗∗The point where these three rays intersect is the location of the image.
TABLE 20.2:
Term Variable Sign or Value Description
Distance of the Image di Positive (+) The image is a real im-
Negative (-) age and located on the ob-
ject’s side of the mirror.
The image is a virtual im-
age and located behind
the mirror.
Height of the Image hi Positive (+) The image is upright (and
Negative (-) virtual).
The image is inverted
(and real).
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1 1 1
+ =
do di f
1 1 1
+ =
7m di 1m
1 1 1
= −
di 1 m 7m
1 (7 − 1)
+ = 0.9
di (7)
di = 1.2 m
13.
hi di
m= =−
ho do
1.2 m
m=− = −0.2
7m
14. REAL Explanation: the distance of the image (di) is positive, so the rays of light converge in front of the
mirror and actually come together in real space.
INVERTED Explanation: the magnification (m) is negative, so the image is inverted.
SMALLER Explanation: the magnification (m) is less than one, so the image is smaller than the object.
15. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Yes, the image is real, inverted, smaller than the actual tree, and forms
about 1.2m from the mirror.
16. Upright, virtual, smaller, behind the mirror
17. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
Ray 1: A ray drawn parallel to the principal axis and then reflects off the mirror through the focal point, f.
Ray 2: A ray drawn through the focal point, f, and then reflects off the mirror parallel to the principal axis
Ray 3: A ray drawn through the center of curvature, c, and then reflects back through c.
∗∗The point where these three rays intersect is the location of the image.
18.
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1 1 1
+ =
do di f
1 1 1
+ =−
4m di 1m
1 1 1
=− −
di 1 m 4m
1 (4 + 1)
+ = −1.25
di (4)
di = −0.8 m
20.
hi di
m= =−
ho do
−0.8 m
m=− = 0.2
4m
21. VIRTUAL Explanation: the distance of the image (di ) is negative, so the rays of light converge behind the
mirror and only converge in our minds.
UPRIGHT Explanation: the magnification (m) is positive, so the image is upright.
SMALLER Explanation: the magnification (m) is less than one, so the image is smaller than the object.
22. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Yes, the image is virtual, upright, smaller than the actual tree, and forms
about 0.8 m behind the mirror.
table
Words
TABLE 20.3:
The image is a real image and located on the object’s side of the mirror.
The image is a virtual image and located behind the mirror.
The image is a real image and located on the object’s side of the mirror.
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TABLE 20.4:
The image is upright (and virtual).
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Lesson Worksheet
3. Explain why the index of refraction for any material will always be greater than one.
4. Complete the following chart by applying your understanding of the index of refraction and the equation n =
c/v.
TABLE 20.5:
Medium Index of Refraction (n) Speed of Light (m/s)
Vacuum 3.0 x 108
Air 3.0 x 108
Water 2.26 x 108
Crown Glass 1.52
Diamond 2.41
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a. A
b. B
c. C
d. Not enough information to determine
6. Which of the following is the angle of incidence (θi ) in the image above?
a. θ1
b. θ2
c. θ3
d. Both A C
7. Which of the following is the angle of refraction (θr ) in the image above?
a. θ2
b. θ3
c. θ4
d. Both A C
a. θ1 = θ2
b. θ2 = θ3
c. θ3 = θ4
d. Both A C
a. θ1 >θ2
b. θ3 >θ4
c. Both A C
d. Not enough information to determine
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10. If θ is 22◦ , calculate the measurements of the following angles using Snell’s law:
θ1 =
θ3 =
θ4 =
Answer Key
1. Refraction is caused by the changes in the speed of light as it travels from one material to another.
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The index of refraction (n) is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum
to the speed of light in a given material (n=c/v). It indicates how much light will change speed as a result of
traveling from one material to another.
3. Answers will vary.
Sample answer: The speed of light in a vacuum (3.0 x 108 m/s) is the universal speed limit, or the maximum
speed at which any matter in the universe can travel. The index of refraction is the ratio of the speed of light
in a vacuum to the speed of light in another material (which must be equal to or less than 3.0 x 108 m/s). As
a result of nothing traveling faster than the speed of light in a vacuum, the index of refraction (n=c/v) will
always be equal to or greater than one.
4.
TABLE 20.6:
Medium Index of Refraction (n) Speed of Light (m/s)
Vacuum 1 3.0 x 108
Air 1 3.0 x 108
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5. B
6. D
7. D
8. B
9. C
10. nair = 1.00; noil = 1.48; nwater = 1.33
Snell’s Law: n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
θ3 = 22◦ due to being alternate interior angles (geometry)
1.00 sin θ1 = 1.48 sin 22◦ θ1 = 33.4◦
1.48 sin 22◦ = 1.33 sin θ4 ; θ1 = 24.8◦
11. Yes; Sample answer: When a light ray travels from air to oil, it slows down and bends toward the normal
line. As a result, the angle of incidence (θ1 = 33.4◦ ) is greater than the angle of refraction (θ2 22◦ ). When a
light ray travels from oil to water, it speeds up and bends away from the normal line. As a result, the angle of
incidence (θ3 = 22◦ ) is greater than the angle of refraction (θ2 = 24.8◦ ).
TABLE 20.7:
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Lesson Worksheet
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5. Provide a general description of the image of an object placed beyond the focal point of a convex lens by
circling the correct choices below:
Image orientation:
UPRIGHT / INVERTED
Type of image:
REAL / VIRTUAL
BIGGER / SMALLER
Image location:
6. Provide a general description of the image of an object placed closer to a convex lens than its focal point by
circling the correct choices below:
Image orientation:
UPRIGHT / INVERTED
Type of image:
REAL / VIRTUAL
BIGGER / SMALLER
Image location:
7. Describe the three principle rays that can be drawn to construct ray diagrams for convex lenses.
8. Use the three principle rays described above to construct a ray diagram for the image of a tree through the
following convex lens.
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9. Describe the image of the tree by circling the correct answer choices below:
Image orientation:
UPRIGHT / INVERTED
Type of image:
REAL / VIRTUAL
BIGGER / SMALLER
Image location:
10. What could you do create a virtual image of the tree in the convex lens above?
Lesson Objective: Understand how to solve problems involving convex (converging) lenses.
11. Complete the following chart regarding sign conventions for thin lenses:
TABLE 20.8:
Term Variable Sign or Value Description
Distance of the Image di Positive (+)
Height of the Image hi Positive (+)
Negative (-)
Magnification m Positive (+)
Use the diagram below of a tree beyond the focal point of a convex lens to answer questions #12-15:
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12. Use the lens equation ( d1o + d1i = 1f ) to solve for the image distance (di) in the illustration above.
hi
13. Use the magnification equation (m = ho = − ddoi ) to solve for the magnification of the image (m) in the
illustration above.
14. Based in your calculations and the chart in question #11, describe the image of the tree in the concave mirror
by circling the correct answer choices below:
Image orientation:
UPRIGHT / INVERTED
Type of image:
REAL / VIRTUAL
BIGGER / SMALLER
Image location:
15. Do your mathematical calculations and description above match the image formed by your ray diagram in
question #8?
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Lesson Objective: Understand how to draw ray diagrams for concave (diverging) lenses.
Use the image below, illustrating a standard set-up for a ray diagram of a concave lens, to answer question #16:
17. Provide a general description of the image of an object placed anywhere in front of a concave lens by circling
the correct choices below:
Image orientation:
UPRIGHT / INVERTED
Type of image:
REAL / VIRTUAL
BIGGER / SMALLER
Image location:
18. Describe the three principle rays that can be drawn to construct ray diagrams for concave lenses.
19. Use the three principle rays described above to construct a ray diagram for the image of a tree in the following
concave lens.
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Lesson Objective: Understand how to solve problems involving concave (diverging) lenses.
Use the diagram below of a tree beyond the focal point of a concave lens to answer questions #20-23:
20. Use the lens equation ( d1o + d1i = 1f ) to solve for the image distance (di ) in the illustration above.
hi
21. Use the magnification equation (m = ho = − ddoi ) to solve for the magnification of the image (m) in the
illustration above.
22. Based in your calculations and the chart above, describe the image of the tree in the concave mirror by circling
the correct answer choices below:
Image orientation:
UPRIGHT / INVERTED
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Type of image:
REAL / VIRTUAL
BIGGER / SMALLER
Image location:
23. Do your mathematical calculations and description above match the image formed by your ray diagram in
question #19?
Answer Key
1. D
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. INVERTED, REAL, SMALLER, OPPOSITE SIDE
6. UPRIGHT, VIRTUAL, LARGER, SAME SIDE
7. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
Ray 1: A ray drawn parallel to the principal axis is refracted through the opposite focal point, f.
Ray 2: A ray drawn through the focal point, f, on the same side of the lens as the object refracts parallel to the
principal axis.
Ray 3: A ray drawn through the center the lens does not refract.
∗∗The point where these three rays intersect is the location of the image.
8.
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11.
TABLE 20.9:
Term Variable Sign of Value Description
Distance of the Image di Positive (+) The image is a real image
and located on the oppo-
site side of the lens as the
object.
The image is a virtual im-
age and located on the
same side of the lens as
the object.
Height of the Image hi Positive (+) The image is upright (and
virtual).
The image is inverted
(and real).
Magnification m Positive (+) The image is upright (and
virtual).
The image is inverted
(and real).
The image is larger than
the object (and virtual).
The image is smaller than
the object (and real).
1 1 1
+ =
do di f
1 1 1
+ =
4m di 1m
1 1 1
= −
di 4 m 1m
1 (4 − 1)
+ = 0.75
di (4)
di = +1.3 m
13.
hi di
m= =−
ho do
1.3 m
m=− = −0.33
4m
14. REAL Explanation: the distance of the image (di ) is positive, so the image is real and located on the opposite
side of the lens as the object.
INVERTED Explanation: the magnification (m) is negative, so the image is inverted.
SMALLER Explanation: the magnification (m) is less than one, so the image is smaller than the object.
15. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Yes, the image is real, inverted, smaller than the actual tree, and forms
about 1.3 m on the opposite side of the lens.
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16. D
17. INVERTED, REAL, SMALLER, OPPOSITE SIDE
18. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
Ray 1: A ray drawn parallel to the principal axis is refracted through the opposite focal point, f.
Ray 2: A ray drawn through the focal point, f, on the same side of the lens as the object refracts parallel to the
principal axis.
Ray 3: A ray drawn through the center the lens does not refract.
∗∗The point where these three rays intersect is the location of the image.
19.
20. Based on the given scale, do = 4 m and f = -1 m(**for a concave/diverging lens, the focal point is negative).
1 1 1
+ =
do di f
1 1 1
+ =
4m di −1m
1 1 1
= −
di 4 m −1m
1 (4 + 1)
+ = −1.25
di (−4)
di = −0.8 m
21.
hi di
m= =−
ho do
−0.8 m
m=− = 0.2
4m
22. REAL Explanation: the distance of the image (di ) is positive, so the image is real and located on the opposite
side of the lens as the object.
UPRIGHT Explanation: the magnification (m) is positive, so the image is upright.
SMALLER Explanation: the magnification (m) is less than one, so the image is smaller than the object.
23. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Yes, the image is virtual, upright, smaller than the actual tree, and forms
about 0.8 m on the same side of the lens.
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C HAPTER
21Physical Optics Worksheets
Chapter Outline
21.1 D ISPERSION
21.2 T HE D OUBLE -S LIT E XPERIMENT
21.3 T HIN F ILMS
21.4 P OLARIZATION
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21.1 Dispersion
Worksheet
2. How is does the color of a light wave depend upon its frequency?
3. How does the speed of a light wave through a glass prism depend upon its frequency?
4. How does the index of refraction of a light wave through a glass prism depend upon its frequency?
5. Explain the dispersion of light through a glass prism with reference to color, speed, and index of refraction.
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Physical optics focuses on the behavior of light as a wave, rather than
a ray like in geometrical optics. Physical optics includes such phenomena as dispersion, interference, and
polarization.
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Our eyes are able to detect a small range of frequencies, which we refer
to as the visible spectrum. Specific colors have specific frequencies. Violet light has the highest frequency
(shortest wavelength) in the visible spectrum and red light the lowest frequency (longest wavelength).
3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The speed of light in a medium (other than a vacuum) depends on its
frequency. The higher the frequency of a light wave (the shorter the wavelength) the slower the speed through
a glass prism. As a result, violet light will travel slower than red light through a glass prism.
4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The index of refraction (n=c/v) depends on the speed of light in the
medium. The speed of violet light is less than red light through a glass prism and, as a result, violet light will
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have a higher index of refraction (as v decreases, n increases). As a result, violet light bends the most as it
travels through a glass prism (and red light bends the least).
5. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The spreading out of white light into the colors of the visible spectrum
through a glass prism is called dispersion. Dispersion is a result of the various colors of light having different
frequencies. As the frequency of light increases, the speed of light through a glass prism decreases and the
index of refraction increases. As a result of these differences in light speed and refraction, white light disperses
into all the colors of the rainbow as it travels through a prism.
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Worksheet
5. In a physics experiment, light was directed upon a screen with two slits spaced 0.002 mm apart. A bright
first order fringe appeared at an angle of 17.4◦ . Determine the color of the light used in this Double-Slit
Experiment.
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Answer Key
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Worksheet
2. Although monochromatic light consists of one frequency and wavelength, two waves exit a thin film and
interfere. Explain how the monochromatic incident light produces these two waves.
5. What conditions are necessary for a phase change to occur in a thin film?
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A thin film describes a very small layer of material that reflects light in
such a way to create wave interference. Examples of a thin film include a soap bubble, a layer of oil on water,
or the protective coating on a CD or DVD.
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Monochromatic incident light is reflected off both the top and bottom of
the thin film. As a result, two waves of light exit the thin film and can interfere.
3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The light waves must be very close together and in phase with each other.
4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The light waves must be very close together and out of phase with each
other.
5. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A phase change will occur when monochromatic light reflects off the
surface of a medium with a greater index of refraction.
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21.4 Polarization
Worksheet
1. Is light a transverse or longitudinal wave? Explain the reason for your choice.
2. Which of the following best describes the light wave produced by a vertically vibrating electron?
a. Vertically polarized light
b. Horizontally polarized light
c. Non-polarized Light
d. Light is not produced by a vibrating electron
3. Explain why sunlight is non-polarized.
5. Describe the polarization of light by the reflection off non-metallic surfaces, such as the ocean.
Answer Key
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Light is a transverse wave because the medium (the electromagnetic field)
propagates perpendicularly to the direction the wave travels. A longitudinal wave (a sound wave) propagates
the medium (air) parallel to the direction the wave travels.
2. A
3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Sunlight is produced by many electrons vibrating in random electrons.
Polarized light is created by either a single vibrating electron or a group of electrons with the same periodic
motion.
4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Polarizers are transparent materials that are composed of long chains of
molecules that act as a filter for non-polarized light. Polarizers will only allow light waves through that are
aligned along the same plane (while blocking the non-aligned waves). This is described as polarization by
transmission.
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5. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Light is polarized by the reflection off non-metallic surfaces along the
same plane as the surface. The light that reflects off the horizontal boundary of the ocean will become
horizontally polarized. This is often perceived by our eyes as a glare. Many sunglasses are made with vertical
polarizers in order to block the polarization of light by reflection.
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C HAPTER
22 The Special Theory of
Relativity
Chapter Outline
22.1 T HE S PECIAL T HEORY OF R ELATIVITY
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Worksheet
Sound waves travel at approximately 343 m/s in air. Use the principles of Galilean Relativity to determine the
relative velocity of the sound waves in each of the various inertial frames of reference below.
2. The sound waves observed by the pilot of a jet travelling at a constant 360 m/s, producing a sonic boom.
3. The sound waves observed by a driver of an ambulance traveling at 29 m/s (65 mph).
4. How does the observance of sound waves described in questions #2-3 differ from what was observed about
the speed of light?
5. Which of the following statements correctly follow the theory of special relativity?
a. Absolute time and space do not exist
b. Space and time are interdependent
c. Any change in time must result in a change in space
d. All of the above
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d. A clock at rest relative to an observer will run more quickly than a clock moving relative to the observer
7. As time dilates, the length of an object _____ , in order to maintain the speed of light as constant.
a. Contracts
b. Expands
c. Remains the same
d. Not enough information to determine
8. According to time dilation, clocks on the International Space Station (ISS) run slightly _____ than clocks on
Earth.
a. Faster
b. Slower
c. At the same rate
d. Not enough information to determine
9. According to time dilation, upon returning from a mission aboard the International Space Station (ISS),
astronauts will be slightly _____ than if they had remained on Earth.
a. Younger
b. Older
c. Same age
d. Not enough information to determine
10. According to the special theory of relativity, do astronauts aboard the ISS sense the dilatation of time? Explain
the reason for your answer.
Simultaneity
Mass-Energy Equivalence
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15. What is space-time and how does it fit into the general theory of relativity?
Answer Key
Note to Teachers: The questions contained in Chapter 22 of the Physics Intermediate Workbook have been consol-
idated to include one worksheet for the entire chapter, as opposed to previous chapters that are composed of one
worksheet per individual lesson. The Chapter 22 worksheet has a set of practice problems for every lesson in the
chapter, rather than every objective. The conceptual questions included are meant to provide an efficient introduction
to the theory of special and general relativity appropriate for the high school level.
1. Answers will vary. All answers should describe a frame of reference with uniform motion (at constant velocity,
not acceleration).
Sample answer:
(1) On a train, traveling with a constant velocity (constant motion, no acceleration)
(2) Standing still on the sidewalk (constant velocity, v=0 m/s; no acceleration)
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: From the pilot’s frame of reference, the sound waves will be traveling at
-17 m/s (343 m/s - 360 m/s = -17 m/s).
3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: From the driver’s frame of reference, the sound waves will be traveling at
+314 m/s (343 m/s - 29 m/s = 314 m/s).
4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: According to Galilean Relativity, the velocity vectors describing the
motion of the sound waves and the motion of the observer simply add together. This differs from light, which
always moves at the same speed (c=3.0 x 108 m/s) despite the motion of the light source or the observer.
5. D
6. A
7. A
8. B
9. A
10. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The first postulate of the special theory of relativity is that the laws of
physics are the same for all inertial frames of reference. As a result, astronauts aboard the ISS will not be able
to perceive the dilation of time compared to the Earth, because they will view the passing of time normally in
their frame of reference.
11. Answers will vary. Example: a description of the twin paradox or Einstein’s train-and-platform though
experiment. All examples should include observers in different inertial frames who measure unequal time
intervals when observing the same event. This highlights the relativity of time.
12. Einstein concluded that matter at rest (even if it did not have a height above the ground) had energy - which
he referred to at rest energy. Energy is stored in all matter as rest energy, similar to a potential energy.
13. B
14. C
15. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Space-time refers to the combination of the three dimensions of space
(the x-axis, the y-axis, and the z-axis) and the additional fourth dimension of time. In the general theory of
relativity, Einstein proposed that gravity was actually a result of a curvature in space-time produced by a mass
(rather than a force that acted at a distance).
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C HAPTER
23 Quantum Physics
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
23.1 Q UANTUM P HYSICS
265
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Worksheet
1. What is a quantum?
3. Use Planck’s equation to calculate the energy of a photon of red light (λ = 633 nm).
6. What is a photon?
8. Experimental results show that violet light incident on a metallic surface ejected electrons and green light
incident on the same surface had no effect. Explain these results with reference to the photons and the
photoelectric effect.
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Wave-Particle Duality
Answer Key
∗∗Note to Teachers: The questions contained in Chapter 23 of the Physics Intermediate Workbook have been
consolidated to include one worksheet for the entire chapter, as opposed to previous chapters that are composed of
one worksheet per individual lesson. The Chapter 23 worksheet has a set of practice problems for every lesson in the
chapter, rather than every objective. The conceptual questions included are meant to provide efficient introduction
quantum physics appropriate for the high school level.
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A quantum describes the smallest possible amount of something that can
be quantized (an elemental unit). Something can be quantized if it only comes in discrete amounts, not all
amounts.
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Planck provided a mathematical equation (E = nhf) to solve for the energy
of light based on its frequency. This equation implied that light must be quantized. Now we know that Planck’s
equation describes the energy of each photon in a beam of light.
3. First, solve for the frequency:
V = fλ
(3 x 108 m/s) = (6.33 x 10−7 m)(f)
f = 4.73 x 1014 Hz
Then, use Planck’s equation E=hf to solve for the energy
E = (6.626 x 10−34 Js)(4.47 x 1014 Hz)
E = 2.7 x 10−19 J
4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A blackbody is an idealized body that absorbs all incident light. According
to classical physics, a blackbody should emit all wavelengths of light continuously. However, Planck observed
that this was not the case - light was emitted in discrete amounts, proportional to the frequency of the radiation.
This led to his quantum hypothesis that energy was radiated at certain frequencies.
5. C
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6. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A photon is a discrete amount of electromagnetic energy that composes a
quantum of light.
7. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The photoelectric effect describes the phenomenon of certain frequencies
of incident light on a metallic surface resulting in the ejection of electrons.
8. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The violet light had more energy per photon and was able to eject
electrons as a result.
9. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A theory that states light behaves like a wave but emits and absorbs
energy like a particle.
10. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Evidence of the wave-like behavior of light includes interference, refrac-
tion, diffraction, etc.
11. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Evidence of the particle-like behavior of light includes photoelectric
effect, blackbody radiation, etc.
12. D
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C HAPTER
24Atomic Physics Worksheets
Chapter Outline
24.1 ATOMIC P HYSICS
269
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Worksheet
5. Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen and its connection to the Bohr model of the atom.
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6. What were some sources of error in Rutherford’s planetary model of the atom? How did Bohr plan to resolve
these inconsistencies?
Uncertainty Principle
Answer Key
∗∗Note to Teachers: The questions contained in Chapter 24 of the Physics Intermediate Workbook have been
consolidated to include one worksheet for the entire chapter, as opposed to previous chapters that are composed of
one worksheet per individual lesson. The Chapter 24 worksheet has a set of practice problems for every lesson in the
chapter, rather than every objective. The conceptual questions included are meant to provide efficient introduction
atomic physics appropriate for the high school level.
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The plum pudding model of the atom was developed by J.J. Thompson,
after his discovery of the electron based on his research with cathode rays. Thompson hypothesized that
the negatively charged electrons were spread throughout the atom and surrounded by a positively charged
pudding-like substance, resulting in an overall neutral charge.
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Rutherford later disproved Thompson’s plum pudding model with his gold
foil experiment, in which he sent a beam of alpha particles toward a piece of gold foil and observed that the
majority of the particles passed through the foil and a few were deflected. As a result, Rutherford proposed
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24.1. Atomic Physics www.ck12.org
that the majority of the atom was empty space (explaining why most atoms traveled through the foil) and all of
the mass was concentrated in the center of the atom and had an overall positive charge, which he named the
nucleus (explaining why some of the particles were repelled by the positively charged gold foil). This is often
referred to as the nuclear model of the atom and has greatly contributed to the modern model of the atom,
which is accepted today.
3. Answers will vary. Sample answer: In his planetary model, Rutherford proposed the negatively charged
electrons orbited around the positively charged nucleus, similar to how the planets orbit the sun in our solar
system.
4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: This is the modern model of the atom, in which electrons exhibit wavelike
behavior. As a result, their exact location around the nucleus of an atom cannot be specified. Instead, their
motion around the nucleus is illustrated by a cloud, in which the densest area signifies where the electrons are
most likely to be found.
5. Answers will vary. Sample answer: When hydrogen gas is heated, it emits light. When refracted through
a prism, this light produces distinct bright lines (rather dispersing into all the colors of the rainbow). This
is called the element’s emission spectrum and is unique to that element. The specific emission spectrum of
hydrogen led Bohr to believe that the atomic model must somehow be quantized.
6. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A moving electric charge should produce an electromagnetic wave.
However, a hydrogen atom radiated no light and only produced certain frequencies of light when energized.
Bohr felt that the electrons should somehow be quantized. He planned to join the planetary model of the atom
with Einstein’s quantum theory of light.
7. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Bohr maintained the planetary model of the electrons circling the nucleus
but proposed that the electrons were organized into step-like energy levels within an electron cloud.
8. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The electrons did not radiate energy when travelling in circular orbits, but
only when moving from one energy level to another. The energy absorbed or emitted by the electrons moving
from one energy level to another was quantized, and only came in discrete amounts.
9. Answers will vary. Sample answer: It is impossible to simultaneously know both the position and momentum
of subatomic particles, such as electrons.
10. A
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C HAPTER
25 Nuclear Physics
Worksheets
Chapter Outline
25.1 W ORKSHEET
273
25.1. Worksheet www.ck12.org
25.1 Worksheet
2. Describe the strong nuclear force and its connection to the stability of an atom’s nucleus.
Radioactive Half-life
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A sample of 300 grams of a radioactive isotope with half-life of 10 years decays for 50 years.
1. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Nucleons are the subatomic particles contained in an atom’s nucleus.
They consist of positively charged protons and neutrally charge neutrons, held together by an attractive strong
nuclear force.
2. Answers will vary. Sample answer: The strong nuclear force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature
and is only found in the nucleus of an atom. The strong nuclear force is a short-range, attractive force that
exists between nucleons. This strong nuclear force between the protons and neutrons counters the repulsive
electrostatic force between the positively charged protons in the nucleus and helps to make the nucleus stable.
As the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus increases, the stability of the atom decreases.
3. B
4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Alpha decay produces atoms with a nucleus made up of two protons and
two neutrons, identical to the nucleus of a helium atom, referred to as alpha particles. This is exemplified by
the radioactive decay of Thorium in answer B.
5. C
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6. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Beta decay results in the ejection of electrons. This is exemplified by the
radioactive decay of Carbon in answer C.
7. A
8. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Gamma decay results in the production gamma rays, made up of photons
with a large amount of electromagnetic energy. This is exemplified by the radioactive decay of Barium in
answer A.
9. D
10. N=(1/2)5 (300g)=9.375g
11. D
12. D
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