D Qxphulfdo VWXG - Ri D Urwdu - Ydoyh Lqwhuqdo Frpexvwlrq HQJLQH

Wkh Xqlyhuvlw| ri Whfkqrorj|/ V|gqh|
Idfxow| ri Hqjlqhhulqj
D Qxphulfdo Vwxg| ri d Urwdu| Ydoyh

Lqwhuqdo Frpexvwlrq Hqjlqh
Johqq Kruurfnv
D glvvhuwdwlrq vxeplwwhg lq ixoophqw ri wkh
uhtxluhphqwv iru wkh ghjuhh ri Grfwru ri Sklorvrsk|
44 Rfwrehu 5334
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Fr0Vxshuylvru= Gu1 Jxdqj Krqj
Confidential
This thesis is subject to a Research Agreement between
The University of Technology, Sydney

and
Bishop Innovation Limited.
Under the terms of this Agreement:
1. This thesis is confidential until 1 October 2004;

2. UTS is obliged to ensure that the examiners of this thesis
undertake to keep the information confidential; and
3. UTS is obliged to ensure that this publication is secure
and is not released into the public domain until 1 October
2004.
Tony Wallis
Manager BRV Technology,
Bishop Innovation Limited
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Fhuwlfdwh ri Dxwkruvkls dqg Ruljlqdolw| {l{
Dfnqrzohgjhphqwv {{
Devwudfw {{l
4 Lqwurgxfwlrq 4
414 Ixqgdphqwdo Sulqflsohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
41414 Whuplqrorj| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
415 Wkh Prghuq Kljk Shuirupdqfh Srsshw Ydoyh Hqjlqh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
416 Urwdu| Ydoyh Hqjlqh Ixqgdphqwdov 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :
417 Klvwru| ri wkh Urwdu| Ydoyh Hqjlqh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <
41714 Hduo| Klvwru| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <
41715 Prghuq Ghyhorsphqwv lq Urwdu| Ydoyh Hqjlqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 54
41716 Wkh Elvkrs Urwdu| Ydoyh Hqjlqh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 58
418 Rxwolqh ri Wkh Fxuuhqw Zrun 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:
5 Pdwkhpdwlfdo Prghov 5;
514 Qrwdwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5;
515 Frqvhuydwlrq Htxdwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5<
51514 Frqwlqxlw| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5<
51515 Prphqwxp 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5<
51516 Hqhuj| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 63
51517 Htxdwlrq ri Vwdwh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 63
51518 Sdvvlyh Vfdoduv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 64
516 Wxuexohqfh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 64
51614 Gluhfw Qxphulfdo Vlpxodwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 66
51615 Uh|qrogv Dyhudjhg Htxdwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 66
51616 Uh|qrogv Vwuhvv Prghov 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6:
51617 Wkh &0" Wxuexohqfh Prgho 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<
51618 Odujh Hgg| Vlpxodwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 75
6 Qxphulfdo Phwkrgv 78
614 VLPSOHF Dojrulwkp 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 79
61414 Erg| Ilwwhg Frruglqdwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 79
l
FRQWHQWV ll
615 Glvfuhwlvdwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7;
61514 Whpsrudo Whupv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7<
61515 Glxvlrq Whupv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 83
61516 Dgyhfwlrq Whupv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 83
61517 Vrxufh Whupv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 85
61518 Qxphulfdo Frqvlghudwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 85
61519 Dssolfdwlrq wr wkh VLPSOHF Dojrulwkp 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 87
616 Erxqgdu| Frqglwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8:
61614 Zdoo Erxqgdu| Frqglwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8:
61615 Zdoo Ixqfwlrqv Olplwdwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 94
61616 Suhvvxuh Erxqgdulhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 95
7 Olwhudwxuh Uhylhz 96
714 Frpexvwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 96
715 Lq0F|olqghu Iorz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9;
71514 Ghqlwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9;
71515 Sdudphwhulvdwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :6
71516 Wxuexohqfh Hqkdqfhphqw Phfkdqlvpv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :8
716 Pdqlirog Iorzv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;5
717 Hqjlqh Iorzv Prghoolqj 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;7
71714 Rqh0Glphqvlrqdo Prghov 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;7
71715 Wzr0Glphqvlrqdo Prghov 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <:
71716 Wkuhh0Glphqvlrqdo Prghov 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 433
718 Wxuexohqfh lq Lq0F|olqghu Iorzv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44<
71814 Uh|qrogv Dyhudjlqj 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44<
71815 Olplwdwlrqv ri Uh|qrogv Dyhudjlqj 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 453
71816 F|foh wr F|foh Yduldwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 453
71817 Odujh Hgg| Vlpxodwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 456
8 Ydolgdwlrq ri Qxphulfdo Vlpxodwlrq Frgh 459

814 Vxppdu| ri H{lvwlqj Ydolgdwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45;
81414 Odplqdu Iorz Ryhu d Edfnvwhs 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45;
81415 Wxuexohqw Iorz Ryhu d Edfnvwhs 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 463
81416 Glhuhqflqj Vfkhphv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 465
81417 Prylqj Julgv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 467
81418 Jhqhudo Ehqfkpdunv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 46;
81419 Dhurirlo Prghoolqj 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 46<
8141: Wxuexohqw Erxqgdu| Od|hu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 473
8141; Vlpxodwlrq ri Frpsoh{ H{whuqdo Iorzv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 475
815 Rqh0Glphqvlrqdo Vkrfn Wxeh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 478
81514 Ghvfulswlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 479
81515 H{dfw Vroxwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 47:
81516 Qxphulfdo Prghoolqj 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 483
81517 Ryhuvkrrwv dqg Vkrfn Uhvroxwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 485
81518 Lqylvflg dqg Qrq0Frqgxfwlyh Dvvxpswlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 487
FRQWHQWV lll
81519 Wlph Vwhs Vl}h 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 487

8151: Rwkhu Qxphulfdo Vfkhphv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 488
816 Glvfxvvlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 48:
9 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh Wxpeoh Yruwh{ Euhdngrzq 48<

914 Suhylrxv Zrunv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 48<
91414 H{shulphqwdo Vwxglhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 48<
91415 Qxphulfdo Vwxglhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 495
915 Ghvfulswlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 49<
91514 Jhrphwu| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 49<
91515 Glphqvlrqdolw| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:4
91516 Rwkhu Qxphulfdo Idfwruv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:5
91517 Lqlwldo Frqglwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:6
916 Phvk Lqghshqghqfh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:7
917 Lqlwldo Frqglwlrqv Lqghshqghqfh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;5
918 Wzr0 dqg Wkuhh0Glphqvlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;7
919 FU ' e Prgho 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;8
91: FU ' f Prgho 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<3
91:14 Lqwdnh Vwurnh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<3
91:15 Erwwrp Ghdg Fhqwuh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<5
91:16 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 539
91:17 Dyhudjhg Sdudphwhuv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 566
91:18 Frqglwlrqv dw Ydulrxv Srlqwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 56:
91; Glvfxvvlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 579
91< OHV Prgho 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 57<
91<14 Prgho Ghvfulswlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 57<
91<15 Wxuexohqw Ohqjwk Vfdohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 584
91<16 Frpsxwdwlrq Wlph 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 585
91<17 FU ' e Uhvxowv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 586
91<18 FU ' f Uhvxowv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 588
91<19 Yhorflw| Ghfrpsrvlwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:4
91<1: Glvfxvvlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:<
: Prghoolqj ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 5;4

:14 EUY Hqjlqh Od|rxw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5;4
:15 Phwkrg ri Fuhdwlqj wkh FIG Prgho 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5;4
:1514 Phvk Prwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5<5
:1515 Ydoyh Volglqj Julg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5<7
:16 Sdudphwhuv Xvhg lq EUY Vlpxodwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 634
:1614 Wzr F|foh Vlpxodwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 634
:1615 Ioxlg Sdudphwhuv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 636
:1616 H{kdxvw Jdv Vfdodu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 636
:1617 Zdoo Erxqgdu| Frqglwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 636
:1618 Frqyhujhqfh Sdudphwhuv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 637
:17 Ydolgdwlrq ri EUY FIG Prgho 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 638
FRQWHQWV ly
:1714 Ghvfulswlrq ri G|qdprphwhu Idflolw| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 638

:1715 Wlph Vwhs Vl}h 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 639
:1716 Lqohw Pdqlirog Suhvvxuh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 63;
:1717 Phvk Uhqhphqw Vwxg| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 63<
:1718 Hhfw ri Jdv Lqlwldo dqg Erxqgdu| Whpshudwxuh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 645
:18 Pdun L Frpexvwlrq Fkdpehu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 64<
:19 Pdun LL dqg LLL Frpexvwlrq Fkdpehu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 654
:1914 Suhylrxv Zrun rq Gxdo Wxpeoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 659
:1: Dqdo|vlv ri Gxdo Furvv Wxpeoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 665
:1:14 Euhdngrzq wr Wxuexohqfh Phfkdqlvp 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 667
:1:15 Gxdo Furvv Wxpeoh Jhqhudwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 667
:1:16 Gxdo Furvv Wxpeoh Sdudphwhulvdwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 668
:1; Ehkdylrxu ri Gxdo Furvv Wxpeoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 669
; Dqdo|vlv ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 67:

;14 Suhglfwlrq ri Yroxphwulf H!flhqf| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 67:
;15 Hhfw ri wkh Lqohw Pdqlirog Zdyh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 685
;16 Hhfw ri Frqvwulfwlrqv lq wkh Ydoyh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 68:
;17 Hhfw ri Glhuhqw Ydoyh Vl}hv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 699
;18 Hhfw ri Pdqlirog Zdoo Khdw Wudqvihu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6:9
;19 Hhfw ri Eruh wr Vwurnh Udwlr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6:;
;1914 Lqwurgxfwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6:;
;1915 Uhvxowv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6;5
;1916 Glvfxvvlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<7
;1: Wxuexohqfh Vfdolqj 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<9
;1; Glvfxvvlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 735
< Frqfoxvlrq 737
Eleolrjudsk| 73<
D Iruwudq Vxeurxwlqhv 769

D14 srlqwlqtxdg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 769
D15 pdquheorfn 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 76:
E Sxeolfdwlrqv 76<
E14 Wxpeoh Yruwh{ Euhdngrzq Gxulqj wkh Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh ri d
Prgho Lqwhuqdo Frpexvwlrq Hqjlqh/ 5333 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 773
Olvw ri Iljxuhv
414 Gldjudppdwlf uhsuhvhqwdwlrq ri d irxu vwurnh/ vsdun ljqlwlrq/ uhfls0

urfdwlqj/ lqwhuqdo frpexvwlrq hqjlqh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5
415 Vfkhpdwlf gldjudp ri d irxu ydoyh shqwurri frpexvwlrq fkdpehu 1 1 9
416 Vhfwlrqv ri wkh irxu f|olqghu/ lq0olqh Uryhu N vhulhv hqjlqh 1 1 1 1 1 :
417 Vfkhpdwlf gldjudp ri wkh Furvv Urwdu| Ydoyh hqjlqh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 43
418 Wkh oxeulfdwlrq v|vwhp xvhg lq wkh Furvv Urwdu| Ydoyh hqjlqh 1 1 1 44
419 Wkh S w/ udgldo irxu f|olqghu Furvv Urwdu| Ydoyh hqjlqh 1 1 1 1 1 1 46
41: Frpsdulvrq ri wkh Furvv 683 Vlqjoh F|olqghu Urwdu| Ydoyh hqjlqh
dqg d Uryhu 5333 srsshw ydoyh hqjlqh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 46
41; Wkh Dvslq urwdu| ydoyh hqjlqh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 47
41< Wkh Dvslq urwdu| ydoyh frpexvwlrq fkdpehu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 48
4143 Wkh Dvslq urwdu| ydoyh hqjlqh iurp wkh odwh 4<73v 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 49
4144 Wkh Lwdod Urwdu| ydoyh dqg hqjlqh od|rxw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:
4145 Furvv vhfwlrq ri wkh Mxqnhuv MXPR NP; glvn ydoyh wrushgr hqjlqh 53
4146 Rshudwlqj sulqflsoh ri wkh PJQ urwdu| ydoyh hqjlqh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 55
4147 Wkh Frdwhv Vskhulfdo Urwdu| Ydoyh hqjlqh khdg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 56
514 W|slfdo hqhuj| vshfwuxp iru d wxuexohqw rz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 65
614 Julg vwuxfwxuh lq frpsxwdwlrqdo vsdfh dqg sk|vlfdo vsdfh 1 1 1 1 1 1 7:

615 Frqwuro yroxph qrwdwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7;
616 Eorfn gldjudp ri wkh wlph vwhsslqj orrs ri wkh FI[ frgh 1 1 1 1 1 1 88
617 Eorfn gldjudp ri wkh VLPSOHF dojrulwkp 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 88
618 Eorfn gldjudp ri d olqhdu vroyhu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 89
619 W|slfdo yhorflw| suroh iru d wxuexohqw erxqgdu| od|hu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8;
714 Frpsdulvrq ehwzhhq odplqdu dqg wxuexohqw dph iurqwv gxulqj frp0
exvwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 99
715 Wkh uhodwlrqvkls ehwzhhq wxuexohqfh lqwhqvlw| dqg exuqlqj yhorflw| 9;
716 Plfurvkdgrzjudskv ri wkh dph sursdjdwlrq lq dq lqwhuqdo frpexv0
wlrq hqjlqh iurp Dufrxpdqlv dqg Zklwhodz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9<
717 H{dpsoh ri dq lqgxfhg vtxlvk rz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :3
718 D w|slfdo slvwrq xvhg iru kljk vtxlvk hqjlqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :3
719 Dq hqjlqh frqjxudwlrq wr jhqhudwh d odujh vtxlvk rz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :4
71: D vzluo yruwh{/ ghslfwhg rq wkh gluhfw0lqmhfwlrq 2D w Irug Glhvho hqjlqh :5
71; D wxpeoh yruwh{ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :6
y
OLVW RI ILJXUHV yl
71< Ghqlwlrq ri vtxlvk duhdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :7

7143 Vfkhpdwlf lqwhusuhwdwlrq ri wkh wulsoh0yruwh{ iurp Nxzxkdud hw do ;5
7144 Suhvvxuh lq wkh lqohw pdqlirog ri wkh hqjlqh vwxglhg e| Wdnh|dpd hw do ;:
7145 Wkh Irupxod Rqh hqjlqh lqohw jhrphwu| prghoohg e| Ihuohw 1 1 1 1 1 <4
7146 Wkh lqohw jhrphwu| glphqvlrqv xvhg e| Ihuohw wr prgho d Irupxod
Rqh lqohw pdqlirog 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <5
7147 Frpsdulvrq ri phdvxuhg dqg fdofxodwhg suhvvxuh lq wkh lqohw pdqlirog
ri d Irupxod Rqh hqjlqh dw fff hT4 e| Ihuohw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <6
7148 Frpsdulvrq ri phdvxuhg dqg fdofxodwhg suhvvxuh lq wkh h{kdxvw pdq0
lirog ri d Irupxod Rqh hqjlqh dw fff hT4 e| Ihuohw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <6
7149 Furvv vhfwlrq ri wkh 4<<: EUY jhrphwu| iurp Kruurfnv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <8
714: Suhvvxuhv lq wkh 4<<: EUY hqjlqh lqohw pdqlirog iurp Kruurfnv 1 1 <9
714; Wkh rz hog suhglfwhg lq d irxu f|olqghu hqjlqh lqwdnh pdlqirog dw
22e e| Fkdspdq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <;
714< Vwuhdpolqhv suhglfwhg lq dq d{lv|pphwulf lqohw ydoyh e| Qdvhu dqg
Jrvpdq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <<
7153 Wkh h{kdxvw pdqlirog mxqfwlrq prghoohg e| Ohvfk}lqhu dqg Glplwuldglv434
7154 Wkh lqohw jhrphwu| dqg uhvxowv iurp Wd|oru hw do 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 437
7155 Wkh phvk xvhg lq wkh zdwhu dqdorj vwhdg| rz jhrphwu| prghoohg
e| R*Frqqru dqg PfNlqoh| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 43:
7156 Vlpxodwlrq ri Ihuudul Irupxod Rqh hqjlqh e| Eldqfkl hw do 1 1 1 1 1 43<
7157 Wkh gluhfw lqmhfwlrq vsdun ljqlwlrq hqjlqh vlpxodwhg e| Kdq hw do 1 1 443
7158 Iorz hogv suhglfwhg e| Kdq hw do lq d gluhfw lqmhfwlrq vsdun ljqlwlrq
hqjlqh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 444
7159 Vlpxodwlrq ri Phufhghv0Ehq} P444 irxu ydoyh vsdun ljqlwlrq hqjlqh/
uhsurgxfhg iurp Jrvpdq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 445
715: F|olqghu suhvvxuh suhglfwhg iru wkh Phufhghv0Ehq} P444 hqjlqh/ iurp
Jrvpdq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 446
715; Wkh f|olqghu phvk xvhg e| Gdv dqg Ghqw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 447
715< Vlpxodwlrq ri wkh h{kdxvw vwurnh ri d vsdun ljqlwlrq hqjlqh iurp Olverqd44:
7163 Frpsdulvrq ri dyhudjhg dqg lqvwdqwdqhrxv yhorflw| hogv dw WGF ri
d vtxduh slvwrq hqjlqh iurp Pdxuho hw do 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 454
814 Prgho ri d Whfxpvhk vpdoo xwlolw| hqjlqh iurp Irvwhu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45:

815 Frpsdulvrq ri suhglfwlrqv xvlqj ydulrxv wxuexohqfh prghov iru rz
ryhu d edfnvwhs dw +i ' DSD iurp Fodunh dqg Zlonhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 464
816 Edfnzdugv idflqj vwhs dqg slsh zlwk d vsolwwhu sodwh vlpxodwlrqv iurp
Doghuwrq dqg Zlonhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 466
817 Wkh julg xvhg dqg yhorflw| yhfwruv suhglfwhg lq wkh prgho ri dq d{0
lv|pphwulf Glhvho hqjlqh f|olqghu dw WGF iurp Kdznlqv dqg Zlonhv 468
818 Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| suhglfwhg iru slvwrq erzo frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh
vlpxodwlrq dw ydulrxv srlqwv iurp Kdznlqv dqg Zlonhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 469
819 Vlpxodwlrq ri prylqj ydoyh srsshw ydoyh e| Kdznlqv dqg Zlonhv 1 1 46:
81: Lqvwdqwdqhrxv vwuhdpolqhv ri d eI Jxuqh| ds dhurirlo dw }hur dqjoh
ri dwwdfn/ iurp Gdwh dqg Wxuqrfn 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 473
OLVW RI ILJXUHV yll
81; Wlph dyhudjhg K dqg yhuvxv dqjoh ri dwwdfn iru d QDFD 3345
dhurirlo zlwk d eI Jxuqh| ds iurp Gdwh dqg Wxuqrfn 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 474
81< Vnlq iulfwlrq frh!flhqw yhuvxv Uh|qrogv Qxpehu iru ydulrxv qxphul0
fdo prghov dqg h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv iurp Gdwh dqg Wxuqrfn 1 1 1 1 476
8143 Vlpxodwlrqv ri d vlpsolhg yhklfoh jhrphwu| prghoohg e| Vkdz dqg
Vlpfr{ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 477
8144 Jhrphwu| xvhg iru rqh0glphqvlrqdo vkrfn wxeh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 479
8145 Gldjudp lqglfdwlqj wkh ydulrxv jdv vwdwhv lq wkh vkrfn wxeh diwhu d
shulrg ri wlph kdv sdvvhg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 47:
8146 Uhsuhvhqwdwlrq ri vkrfn wxeh diwhu wlph kdv hodsvhg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 47;
8147 Ghqvlw|/ suhvvxuh dqg yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv iurp rqh0glphqvlrqdo vkrfn
wxeh vlpxodwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 484
8148 Ghwdlo ri suhvvxuh qhdu wkh vkrfn iurp wkh rqh0glphqvlrqdo vkrfn
wxeh vlpxodwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 486
8149 Uhvxowv ri wkh rqh0glphqvlrqdo vkrfn wxeh vlpxodwlrq xvlqj ydulrxv
wlph vwhs vl}hv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 489
814: Ghwdlo ri suhvvxuh qhdu wkh vkrfn iru ydulrxv whpsrudo glhuhqflqj
vfkhphv dqg vroxwlrq dojrulwkpv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 48:
914 SLY hqvhpeoh dyhudjhg yhorflw| hogv lq d shqwurri frpexvwlrq fkdp0

ehu dw 2fff hT4/ iurp Urxodqg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 493
915 Iorz hog vwuxfwxuhv gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh ri d shqwurri
frpexvwlrq fkdpehu hqjlqh/ uhsurgxfhg iurp Nxzdkdud dqg Dqgr 494
916 Ghyhorsphqw ri lq0f|olqghu rz gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh/ uh0
surgxfhg iurp Nkdoljkl 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 495
917 Qrupdolvhg wxuexohqfh/ WU dqg FU gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh/
iurp Nkdoljkl 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 496
918 Yhorflw| hog suhglfwhg e| &0" dqg Uh|qrogv vwuhvv wxuexohqfh prghov
gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh/ iurp Oheuëuh dqg Gloolhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 497
919 Vwuhdpolqhv prghoohg gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh ri dq d{lv|p0
phwulf dw slvwrq hqjlqh iurp Qdlwrk hw do 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 499
91: H{shulphqwdo dqg vlpxodwhg ghqvlw| frqwrxuv lq wkh lqwdnh vwurnh ri
uhfwdqjxodu slvwrq hqjlqh/ iurp Qdlwrk dqg Nxzdkdud 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 49:
91; H{shulphqwdo dqg vlpxodwhg ghqvlw| frqwrxuv lq wkh frpsuhvvlrq
vwurnh ri uhfwdqjxodu slvwrq hqjlqh/ iurp Qdlwrk dqg Nxzdkdud 1 1 49;
91< Jhrphwu| xvhg e| LPIW uhvhdufkhuv/ iurp Eruìh hw do 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:3
9143 Glphqvlrqv ri wkh jhrphwu| lq wkh ~ plg sodqh iurp Pduf hw do 1 1 4:3
9144 Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq t ~ sodqh dw EGF iurp Pduf hw do 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:4
9145 Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq t ~ sodqh dw S / iurp Pduf 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:5
9146 Ghwdlo ri phvk xvhg durxqg lqohw pdqlirog2f|olqghu mxqfwlrq 1 1 1 1 4:8
9147 Julg frqyhujhqfh ri f|olqghu dyhudjhg sdudphwhuv lq wkh vtxduh slv0
wrq hqjlqh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4::
9148 Julg frqyhujhqfh dw wkh fhqwudo srlqw ri wkh vtxduh slvwrq hqjlqh 1 1 4:;
9149 Hhfw ri julg ghqvlw| rq rz hog suhglfwhg dw WGF e| wkh UVP prgho4;3
914: Hhfw ri lqlwldo wxuexohqfh frqglwlrqv rq FU ' D vlpxodwlrq 1 1 1 1 4;6
OLVW RI ILJXUHV ylll
914; Frpsdulvrq ri wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| iurp h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv

dqg qxphulfdo vlpxodwlrq iru prgho zlwk FU ' e dw HS 1 1 1 1 1 4;9
914< Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| yhfwruv iurp h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv dqg qxphu0
lfdo vlpxodwlrq iru prgho zlwk FU ' e dw HS 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;;
9153 Frpsdulvrq ri wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| iurp h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv
dqg qxphulfdo vlpxodwlrq iru prgho zlwk FU ' e dw EGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;<
9154 Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| yhfwruv iurp h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv dqg qxphu0
lfdo vlpxodwlrq iru prgho zlwk FU ' e dw EGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<4
9155 Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iru FU '
f/ dw H. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<6
9156 Frpsdulvrq ri wxuexohqw hqhuj| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh
iru FU ' f/ dw H. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<7
9157 Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh f ' b 44 sodqh iru FU '
f/ dw Se 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<8
9158 Frpsdulvrq ri wxuexohqw hqhuj| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh f ' b 44 sodqh
iru FU ' f/ dw Se 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<9
9159 Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iru FU '
f/ dw EGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<:
915: Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh f ' b 44 sodqh iru FU '
f/ dw EGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<;
915; Yruwh{ fhqwuh srvlwlrqv iru FU ' f prgho dw EGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<<
915< Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| surohv iurp FU ' f prgho dw EGF iru
t ' Df 44/ ~ ' Df 44 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 533
9163 Wxuexohqfh suroh dw EGF dorqj olqh f ' b 44/ ~ ' Df 44 1 1 1 535
9164 Frpsdulvrq ri wxuexohqw hqhuj| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh
iru FU ' f/ dw EGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 536
9165 Frpsdulvrq ri suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iru FU ' f/
dw EGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 537
dw EGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 537
dw EGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 538
dw EGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 538
9169 Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2.S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53:
916: Srvlwlrq ri wkh fhqwuh ri wkh yruwh{ dw 2.S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53;
916; Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2.S 1 1 1 1 1 1 53<
916< Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2.S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 543
9173 Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2.S 1 1 1 1 1 1 544
9174 Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2bb 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 545
9175 Srvlwlrq ri wkh fhqwuh ri wkh yruwh{ dw 2bb 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 546
9176 Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2bb 1 1 1 1 1 1 547
9177 Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2bb 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 548
9178 Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2bb 1 1 1 1 1 1 549
9179 Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 54:
OLVW RI ILJXUHV l{
917: Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 54;

917; Lqvwdqwdqhrxv vwuhdpolqhv iurp wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP vlpxod0
wlrq dw 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 553
917< Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 554
9183 Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 554
9184 Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 555
9185 Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 557
9186 Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 558
9187 Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 558
9188 Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 559
9189 Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2H 1 1 1 1 1 1 55;
918: Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw D 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 55<
918; Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw D 1 1 1 1 1 1 563
918< Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw WGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 564
9193 Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw WGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 565
9194 Lqvwdqwdqhrxv vwuhdpolqhv iurp wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP vlpxod0
wlrq dw WGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 566
9195 Pdvv dyhudjhg wxuexohqfh iru wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo FU ' f
FIG prghov 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 568
9196 Pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg iru wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo FU '
f FIG prghov 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 569
9197 Wxpeoh udwlr iru wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo FU ' f FIG prghov
lq wkh vtxduh slvwrq hqjlqh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 56;
9198 Wkh ghqlwlrq ri wkh OGD srlqwv dqdo|vhg/ iurp Pduf 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 56<
9199 Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg FIG uhvxowv dw srlqw 48 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 573
919: Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg FIG uhvxowv dw srlqw 88 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 574
919; Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg FIG uhvxowv dw srlqw 45 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 575
919< Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg FIG uhvxowv dw srlqw 46 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 576
91:3 Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg FIG uhvxowv dw srlqw 4: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 577
91:4 Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg FIG uhvxowv dw srlqw 4; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 578
91:5 Lqwhjudo ohqjwk vfdoh dw WGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 585
91:6 Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| yhfwruv iurp h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv dqg qxphu0
lfdo vlpxodwlrq iru prgho zlwk FU ' e dw HS 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 586
91:7 Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| yhfwruv1 H{shulphqwdo uhvxowv dqg qxphulfdo
vlpxodwlrq iru prgho zlwk FU ' e dw EGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 587
91:8 Frpsdulvrq ri OHV yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iru
FU ' f/ dw H. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 588
91:9 Frpsdulvrq ri OHV yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh f ' b 44 sodqh iru
FU ' f/ dw Se 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 589
91:: Frpsdulvrq ri OHV yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iru
FU ' f/ dw EGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 58:
91:; Yruwh{ fhqwuh srvlwlrqv iru FU ' f OHV prgho dw EGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 58;
91:< Frpsdulvrq ri OHV yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh f ' b 44 sodqh iru
FU ' f/ dw EGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 58<
OLVW RI ILJXUHV {
91;3 Frpsdulvrq ri OHV vlpxodwlrq yhorflw| surohv iurp FU ' f prgho

dw EGF iru t ' Df 44/ ~ ' Df 44 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 593
91;4 Lqvwdqwdqhrxv vwuhdpolqhv iru wkh OHV prgho dw EGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 593
91;5 Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iurp wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq dw
2.S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 594
2bb 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 595
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 595
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 596
2H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 596
91;: Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iurp wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq dw
D 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 597
91;; Srvlwlrq ri wkh fhqwuh ri wkh yruwh{ suhglfwhg e| wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq
dw 2.S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 598
91;< Srvlwlrq ri wkh fhqwuh ri wkh yruwh{ suhglfwhg e| wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq
dw 2bb 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 599
91<3 Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq f ' b 44 sodqh iurp wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq dw
2.S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 599
2bb 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59:
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59:
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59;
91<7 Yhorflw| yhfwruv iurp wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw
WGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59;
91<8 Lqvwdqwdqhrxv vwuhdpolqhv iru wkh OHV prgho dw WGF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59<
91<9 Pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg dqg wxpeoh udwlr iru wkh OHV prgho 5:3
91<: phdq dqg udz yhorflw| dw srlqw 48 iurp wkh FU ' f OHV prgho 1 1 5:5
91<; Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg OHV uhvxowv dw srlqw 45 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:6
91<< Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg OHV uhvxowv dw srlqw 46 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:7
91433Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg OHV uhvxowv dw srlqw 48 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:8
91434Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg OHV uhvxowv dw srlqw 4: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:9
91435Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg OHV uhvxowv dw srlqw 4; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5::
91436Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg OHV uhvxowv dw srlqw 88 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:;
:14 Gldjudp ri wkh ryhudoo od|rxw ri wkh EUY hqjlqh ydoyh dqg f|olqghu
khdg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5;5
:15 Gldjudp ri wkh ryhudoo od|rxw ri wkh EUY hqjlqh ydoyh gulyh v|vwhp 5;5
:16 Ydulrxv lvrphwulf ylhzv ri wkh ydoyh jhrphwu|/ dv ruljlqdoo| lpsruwhg 5;7
:17 Lvrphwulf ylhz ri wkh lpsruwhg EUY hqjlqh jhrphwu| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5;7
:18 F|olqghu khdg jhrphwu| phvklqj rshudwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5;9
OLVW RI ILJXUHV {l
:19 F|olqghu khdg wrs vxuidfh phvk surmhfwhg rqwr wkh slvwrq furzq 1 1 5;:
:1: Phvk lq ydoyh zlqgrz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5;:
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41;1 Wkh hqjlqh zdv dovr nqrzq dv d urwdu| frpexvwlrq fkdpehu hqjlqh dv wkh
urwru lqfoxghg d odujh sursruwlrq ri wkh frpexvwlrq fkdpehu dw WGF/ dqg wkxv wkh
frpexvwlrq fkdpehu urwdwhg zlwk wkh ydoyh1
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wkh urwru/ krzhyhu sureohpv zhuh irxqg lq nhhslqj wkh vsdun soxj frro1 D udglfdo
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ri vsdun ljqlwlrq/ dqg zdv rwkhuzlvh klgghq ehklqg wkh urwru ^47:`1 Wkh frqfhsw
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wr suh0ljqlwh dovr doorzv wkh frpexvwlrq ri ohdqhu pl{wxuhv/ dqg Dvslq uhsruwv ^47:`
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ri wkh frpexvwlrq suhvvxuh ordg zdv wdnhq e| d wkuxvw ehdulqj/ zlwk vhdolqj dqg
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41 Lqwurgxfwlrq 49
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phqwv duh ylvleoh rq hlwkhu vlgh ri wkh ydoyh2f|olqghu khdg lqwhuidfh1 Uhsurgxfhg
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ri hqjlqh zlwk rqh urwru vkduhg ehwzhhq wzr f|olqghuv1
41 Lqwurgxfwlrq 4;
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lqglfdwhv wkh kljk ohyhov ri ulvn lq hduo| dxwrpreloh udflqjrqh glhg gxulqj suh0udfh
whvwlqj dqg wkh vhfrqg glhg zkhq klv Shxjhrw fudvkhg lqwr d fduw ^43`1 Wkh Judqg
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wkh rqo| uhjxodwlrq hqirufhg rq fduv zdv wkdw wkh| kdg wr kdyh d plqlpxp pdvv ri
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urwdu| ydoyh hqjlqhv1 Foxwwrq ghvfulehv wkh Lwdod hqjlqh ghvljq wr eh d irxu f|olqghu
hqjlqh lq dq lq0olqh frqjxudwlrq/ hdfk f|olqghu kdylqj d eruh ri 2D 44 dqg d
vwurnh ri .f 44 jlylqj d wrwdo fdsdflw| ri H w1 Wkh ghvljq sklorvrsk| ri wkh
hqjlqh zdv wkdw d odujh/ oljkwo| ordghg hqjlqh zdv wkh ehvw dssurdfk wr wkh ixho
frqvxpswlrq uhjxodwlrq1 Dffruglqjo|/ wkh hqjlqh kdg d pd{lpxp vshhg ri rqo|
eff hT4/ zkhuhdv wkh hqjlqhv lw zdv frpshwlqj djdlqvw udq dw xs wr fff hT41
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rqh ydoyh zdv xvhg wr vhuyh wzr dgmdfhqw f|olqghuv1 Wkh d{lv ri urwdwlrq ri wkh
ydoyh lv sdudooho wr wkh d{lv ri wkh slvwrq prwlrq1 Iljxuh 4144d vkrzv vrph ri wkh
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hohphqwvghvljq ihdwxuhv pdq| |hduv dkhdg ri wkhlu wlph1
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dv jrrg dv/ ru ehwwhu wkdq/ srsshw ydoyh hqjlqhv ri wkh wlph1 Krzhyhu/ Kxqwhu ^47:`
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ri wkh wlph gxh wr lwv frpsolfdwhg lqwhuqdo frrolqj fkdqqhov/ dqg lwv uhtxluhphqw
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kljko| vnloohg phfkdqlfv wr lqvwdoo dqg pdlqwdlq wkh v|vwhp1 Wklv sxw wkh ghvljq dw
d frqvlghudeoh frpphufldo glvdgydqwdjh uhodwlyh wr lwv frpshwlwruv/ dqg wkh urwdu|
ydoyh hqjlqh zdv dedqgrqhg e| wkh Lwdod frpsdq| d vkruw wlph odwhu1
41 Lqwurgxfwlrq 4<
Wkh Mxqnhuv Urwdu| Glvn Ydoyh Wrushgr Hqjlqh
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Wkh hqjlqh/ prgho qdph MXPR NP; xvhg d urwdu| ydoyh v|vwhp lq uhvsrqvh
wr wkh xqxvxdo rshudwlqj hqylurqphqw irxqg lq wrushgrhv1 Kxqwhu ^47:` uhsruwv
wkdw wkh hqjlqh zdv glvfryhuhg e| wkh Doolhg irufhv diwhu wkh Jhupdq vxuuhqghu
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81 Wkh rshudwlqj olih ri wkh hqjlqh zdv rqo| d ihz krxuv> dqg
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deryh wkh f|olqghu ri eD 441 Wkhvh frpsdfw glphqvlrqv duh vkrzq lq jxuh 41451
Wkh hqjlqh zdv vxemhfw wr kljk udwhv ri zhdu/ krzhyhu/ dv wkh hqjlqh zdv ghvljqhg
iru dq rshudwlqj olih ri rqo| d ihz krxuv wklv zdv dffhswdeoh1
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kljk zhdu/ kljk iulfwlrq dqg kljk ydoyh rshudwlqj whpshudwxuh lqkhuhqw lq wkh ghvljq1
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vshflfdwlrq/ dqg ixuwkhu whvwlqj vkrzhg lw wr eh d txlwh vdwlvidfwru| hqjlqh zkhq
uxq rq d pruh qrupdo dlu dqg ixho pl{1 Zkhwkhu wkh Jhupdqv xvhg wkh hqjlqh lq
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41 Lqwurgxfwlrq 53
Iljxuh 4145= Furvv vhfwlrq ri wkh Mxqnhuv MXPR NP; glvn ydoyh wrushgr hqjlqh/
vkrzq lqvlgh wkh vshflhg wrushgr lqwhuqdo gldphwhu1 Uhsurgxfhg iurp Kxqwhu
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41 Lqwurgxfwlrq 54
41715 Prghuq Ghyhorsphqwv lq Urwdu| Ydoyh Hqjlqhv

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lqyhvwphqwv ri prqh| dqg uhvrxufhv wr hyhq dwwhpsw ghyhorslqj d qhz hqjlqh whfk0
qrorj|1 Wklv kdv pdgh lw yhu| gl!fxow iru dq lqyhqwlyh lqglylgxdo wr shuirup hqjlqh
ghyhorsphqw zrun1 Hqjlqh ghyhorsphqw lv qrz doprvw hqwluho| grqh e| odujh frp0
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kdv surjuhvvhg wr frpphufldo uhohdvh1 D vhdufk ri wkh sdwhqw olwhudwxuh rq urwdu|
ydoyh hqjlqhv xqfryhuhg d qxpehu ri sdwhqwv/ iru lqvwdqfh d XV Sdwhqw orgjhg e|
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ydoyh hqjlqh uhvhdufk shuiruphg e| pdmru dxwrpreloh pdqxidfwxuhuv kdyh dovr ehhq
sxeolvkhg/ iru lqvwdqfh wkh Krqgd v|vwhp lv ghvfulehg e| Krjdq ^456`/ ru d v|vwhp
ghvljqhg zlwk wkh edfnlqj ri Plwvxelvkl e| Pxurnl hw do ^4<:`1
D qxpehu ri rwkhu frpsdqlhv kdyh wdnhq sdwhqwv lq urwdu| ydoyh whfkqrorj|/
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uhohdvh1 Wzr ghvljqv zklfk zloo eh dqdo|vhg lq pruh ghwdlo duh uvwo| wkh urwdu|
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d urwdu| ydoyh hqjlqh surmhfw fxuuhqwo| ehlqj ghyhorshg e| d up fdoohg Frdwhv
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ri zklfk wkh fxuuhqw zrun lv d sduw1
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whfkqlfdo ghyhorsphqw wkh ghwdlov ri wkh hqjlqh zhuh qhyhu uhohdvhg sxeolfo|/ krzhyhu
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41 Lqwurgxfwlrq 56
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1. Introduction 27
the engine designer freedom not possible in poppet valve engines. It oers an
opportunity to find engine performance which surpasses even the best poppet valve
engines of our time.
1.5 Outline of The Current Work

The aim of the current work is to analyse the aerodynamics of the BRV engine.
This will be performed through the use of computational models of the fluid flows
in the engine, using a technique called computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The
specific objectives of this work are 1) to develop a numerical model capable of
modelling a rotary valve internal combustion engine; 2) to validate the model as
being su!ciently accurate to be a design tool; 3) to use the results of the model
to provide insight into the aerodynamic processes of the engine; 4) to use the re-
sults of the model to analyse phenomena which are not possible or practical to
analyse by traditional experimental means; 5) to provide numerical simulation data
to complement experimental data to assist engine design; and 6) to perform “com-
putational experiments”, in which the performance of proposed engine designs are
tested computationally before any experimental work is performed.
In chapter 2 the mathematical models used for this work will be presented. These
mathematical models are solved using numerical techniques described in chapter 3.
Chapter 4 will then review the existing literature on computational modelling
of engine flows. Chapter 5 will validate the computational model through the use
of existing published validations, and a new validation of one-dimensional shock
wave flow to validate some aspects of the code relevant to modelling flows in engine
manifolds. Chapter 6 performs a detailed validation of the ability of the computa-
tional model to predict flows occurring in the intake and compression strokes of a
model square piston engine. The work presented in this chapter also uncovers some
fundamental behaviour of the flow during the compression stroke.
Chapters 7 and 8 will apply the validated computational model to the BRV en-
gine. Chapter 7 describes some preliminary work, which discovers that the funda-
mental flow process occurring in the BRV engine has not been previously described,
and has been called “dual cross tumble”. This chapter shows dual cross tumble
has the potential to be superior to the existing engine flow processes. Chapter 8
performs a parametric study of the dual cross tumble flow with a number of engine
design variables.
Finally, in chapter 9 the work is summarised and main conclusions reached.
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1.7
Homentropic model
1.6 Non-homentropic model
Experimental results
1.5
1.4
1.3
Pressure (bar)
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720
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dqg wkh ydoyh ehlqj prghoohg dv d glvn mxvw ehorz wkh lqohw pdqlirog sruw1 Wkh
prgho vkrzhg wuhqgv ri vzluo dqg wxpeoh udwlrv gxulqj wkh lqwdnh vwurnh/ exw dv wkh
jhrphwu| kdg wr eh gudvwlfdoo| vlpsolhg iurp wkdw ri d uhdo hqjlqh/ wkhlu uhvxowv
fdqqrw eh h{wudsrodwhg wr uhdolvwlf hqjlqh jhrphwulhv zlwk fhuwdlqw|1
Wkh zrun ri Jrvpdq hw do ^44:` lv dqrwkhu hduo| vwxg|1 Wkh jhrphwu| zdv d
vlpsoh d{lv|pphwulf ydoyh dqg f|olqghu/ zkhuh wkh ydoyh kdg d pdvn rq rqh vlgh
wr fuhdwh d wxpeoh rz hog1 Wkh| qrwh wkdw wkh dffxudf| ri wkhlu vlpxodwlrq zdv
dw ehvw prghudwh/ exw vx!flhqw dffxudf| h{lvwhg wr ghvfuleh wkh ixqgdphqwdo
surfhvvhv rffxuulqj gxulqj wxpeoh yruwh{ euhdn grzq1
Yhu| ihz uhvhdufkhuv ghyhors wkhlu rzq frghv wrgd|1 Frpphufldo frghv kdyh ehhq
ghyhorshg wkdw duh uhdvrqdeo| hdv| wr xvh/ frqwdlq doo ri wkh uhtxluhg vxe0prghov
dqg fdq eh txlwh dffxudwh1 Wkh nqrzohgjh uhtxluhg wr zulwh wkhvh frghv lv qrz
yhu| vshfldolvhg vnloo gxh wr wkh frpsolfdwhg qdwxuh ri wkh qxphulfdo dqg sk|vlfdo
prghoolqj uhtxluhg1 Wkh ghyhorsphqw ri d yldeoh frgh wdnhv pdq| |hduv1 Wkh xvh
ri d frpphufldo frgh doorzv wkh uhvhdufkhu wr dffhvv wklv kljk ohyho ri ghyhorsphqw
wr shuirup vlpxodwlrqv idu txlfnhu wkdq lv srvvleoh zkhq ghyhorslqj wkhlu rzq frgh1
Dq hduo| frgh xvhg wr prgho wudqvlhqw hqjlqh rzv zdv wkh FRQFKDV VSUD\
frgh ghyhorshg e| Orv Dodprv Qdwlrqdo Oderudwru|1 Wklv idplo| ri frghv zdv
ghyhorshg e| Dpvghq hw do ^4;`/ dqg lqfrusrudwhg prghov iru doo pdmru hqjlqh
ixqfwlrqv/ lqfoxglqj frpsuhvvleoh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo rz/ vsud| prghoolqj/ vshflhv
wudqvsruw/ pl{lqj dqg frpexvwlrq1 Wkh FRQFKDV VSUD\ frgh zdv xvhg e|
d qxpehu ri uhvhdufkhuv ^8:/ 5;4`/ dqg lw kdv qrz ehhq vxshuvhghg e| wkh NLYD
idplo| ri frghv1 NLYD lv qrz e| idu wkh prvw frpprqo| xvhg frgh lq hqjlqh
prghoolqj sxeolfdwlrqv/ dqg lv zhoo nqrzq iru hqjlqh prghoolqj1 Pdq| qhz ru
lpsuryhg sk|vlfv prghov lq wkh frgh kdyh ehhq sxeolvkhg ^549`1 H{dpsohv ri lwv
xvh duh h{whqvlyh ^57</ <7/ 467/ 49</ 497/ 564/ 4:7/ 499/ 74/ 536/ 553/ 579/ 63:/ 576/
575/ 44/ 594/ 469/ ;3/ ;9/ 458/ 4</ 57;/ 637/ 464/ 498/ 495`/ iurp orz vshhg Glhvho
hqjlqhv ^<7` wr kljk vshhg Irupxod Rqh hqjlqhv ^74`1 Uhfhqwo| wkh Orv Dodprv
Qdwlrqdo Oderudwrulhv jurxs dqqrxqfhg wkh ghyhorsphqw ri d qhz frgh/ FKDG/ wr
vxshuvhgh NLYD ^54;/ 45;/ 54:`1
Dq h{dpsoh ri wkh xvh ri wkh NLYD frgh rq kljk shuirupdqfh hqjlqhv lv suhvhqwhg
e| Eldqfkl hw do ^74`/ zkr shuiruphg vlpxodwlrqv rq d Irupxod Rqh hqjlqh f|olqghu1
Wkh sulpdu| sxusrvh ri wkh uhvhdufk zdv wr ghwhuplqh wkh hhfw ri eruh wr vwurnh
udwlr rq hqjlqh shuirupdqfh1 Wkh vlpxodwlrqv zhuh rqo| uxq iru wkh frpsuhvvlrq
vwurnh/ dqg xvhg lqlwldo frqglwlrqv dw lqohw ydoyh forvh iurp suhglfwlrqv ri wkh lqwdnh
vwurnh shuiruphg e| rwkhu uhvhdufkhuv/ dv vkrzq lq jxuh 7156e1 Rqo| kdoi wkh
+d,
+e,
Iljxuh 7156= Vlpxodwlrq ri Ihuudul Irupxod Rqh hqjlqh e| Eldqfkl hw do ^74`1 +d,
Frpsxwdwlrqdo julg> dqg +e, Lqlwldo rz hog dw LYF/ dw t ' D 441
Iljxuh 7157= Wkh gluhfw lqmhfwlrq vsdun ljqlwlrq hqjlqh vlpxodwhg e| Kdq hw do ^458`1
Julg lv vkrzq dw EGF/ dqg d volfh lv wdnhq wkurxjk dq lqohw ydoyh1
frpexvwlrq fkdpehu zdv prghoohg dv wkh jhrphwu| zdv v|pphwulfdo/ dv vkrzq lq

jxuh 7156d1 Wkh dffxudf| ri wklv dvvxpswlrq zdv qrw whvwhg1 Uhvxowv vkrzhg
uhdvrqdeoh djuhhphqw zlwk h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv1
D vwxg| dqdo|vlqj wkh hhfwv ri eruh wr vwurnh udwlr rq wkh EUY hqjlqh kdv ehhq
shuiruphg dv sduw ri wkh fxuuhqw zrun/ dqg zloo eh glvfxvvhg lq vhfwlrq ;191
NLYD kdv dovr ehhq xvhg wr prgho wkh lqwdnh vwurnh ri hqjlqhv1 Kdq hw do ^458`
vlpxodwhg d gluhfw lqmhfwlrq vsdun ljqlwlrq Ulfdugr uhvhdufk hqjlqh1 Sduw ri wkh phvk
xvhg lv vkrzq lq jxuh 71571 Djuhhphqw zlwk h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv zdv uhdvrqdeoh/
zlwk dq h{dpsoh ri wkh rzv suhglfwhg lq wklv zrun vkrzq lq jxuh 7158/ zkhuh wkh
rz hog dw EGF lv vkrzq1
D vhfrqg yhu| zlgho| xvhg frgh lq prghuq hqjlqh vlpxodwlrqv ghyhorshg iurp
wkh hduo| zrun dw Lpshuldo Froohjh e| Jrvpdq dqg klv froohdjxhv ^54/ 44:/ 447`1
Wkh hduo| xqqdphg frgh zdv xvhg e| d qxpehu ri rwkhu uhvhdufkhuv ^5:</ 5<:/ 5;;/
99/ 535`1 Wklv frgh wkhq ghyhorshg lqwr wkh Vwdu0FG frgh/ zklfk lv xvhg riwhq
lq prghuq hqjlqh vlpxodwlrqv ^448/ 4;4/ 484/ 66/ 94/ 7</ 74/ 478`1 Dq h{dpsoh
ri d vlpxodwlrq shuiruphg xvlqj wklv frgh lv suhvhqwhg e| Jrvpdq ^448`/ zkr gh0
vfulehv wkh vlpxodwlrq ri d Phufhghv0Ehq} P444 vsdun ljqlwlrq/ irxu ydoyh hqjlqh/
lqfoxglqj vxe0prghov ri ixho ehkdylrxu dqg frpexvwlrq1 Wkh prgho dfklhyhg yhu|
+d, +e,
Iljxuh 7158= Iorz hogv suhglfwhg e| Kdq hw do ^458` lq d gluhfw lqmhfwlrq vsdun
ljqlwlrq hqjlqh1 +d, Sodqh wkurxjk lqohw ydoyh dw EGF> dqg +e, Sodqh wkurxjk
f|olqghu v|pphwu| sodqh ehwzhhq lqohw ydoyhv dw EGF1
jrrg djuhhphqw zlwk h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv/ dq h{dpsoh lv vkrzq lq jxuhv 7159 dqg
715:1 D ixuwkhu ihdwxuh reylrxv iurp jxuh 7159d lv wkdw ylvxdolvdwlrq whfkqltxhv
kdyh dgydqfhg vljqlfdqwo|1 Wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo gdwd surgxfhg e| wkh vlpx0
odwlrqv fdq qrz eh ylhzhg dv d wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo gdwd vhw/ udwkhu wkdq phuho| dv
wzr0glphqvlrqdo volfhv1 Hhfwlyh ylvxdolvdwlrq lv d ylwdo/ dqg riwhq xqghuydoxhg frp0
srqhqw ri dq hhfwlyh FIG vlpxodwlrq1 Xqohvv wkh rz lv dghtxdwho| ylvxdolvhg lw
lv qrw srvvleoh wr xqghuvwdqg zkdw lv kdsshqlqj1 Wkh vwxg| suhvhqwhg e| Jrvpdq
^448` lv dq h{dpsoh ri wkh ghyhorsphqw ri ehwwhu vlpxodwlrq prghov/ dv zhoo dv ehwwhu
ylvxdolvdwlrq whfkqltxhv1
Rwkhu frpphufldo frghv zklfk kdyh ehhq xvhg iru hqjlqh prghoolqj lqfoxgh wkh
FI[ idplo| ri frghv1 FI[ kdv ehhq xvhg e| d vpdoo qxpehu ri uhvhdufkhuv lq
hqjlqh prghoolqj ^433/ 597/ 4;7`1 Wkh ILUH frgh ghyhorshg e| DYO0Olvw kdv dovr
ehhq xvhg ^;8/ 4:3/ 58;/ 473/ 5<4`/ Ioxhqw kdv dovr ehhq xvhg wr d vpdoo h{whqw ^4<:`
dqg wkh YHFWLV frgh ghyhorshg e| Ulfdugr lv xvhg rffdvlrqdoo| ^<8`1 Vrph hqjlqh
pdqxidfwxuhuv kdyh ghyhorshg wkhlu rzq lq0krxvh frghv/ vxfk dv wkh Q6V0Qdwxu frgh
ghyhorshg e| Uhqdxow ^63`/ FUXQFK e| Irug ^589` dqg HVS e| Jhqhudo Prwruv
^48</ 493`1
D frpprq phwkrg xvhg wr vlpsoli| vlpxodwlrqv lv wr rqo| prgho wkh frpexvwlrq
fkdpehu ri wkh hqjlqh1 Wklv dssurdfk vlpsolhv wkh jhrphwu| vxevwdqwldoo| dv
wkh pdqlirog dqg ydoyh jhrphwu| duh qr orqjhu uhtxluhg1 Wklv w|sh ri prgho lv
+d,
+e,
Iljxuh 7159= Vlpxodwlrq ri Phufhghv0Ehq} P444 irxu ydoyh vsdun ljqlwlrq hqjlqh/
uhsurgxfhg iurp Jrvpdq ^448`1 +d, Iorz ylvxdolvdwlrq gxulqj lqwdnh vwurnh> dqg
+e, Iodph sursdjdwlrq1
40
Experiment
35 CFD, coarse mesh
CFD, fine mesh
30
Cylinder Pressure, (bar)
25
20
15
10
0
600 720 840 960
CA (°)
Iljxuh 715:= F|olqghu suhvvxuh suhglfwhg iru wkh Phufhghv0Ehq} P444 irxu ydoyh
vsdun ljqlwlrq hqjlqh/ uhsurgxfhg iurp Jrvpdq ^448`1
+d, +e,
Iljxuh 715;= Wkh f|olqghu phvk xvhg e| Gdv dqg Ghqw ^;3`1 +d, Phvk furvv vhfwlrq/
+e, Phvk wkurxjk sodqh D0D1 Qrwh ydoyh prghoohg e| d wklq vxuidfh dqg d pdvn1
riwhq xvhg zkhq rqo| wkh frpsuhvvlrq dqg h{sdqvlrq vwurnhv duh vlpxodwhg/ vxfk dv
zkhq vlpxodwlqj ri frpexvwlrq ^4;/ 597/ ;8/ 499/ 536/ 553/ 579`/ wzr vwurnh hqjlqh
vfdyhqjlqj ^5;4/ 8:`/ vsdun ljqlwlrq gluhfw lqmhfwlrq ixho vsud| ehkdylrxu ^579`/ ru wr
vwxg| lq0f|olqghu rz/ vxfk dv vzluo ru wxpeoh ^5;</ 46</ 44:/ 54/ 5<:/ 99/ 5;;/ 5:</
575/ ;3`1
Wklv phwkrg kdv wkh glvdgydqwdjh wkdw wkh hhfw ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog pxvw eh
duwlfldoo| lpsrvhg1 Li wkh lqwdnh vwurnh lv prghoohg wkhq wkh ydoyhv fdq eh uhsodfhg
e| d rz ri d nqrzq gluhfwlrq ^5:</ 5;4/ ;8/ 5;</ 5;;`/ ru e| dvvxplqj wkh ydoyh wr
eh d glvn durxqg zklfk wkh lqohw rz sdvvhv ^579/ ;3/ 8:/ 99/ 54/ 44:/ 5;;/ 5;<`1 Li
wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh rqo| lv prghoohg/ dq lqlwldo rz pxvw eh dvvxphg/ xvxdoo|
qhdu lqohw ydoyh forvh ^5<:/ 536/ 553/ 499`1 Erwk ri wkhvh whfkqltxhv uhvxow lq dq
lqlwldo frqglwlrq ru lqohw ydoyh erxqgdu| frqglwlrq zklfk lv rqo| dq dssur{lpdwlrq
ri wkh wuxh lqohw rz/ dqg dffxudwh suhglfwlrqv fdqqrw eh h{shfwhg1 Wklv w|sh ri
dssurdfk lv xvhixo lq vwxg|lqj wkh edvlf qdwxuh ri lq0f|olqghu rz ^;3/ 5:</ 5;4/ 5<:`
ru wkh ixqgdphqwdo surfhvvhv ri frpexvwlrq ^499/ 536/ ;8`/ exw wkh uhvxowv fdqqrw
eh wudqvihuuhg wr d uhdo hqjlqh zlwk dq| fhuwdlqw|1
Dq h{dpsoh ri d vlpxodwlrq xvlqj wkh frpexvwlrq fkdpehu rqo| lv wkh zrun ri
Gdv dqg Ghqw ^;3`/ zkr dqdo|vhg wkh ehkdylrxu ri wxpeoh rz hogv gxulqj wkh
lqwdnh dqg frpsuhvvlrq vwurnhv1 Wkh phvk xvhg lq wklv vwxg| lv vkrzq lq jxuh
715;1 Wr uhsurgxfh wkh hhfwv ri wkh lqwdnh pdqlirogv wkh ydoyhv zhuh prghoohg
dv glvnv zlwk pdvnv wr fuhdwh wkh wxpeoh rz hog1 Gdv dqg Ghqw fodlp wkdw wkh
uhvxowv duh jhqhudoo| lq djuhhphqw zlwk h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv/ exw wklv frqfoxvlrq lv
gl!fxow wr mxvwli| dv wkh rqo| fruuhfwo| suhglfwhg uhvxow dsshduv wr eh wkh gluhfwlrq ri
urwdwlrq ri wkh wxpeoh yruwh{1 Qrqh ri wkh rwkhu vwuxfwxuhv vhhq rq wkh vlpxodwlrqv
dsshdu lq wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv1 Wklv odfn ri dffxudf| kljkoljkwv wkh sureohp lq
shuiruplqj vlpxodwlrqv xvlqj vlpsolhg lqohw pdqlirogv1

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ghu dqg lqwdnh pdqlirog jhrphwu|1 Wklv phwkrg lv vxlwdeoh iru prghoolqj wkh lqwdnh/
frpsuhvvlrq dqg h{sdqvlrq vwurnhv1 Prvw uhvhdufkhuv rqo| prgho wkh qdo vhfwlrq
ri wkh lqwdnh pdqlirog ehiruh wkh f|olqghu/ dvvxplqj wkh hqwu| erxqgdu| frqglwlrq
wr eh hlwkhu d frqvwdqw suhvvxuh ^66/ 93/ 458/ 5;:` ru d ydu|lqj suhvvxuh ghvfulehg
e| d rqh0glphqvlrqdo vlpxodwlrq ru h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv ^4</ ;9/ <8/ 4:7/ 564/ 58;`1
Qrqh ri wkhvh zrunv dsshdu wr kdyh kdg lqwhudfwlrq ehwzhhq wkh rqh0glphqvlrqdo
vlpxodwlrq dqg wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo vlpxodwlrq ri wkh ydoyh dqg f|olqghu uhjlrq/
vr wkdw wkh lqwhudfwlrq ehwzhhq wkh ydoyh uhjlrq ri wkh lqwdnh pdqlirog dqg wkh
uhvw ri wkh pdqlirog lv qrw fdswxuhg1 Prvw ri wklv uhvhdufk ghvfulehv vwxglhv ri
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^<8/ 4:7/ 564/ ;9/ 4</ 5;:/ 93/ 458/ 4<:/ 49</ 58;/ 66` zkhuh wkh kljkhvw vshhg prghoohg
lv fff hT41 Dw wkhvh orz hqjlqh vshhgv wkh zdyh hhfwv lq wkh lqwdnh pdqlirog duh
vpdoo/ ru dghtxdwho| suhglfwhg e| d suhghwhuplqhg suhvvxuh djdlqvw wlph ixqfwlrq1
D vhfrqg dssurdfk/ zklfk lv d ehwwhu phwkrg iru fdswxulqj wkh g|qdplf zdyh
hhfwv exw lv reylrxvo| pruh frpsxwdwlrqdoo| frvwo|/ lv wr prgho wkh hqwluh lqwdnh
pdqlirog iurp wkh wkurwwoh +lq d sduw0wkurwwoh vlpxodwlrq, ru wkh lqohw wuxpshw ru
sohqxp +lq d ixoo wkurwwoh vlpxodwlrq,1 Wklv doorzv wkh prgho wr fdswxuh wkh rz
lq wkh hqwluh lqohw pdqlirog/ wrjhwkhu zlwk doo lqwhudfwlrqv1 Wklv kdv wkh dgghg
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qrw vxhu iurp dq| ri wkh sureohpv hqfrxqwhuhg zlwk rqh0glphqvlrqdo prghoolqj
glvfxvvhg lq vhfwlrq 717141
D ihz uhvhdufkhuv prgho wkh hqwluh lqwdnh pdqlirog xvlqj lqfrpsuhvvleoh rz/ vr
wkdw wkh lqwdnh zdyh lv qrw uhvroyhg/ exw vhsdudwlrqv/ ixho ehkdylrxu dqg erxqgdu|
od|hu hhfwv duh uhvroyhg ^433/ <7`1 Prvw uhvhdufkhuv/ krzhyhu xvh d frpsuhvvleoh
irupxodwlrq ri wkh Qdylhu Vwrnhv htxdwlrqv vr wkdw doo lqohw pdqlirog ehkdylrxu fdq
eh uhvroyhg ^469/ 594/ 576/ 493/ 48</ 7</ 49</ 448/ 458/ 466`1 D qxpehu ri wkhvh
vwxglhv duh rq Glhvho hqjlqhv ^576/ 594/ 469`/ zkhuh wkh hqjlqh vshhg lv orz vr wkh
lqohw pdqlirog zdyh hhfwv zloo eh vpdoo1 Wkh khdwlqj dqg lqfuhdvh lq suhvvxuh ri
wkh fkdujh gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwrnh fdq rqo| eh prghoohg e| d frpsuhvvleoh
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frpsuhvvleoh Qdylhu Vwrnhv htxdwlrqv vr wkh vdph frgh fdq eh xvhg iru erwk lqwdnh
dqg frpsuhvvlrq vwurnhv1 Prvw vwxglhv ri vsdun ljqlwlrq hqjlqhv xvh wkh frpsuhvvleoh
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f|foh zhuh irxqg1 Rqh h{dpsoh lv wkh zrun ri Olverqd ^4;4`/ zkr suhvhqwv d ixoo
f|foh vlpxodwlrq ri d MWG 43Y hqjlqh ghyhorshg e| Ildw/ iru wkh Doid Urphr 489
dxwrpreloh1 Wkh| frpphqw wkdw wkh h{kdxvw sduw ri wkh vlpxodwlrq lv h{wuhpho|
gholfdwh/ ehfdxvh ri wkh odujh suhvvxuh dqg whpshudwxuh judglhqwv wkdw rffxu lq wkh
hduo| sduw ri wkh h{kdxvw vwurnh1 Dq h{dpsoh ri wkh rzv suhglfwhg lq wkh h{kdxvw
vwurnh lv vkrzq lq jxuh 715<1 Iljxuh 715<d vkrzv wkh hduo| h{kdxvw vwurnh/ zkhuh
wkh h{kdxvw jdv lv ehlqj gulyhq e| wkh kljk f|olqghu suhvvxuh1 Wkh suhvvxuh judglhqw
khuh lv odujh/ fdxvlqj kljk yhorflw| rz zlwk odujh vhsdudwlrqv1 Iljxuh 715<e vkrzv
wkh h{kdxvw rz odwhu lq wkh vwurnh/ zkhuh wkh rz lv ehlqj gulyhq e| wkh slvwrq
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wkh f|olqghu suhvvxuh duh suhvhqwhg dqg djuhh uhdvrqdeo| zhoo zlwk wkh vlpxodwlrqv/
krzhyhu qr h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv duh suhvhqwhg iru ydolgdwlrq ri wkh h{kdxvw vwurnh
rz1
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do ^589`1 Wkh sdshu lv suhvhqwhg dv d ghprqvwudwlrq ri wkh fdsdelolwlhv ri wkh frgh
udwkhu wkdq dv d vhulrxv vwxg| ri dq hqjlqh dqg wkxv wkh uhvxowv duh qrw h{dplqhg
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f|foh fdofxodwlrq zkhuh wkh vlpxodwlrq lv uxq iru d frpsohwh f|foh dqg wkh lqwdnh
vwurnh lv uhshdwhg wr dvvhvv zkhwkhu wkh fkdqjh lq lqlwldo frqglwlrqv iru wkh vhfrqg
vwurnh hhfwv uhvxowv1 Wkh| irxqg wkdw diwhu dq lqlwldo dgmxvwphqw skdvh ri durxqg
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lq0f|olqghu txdqwlwlhv vxfk dv suhvvxuh/ whpshudwxuh/ vzluo ru wxpeoh zhuh dw prvw
DI1 Wkh| gr qrw vwdwh krz wkh| shuiruphg wkh h{kdxvw vwurnh ru wkh vfdyhqjh sduwv
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wkdq sduwldo glhuhqwldo htxdwlrqv/ uhgxflqj wkh qxpehu ri htxdwlrqv prghoohg1
Wkh uhvxowv lq jxuh 815 vkrz wkdw doo wkuhh wxuexohqfh prghov uhvroyh wkh ryhudoo
wuhqgv ri wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv> krzhyhu/ qr prgho suhglfwv wkh h{shulphqwdo
uhvxowv suhflvho|1 Doo prghov suhglfw wkh yhorflw| zlwk uhdvrqdeoh dffxudf|/ zlwk
wkh UVP prgho ehlqj pdujlqdoo| ehwwhu wkdq wkh rwkhu prghov lq jxuh 815d1 Wkh
suhglfwlrqv ri wkh Uh|qrogv vwuhvv lq jxuh 815e duh jrrg iurp t ' f wr t '
ffS iru doo prghov> krzhyhu/ qr prgho suhglfwhg wkh wxuexohqfh gursslqj dv udslgo|
dv wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv vkrz eh|rqg t ' ffS1 Ryhudoo/ krzhyhu/ doo prghov
suhglfw wkh wxuexohqfh wuhqg uhdvrqdeo| zhoo/ zlwk wkh UVP dqg DVP prghov ehlqj
voljkwo| pruh dffxudwh wkdq wkh &0" prgho1
Ryhudoo/ wkh UVP prgho lv pdujlqdoo| pruh dffxudwh wkdq wkh &0" ru DVP prg0
hov lq suhglfwlqj wkh d{ldo yhorflw|/ dqg wkh DVP dqg UVP prghov suhglfwhg wkh
Uh|qrogv vwuhvv ehwwhu wkdq wkh &0" prgho zklfk vljqlfdqwo| xqghusuhglfwhg wkh
wxuexohqfh ohyho1 Doo prghov suhglfwhg wkh fruuhfw ryhudoo wuhqg iru wkh rz1 Wklv
ydolgdwlrq ghprqvwudwhv wkdw wkh &0" prgho/ UVP prgho dqg DVP prgho duh doo fd0
3 ASM
RSM
k-ε
2.5 Experiment
1.5
u (m/s)
0.5
-0.5
0 0.01 0.02
Y (mm)
+d,
0.3
ASM
RSM
0.25 k-ε
Experiment
0.2
uu (m2/s2)
0.15
_____
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.01 0.02
Y (mm)
+e,
Iljxuh 815= Frpsdulvrq ri suhglfwlrqv xvlqj ydulrxv wxuexohqfh prghov iru rz ryhu
d edfnvwhs dw +i ' DSD1 Dgdswhg iurp Fodunh dqg Zlonhv ^9;`/ dqg h{shulphqwdo
uhvxowv iurp Edwhv ^65`1 +d, D{ldo yhorflw| suroh/ orfdwhg lq wkh uhflufxodwlrq dw d
glvwdqfh kdoi wkh vwhs khljkw grzqvwuhdp ri wkh vwhs> dqg +e, Phdq vtxduh d{ldo
yhorflw| xfwxdwlrq suroh/ orfdwhg lq wkh uhflufxodwlrq dw d glvwdqfh kdoi wkh vwhs
khljkw grzqvwuhdp ri wkh vwhs1
sdeoh ri suhglfwlqj vlpsoh wxuexohqw vhsdudwhg rzv1 Lw dovr vkrzv wkdw wkh yhorflw|
frpsrqhqwv duh olnho| wr eh ehwwhu suhglfwhg wkdq wkh wxuexohqfh frpsrqhqwv1
81416 Glhuhqflqj Vfkhphv

Doghuwrq dqg Zlonhv ^4:` lqfoxghg d ydolgdwlrq ri wkh IORZ6G frgh +wkh iruhuxqqhu
ri wkh FI[ frgh,/ wr dvvhvv wkh hhfwv ri ydulrxv glhuhqflqj vfkhphv rq vroxwlrqv1
Wkh| whvwhg odplqdu rz ryhu d edfnzdugv idflqj vwhs dqg frpsduhg wkh uhvxowv
wr d sxeolvkhg dqg dffhswhg dffxudwh qlwh0hohphqw vroxwlrq1 Wkh| dovr whvwhg d
qxpehu ri rwkhu prghov/ exw wkh| glg qrw suhvhqw ehqfkpdun gdwd wr ydolgdwh wkh
uhvxowv dqg vr wkhvh prghov zloo qrw eh glvfxvvhg1
Wkh odplqdu rz ryhu d edfnzdugv idflqj vwhs zdv vlpxodwhg dw +i ' ff/ zlwk
d vwhs vl}h wr lqohw udwlr ri rqh1 Vlpxodwlrqv shuiruphg xvlqj ydulrxv glhuhqflqj
vfkhphv zhuh frpsduhg zlwk vroxwlrqv rewdlqhg iurp d suhylrxvo| sxeolvkhg qlwh0
hohphqw vlpxodwlrq1 Wkh h{dfw ghwdlov ri wkh jhrphwu| wkdw zdv prghoohg zhuh qrw
vshflhg1
Iljxuh 816d vkrzv d frpsdulvrq ri zdoo vkhdu vwuhvv diwhu wkh vwhs prghoohg e|
wkh ydulrxv glhuhqflqj vfkhphv/ dqg duh frpsduhg wr wkh qlwh0hohphqw vroxwlrq1
Doo qlwh glhuhqflqj vfkhphv vkrz h{fhoohqw dffxudf|/ zlwk doo ri wkhp suhglfwlqj
hvvhqwldoo| wkh vdph uhvxow/ zklfk djuhhv zlwk wkh qlwh0hohphqw uhvxowv1 Wkh rqo|
glhuhqflqj vfkhph zlwk d vljqlfdqw ghsduwxuh iurp wkh qlwh hohphqw uhvxowv lv
wkh k|eulg glhuhqflqj vfkhph lq wkh uhjlrq ri wkh uhflufxodwlrq + f DD,/ dqg
lq wkh hduo| vhfwlrq ri wkh uhdwwdfkphqw uhjlrq +DD f b,1
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vsolwwhu sodwh lv vkrzq lq jxuh 816e1 Khuh wzr vwuhdpv/ lqlwldoo| vhsdudwhg e| d wklq
dqqxodu zdoo sdudooho wr wkh rz/ duh doorzhg wr pl{1 Djdlq/ wkh irxu glhuhqflqj
vfkhphv whvwhg doo surgxfhg yhu| vlplodu uhvxowv1 Lw zdv qrwhg/ krzhyhu/ wkdw wkh
TXLFN glhuhqflqj vfkhph idlohg wr frqyhujh dv lw kdg d whqghqf| wr pdnh wkh
wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| qhjdwlyh dw wkh hqg ri wkh vsolwwhu sodwh/ zklfk lv qrw
sk|vlfdoo| srvvleoh1 Wklv lv d zhoo nqrzq sureohp zlwk wkh TXLFN glhuhqflqj
vfkhph/ dqg lv wkh uhdvrq zk| lw zdv qrw xvhg lq wkh hqjlqh vlpxodwlrqv lq wklv
zrun1
Doghuwrq dqg Zlonhv frqfoxgh wkdw wkh kljkhu0rughu glhuhqflqj vfkhphv dv0
vhvvhg +KXZ/ TXLFN/ FFFW/ FRQGLI, duh vxffhvvixoo| lpsohphqwhg lq FI[
dv vkrzq e| d udqjh ri ydolgdwlrq vwxglhv/ dqg wkdw iru jhqhudo xvh d kljkhu0rughu
glhuhqflqj vfkhph zloo dfklhyh pruh dffxudwh uhvxowv rq d jlyhq julg wkdq zloo d
vlpsohu orz0rughu glhuhqflqj vfkhph vxfk dv XSZLQG ru K\EULG1 Krzhyhu/ dq
0.008
0.006
0.004
X shear stress
0.002
-0.002
CCCT
Hybrid
-0.004 CONDIF
HUW
Quick
-0.006 Finite element results
-0.008
4 6 8 10 12
X (mm) +d,
30
CONDIF
Hybrid
HUW
CCCT
Turbulent energy (k) at X=415mm
25
20
15
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Distance (mm) +e,
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vwuhvv rq wkh vwhsshg zdoo iru edfnzdugv idflqj vwhs rz/ +i ' ff> dqg +e,
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gl!fxow wr frqyhujh/ ru pd| jlyh qrq0sk|vlfdo vroxwlrqv1
81417 Prylqj Julgv

Kdznlqv dqg Zlonhv ^45:` ghvfulehv wkh ghyhorsphqw dqg ydolgdwlrq ri wkh prylqj
julg fdsdelolw| ri wkh IORZ6G frgh1 Irxu vlpsoh ydolgdwlrq vwxglhv/ dqg wzr pruh
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Wkh vlpsoh ydolgdwlrq vwxglhv whvwhg zkhwkhu wkh prylqj julg fdxvhg vsxulrxv
pryhphqw lq wkh xlg/ dqg zkhwkhu lw frxog uhsurgxfh vlpsoh dqdo|wlfdo uhvxowv/
vxfk dv dgldedwlf frpsuhvvlrq1 Wkh wzr hqjlqh0olnh jhrphwulhv wkdw zhuh whvwhg
zhuh pruh ri d ghprqvwudwlrq ri zkdw fdq eh grqh zlwk wkh frgh udwkhu wkdq d
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gdwd1
Wkh uvw vlpsoh ydolgdwlrq whvw zdv shuiruphg wr dvvhvv zkhwkhu wkh julg prwlrq
fdxvhg vsxulrxv xlg prwlrq1 D vtxduh uhjlrq zlwk dq ruwkrjrqdo phvk dqg }hur
lqlwldo yhorflw| dqg suhvvxuh yduldwlrq kdg lwv phvk glvwruwhg/ zklovw nhhslqj lwv
rxwvlgh erxqgdulhv xqfkdqjhg1 Vlqfh wkh rxwvlgh erxqgdu| grhv qrw pryh/ wklv
whvw vkrxog uhvxow lq }hur rz diwhu wkh julg prwlrq1 Zkhq wklv whvw zdv shuiruphg
zlwk dq lqfrpsuhvvleoh xlg/ wkh vlpxodwlrq jdyh h{dfwo| }hur yhorflw| ryhu wkh
hqwluh grpdlq1 Zkhq uhshdwhg zlwk d frpsuhvvleoh xlg/ yhorflwlhv ri wkh rughu ri
f3e 4t3 zhuh fuhdwhg1 Wklv huuru lv ri wkh vdph rughu dv wkh pdfklqh urxqglqj
huuru/ dqg dw ohdvw whq rughuv ri pdjqlwxgh ohvv wkdq wkh julg prwlrq yhorflwlhv/ vr
lw zdv frqfoxghg julg prwlrq glg qrw fdxvh vljqlfdqw vsxulrxv xlg prwlrq1
Wkh vhfrqg whvw zdv d wudqvodwlqj/ uljlg er{ frqwdlqlqj dq lqfrpsuhvvleoh xlg1
Khuh wkh xlg vkrxog pryh dw wkh yhorflw| ri wkh wudqvodwlrq1 Wkh rz frqyhujhg
xqlirupo| wr wkh yhorflw| ri wkh er{ zlwklq 53 lwhudwlrqv1
Wkh wklug whvw zdv vlplodu wr wkh vhfrqg/ krzhyhu wklv wlph wkh lqfrpsuhvvleoh
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frqyhujhg wr wkh yhorflw| ri wkh slvwrq zlwklq 53 lwhudwlrqv1
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wr durxqg I e| xvlqj 69 wlph vwhsv ri fD t +ru f ,1
Wkh uvw ri wkh pruh frpsolfdwhg dqg uhdolvwlf ydolgdwlrqv ri wkh wudqvlhqw julg
Iljxuh 817= Wkh julg xvhg dqg yhorflw| yhfwruv suhglfwhg lq wkh prgho ri dq d{lv|p0
phwulf Glhvho hqjlqh f|olqghu dw WGF/ iurp Kdznlqv dqg Zlonhv ^45:`1
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qru jdv h{fkdqjh surfhvvhv zhuh prghoohg1 Wkh eruh prghoohg zdv ff 44/ wkh
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zlwk d vrolg erg| vzluo prwlrq ri pdjqlwxgh 7- ' 2 lq wkh f|olqghu1
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wxuexohqfh duh vhhq wr eh dvvrfldwhg zlwk wkh hqg ri wkh vtxlvk }rqh qhdu wkh rshq
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Squish zone
12 End of squish zone
Top of bowl
Bottom of bowl
10
8
k (m s )
2 -2
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
O
CA ( )
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vwurnh vlpxodwlrq dw ydulrxv srlqwv1 Dgdswhg iurp Kdznlqv dqg Zlonhv ^45:`1
+d,
+e,
+f,
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81418 Jhqhudo Ehqfkpdunv

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vroxwlrqv1
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rz sureohpv=
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sureohpv1
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81419 Dhurirlo Prghoolqj

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ri pdjqlwxgh wkhq rvfloodwhg voljkwo| durxqg d phdq ydoxh derxw hyhu| 93 lwhud0
wlrqv1 Zkhq wkh ixoo wudqvlhqw prgho zdv shuiruphg/ lw zdv irxqg wkdw wkh rz
rvfloodwhg voljkwo| lq d pdqqhu w|slfdo ri eox erglhv1 Dq h{dpsoh ri dq rvfloodwlqj
rz vlpxodwhg e| Gdwh dqg Wxuqrfn lv vkrzq lq jxuh 81:1
Li wkh lwhudwlrq0dyhudjhg ydoxh ri wkh vwhdg|0vwdwh vlpxodwlrq zdv frpsduhg wr
wkh wlph0dyhudjhg ydoxh ri wkh ixoo wudqvlhqw vlpxodwlrq/ wkh| irxqg wkdw wkh wzr
prghov suhglfwhg yhu| vlplodu uhvxowv/ dv vkrzq lq jxuh 81;1 Iljxuh 81; vkrzv wkdw
wkh rqo| vljqlfdqw glhuhqfh ehwzhhq wkh dyhudjhg vwhdg|0vwdwh vlpxodwlrq dqg wkh
ixoo wudqvlhqw vlpxodwlrq lv d vpdoo glhuhqfh lq wkh oliw frh!flhqw dw kljk dqjohv
ri dwwdfn1 Wkh uhvxowv duh dovr lq uhdvrqdeoh djuhhphqw zlwk wkh odvhu Grssohu
Iljxuh 81:= Lqvwdqwdqhrxv vwuhdpolqhv ri d eI Jxuqh| ds dhurirlo dw }hur dqjoh ri

dwwdfn/ iurp Gdwh dqg Wxuqrfn ^;4`1
dqhprphwu| uhvxowv ri Mhuh| ^486`1

D wlph vwhs vl}h vwxg| rq wkh wudqvlhqw uhvxowv irxqg wkdw wkh yruwh{ vkhgglqj
ehkdylrxu zdv dffxudwho| fdswxuhg dv orqj dv wkh FIO qxpehu uhpdlqhg ehorz irxu1
Wklv uhvxow vkrzv wkdw FI[ lv fdsdeoh ri suhglfwlqj frpsoh{ pxowl0glphqvlrqdo
h{whuqdo rzv1 Wkh &0" wxuexohqfh prgho xvhg zdv fhuwdlqo| d pdmru olplwdwlrq rq
wkh dffxudf| ri wkh vlpxodwlrq gxh wr lwv zhoo nqrzq vkruwfrplqjv/ krzhyhu wkh
uhdvrqdeoh dffxudf| ri wkh uhvxowv suhglfwhg lv hqfrxudjlqj1
8141: Wxuexohqw Erxqgdu| Od|hu

Gdwh dqg Wxuqrfn xvhg FI[0716 wr prgho vnlq iulfwlrq rq d dw sodwh ^;5`1 D zlgh
udqjh ri Uh|qrogv qxpehuv zdv whvwhg iurp . fe wr D fb 1 D wzr0glphqvlrqdo
grpdlq zdv prghoohg zlwk wkh lqfrpsuhvvleoh Qdylhu Vwrnhv htxdwlrqv1 Uhvxowv
xvlqj odplqdu htxdwlrqv/ wkh &0" wxuexohqfh prgho dqg UQJ wxuexohqfh prgho zhuh
frpsduhg1
Dq h{whqvlyh ydolgdwlrq ri wkh prgho e| whvwlqj pdq| glhuhqw phvk ghqvlw|
Periodic time-averaged C D
2.5 Quasi-steady C L 1.2
Jeffrey C L
Periodic time-averaged C D 1.1
2 Quasi-steady C D
Jeffrey C D 1
1.5
0.9
1
0.8
0.5 0.7
CD
CL
0 0.6
-0.5 0.5
0.4
-1
0.3
-1.5
0.2
-2 0.1
-2.5 0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
α (°)
Iljxuh 81;= Wlph dyhudjhg u dqg ( yhuvxv dqjoh ri dwwdfn +k, iru d QDFD
3345 dhurirlo zlwk d eI Jxuqh| ds1 Frpsdulvrq ri qxphulfdo vlpxodwlrqv xvlqj
wudqvlhqw dqg vwhdg| vwdwh prghov djdlqvw h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv1 Iurp Gdwh dqg
Wxuqrfn ^;4`1
sdudphwhuv zdv shuiruphg/ dqg erxqgdu| frqglwlrq lqghshqghqw vroxwlrqv uhdfkhg1

Sdudphwhuv dqdo|vhg lqfoxghg wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh lqohw/ rxwohw dqg wrs erxqgdu|
frqglwlrq/ julg ghqvlw| dfurvv dqg dorqj wkh rz dqg wkh dgyhfwlrq glhuhqflqj
vfkhph1 Lw zdv irxqg wkdw wkh + n ri wkh uvw qrgh lqwr wkh grpdlq rq wkh sodwh
glg qrw kdyh d vljqlfdqw hhfw rq wkh uhvxowv/ dv orqj dv lw zdv zlwklq wkh udqjh
f +n Dff1 Wklv lv lq djuhhphqw zlwk wkh frpphqwv pdgh derxw wkh olplwdwlrqv
ri zdoo ixqfwlrqv lq vhfwlrq 616151
Dv vkrzq lq jxuh 81</ wkh vnlq iulfwlrq suhglfwhg e| wkh wxuexohqw vlpxodwlrqv
iru wkh kljk Uh|qrogv uhjlrq ri +i : 2 fS zdv yhu| forvh wr wkdw suhglfwhg e| wkh
hpslulfdo fruuhodwlrqv ri Vfkrhqkhuu dqg LWWF +4<8:, dqg wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv
ri Iurxgh1 Lq wklv kljk Uh|qrogv qxpehu uhjlrq wkh rz lv kljko| wxuexohqw/ vr wkh
wxuexohqfh prghov fdq vxffhvvixoo| prgho wkh sk|vlfv ri wklv w|sh ri rz1
Iljxuh 81< dovr vkrzv wkdw wkh djuhhphqw ri wkh qxphulfdo vlpxodwlrqv zlwk
Iurxgh*v h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv ghwhulrudwhg iru wkh udqjh ri DfD +i 2fS 1 Lq
wklv uhjlrq wkh odplqdu wr wxuexohqw wudqvlwlrq sod|v d fulwlfdo uroh lq ghwhuplqlqj wkh
wrwdo vnlq iulfwlrq/ dqg wkh vwdqgdug &0" ru UQJ wxuexohqfh prghov fdqqrw fdswxuh
wkh sk|vlfv ri wudqvlwlrqdo rz1 Lw lv lqwhuhvwlqj wr qrwh wkdw wkh Vfkrhqkhuu dqg
LWWF +4<8:, gdwd dovr frpsduhv srruo| zlwk wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv ri Iurxgh1
Wklv lv vxusulvlqj dv wkhvh hpslulfdo fruuhodwlrqv duh uhjxoduo| xvhg lq vnlq iulfwlrq
fdofxodwlrqv lq vkls ghvljq1
Lw lv olnho| wkdw wkh odplqdu vlpxodwlrqv zhuh dffxudwh iru +i D fD / exw
dv Iurxgh suhvhqwhg qr h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv iru wklv uhjlrq qr frqfoxvlrqv fdq eh
gudzq1 Wklv orz Uh|qrogv qxpehu uhjlrq lv qrw dssolfdeoh wr vkls ghvljq/ dqg vr
zdv qrw vwxglhg lqwhqvlyho|1
Wklv vwxg| vkrzv dqrwkhu olplwdwlrq ri wkh &0" wxuexohqfh prgho/ lq wkdw lw fdq0
qrw dffxudwho| prgho wudqvlwlrqdo rzv1 Krzhyhu/ wkh &0" prgho fdq |lhog dffxudwh
uhvxowv zkhq wkh rz lv zhoo lqwr wkh wxuexohqw uhjlrq1 Dgglwlrqdoo|/ wkh lpsruwdqfh
ri xvlqj vxlwdeoh ydoxhv ri +n zdv ghprqvwudwhg1
8141; Vlpxodwlrq ri Frpsoh{ H{whuqdo Iorzv

D ghpdqglqj whvw ri xlg vlpxodwlrqv dqg wxuexohqfh prghov lv wkh suhglfwlrq ri
wxuexohqw h{whuqdo rzv/ vxfk dv dxwrpreloh h{whuqdo dhurg|qdplfv1 Wkh rz ryhu
d vlpsolhg vhgdq yhklfoh jhrphwu| prylqj dw 2H 4t3 zdv prghoohg e| Vkdz dqg
Vlpfr{ ^584` dv sduw ri wkh ghyhorsphqw ri d FIG prghoolqj fdsdelolw| iru h{whuqdo
rzv iru wkh Mdjxdu dxwrpreloh frpsdq|1 Wkh jhrphwu| prghoohg lv vkrzq lq jxuh
8143d1 Wklv zdv prghoohg xvlqj wzr julg ghqvlwlhv/ eb2HS dqg bSDef/ dqg
0.1
CFX 1ft (0.305m) : K-e CFX 16ft (4.88m) : K-e

CFX 50ft (15.24m) : K-e CFX 500ft (152.4m) : K-e
CFX 1000ft (304.8m) : K-e CFX 1ft (0.305m) : Laminar
CFX 50ft (15.24m) : Laminar Froude's Data 1ft-50ft
Schoenherr ITTC 1957
0.01
S k in F r ic tio n C o eff ic ie n t C F
0.001
0.0001
1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.00E+07 1.00E+08 1.00E+09 1.00E+10
Reynolds Number Re
Iljxuh 81<= Vnlq iulfwlrq frh!flhqw yhuvxv Uh|qrogv Qxpehu iru ydulrxv qxphulfdo
prghov dqg h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv1 Dgdswhg iurp Gdwh dqg Wxuqrfn ^;5`1
+d,
96x54x30 grid
1 49x28x16 grid
Experimental
0.5
-0.5
Cp
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
0 1 2 3 4
X (m) +e,
Iljxuh 8143= Vlpxodwlrqv ri d vlpsolhg yhklfoh jhrphwu| prghoohg e| Vkdz dqg
Vlpfr{ ^584`1 +d, Julg ri yhklfoh jhrphwu| prghoohg1 Furvv vhfwlrq vkrzq lv wkh
fhqwudo v|pphwu| sodqh> dqg +e, Suhvvxuh frh!flhqw suhglfwhg dqg h{shulphqwdo
uhvxowv1 Uhvxowv vkrzq iru wkh xsshu vxuidfh ri wkh yhklfoh fhqwuholqh1
Fdvh Wrwdo ( Iurqw ( Uhdu (

Frduvh Julg fD. f f2fe
Ilqh Julg fb f2H fD
H{shulphqwdo fDS ffff fDS
Wdeoh 817= H{shulphqwdo dqg suhglfwhg gudj frh!flhqwv iurp Vkdz dqg Vlpfr{
^584`1
frpsduhg wr h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv1 Wkh| uhsruw wkdw prvw rz ihdwxuhv/ vxfk dv wkh
vhsdudwlrqv dw wkh edvh ri wkh yhklfoh dqg dw wkh wrs ri wkh uhdu vfuhhq zhuh suhglfwhg
e| erwk julgv1 D wklug vpdoohu vhsdudwlrq dw wkh edvh ri wkh iurqw zlqgvfuhhq zdv
qrw suhglfwhg e| hlwkhu julg1 Iljxuh 8143e vkrzv wkh suhvvxuh suhglfwhg dorqj wkh
fhqwuh olqh/ vkrzlqj jrrg djuhhphqw iru erwk julgv djdlqvw wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv/
zlwk wkh qhu julg kdylqj dgglwlrqdo dffxudf| lq uhjlrqv ri suhvvxuh vslnhv dw wkh
iurqw ri wkh yhklfoh dqg wkh wrs ri wkh zlqgvfuhhq1
Wkh dffxudf| ri suhglfwlrqv zkhq gudj frh!flhqwv duh fdofxodwhg ryhu wkh iurqw/
uhdu dqg hqwluh yhklfoh vkrz d orzhu ohyho ri dffxudf|1 Wdeoh 817 vkrzv wkh frpsdu0
lvrq1 Wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv duh edvhg rq dq dssur{lpdwh whfkqltxh wkdw ghulyhv
wrwdo gudj frh!flhqw iurp vxuidfh suhvvxuh phdvxuhphqwv udwkhu wkdq wrwdo irufh
phdvxuhphqwv1 Wkxv wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv lq wdeoh 817 duh olnho| wr kdyh vlj0
qlfdqw huuruwkh ydoxh ri ffff iru wkh gudj frh!flhqw iru wkh iurqw vhfwlrq ri
wkh fdu lq sduwlfxodu orrnv grxewixo1 Wklv huuru lq h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv phdqv qr
frqfoxvlrqv derxw wkh dffxudf| ri wkh vlpxodwhg gudj frh!flhqwv fdq eh pdgh1
Lw lv fohdu lq wdeoh 817 wkdw julg frqyhujhqfh kdv qrw |hw ehhq dfklhyhg dv vlj0
qlfdqw yduldwlrqv lq wkh gudj frh!flhqwv rffxu ehwzhhq wkh wzr phvkhv1 Wklv lv
ghvslwh wkh fhqwuh olqh suhvvxuh +jxuh 8143e, ehlqj vlplodu iru erwk phvkhv1
Vkdz dqg Vlpfr{ vkrz wkdw FI[ lv deoh wr suhglfw frpsoh{ wxuexohqw h{whu0
qdo vhsdudwhg rzv1 Wkh vxuidfh suhvvxuh zdv suhglfwhg txlwh dffxudwho|/ exw wkh
suhglfwlrq ri wrwdo gudj irufh zdv srru1 D qhu julg surgxfhg pruh dffxudwh uh0
vxowv/ exw lw lv olnho| d idu qhu phvk djdlq lv uhtxluhg ehiruh julg frqyhujhqfh fdq
eh dfklhyhg1 Wklv ghprqvwudwhv wkh qhhg iru dssursuldwh phvk vl}h iru dffxudwh
vlpxodwlrqv1
815 Rqh0Glphqvlrqdo Vkrfn Wxeh

Lq wklv vhfwlrq d ydolgdwlrq vwxg| lv shuiruphg zklfk irfxvvhv rq wkh delolw| ri wkh
FI[ frgh wr prgho wkh rqh0glphqvlrqdo sursdjdwlrq ri qrq0olqhdu suhvvxuh zdyhv1
Wklv kdv ehhq shuiruphg wr dvvhvv zkhwkhu FI[ fdq dffxudwho| fdswxuh wkh suhvvxuh
Iljxuh 8144= Jhrphwu| xvhg iru rqh0glphqvlrqdo vkrfn wxeh1
zdyhv zklfk rffxu lq wkh pdqlirogv ri dq lqwhuqdo frpexvwlrq hqjlqh1

Wklv lv wkh uvw wlph wklv ydolgdwlrq kdv ehhq shuiruphg rq FI[ wr wkh fxuuhqw
dxwkru*v nqrzohgjh1
81514 Ghvfulswlrq
Wkh rqh0glphqvlrqdo vkrfn wxeh sureohp lv riwhq xvhg dv d whvw iru frpsuhvvleoh
xlg rz prghoolqj1 Lw kdv ehhq h{whqvlyho| xvhg dv d whvw iru rqh0 dqg pxowl0
glphqvlrqdo hqjlqh pdqlirog vlpxodwlrq frghv ^55;/ 547`/ dqg pdq| rwkhu wudqvlhqw
frpsuhvvleoh rz vlpxodwlrqv ^48:/ 4:4/ 4:5/ 53;/ 53</ 477/ 476`1
Wkh frqjxudwlrq lv vkrzq lq jxuh 81441 Lw lv d orqj/ wklq yroxph oohg zlwk
d frpsuhvvleoh jdv1 Wkh vhfwlrq lv lqlwldoo| glylghg lqwr wzr vxevhfwlrqv e| d gl0
dskudjp/ zlwk wkh jdv lq wkh wzr vxevhfwlrqv dw glhuhqw vwdwhv1 Wkh gldskudjp lv
dw f ' f/ dqg lq wkh ohiw kdqg vlgh ri wkh wxeh/ f f/ wkh lqlwldo vwdwh ri wkh jdv
lv ghqhg dv suhvvxuh/ R dqg whpshudwxuh/ A 1 Iru wkh uljkw kdqg vlgh/ f : f/ wkh
lqlwldo vwdwh ri wkh jdv lv ghqhg dv suhvvxuh/ Re dqg whpshudwxuh/ Ae 1
Dw wlph | ' f wkh gldskudjp lv lqvwdqwdqhrxvo| uhpryhg dqg wkh jdvhv vwduw wr
lqwhudfw1 Lw lv dvvxphg wkdw wkh uhvxowlqj rz lv rqh0glphqvlrqdo dqg wkdw wkh xlg
lv lqylvflg dqg qrq0frqgxfwlyh1 D frpsuhvvlrq zdyh lv jhqhudwhg dw wkh lqwhuidfh
dqg sursdjdwhv dv d vkrfn zdyh lqwr wkh orz suhvvxuh jdv1 D uduhidfwlrq zdyh lv dovr
jhqhudwhg/ dqg sursdjdwhv wkurxjk wkh kljk suhvvxuh jdv1 Diwhu wkh frpsuhvvlrq
zdyh kdv sdvvhg wkurxjk wkh orz suhvvxuh jdv dqg wkh uduhidfwlrq zdyh kdv sdvvhg
wkurxjk wkh kljk suhvvxuh jdv/ wkh jdvhv qhdu wkh ruljlqdo orfdwlrq ri wkh gldskudjp
duh dw wkh vdph suhvvxuh +wkdw lv/ R2 ' R ,> krzhyhu/ wkh wzr uhjlrqv ri jdv duh
Iljxuh 8145= Gldjudp lqglfdwlqj wkh ydulrxv jdv vwdwhv lq wkh vkrfn wxeh diwhu d
shulrg ri wlph kdv sdvvhg1 Wkh irxu pdlq jdv vwdwhv duh vkrzq1
jhqhudoo| qrw dw wkh vdph whpshudwxuh +wkdw lv/ A2 9' A ,1 Wklv whpshudwxuh lqwhuidfh
lv fdoohg wkh frqwdfw vxuidfh1 Iljxuh 8145 vkrzv wkh vwdwh ri wkh ydulrxv jdv uhjlrqv/
dqg jxuh 8146 vkrzv wkh w|slfdo jdv vwdwh fkdqjhv zklfk rffxu1
Wkh hqgv ri wkh grpdlq +fpd{ c fplq , duh dvvxphg wr eh idu dzd|/ vr qr hqg
hhfwv ru uh hfwlrqv rffxu1
Wkh glvfrqwlqxlwlhv rffxuulqj dw wkh vkrfn dqg frqwdfw vxuidfh suhvhqw d vhyhuh
whvw ri wkh glvfuhwlvdwlrq vfkhph1 Dgglwlrqdoo|/ wkh lqylvflg/ qrq0frqgxfwlyh fdvh
kdv dq dqdo|wlfdo vroxwlrq1 Wkhvh ihdwxuhv pdnh wkh vkrfn wxeh vlpxodwlrq dq h{fho0
ohqw whvw ri wudqvlhqw frpsuhvvleoh rz vlpxodwlrqv/ dqg lw kdv ehfrph d vwdqgdug
ydolgdwlrq fdvh1
81515 H{dfw Vroxwlrq

Wkh h{dfw vroxwlrq/ dgdswhg iurp Olhspdqq dqg Urvknr ^4:<`/ iru wkh suhvvxuh diwhu
wkh vkrfn lv jlyhq e|
! " 3 32
R2
- E @@e R .
Re R2 -
+ K
.
, ' f/ +814,
R2
2 2 n E n R
zklfk pxvw eh vroyhg iru R2 1 Lq htxdwlrq 814/ lv wkh udwlr ri vshflf khdwv +wdnhq
s
dv ' e khuh,/ dqg @ dqg @e duh dfrxvwlf yhorflwlhv ghwhuplqhg iurp @ ' -A 1
Qrwh wkdw R2 ' R / dv wkh srvw0vkrfn dqg srvw0uduhidfwlrq suhvvxuhv duh htxdo1
Shock Contact Rarefaction

wave surface wave
p4
Pressure
p2 , p3
p1
v1, v4 =0 vhead
Velocity
vshock
vtail
v2 , v3
ρ4
Density
ρ3
vCS
ρ2
ρ1
0
Length, X (m)
Iljxuh 8146= Uhsuhvhqwdwlrq ri vkrfn wxeh diwhu vrph wlph kdv hodsvhg1 Lq wklv
h{dpsoh/ d vkrfn zdyh +ohiw vlgh, sursdjdwhv wr wkh ohiw dw yhorflw| vkrfn > wkh frqwdfw
vxuidfh +fhqwuh, sursdjdwhv ohiw dw yhorflw| FV ' 2 ' > dqg wkh uduhidfwlrq zdyh
+uljkw vlgh, sursdjdwhv zlwk wkh yhorflw| dw wkh khdg ri wkh zdyh dw khdg / dqg lwv
wudlolqj srlqw sursdjdwhv dw wdlo 1
Htxdwlrq 814 fdq eh vroyhg iru R2 e| d qxpehu ri phwkrgv/ d vlpsoh kdoylqj wkh
lqwhuydo ru elvhfwlrq phwkrg ^43:` zdv xvhg khuh1
Diwhu wkh srvw vkrfn suhvvxuh kdv ehhq ghwhuplqhg/ wkh rwkhu sduwv ri wkh h{dfw
vroxwlrq duh hdvlo| irxqg1 Wkh srvw0vkrfn xlg yhorflw|/ zklfk lv dovr wkh yhorflw|
ri wkh frqwdfw vxuidfh/ 2 ' ' FV lv
23
2@ R2
2 ' ' 1 +815,
Re
Lw iroorzv wkdw wkh srvw0uduhidfwlrq ghqvlw|/ 4 lv

R
4 ' 4e / +816,
Re
dqg wkh srvw0vkrfn ghqvlw|/ 42 / lv ghwhuplqhg iurp

R2 n 3
n

R
42 ' 4 3 1 +817,
R n n R2
Wkh yhorflw| ri wkh vkrfn/ vkrfn / lv

2
vkrfn ' +818,
44
2
dqg wkh yhorflw| ri wkh wdlo ri wkh uduhidfwlrq/ wdlo / lv

wdlo ' @2 1 +819,
3
n
Lq wkh qdo vroxwlrq/ wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh vkrfn/ fvkrfn / lv ghwhuplqhg e| fvkrfn '
vkrfn |1 Wkh xlg wr wkh ohiw ri wkh vkrfn lv dw vwdwh 4 / A dqg R / dqg kdv yhorflw|
' f1
Wkh xlg ehwzhhq wkh vkrfn dqg wkh frqwdfw vxuidfh lv dw vwdwh 42 / A2 dqg R2 /
dqg kdv yhorflw| 2 1 Wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh frqwdfw vxuidfh/ fFV / lv ghwhuplqhg e|
fFV ' 2 |1
Wkh xlg ehwzhhq wkh frqwdfw vxuidfh dqg wkh wdlo ri wkh uduhidfwlrq lv dw vwdwh
4 / A dqg R / dqg kdv yhorflw| 1 Wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh wdlo ri wkh uduhidfwlrq/ fwdlo /
lv ghwhuplqhg e| fwdlo ' wdlo |1
Wkh xlg eh|rqg wkh khdg ri wkh uduhidfwlrq lv dw vwdwh 4e / Ae dqg Re / dqg kdv
yhorflw| e ' f1 Wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh khdg ri wkh uduhidfwlrq/ fkhdg / lv ghwhuplqhg
e| fkhdg ' @e |1
Wkh rqo| sduw ri wkh vroxwlrq zklfk uhpdlqv wr eh ghwhuplqhg lv wkdw zklfk
h{lvwv lqvlgh wkh uduhidfwlrq zdyh1 Iru dq| f lqvlgh wkh uduhidfwlrq zdyh +fwdlo :
f : fkhdg ,/ wkh ghqvlw| dw fdq eh hydoxdwhg e|
32
f
4 Ef ' 4e n / +81:,
n @e | n
wkh suhvvxuh e|
23
f
R Ef ' Re n / +81;,
n @e | n
dqg wkh yhorflw| e|

f
Ef ' n @e 1 +81<,
n |
Wkh h{dfw vroxwlrq iru dq| f ru | fdq qrz eh ghwhuplqhg1
81516 Qxphulfdo Prghoolqj

Lq wkh frqjxudwlrq prghoohg khuh wkh lqlwldo frqglwlrqv duh R ' ff !@/ A '
2HH k dqg Re ' 2ff !@/ Ae ' 2HH k1 Wkh jdv lv dlu/ dqg lv dvvxphg wr eh dq lghdo
jdv zlwk surshuwlhv wdnhq dw 2HH k/ zlwk qhjoljleo| vpdoo ylvfrvlw| dqg wkhupdo
frqgxfwlrq frh!flhqwv1 Wkh vlpxodwlrq zdv uxq iru f3 t diwhu wkh uhprydo ri wkh
gldskudjp1 Wkh ohqjwk ri wkh uhjlrq prghoohg lv 4/ fkrvhq vr wkdw qr zdyh fdq
uhdfk wkh hqg ri wkh grpdlq lq wkh vlpxodwlrq wlph/ vr qr hqg uh hfwlrqv wdnh sodfh1
Wkh Ydq Ohhu WYG glhuhqflqj vfkhph zdv xvhg rq wkh prphqwxp dqg hqwkdos|
htxdwlrqv/ dqg whpsrudo glhuhqflqj zdv shuiruphg xvlqj vhfrqg rughu txdgudwlf
glhuhqflqj1 Wkh ghidxow VLPSOHF dojrulwkp zdv xvhg dv wkh vroxwlrq whfkqltxh1
Wkh xqghu uhod{dwlrq idfwruv xvhg zhuh f iru wkh yhorflw|/ ghqvlw|/ whpshudwxuh
dqg hqwkdos| htxdwlrqv> dqg fb zdv xvhg iru wkh suhvvxuh htxdwlrq1
FI[ fdqqrw prgho }hur ylvfrvlw| ru }hur frh!flhqw ri frqgxfwlylw| xlgv dv wkhvh
ohdg wr glylgh e| }hur huuruv dqg fdxvh wkh vroyhu wr fudvk1 D prohfxodu ylvfrvlw|
ri > ' f f3H @ t dqg wkhupdo frqgxfwlylw| ri b ' f f3H ` 43 k3 zhuh
xvhg lqvwhdg1 Lw zloo eh vkrzq lq vhfwlrq 81518 wkdw wkhvh ydoxhv surgxfh uhvxowv
zklfk duh hhfwlyho| lqylvflg dqg qrq0frqgxfwlyh1
Wkh uhvxow ri wkh vlpxodwlrq lv vkrzq lq jxuh 81471 Wkh h{dfw vroxwlrq lv dovr
vkrzq iru frpsdulvrq1 Wkh vlpxodwlrq xvhg 733 htxdoo| vsdfhg qrghv/ dqg 733 wlph
vwhsv ri 2D f3S t +htxlydohqw wr d pd{lpxp FIO qxpehu ri feS,1 Wkh hhfw ri
wkh qxpehu ri qrghv dqg wkh wlph vwhs vl}h duh glvfxvvhg lq vhfwlrq 815191
2.5
2
D e nsity (kg/m )
3
1.5
1
-0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5
Le ngth (m ) +d,
200000
180000
160000
P re ssure (P a )
140000
120000
100000
80000
-0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5
Le ngth (m ) +e,
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
V e locity (m /s)
-50
-60
-70
-80
400 nodes
-90 Exact
-100
-110
-0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5
Le ngth (m ) +f,
Iljxuh 8147= Ghqvlw|/ suhvvxuh dqg yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv iurp rqh0glphqvlrqdo vkrfn
wxeh vlpxodwlrq/ zlwk frpsdulvrq wr h{dfw vroxwlrq dw f3 t1 +d, Ghqvlw|> +e,
Suhvvxuh> dqg +f, Yhorflw|1
Wkh vlpxodwhg uhvxowv suhglfw wkh h{dfw vroxwlrq zlwk yhu| jrrg dffxudf|1 Wkh
srvw0vkrfn dqg srvw0uduhidfwlrq jdv vwdwhv duh suhglfwhg h{wuhpho| dffxudwho|1 Wkh
srvw0vkrfn ghqvlw|/ yhorflw| dqg suhvvxuh duh suhglfwhg zlwk dq huuru ri fffbI/
fffbI dqg fffI uhvshfwlyho|1
Wkh prvw reylrxv ghsduwxuh iurp wkh h{dfw vroxwlrq rffxuv qhdu wkh vkrfn/ dqg
wr d ohvvhu h{whqw wkh uduhidfwlrq/ zkhuh wkh vlpxodwhg uhvxow fdqqrw uhsurgxfh wkh
yhu| vwhhs judglhqwv/ ohdglqj wr dq ryhuvkrrw1 Wkhuh lv dovr d vpdoohu ghsduwxuh iurp
wkh h{dfw vroxwlrq dw wkh frqwdfw vxuidfh1 Hyhq wkrxjk ryhuvkrrwv ri durxqg fI
rffxu qhdu wkh vkrfn/ wkh ghqvlw|/ yhorflw| dqg suhvvxuh diwhu wkh vkrfn duh suhglfwhg
zlwk dv olwwoh dv fffbI/ fffbI dqg fffI huuru uhvshfwlyho|1 Wkhvh ryhuvkrrwv ru
zljjohv fdq eh vhhq diwhu wkh vkrfn dqg/ wr d ohvvhu h{whqw/ diwhu wkh uduhidfwlrq
zdyh1 Wkh ryhuvkrrwv duh gxh wr wkh vhfrqg rughu wlph glvfuhwlvdwlrq vfkhph fdxvlqj
ryhuvkrrwv dqg xqghuvkrrwv dv lw dwwhpswv wr prgho wkh glvfrqwlqxlwlhv1
Wkh fdxvh iru wkh zljjohv lv ghvfulehg lq vhfwlrq 61518 iru wkh dgyhfwlrq whupv/
dqg wkh vdph frqfhsw dssolhv khuh zkhq xvlqj vhfrqg rughu glhuhqflqj iru wkh
whpsrudo whup1 Wkh hhfw ri phvk ghqvlw|/ wlph vwhs vl}h dqg qxphulfdo vfkhph
zloo eh ixuwkhu dqdo|vhg lq wkh iroorzlqj vhfwlrqv1
81517 Ryhuvkrrwv dqg Vkrfn Uhvroxwlrq

Wkh hhfw ri wkh phvk rq wkh zljjohv zdv whvwhg e| uxqqlqj wkh vlpxodwlrq gh0
wdlohg deryh/ exw zlwk d udqjh ri phvk ghqvlwlhv1 Phvkhv frqvlvwlqj ri 433/ 533/
733 dqg ;33 qrghv zhuh xvhg1 Wkh uhvxowv ryhu wkh pdmrulw| ri wkh grpdlq zhuh
hvvhqwldoo| wkh vdph dv kdv ehhq ghwdlohg lq vhfwlrq 81516/ iru lqvwdqfh wkh srvw0vkrfn
suhvvxuh zdv suhglfwhg zlwk d zruvw fdvh huuru ri ff2I1
Wkh rqo| vljqlfdqw glhuhqfhv ehwzhhq phvkhv rffxuuhg qhdu wkh vkrfn1 D
pdjqlhg ylhz ri suhglfwlrqv qhdu wkh vkrfn lv vkrzq lq jxuh 81481 Lw vkrzv wkdw
wkh shdn ri wkh ryhuvkrrw kdv d vlplodu pdjqlwxgh iru doo phvk ghqvlwlhv dw durxqg
eH !@ ru durxqg 2fI ri wkh suhvvxuh glhuhqfh dfurvv wkh vkrfn1 Lw dovr vkrzv
wkdw doo wkh phvkhv uhtxluhg durxqg irxu qrghv wr uhvroyh wkh vkrfn/ vr wkh judglhqw
ri wkh wkh glvfrqwlqxlw| suhglfwhg lv gluhfwo| sursruwlrqdo wr phvk ghqvlw|1 Wkxv wkh
vl}h ri wkh ryhuvkrrw lq wkh zljjohv lv odujho| lqghshqghqw ri phvk ghqvlw|1 Krz
vkduso| wkh vkrfn lv uhvroyhg dqg wkh glvwdqfh uhtxluhg ehiruh wkh vlpxodwlrq vhwwohv
grzq wr wkh fruuhfw srvw0vkrfn ydoxh lpsuryhv lq sursruwlrq wr phvk ghqvlw|1
Wkh vkrfn srvlwlrq lv ghqhg dv wkh orfdwlrq zkhuh wkh vlpxodwlrq suhglfwv kdoi
zd| ehwzhhq wkh dqdo|wlfdo suh0 dqg srvw0vkrfn vwdwhv/ khuh fdoohg wkh DfI srlqw1
Lq jhqhudo/ wklv srlqw rffxuv ehwzhhq qrgh srlqwv vr olqhdu lqwhusrodwlrq lv xvhg wr
150000
140000
130000
P re ssure (P a )
120000
110000 100 nodes

200 nodes
400 nodes
800 nodes
100000 Exact
90000
-0.45 -0.4 -0.35 -0.3
Le ngth (m )
Iljxuh 8148= Ghwdlo ri suhvvxuh qhdu wkh vkrfn iurp wkh rqh0glphqvlrqdo vkrfn wxeh
vlpxodwlrq1
Vkrfn Frqwdfw Vxuidfh Uduhidfwlrq Zdyh
f Huuru f Huuru f Huuru
H{dfw fbe ffHe f2b2
433 qrghv fHb I ffHeH f.I f2HS 2fI
533 qrghv fb f.I ffHe. fSI f2Hb fI
733 qrghv fb fI ffHeS fDI f2b feI
;33 qrghv fbe f2I ffHeD feI f2b2 f2I
Wdeoh 818= Srvlwlrq ri wkh vkrfn zdyh/ frqwdfw vxuidfh dqg uduhidfwlrq zdyh iru ydul0
rxv phvk ghqvlwlhv/ lq frpsdulvrq wr dqdo|wlfdo vroxwlrq1 Wkh huuruv duh qrupdolvhg
djdlqvw dqdo|wlfdo vroxwlrq1
ghwhuplqh wkh orfdwlrq ehwzhhq qrghv1 Vlploduo|/ wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh frqwdfw vxuidfh
dqg uduhidfwlrq zdyh fdq eh fdofxodwhg/ dqg duh vkrzq iru wkh ydulrxv phvkhv lq
wdeoh 8181
Wdeoh 818 vkrzv wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh vkrfn/ frqwdfw vxuidfh dqg uduhidfwlrq zdyh lv
suhglfwhg zlwk h{fhoohqw dffxudf|/ zlwk wkh 433 qrgh vroxwlrq dfklhylqj dffxudf| ri
ehwwhu wkdq 2I/ dqg wkh ;33 qrgh vroxwlrq dfklhylqj dffxudf| ri ehwwhu wkdq feI1
Wklv vkrzv wkdw wkh dffxudf| ri wkh suhglfwhg srvlwlrq ri wkh vkrfn zdyh/ frqwdfw
vxuidfh dqg uduhidfwlrq zdyh zdv yhu| jrrg/ dqg lpsuryhg zlwk phvk uhqhphqw1
Uxq + @ t, + ` 43 k3 , Pd{1 Glhuhqfh ( Glhuhqfh

4 f f3H f f3H
5 f f3H 2D f3 2
b f3D
fff2
6 .HH f3D f f3H f3D ffff.
7 .HH f3D 2D f32 b f3D fff2
Wdeoh 819= Frpelqdwlrqv ri ylvfrvlw| dqg wkhupdo frqgxfwlylw| whvwhg lq wkh rqh0
glphqvlrqdo vkrfn wxeh1
81518 Lqylvflg dqg Qrq0Frqgxfwlyh Dvvxpswlrqv

Dv vwdwhg lq vhfwlrq 81516/ ydoxhv ri > ' f3H @ t dqg b ' f3H ` 43 k3 zhuh
xvhg iru wkh prohfxodu ylvfrvlw| dqg wkhupdo frqgxfwlylw| frh!flhqw uhvshfwlyho|1
Wr dvvhvv wkh vhqvlwlylw| ri wkh uhvxowv wr > dqg b/ d vhulhv ri rwkhuzlvh lghqwlfdo
vlpxodwlrqv zhuh shuiruphg/ xvlqj wkh frpelqdwlrqv ri > dqg b ydoxhv olvwhg lq wdeoh
8191 Wkh ydoxhv ri > ' .HH f3D @ t dqg b ' 2D f32 ` 43 k3 zhuh
fkrvhq dv wkh| duh w|slfdo ydoxhv ri dlu dw 2HH k/ dqg dssur{lpdwho| f dqg fS
wlphv odujhu uhvshfwlyho| wkdq wkh rwkhu ydoxh xvhg1
Wkh uhvxowv duh vkrzq lq wdeoh 8191 Pd{lpxp Glhuhqfh lv wkh juhdwhvw gli0
ihuhqfh lq ghqvlw| dw dq| qrgh ehwzhhq wkdw uxq dqg uxq 41 ( Glhuhqfh lv wkh
pd{lpxp glhuhqfh h{suhvvhg dv d shufhqwdjh ri wkdw iurp uxq 41 Wkh odujhvw glhu0
hqfh vhhq lv fff2I/ dq lqvljqlfdqw yduldwlrq/ hyhq wkrxjk wkh ydoxhv ri ylvfrvlw|
dqg wkhupdo frqgxfwlylw| fkdqjhg pdq| rughuv ri pdjqlwxgh1 Wklv phdqv xvlqj
> ' b ' f3H lv dssursuldwh iru wkh uhvxowv wr uhsuhvhqw d xlg zklfk lv lqylvflg dqg
qrq0frqgxfwlyh1
81519 Wlph Vwhs Vl}h

Wkh Frxudqw0Iulhgulfkv0Ohz| +FIO, vwdelolw| fulwhulrq iru d frpsuhvvleoh jdv lv
E@ n mm {|
FIO ' / +8143,
{f
zkhuh @ lv wkh orfdo dfrxvwlf yhorflw|/ lv wkh xlg yhorflw| lq wkh f gluhfwlrq/ {|
lv wkh vlpxodwlrq wlph vwhs dqg {f lv wkh qrgh vsdflqj lq wkh f gluhfwlrq1 Wklv
lv wkh ixqgdphqwdo vwdelolw| fulwhulrq iru wlph vwhs vl}h lq vlpxodwlrqv ri kljk Pdfk
qxpehu rzv ^<</ 56:/ <9`1
Wkh hhfw ri ydulrxv wlph vwhs vl}hv zdv whvwhg rq d vlpxodwlrq zlwk 733 qrghv/
dqg wkh suhvvxuh suhglfwhg iurp wkhvh vlpxodwlrqv lv vkrzq lq jxuh 81491 Wkh
suhglfwlrqv duh yluwxdoo| lghqwlfdo ryhu wkh hqwluh grpdlq h{fhsw qhdu wkh ryhuvkrrw
dw wkh wrs ri wkh vkrfn1 D pdjqlhg ylhz ri wkh vkrfn ryhuvkrrw lv vkrzq lq jxuh
8149e1 Wkh vpdoohu wlph vwhs vlpxodwlrqv fdswxuh wkh vkrfn iudfwlrqdoo| pruh vkduso|
wkdq wkh odujhu wlph vwhs vlpxodwlrqv/ exw wkh vl}h ri wkh ryhuvkrrw uhpdlqv derxw
wkh vdph1 Wkh vlpxodwlrq zdv irxqg wr glyhujh li wlph vwhsv odujhu wkdq FIO ' fS2
zhuh xvhg1 Lw iroorzv wkdw pdlqwdlqlqj FIO ' fD zdv wkh ehvw frpsurplvh ehwzhhq
vlpxodwlrq dffxudf| dqg vlpxodwlrq vshhg1
8151: Rwkhu Qxphulfdo Vfkhphv

Lw lv srvvleoh wr xvh rwkhu qxphulfdo vfkhphv wr uhgxfh wkh zljjohv qhdu wkh vkrfn1
Vrph h{dpsohv ri wkh hhfwv ri wkhvh vfkhphv duh vkrzq lq jxuh 814:1 Khuh wkh
uhvxowv rewdlqhg iurp wkh qxphulfdo phwkrg rxwolqhg deryh duh frpsduhg wr wkh
uhvxowv xvlqj olqhdu wlph glhuhqflqj/ dqg d ixuwkhu yduldwlrq lq zklfk olqhdu wlph
glhuhqflqj dqg d qxpehu ri kljk0vshhg frpsuhvvleoh rz rswlrqv kdyh ehhq xvhg1
Wklv rswlplvhg vlpxodwlrq pdnhv xvh ri d qxpehu ri kljk0vshhg frpsuhvvleoh
rz rswlrqv dydlodeoh lq FI[0716/ qdpho| d prglhg Uklh0Fkrz dojrulwkp xvlqj
kduprqlf dyhudjlqj/ d prglhg suhvvxuh fruuhfwlrq vxlwdeoh iru kljk Pdfk qxpehu
rzv zklfk lqfoxghv d ghqvlw| fruuhfwlrq/ olqhdu wlph vwhsslqj dqg vpdoohu wlph
vwhsv dw FIO ' f21 Ixuwkhu ghwdlov derxw wklv vfkhph fdq eh irxqg lq wkh FI[
xvhu pdqxdo ^46`1 Doo wkuhh vlpxodwlrqv xvh 733 qrghv1
Vlpso| uhsodflqj wkh vhfrqg rughu txdgudwlf wlph glhuhqflqj zlwk uvw rughu
olqhdu wlph glhuhqflqj lv vhhq wr holplqdwh wkh ryhuvkrrwv/ exw wkh vkrfn lv qrw
fdswxuhg dv vkduso|1 Wkh rswlplvhg vlpxodwlrq uhvroyhv wkh vkrfn doprvw dv vkduso|
dv wkh txdgudwlf wlph vwhsslqj/ exw kdv rqo| yhu| vpdoo ryhuvkrrwv1 Wkh rswlplvhg
vlpxodwlrq lv wkh ehvw frpsurplvh ehwzhhq uhgxflqj ryhuvkrrw vl}h dqg vkdus uhvr0
oxwlrq ri wkh vkrfn1
Li uhvroylqj vkrfnv zdv wkh sulpdu| dlp iru wklv zrun wklv rswlplvhg vfkhph
zrxog eh wkh ehvw rqh wr xvh1 Krzhyhu/ lw zdv irxqg wkdw wkh rswlplvhg vfkhph
glg qrw shuirup zhoo lq wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo lqwhuqdo frpexvwlrq hqjlqh rzv1 Lq
hqjlqh rzv wkh xlg lv riwhq dw orz Pdfk qxpehuv/ dqg lv vwurqjo| lq xhqfhg e|
wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo hhfwv dqg wxuexohqfh1 Kljk Pdfk qxpehu hhfwv vxfk dv vkrfnv
h{lvw rqo| iru d vpdoo iudfwlrq ri wkh hqjlqh f|foh1 Lw zdv irxqg wkdw wkh rswlplvhg
vfkhph olplwhg wlph vwhs vl}h wr durxqg FIO ' fD lq hqjlqh vlpxodwlrqv/ zkhuhdv
wkh vfkhph ghvfulehg lq fkdswhu 6 zdv qrw frqvwudlqhg e| d pd{lpxp FIO fulwhulrq
ydoxh1 Wkh vfkhph ghvfulehg lq fkdswhu 6 zdv irxqg wr eh vwdeoh dqg dffxudwh dw
yhu| odujh wlph vwhsv/ xs wr FIO ' Df1
Wkxv wkh txdgudwlf wlph glhuhqflqj vfkhph zdv xvhg iru LF hqjlqh prghoolqj
dv lw lv wkh ehvw frpsurplvh dv lw fdq uhvroyh vkrfnv uhdvrqdeo| zhoo/ zklovw xvlqj
200000
175000
Pressure (Pa)
150000
125000 Max. CFL=0.12

Max. CFL=0.23
Max. CFL=0.46
Max. CFL=0.53
100000
Max. CFL=0.62
-0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5

Length (m)
+d,
150000
140000
Pressure (Pa)
130000
120000
110000
100000
-0.4 -0.38 -0.36

Length (m)
+e,
Iljxuh 8149= Uhvxowv ri wkh rqh0glphqvlrqdo vkrfn wxeh vlpxodwlrq xvlqj ydulrxv
wlph vwhs vl}hv1 +d, Ixoo hog> dqg +e, Pdjqlfdwlrq ri wkh uhjlrq durxqg wkh
vkrfn zdyh1
150000
140000
130000
P re ssu re (P a )
120000
110000 Optimised
Linear time differencing
Quadratic time differencing
Exact
100000
90000
-0.45 -0.4 -0.35 -0.3
L e ngth (m )
Iljxuh 814:= Ghwdlo ri suhvvxuh qhdu wkh vkrfn iru olqhdu wlph glhuhqflqj/ txdgudwlf
wlph glhuhqflqj dqg dq rswlplvhg vfkhph iru wkh rqh0glphqvlrqdo vkrfn wxeh vlp0
xodwlrq1
d wlph vwhs xs wr 433 wlphv odujhu wkdq wkdw doorzhg zlwk wkh rswlplvhg dojrulwkp
lq hqjlqh vlpxodwlrqv1
816 Glvfxvvlrq
Wkh ydolgdwlrqv glvfxvvhg lq wklv fkdswhu vkrz wkh dffxudf| ri wkh FI[ frgh lq d
qxpehu ri w|shv ri rz1 Iorz ryhu d edfnzdugv idflqj vwhs lv d vwdqgdug ehqfkpdun
ydolgdwlrq iru rzv lqyroylqj vhsdudwlrqv dqg uhdwwdfkphqwv1 Lw lv glvfxvvhg lq
vhfwlrqv 81414 dqg 81415/ zkhuh FI[ lv irxqg wr suhglfw wklv rz lq erwk odplqdu
dqg wxuexohqw uhjlphv1 Wkh wudqvlhqw julg vhfwlrq ri wkh frgh lv dvvhvvhg lq vhfwlrq
81417/ dqg irxqg wr dffxudwho| suhglfw vlpsoh ydolgdwlrq h{huflvhv1 Xqiruwxqdwho| wkh
dxwkruv glg qrw dwwhpsw wr ydolgdwh wkhlu LF hqjlqh vlpxodwlrqv/ vr qr frqfoxvlrqv
fdq eh gudzq derxw lwv dffxudf| lq pruh frpsolfdwhg wudqvlhqw julg rzv1 Wkh hhfw
ri ydulrxv glhuhqflqj vfkhphv rq uhvxowv +vhfwlrq 81416, vkrzv orz rughu glhuhqflqj
vfkhphv fdq fdxvh lqdffxudwh uhvxowv1 Kljkhu rughu vfkhphv duh pruh dffxudwh/ exw
fdq fdxvh erxqghgqhvv sureohpv1
Wkh delolw| ri FI[ wr vlpxodwh vlpsoh wxuexohqw rzv lv dvvhvvhg lq vhfwlrq 8141:
e| vwxg|lqj suhglfwlrqv ri d wxuexohqw erxqgdu| od|hu1 Pruh frpsolfdwhg wxuexohqw
rzv duh dvvhvvhg lq vhfwlrqv 81419 dqg 8141;/ dqg irxqg wr vkrz jrrg dffxudf|1 Wkh
lpsruwdqfh ri dghtxdwh julg uhvroxwlrq wr suhglfw wkh rz vwuxfwxuh lv vkrzq wr eh
ylwdo lq wkhvh rzv1

Ilqdoo|/ d ydolgdwlrq lv shuiruphg e| wkh fxuuhqw dxwkru xvlqj wkh rqh0glphqvlrqdo
vkrfn wxeh sureohp1 Wklv lv d vwdqgdug ehqfkpdun ydolgdwlrq h{huflvh iru frpsuhvv0
leoh wudqvlhqw rzv/ |hw wr wkh dxwkru*v nqrzohgjh wklv lv wkh uvw wlph wklv ydolgdwlrq
kdv ehhq shuiruphg rq wkh FI[ frgh1 Wkh frgh lv irxqg wr yhu| dffxudwho| prgho
wkh srvw0vkrfn dqg srvw0uduhidfwlrq jdv vwdwh yhu| dffxudwho|/ zlwk huuruv ohvv wkdq
ff2I1 Wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh vkrfn zdyh/ frqwdfw vxuidfh dqg uduhidfwlrq zdyh zhuh
dovr yhu| dffxudwho| suhglfwhg/ wr dq dffxudf| ri feI ru ehwwhu e| wkh ;33 qrgh
vlpxodwlrq1
Wkh frgh grhv/ krzhyhu/ suhglfw vljqlfdqw zljjohv dw wkh vkrfn/ frqwdfw vxu0
idfh dqg uduhidfwlrq zdyh glvfrqwlqxlwlhv1 Lw lv srvvleoh wr uhgxfh wkh zljjohv e|
xvlqj d qxphulfdo vfkhph pruh vxlwhg wr vkrfn zdyh rzv/ krzhyhu wklv vfkhph lv
xqvxlwdeoh iru prghoolqj jhqhudo hqjlqh rzv1
Wkh rzv irxqg lq hqjlqhv duh wxuexohqw/ frpsuhvvleoh/ wudqvlhqw/ dqg kdyh
pdq| vhsdudwlrqv1 Wkhvh ydolgdwlrqv vkrz wkh FI[ frgh wr dffxudwho| prgho wkhvh
rz skhqrphqd1 Krzhyhu/ wkh frgh kdv qrw |hw ehhq gluhfwo| dvvhvvhg iru wkh
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vwurnh ri dq hqjlqh1 Wr wkh fxuuhqw dxwkru*v nqrzohgjh/ wklv lv wkh uvw frpsdulvrq
wr eh shuiruphg lq vxfk ghwdlo1
915 Ghvfulswlrq
91514 Jhrphwu|
Wkh jhrphwu| ehlqj vwxglhg lv d vtxduh slvwrq prgho hqjlqh/ vkrzq lq jxuh 91<1
Wkh vtxduh slvwrq duudqjhphqw zdv ghyhorshg e| wkh LPIW uhvhdufkhuv dv lw doorzv
hdv| rswlfdo dffhvv iru h{shulphqwdo revhuydwlrqv ri xlg yhorflwlhv1
Iruwxqdwho|/ wkh uhfwlolqhdu jhrphwu| dovr frqvlghudeo| vlpsolhv wkh qxphulfdo
prgho uhtxluhg1 Wklv lv gxh wr wkh ruwkrjrqdo qdwxuh ri wkh grpdlq/ zklfk phdqv d
erg| wwhg julg wudqvirupdwlrq lv qrw uhtxluhg1 Wkh ruwkrjrqdo julg yhuvlrq ri wkh
qxphulfdo frgh lv frqvlghudeo| vlpsohu dqg idvwhu1
Wkh glphqvlrqv ri wkh ~ plg sodqh ri wkh jhrphwu| xvhg e| Pduf hw do ^4;;/
4;:/ 79/ 4;<` lv vkrzq lq jxuh 91431 Wkh glphqvlrqv lq wkh ~ gluhfwlrq duh qrw
vkrzq iru fodulw|/ krzhyhu wkh f|olqghu uhjlrq h{whqgv ff 44 lq wkh ~ gluhfwlrq/
dqg wkh lqwdnh fkdqqho h{whqgv bS 44 lq wkh ~ gluhfwlrq1
Wkh vlpxodwlrqv suhvhqwhg khuh zhuh shuiruphg xvlqj wzr frpsuhvvlrq udwlrv
91 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh Wxpeoh Yruwh{ Euhdngrzq 4:3
Iljxuh 91<= Jhrphwu| xvhg e| LPIW uhvhdufkhuv/ iurp Eruìh hw do ^79`1
100 (at BDC)
20 (at TDC)
Piston Face
100
150
Y
Inlet
(0,0)
10
4
Iljxuh 9143= Glphqvlrqv ri wkh jhrphwu| lq wkh ~ plg sodqh iurp Pduf hw do
^4;;/ 4;:/ 79/ 4;<`1 Jhrphwu| vkrzq iru .7 ' D1
Iljxuh 9144= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq t ~ sodqh +f ' bf 44,/ dw EGF iurp Pduf hw do
^4;;`1
+.7,/ ehlqj .7 ' e wr pdwfk wkh uhvxowv suhvhqwhg lq Pdxuho hw do ^4;<`/ dqg
.7 ' f wr pdwfk wkh uhvxowv suhvhqwhg lq Pduf ^4;:`1
91515 Glphqvlrqdolw|
Lq wkh hduo| zrun ri Pduf hw do ^4;;`/ wkh ohyho ri wzr0glphqvlrqdo rz zdv lqyhvwl0
jdwhg1 Wkh| suhvhqwhg wkh ylvxdolvdwlrq vkrzq lq jxuh 9144/ zklfk vkrzv yhorflw|
yhfwruv lq wkh t ~ +furvv wxpeoh/ vhh jxuh 91<, sodqh dw EGF1 Dv wkh ylvxdolvdwlrq
vkrzhg qr vljqlfdqw rzv lq wkh ~ gluhfwlrq/ lw zdv dvvxphg wkh rz zdv wzr0
glphqvlrqdo lq wkh ft sodqh1 Dgglwlrqdoo|/ dv wkh zlgwk wr khljkw udwlr xvhg iru wkh
lqwdnh fkdqqho lv bS 44 wr f 44/ ru d udwlr ri bS/ Pduf hw do vxjjhvwhg wkdw wkh lq0
wdnh rz zdv wzr0glphqvlrqdo ryhu wkh fhqwudo HfI ri wkh fkdqqho zlgwk1 Wkh| wkhq
vxssrvhg wkdw wkh fhqwudo vhfwlrq ri wkh rz frxog eh dvvxphg dv wzr0glphqvlrqdo
rz/ dqg dqdo|vhg wkh rz rq wklv edvlv1
Wklv dvvxpswlrq wkdw wkh rz lv wzr0glphqvlrqdo lv d gudpdwlf vlpsolfdwlrq
iru erwk wkh h{shulphqwdo dqg qxphulfdo prghov1 Wkh uhpdlqghu ri wkh zrun ri
Pduf hw do ^4;;`/ dqg wkh sxeolfdwlrq e| wkh fxuuhqw dxwkru edvhg rq lw ^475`/ wkhq
dqdo|vhg wkh rz rq wklv edvlv1
Wkh odwhu zrunv e| Pduf ^4;:`/ Eruìh hw do ^79` dqg Pdxuho hw do ^4;<` irxqg wkdw
Iljxuh 9145= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq t ~ sodqh dw S / iurp Pduf ^4;:`1
wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo rz glvfryhuhg lq wkhlu hduolhu zrun e| Pduf hw do ^4;;` zdv

rqo| wuxh iru d vpdoo vhfwlrq ri wkh rz qhdu EGF/ dqg qrw uhsuhvhqwdwlyh ri wkh
rz lq jhqhudo1 Erwk wkh lqwdnh dqg frpsuhvvlrq vwurnhv jhqhudwhg frqvlghudeoh
wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo rzv zklfk zhuh qrw revhuyhg lq wkhlu hduolhu zrun/ dv fdq eh
vhhq lq jxuh 9145/ d iudph iurp hduo| lq wkh lqwdnh vwurnh1 Pdq| wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo
rz vwuxfwxuhv fdq eh vhhq1 Wkh fxuuhqw dxwkru kdv dovr irxqg qxphulfdoo| wkdw
wkh rz ghsduwv vljqlfdqwo| iurp wzr0glphqvlrqdo ehkdylrxu1
Lw lv fohdu wkdw wkh rz frqwdlqv odujh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo vwuxfwxuhv/ dqg fdqqrw
eh dghtxdwho| ghvfulehg e| d wzr0glphqvlrqdo rz1 Iru frpsohwhqhvv/ erwk wzr0
dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo vlpxodwlrqv zloo eh suhvhqwhg lq wkh iroorzlqj dqdo|vlv1
91516 Rwkhu Qxphulfdo Idfwruv

Wkh ixoo| frpsuhvvleoh Qdylhu Vwrnhv htxdwlrqv/ dv vshflhg lq vhfwlrq 515 zhuh xvhg
wr ghvfuleh wkh rz1 Wkh Ydq Ohhu glhuhqflqj vfkhph zdv xvhg rq wkh prphqwxp/
hqwkdos| dqg wxuexohqfh htxdwlrqv/ dv vshflhg lq vhfwlrq 615161 Fhqwudo glhuhqflqj
zdv xvhg rq wkh suhvvxuh fruuhfwlrq htxdwlrq1 Wkh whpsrudo glhuhqflqj vfkhph zdv
vhfrqg rughu edfnzdug glhuhqflqj/ dv ghvfulehg lq vhfwlrq 615141
Wkh olqhdulvhg prphqwxp htxdwlrqv zhuh vroyhg xvlqj d Vwrqh vroyhu/ wkh olq0
hdulvhg wxuexohqfh htxdwlrqv e| olqh uhod{dwlrq dqg wkh suhvvxuh fruuhfwlrq htxdwlrq
e| wkh Dojheudlf Pxowl0Julg +DPJ, vroyhu1 Dw hdfk wlph vwhs/ frqyhujhqfh zdv gh0
foduhg zkhq wkh uhvlgxdo iurp hyhu| htxdwlrq kdg lpsuryhg e| d idfwru ri Df f3A
iurp wkh uvw lwhudwlrq dw wkdw wlph vwhs1
Wkh wlph vwhs ri wkh vlpxodwlrq zdv dq lqfuhphqw ri f2D 1 Wkh hhfwv ri
kdoylqj wkh wlph vwhs lqwhuydo zdv lqyhvwljdwhg dqg irxqg wr kdyh qr vljqlfdqw
hhfwv1
Wkh zrunlqj xlg zdv dlu/ dqg xlg surshuwlhv zhuh dvvxphg frqvwdqw1 Ioxlg
surshuwlhv zhuh wdnhq dv wkdw ri dlu dw 2bH k1
Wkh xlg hqwhulqj wkh grpdlq wkurxjk wkh lqohw erxqgdu| frqglwlrq zdv vhw wr
d suhvvxuh ri ff !@ dqg d whpshudwxuh ri 2bH k1 Doo zdoov zhuh dvvxphg wr kdyh
d whpshudwxuh ri 2b k1
Lq Pduf ^4;:`/ wkh ydoyh lv vshflhg dv forvlqj ryhu d udqjh ri Df wr 2ff 1
Wkh ghwdlov ri wkh ydoyh prwlrq lqvlgh wklv udqjh zdv qrw vshflhg1 Iru wkh fxuuhqw
zrun wkh ydoyh prwlrq zdv dvvxphg wr eh lqvwdqwdqhrxv/ dqg wr rffxu dw EGF1
Wkh ydoyh dfwlrq zdv prghoohg qxphulfdoo| e| uhprylqj wkh lqwhu0eorfn erxqgdu|
ehwzhhq wkh lqwdnh pdqlirog eorfn dqg wkh f|olqghu eorfn dw EGF1
Pduf ^4;:` vwxglhg wkh prwlrq ri wkh slvwrq lq klv h{shulphqw/ dqg irxqg wkdw
lw zdv yhu| forvh wr vlqxvrlgdo/ exw voljkw glvfuhsdqflhv iurp vlqxvrlgdo zhuh irxqg
lq wkh yhorflw|1 Iru wkh fxuuhqw zrun wkh slvwrq prwlrq zdv dvvxphg wr eh d sxuh
vlqh zdyh/ dqg zdv prghoohg e| vwuhwfklqj wkh f|olqghu julg lq wkh f gluhfwlrq1 Qr
qrgh holplqdwlrq ru fuhdwlrq zdv shuiruphg/ vr wkh qxpehu ri qrgh srlqwv lv wkh
vdph dw WGF dqg EGF1
Wkh vshhg ri wkh hqjlqh zdv vhw wr 2fS hT4/ wr pdwfk wkh uhvxowv iurp Pdxuho
hw do ^4;<` dqg Pduf ^4;:`1
91517 Lqlwldo Frqglwlrqv

Wkh vlpxodwlrq vwduwv dw WGF zlwk }hur yhorflw| dqg dwprvskhulf suhvvxuh +ff !@,
dqg whpshudwxuh +2bH k, ryhu wkh hqwluh grpdlq1 Lqlwldo ydoxhv ri wxuexohqfh sdud0
phwhuv zhuh vhw xvlqj wkh phwkrg ghvfulehg e| Vrowdql dqg Yhvkdjk ^58;`/ zkhuh
wkh lqlwldo ydoxh ri wkh wxuexohqfh nlqhwlf hqhuj| lqwhqvlw|/ &lqlw / lv jlyhq e|
&lqlw ' fT / +914,
lq zklfk T lv wkh phdq slvwrq yhorflw|1 Wklv vlpxodwlrq zdv dovr uxq xvlqj d UVP
prgho/ zkhuh wkh lqlwldo wxuexohqfh ohyho zdv ghqhg e| dvvxplqj wkh lqlwldo wxuex0
ohqfh wr eh lvrwurslf/ vr wkdw wkh wkuhh qrupdo Uh|qrogv vwuhvvhv fdq eh ghwhuplqhg
e|
2
lqlw ' lqlw ' lqlw ' &lqlw 1 +915,

Wkh lqlwldo ydoxh ri wkh wxuexohqw glvvlsdwlrq/ "/ lv ghulyhg iurp dvvxplqj wkh
ohqjwk vfdoh/ ,lqlw / ri wkh lqlwldo wxuexohqfh hog lv d ixqfwlrq ri eruh vl}h ^58;`/ wkdw
lv
,lqlw ' f2D/ +916,
lq zklfk lv wkh f|olqghu eruh1 Lqlwldo glvvlsdwlrq udwh/ "lqlw / fdq qrz eh hydox0
dwhg iurp wkh uhodwlrqvkls ehwzhhq wxuexohqfh lqwhqvlw|/ glvvlsdwlrq udwh dqg wkh
wxuexohqfh ohqjwk vfdoh ^5<;`/ ehlqj
*2
> &lqlw
"lqlw ' 1 +917,
,lqlw
Wklv ohdgv wr lqlwldo ydoxhv ri &lqlw ' fD 42 t!2 / ru lqlw ' lqlw ' lqlw '
ff.S 42 t!2 dqg "lqlw ' f2H 42 t! dw 2fS hT4 iru wkh .7 ' f vlpxodwlrq1 Wkh r
gldjrqdo whupv lq wkh Uh|qrogv Vwuhvv whqvru duh dvvxphg wr eh lqlwldoo| lqlw '
lqlw ' lqlw ' f1
916 Phvk Lqghshqghqfh

Wkh vlpxodwlrq zdv uxq xvlqj vl{ glhuhqw phvk ghqvlwlhv wr ghwhuplqh zkhwkhu
phvk lqghshqghqfh frxog eh dfklhyhg1 Wklv zdv dvvhvvhg xvlqj erwk wkh &0" dqg
UVP wxuexohqfh prghov/ lq wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo vlpxodwlrqv1 Gxh wr wkh orqj uxq
wlphv lqyroyhg lq shuiruplqj wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo vlpxodwlrqv zlwk qh phvkhv/ qr
phvk lqghshqghqfh whvwv zdv shuiruphg rq wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo vlpxodwlrqv1 Dv wkh
pdjqlwxghv ri wkh rzv suhglfwhg e| wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo phvkhv duh vlplodu
lw lv dvvxphg wkdw phvk vhqvlwlylw| zloo eh dovr frpsdudeoh1
Wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo phvkhv whvwhg kdg 2 D/ 2e/ e2f/ SeD/ HeSf
dqg 2S bf qrghv ghqlqj wkh frpexvwlrq fkdpehu1 Iru wkh S eD phvk/ wkh
lqohw pdqlirog zdv phvkhg zlwk eD 2 qrghv/ dqg zdv vfdohg dffruglqjo| iru wkh
rwkhu phvk ghqvlwlhv1 Wkh phvk xvhg lq wkh lqohw pdqlirog2f|olqghu mxqfwlrq uhjlrq
lv vkrzq iru doo wkh phvkhv lq jxuh 91461
D fulwlfdo sdudphwhu lq vlpxodwlqj wxuexohqw rzv lv wkh +n ydoxh dw wkh zdoov ri
wkh grpdlq/ dv ghqhg lq htxdwlrq 61581 Dv vwdwhg lq vhfwlrq 61615/ orjdulwkplf zdoo
ixqfwlrqv duh rqo| ydolg iru + n : / dqg lw lv frpprq sudfwlfh wr nhhs +n f wr
hqvxuh d pdujlq ri vdihw|1
Wklv sodfhv d uhvwulfwlrq rq wkh ghjuhh ri julg uhqhphqw srvvleoh dw wkh zdoov1
Gxh wr wklv uhvwulfwlrq/ lw zdv qrw srvvleoh wr vlpso| vfdoh wkh vdph phvk ehwzhhq
julg uhqhphqwv1 Wkh wkuhh frduvhvw phvkhv uhtxluhg phvk srlqwv wr eh judghg
wrzdugv wkh zdoo wr doorz dghtxdwh uhvroxwlrq ri qhdu0zdoo ehkdylrxu/ krzhyhu wkh
+d, +e,
+f, +g,
+h, +i,
Iljxuh 9146= Ghwdlo ri phvk xvhg durxqg lqohw pdqlirog2f|olqghu mxqfwlrq1 Yduldeohv
duh vwruhg dw wkh fhqwuh ri wkh fhoov vkrzq1 +d, 2S bf phvk> +e, He Sf phvk>
+f, Se eD phvk> +g, e2 2 phv> +h, 2e phvk> dqg +i, 2 D phvk1
Phvk EGF WGF

&0" UVP &0" UVP
2 D D22 eb D ef
2e SS De D fH
e2 f 2.S 2S. . HD
S eD b H He bD
He Sf 2D 2e2 SS .f
2S bf SS Sf e. 2f
Wdeoh 914= +n iru ydulrxv phvkhv dw EGF dqg WGF1 Ydoxhv dw EGF wdnhq dw f ' f/
t ' Df 44> ydoxhv dw WGF wdnhq dw f ' ff 44/ t ' Df 441
wzr qhvw phvkhv xvhg d xqlirup phvk vr dv wr qrw lqiulqjh wkh plqlpxp +n
fulwhulrq1 Wklv fdq vhh vhhq lq wdeoh 914/ zklfk vkrzv wkh + n ydoxhv dw wkh fhqwuh
ri wkh slvwrq dw EGF dqg wkh fhqwuh ri wkh khdg dw WGF1 Dw EGF doo vlpxodwlrqv
kdyh +n : / vr lw dsshduv wkh zdoo ixqfwlrqv duh ehlqj dssursuldwho| dssolhg iru
doo phvkhv1 Erwk wkh &0" dqg UVP prghov suhglfw vlplodu +n ydoxhv rq wkh vdph
julg/ zklfk lv dq lqglfdwlrq wkdw wkh wzr vlpxodwlrqv duh suhglfwlqj vlplodu rzv1
Wkh +n ydoxhv dzd| iurp wkh fhqwuh ri wkh slvwrq duh olnho| wr eh vljqlfdqwo| orzhu/
dqg lq wkh fruqhuv ri wkh grpdlq +n zloo dssurdfk }hur1 Dv suhylrxvo| phqwlrqhg/
wklv sureohp ri + n dssurdfklqj }hur lv xqdyrlgdeoh lq jhrphwulhv vxfk dv wklv1
Wkh + n ydoxhv dw WGF vkrz wkh &0" vlpxodwlrq wr kdyh +n ehorz iru doo exw
wkh frduvhvw phvkhv1 Wkh UVP prgho kdv +n : iru wkh frduvhvw dqg wkuhh qhvw
phvkhv1 Wkh glhuhqfh ehwzhhq wkh &0" dqg UVP vlpxodwlrqv lv gxh wr wkh glhuhqw
frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh rz hogv suhglfwhg e| wkh wzr prghov/ wklv zloo eh glvfxvvhg
ixuwkhu lq iroorzlqj vhfwlrqv1
Iljxuh 9147 vkrzv wkh julg frqyhujhqfh dfklhyhg iru wkh joredo sdudphwhuv dy0
hudjhg dfurvv wkh grpdlq1 Iljxuh 9148 vkrzv wkh julg frqyhujhqfh dfklhyhg iru
vhohfwhg sdudphwhuv dw wkh fhqwudo srlqw ri wkh grpdlq dw EGF1
Iljxuh 9147d/ 9147f/ 9148d dqg 9148f vkrz wkh &0" vlpxodwlrq kdv uhdfkhg julg
lqghshqghqfh1 Doo julgv/ h{fhsw wkh frduvh 22 julg/ duh suhglfwlqj hvvhqwldoo|
wkh vdph uhvxow1 Wkh yhorflw| edvhg frpsdulvrqv +jxuh 9147d dqg 9148d, vkrz d
pd{lpxp yduldwlrq ri durxqg fI dw EGF/ zlwk wkh glhuhqfhv uhgxflqj gxulqj wkh
frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh wr durxqg 2I dw 2.f 1 Wkh wxuexohqfh edvhg frpsdulvrqv
+jxuh 9147f dqg 9148f, vkrz d vlplodu wuhqg zkhuh wkh pd{lpxp yduldwlrq +zkhq
wkh frduvh 22 julg lv glvfrxqwhg, ri durxqg 2fI dw EGF dqg durxqg fI dw
2.f 1 Djdlq wkh julgv doo frqyhujh wr d yhu| vlplodu ydoxh gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq
vwurnh1 Doo judskv vkrz wkh vdph wuhqgv iru doo julgv1
Wkh UVP julg frqyhujhqfh vwxg| vkrzv d juhdwhu yduldwlrq dv wkh julg ghqvlw|
91 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh Wxpeoh Yruwh{ Euhdngrzq 4::
0.5
126x90 126x90
0 84x60 0 84x60
63x45 63x45
-0.5 42x30 42x30
-1 31x22 31x22
21x15 -1 21x15
-1.5
-2
-2
-2.5
TR
TR
-3
-3
-3.5
-4
-4
-4.5
-5
-5.5 -5
-6
-6.5 -6
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°) CA (°)
+d, +e,
4.5
126x90 1.6 126x90
84x60 84x60
4 63x45 63x45
42x30 1.4 42x30
31x22 31x22
3.5 21x15 21x15
Mass Averaged k (m /s )
Mass Averaged k (m /s )
2
1.2
2
3
1
2.5
0.8
2
0.6
1.5
1 0.4
0.5 0.2
0 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°) CA (°)
+f, +g,
Iljxuh 9147= Julg frqyhujhqfh ri f|olqghu dyhudjhg sdudphwhuv lq wkh vtxduh slvwrq
hqjlqh1 +d, Wxpeoh udwlr/ &0" vlpxodwlrq> +e, Wxpeoh udwlr/ UVP vlpxodwlrq>
+f, Pdvv dyhudjhg wxuexohqw hqhuj|/ &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg +g, Pdvv dyhudjhg
wxuexohqw hqhuj|/ UVP vlpxodwlrq1
91 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh Wxpeoh Yruwh{ Euhdngrzq 4:;
12 12
126x90 126x90
11 84x60 11 84x60
63x45 63x45
10 42x30 10 42x30
31x22 31x22
9 21x15 9 21x15
8 8
V Velocity (m/s)
V Velocity (m/s)
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
-1 -1
90 135 180 225 270 90 135 180 225 270
CA (°) CA (°)
+d, +e,
2
126x90 126x90
84x60 84x60
63x45 63x45
3 42x30 1.75 42x30
31x22 31x22
Reynolds Stress, uu (m /s )
21x15 21x15
Turbulent Energy, k (m /s )
2
2
1.5
2
2
1.25
2
1
0.75
1
0.5
0.25
0 0
90 135 180 225 270 90 135 180 225 270
CA (°) CA (°)
+f, +g,
Iljxuh 9148= Julg frqyhujhqfh dw srlqw 88 lq wkh vtxduh slvwrq hqjlqh1 +d, Y
yhorflw|/ &0" vlpxodwlrq> +e, Y yhorflw|/ UVP vlpxodwlrq> +f, Wxuexohqw hqhuj|/
&/ &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg +g, Uh|qrogv vwuhvv/ / UVP vlpxodwlrq1
91 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh Wxpeoh Yruwh{ Euhdngrzq 4:<
lv fkdqjhg1 Iljxuhv 9147e dqg 9148e vkrz wkdw wkh UVP vlpxodwlrqv kdyh dfklhyhg
phvk lqghshqghqfh lq wkh yhorflwlhv suhglfwhg iru wkh S eD dqg qhu julgv1 Iljxuh
9147e vkrzv wkdw wkh wkuhh qhvw phvkhv duh vlplodu zlwklq durxqg fI/ dqg doo
suhglfw vlplodu wuhqgv1 Iljxuh 9148e vkrzv wkdw wkh wkuhh qhvw phvkhv suhglfw
uhvxowv zlwklq d ihz shufhqw1 Wkh frduvhu phvkhv/ krzhyhu/ idlo wr suhglfw wkh
nlqn suhvhqw durxqg D / ru wkh vkdusqhvv ri wkh gls qhdu EGF1
Wkh wxuexohqfh uhvxowv vkrzq lq jxuhv 9147g vkrz wkdw ixoo julg lqghshqghqfh
kdv qrw ehhq dfklhyhg hyhq iru wkh qhvw julgv1 Khuh wkhuh duh odujh glhuhqfhv
ehwzhhq wkh uhvxowv iurp wkh wkuhh frduvhvw phvkhv +2D/ 2e dqg e22,/ dqg
julg lqghshqghqfh kdv fohduo| qrw ehhq dfklhyhg1 Wkh wkuhh qhvw phvkhv +S eD/
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kinit = 1.5 m /s , epsilon = 10 m /s
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2 2 2 3
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2
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0.1 0.1
K K
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5.7931
5.37931 5.37931
4.96552 4.96552
4.55172 4.55172
0.06 4.13793 0.06 4.13793
3.72414 3.72414
3.31034 3.31034
Y
Y
2.89655 2.89655
2.48276 2.48276
0.04 2.06897 0.04 2.06897
1.65517 1.65517
1.24138 1.24138
0.827586 0.827586
0.413793 0.413793
0.02 0.02 0
0
0 0
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0.08 5.7931
5.37931 5.37931
4.96552 4.96552
4.55172 4.55172
0.06 4.13793 0.06 4.13793
3.72414 3.72414
3.31034 3.31034
Y
2.89655 2.89655
2.48276 2.48276
0.04 2.06897 0.04 2.06897
1.65517 1.65517
1.24138 1.24138
0.827586 0.827586
0.413793 0.413793
0.02 0
0.02 0
0 0
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Wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo &0" Se b
Wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP 2 Sf D
Wdeoh 918= Yruwh{ fhqwuh orfdwlrq iru .7 ' e prgho dw HS 1 SLY gdwd iurp
Pdxuho hw do ^4;<`
ri wkh orfdwlrq ri wkh yruwh{ udwkhu wkdq wuxh wxuexohqw xfwxdwlrqv1 Wkxv/ wkh idfw
wkdw wkh shdn ri wxuexohqfh lv qrw suhglfwhg e| wkh &0" ru UVP prghov lv wr eh
h{shfwhg1
Iljxuh 914< vkrzv wkh UVP dqg &0" wxuexohqfh prghov erwk suhglfw hvvhqwldoo|
wkh vdph yhorflw| hog/ dqg lq forvh djuhhphqw zlwk h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv1 Wkh
orfdwlrq ri wkh yruwh{ fhqwuh zdv fdofxodwhg/ dqg frpsduhg wr wkdw irxqg lq wkh
h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv1 Wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh fhqwuh ri wkh pdlq yruwh{ iurp wkh SLY
uhvxowv ri Pdxuho hw do/ dqg wkh ydulrxv FIG prghov lv jlyhq lq wdeoh 9181 Doo prg0
hov suhglfw wkh srvlwlrq zlwk uhdvrqdeoh djuhhphqw zlwk wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv1
Lqwhuhvwlqjo|/ wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo prghov dsshdu wr eh wkh prvw dffxudwh/ ydu|lqj
iurp wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv e| rqo| 441 Zk| wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo prgho lv lq
ehwwhu djuhhphqw wkdq wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo prghov lv xqfohdu1
Srvlwlrq ri wkh yruwh{ fhqwuh zdv fdofxodwhg rq wkh qxphulfdo uhvxowv e| olqhdu
lqwhusrodwlrq wr }hur dqg yhorflw|1 Wkh yhorflw| frpsrqhqw lq wkh gluhfwlrq
zdv ljqruhg lq wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo uhvxowv1
Wkh wxuexohqfh hog suhglfwhg dw EGF lv vkrzq lq jxuh 9153/ dqg wkh yhorf0
lw| hog lq jxuh 91541 Wkh wxuexohqfh uhvxowv lq jxuh 9153 vkrz wkh &0" prgho
dsshduv wr kdyh suhglfwhg wkh wxuexohqfh lqwhqvlwlhv dw wkh rxwvlgh ri wkh grpdlq
zhoo/ exw vljqlfdqwo| ryhusuhglfwhg wkh lqwhqvlw| lq wkh fhqwuh ri wkh grpdlq1 Wkh
UVP prgho dsshduv wr kdyh xqghusuhglfwhg wxuexohqfh lqwhqvlwlhv ryhu wkh hqwluh
grpdlq1 Djdlq/ wkh wxuexohqfh shdn ylvleoh lq wkh fhqwuh ri wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv
lv vsxulrxv/ dqg vr lv qrw suhglfwhg e| wkh vlpxodwlrqv1
Iljxuh 9154 vkrzv wkh UVP dqg &0" wxuexohqfh prghov erwk suhglfw hvvhqwldoo|
wkh vdph yhorflw| hog/ exw wklv wlph d vljqlfdqw yduldwlrq iurp h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv
lv vhhq1 Wkh yruwh{ fhqwuh phdvxuhg e| SLY zdv dw f ' D2 44/ t ' S 44 zklfk
lv vljqlfdqwo| ehorz wkh fhqwuh srlqw ri wkh grpdlq/ dv vkrzq lq wdeoh 9191 Qrqh
ri wkh FIG prghov suhglfwhg wkh yruwh{ fhqwuh wr olh wklv idu ehorz wkh fhqwuh ri
wkh grpdlq1 Djdlq/ wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo prghov jlyh wkh prvw dffxudwh uhvxowv lq
91 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh Wxpeoh Yruwh{ Euhdngrzq 4;;
+d,
10 m/s 10 m/s
0.1 0.1
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04
X +e, X +f,
10 m/s 10 m/s
0.1 0.1
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04
X +g, X +h,
Iljxuh 914<= Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| yhfwruv iurp h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv dqg qxphulfdo
vlpxodwlrq iru prgho zlwk .7 ' e/ vshhg' 2fS hT4 dw HS 1 d, Hqvhpeoh
dyhudjhg yhorflw| yhfwruv iurp SLY h{shulphqwv ri Pdxuho hw do ^4;<`> +e, 5G &0"
vlpxodwlrq> +f, 5G UVP vlpxodwlrq> +g, 6G &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg +h, 6G UVP
vlpxodwlrq1
91 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh Wxpeoh Yruwh{ Euhdngrzq 4;<
+d,
0.1 0.1
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0
X +e, X +f,
0.1 0.1
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0
X +g, X +h,
K: 0 0.206897 0.413793 0.62069 0.827586 1.03448 1.24138 1.44828
Iljxuh 9153= Frpsdulvrq ri wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| +&, iurp h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv
dqg qxphulfdo vlpxodwlrq iru prgho zlwk .7 ' e/ vshhg' 2fS hT4 dw EGF1 d,
Hqvhpeoh dyhudjhg wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| iurp SLY h{shulphqwv ri Pdxuho hw do
^4;<`> e, 5G &0" vlpxodwlrq> f, 5G UVP vlpxodwlrq> g, 6G &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg
h, 6G UVP vlpxodwlrq1
91 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh Wxpeoh Yruwh{ Euhdngrzq 4<3
Prgho f + 44, t + 44, Huuru + 44,

SLY D2 S
Wzr0glphqvlrqdo &0" Df eD b
Wzr0glphqvlrqdo UVP e. ee S
Wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo &0" D eS f
Wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP D eH 2
Wdeoh 919= Yruwh{ fhqwuh orfdwlrq iru .7 ' e prgho dw EGF1 SLY gdwd iurp Pdxuho
hw do ^4;<`
suhglfwlqj wkh yruwh{ fhqwuh orfdwlrq1

Wkhvh uhvxowv vkrz wkdw gxulqj wkh lqwdnh vwurnh/ wkh wxuexohqfh prghov dqg wzr0
dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo prghov suhglfw vlplodu uhvxowv1 Wkh yhorflw| hog suhglfwhg e|
doo vlpxodwlrqv kdg rqo| vpdoo yduldwlrqv/ krzhyhu wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo vlpxodwlrqv
zhuh voljkwo| pruh dffxudwh1 Wkh ohyhov ri wxuexohqfh suhglfwhg e| wkh &0" wxuexohqfh
prgho zhuh lq uhdvrqdeoh djuhhphqw zlwk wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv1 Wkh ohyhov ri
wxuexohqfh suhglfwhg e| wkh UVP vlpxodwlrqv zhuh vljqlfdqwo| ohvv wkdq wkdw irxqg
h{shulphqwdoo|1
91: .7 QB Prgho
Wkh vlpxodwlrq zdv uxq xvlqj .7 ' f dqg d vshhg ri 2fS hT41 Wkhvh frqglwlrqv
pdwfk wkh h{shulphqwdo frqglwlrqv ri Pduf ^4;:`1 D wzr0glphqvlrqdo S eD julg
dqg d wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo SeDee julg zdv xvhg/ dqg wkh vlpxodwlrq zdv shuiruphg
xvlqj &0" dqg UVP wxuexohqfh prghov1
91:14 Lqwdnh Vwurnh

Wdeoh 91: vkrzv wkh srvlwlrqv ri wkh yruwh{ fhqwuh iru wkh ydulrxv prghov wkurxjk wkh
lqwdnh vwurnh1 Erwk wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP dqg &0" prghov frpsduh idyrxudeo|
djdlqvw wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv/ zlwk dq huuru dw EGF ri durxqg e 441
Iljxuh 9155 vkrzv wkh yhorflw| hog dw H. 1 Doo prghov suhglfw uhdvrqdeo|
vlplodu uhvxowv1 Krzhyhu/ wkh uhjlrq ri wkh rz zklfk ydulhv wkh prvw ehwzhhq
vlpxodwlrqv dsshduv wr eh wkh lqwdnh mhw uhjlrq/ dqg wklv uhjlrq zdv rxw ri wkh
ylvleoh uhjlrq lq wkh SLY gdwd vr lw lv qrw srvvleoh wr gudz frqfoxvlrqv uhjduglqj
dffxudf|1
Qrwh wkdw wkh ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri Pduf vkrz wkh rz uhyhuvhg derxw wkh t d{lv
frpsduhg wr wkh uhvxowv ri Pdxuho ^4;<` lq wkh suhylrxv vhfwlrq1 Rqo| wkh wrs sduw
+d,
10 m/s 10 m/s
0.1 0.1
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0
X +e, X +f,
10 m/s 10 m/s
0.1 0.1
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0
X +g, X +h,
Iljxuh 9154= Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| yhfwruv iurp h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv dqg qxphulfdo
vlpxodwlrq iru prgho zlwk .7 ' e/ vshhg' 2fS hT4 dw EGF1 d, Hqvhpeoh dyhudjhg
yhorflw| yhfwruv iurp SLY h{shulphqwv ri Pdxuho hw do ^4;<`> +e, 5G &0" vlpxodwlrq>
+f, 5G UVP vlpxodwlrq> +g, 6G &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg +h, 6G UVP vlpxodwlrq1
f t Huuru

UVP &0" SLY UVP &0" SLY UVP &0"
H. .S Sb .H DS DH D. 22 b
2. Se S2 SS DD Df S. 22 Df
EGF ee eS e. D2 eD eb e2 e
Wdeoh 91:= Frpsdulvrq ri lqwdnh vwurnh yruwh{ fhqwuh orfdwlrq iru wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo
vlpxodwlrqv/ .7 ' f1 SLY uhvxowv iurp ^4;:`/ dqg doo uhvxowv duh lq 441 Qrwh wkdw
Pduf ^4;:` suhvhqwv d qxpehu ri ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri wkh rz dw EGF/ dqg wkh| vkrz d
udqjh ri yruwh{ fhqwuh orfdwlrqv1 Wkh f orfdwlrq ydulhv lq wkhvh ylvxdolvdwlrqv iurp
eD 44 wr eH 44/ vr e. 44 zdv xvhg dv dq dyhudjh1 Vlploduo| wkh t orfdwlrq
ydulhv lq wkhvh ylvxdolvdwlrqv iurp eD 44 wr D2 44/ vr eb 44 zdv xvhg khuh1
ri wkh rz hog lv ylvleoh gxh wr wkh lqohw pdqlirog dqg ydoyh revwuxfwlqj wkh odvhu
vkhhw1
Iljxuh 9156 vkrzv wkh wxuexohqfh hqhuj| +&, dw H. 1 Qr h{shulphqwdo gdwd
ri wkh wxuexohqfh hog lv dydlodeoh dw wklv orfdwlrq1 Wkh prvw reylrxv glhuhqfh lv
wkdw wkh &0" prgho suhglfwv vxevwdqwldoo| pruh wxuexohqfh lq wkh fhqwudo vhfwlrq ri
wkh grpdlq wkdq wkdw suhglfwhg e| wkh UVP prgho1 Wklv lv hvshfldoo| wuxh iru wkh
wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo &0" prgho/ zkhuh d odujh uhjlrq ri vwurqj wxuexohqfh lv orfdwhg dw
f ' Sf 44/ t ' Sf 44/ zklfk lv qrw suhglfwhg e| dq| ri wkh rwkhu prghov1
Iljxuh 9157 vkrzv d volfh lq wkh t ~ ru furvv wxpeoh sodqh/ dw f ' b 441
Wkh SLY uhvxowv vkrz d fkdrwlf rz zklfk lv srvvleo| uhvroylqj vrph wxuexohqw
vwuxfwxuhv ru f|foh wr f|foh yduldwlrqv1 Dgglwlrqdoo|/ wkh rz lv fohduo| dv|pphwulf1
Erwk wkh &0" dqg wkh UVP prgho gr qrw suhglfw wklv frpsoh{lw|/ exw suhglfw d idu
pruh rughuhg rz zlwk rqo| vpdoo wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo hhfwv1
Wkh wxuexohqfh lq wkh t ~ sodqh lv vkrzq lq jxuh 91581 Dv vkrzq lq jxuh
9156/ wkh &0" prgho suhglfwv vljqlfdqwo| pruh wxuexohqfh wkdq wkh UVP prgho1 Qr
h{shulphqwdo gdwd rq wxuexohqfh zdv suhvhqwhg lq wklv sodqh vr d frpsdulvrq wr
h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv fdqqrw eh shuiruphg1
91:15 Erwwrp Ghdg Fhqwuh

Pduf ^4;:` shuiruphg d ghwdlohg dqdo|vlv ri wkh rz dw EGF/ dqg d frpsdulvrq ri
wkh FIG uhvxowv iurp wkh fxuuhqw dxwkru duh suhvhqwhg khuh1 Wkh rz lq wkh fhqwudo
wxpeoh +~ ' Df 44, sodqh lv vkrzq lq jxuh 91591 Wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo
&0" dqg UVP prghov doo suhglfw yhu| vlplodu uhvxowv/ ehlqj d odujh pdlq yruwh{ zlwk
d vpdoohu vhfrqgdu| yruwh{ lq wkh orzhu ohiw fruqhu1 Wkh| duh lq jrrg djuhhphqw
zlwk wkh SLY uhvxowv iru wkh vhfwlrq ri rz phdvxuhg1
+d,
Y Y
0.1 0.1
Z X Z X
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
X X
+e, +f,
Y Y
0.1 0.1
Z X Z X
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
X X
+g, +h,
Iljxuh 9155= Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iru .7 '
f/ dw H. 1 +d, SLY uhvxow iurp Pduf ^4;:`> +e, 5G &0" vlpxodwlrq> +f, 5G
UVP vlpxodwlrq> +g, 6G &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg +h, 6G UVP vlpxodwlrq1
Y Y
0.1 0.1
Z X Z X
0.08 0.08
K K
5 5
4.5 4.5
0.06 4 0.06 4
3.5 3.5
3 3
Y
Y
2.5 2.5
2 2
0.04 1.5 0.04 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
X X
+d, +e,
Y Y
0.1 0.1
Z X Z X
0.08 0.08
K K
5 5
4.5 4.5
0.06 4 0.06 4
3.5 3.5
3 3
Y
2.5 2.5
2 2
0.04 1.5 0.04 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
X X
+f, +g,
Iljxuh 9156= Frpsdulvrq ri wxuexohqw hqhuj| +&, suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44

sodqh iru .7 ' f/ dw H. 1 +d, 5G &0" vlpxodwlrq> +e, 5G UVP vlpxodwlrq>
+f, 6G &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg +g, 6G UVP vlpxodwlrq1
+d,
Y Y
0.1 0.1
Z X Z X
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0
Z
+e, Z
+f,
Iljxuh 9157= Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh f ' b 44 sodqh iru .7 '
f/ dw Se 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv iurp Pduf ^4;:`> +e, 6G &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg
+f, 6G UVP vlpxodwlrq1
Y Y
0.1 0.1
Z X Z X
0.08 0.08
K K
5 5
4.5 4.5
0.06 4 0.06 4
3.5 3.5
3 3
Y
Y
2.5 2.5
2 2
1.5 1.5
0.04 0.04
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0
Z
+d, Z
+e,
Iljxuh 9158= Frpsdulvrq ri wxuexohqw hqhuj| +&, suhglfwlrqv lq wkh f ' b 44

sodqh iru .7 ' f/ dw Se 1 +d, 6G &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg +e, 6G UVP vlpxod0
wlrq1
Iljxuh 915: vkrzv wkh rz lq wkh furvv wxpeoh +t ~, sodqh1 Qr vwuxfwxuhv duh
vhhq/ vr wkh rz qhdu wklv sodqh pxvw eh d yruwh{ lq wkh wxpeoh sodqh rqo|/ zlwk
yhu| olwwoh rzv lq wkh wklug +~, glphqvlrq1 Wklv lv lq forvh djuhhphqw zlwk wkh
ruljlqdo SLY vwxg| ri Pduf hw do ^4;;`/ vkrzq lq jxuh 9144 rq zklfk wkh| edvhg
wkhlu hduolhu dvvxpswlrq ri wzr0glphqvlrqdo rz1
Wkh orfdwlrq ri wkh wxpeoh yruwh{ fhqwuh kdv ehhq h{wudfwhg iurp wkh gdwd lq
jxuhv 9159 dqg 915:/ wr doorz d pruh remhfwlyh dvvhvvphqw ri dffxudf|1 Iljxuh
915; vkrzv wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh yruwh{ fhqwuh iru doo wkh FIG prghov/ wrjhwkhu zlwk
lqglylgxdo f|fohv uhfrughg e| SLY dqg wkh fhqwuh uhfrughg e| wkh hqvhpeoh dyhudjhg
SLY uhvxow1 Qhlwkhu wkh &0" qru wkh UVP vlpxodwlrq suhglfwhg wkh vdph srvlwlrq dv
wkh hqvhpeoh dyhudjhg SLY uhvxow/ krzhyhu wkh| duh doo zlwklq wkh w|slfdo vsuhdg ri
yruwh{ fhqwuh orfdwlrqv phdvxuhg iru lqglylgxdo f|fohv1
Iljxuh 915< vkrzv d yhorflw| suroh wkurxjk wkh fhqwuh ri wkh wxpeoh yruwh{1
Pduf ^4;:` rewdlqhg wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv e| wzr lqghshqghqw phwkrgv/ vr wkhlu
forvh djuhhphqw lqglfdwh wkh| duh olnho| wr eh dffxudwh1 Dq lqwhuhvwlqj ihdwxuh ri
wklv suroh lv wkdw lw vkrzv wkh wxpeoh yruwh{ lv qrw lq vrolg erg| urwdwlrq1 Li wkh
yruwh{ zdv vlpso| urwdwlqj dv d vrolg erg|/ wkh yruwh{ wdqjhqwldo yhorflw| zrxog eh
sursruwlrqdo wr wkh glvwdqfh iurp wkh fhqwuh ri urwdwlrq1 Wkh vhfwlrqv ri wkh suroh
ehwzhhq Sf 44 f bf 44 dqg f 44 f f 44 fohduo| ghsduw iurp vrolg
erg| urwdwlrq1
Wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho prvw dffxudwho| djuhhv zlwk wkh h{shulphqwdo
uhvxowv/ uhsurgxflqj wklv ghsduwxuh iurp vrolg erg| urwdwlrq1 Wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo
91 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh Wxpeoh Yruwh{ Euhdngrzq 4<:
+d,
Y Y
0.1 0.1
Z X Z X
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
+e, +f,
X X
Y Y
0.1 0.1
Z X Z X
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
+g, +h,
X X
Iljxuh 9159= Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iru .7 '
f/ dw EGF1 +d, SLY uhvxow iurp Pduf ^4;:`/ +e, 5G &0" vlpxodwlrq> +f, 5G
UVP vlpxodwlrq> +g, 6G &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg +h, 6G UVP vlpxodwlrq1
91 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh Wxpeoh Yruwh{ Euhdngrzq 4<;
+d,
Y Y
0.1 0.1
Z X Z X
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0
Z
+e, Z
+f,
Iljxuh 915:= Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh f ' b 44 sodqh iru .7 '
f/ dw EGF1 +d, SLY uhvxowv iurp Pduf ^4;:`> +e, 6G &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg +f, 6G
UVP vlpxodwlrq1
91 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh Wxpeoh Yruwh{ Euhdngrzq 4<<
5.6
5.4
5.2
4.8
Y (cm)
4.6
4.4
PIV: Individual cycles

4.2
PIV: Average position
2D k-ε
4 2D RSM
3D k-ε
3D RSM
3.8
3.6
4 4.5 5 5.5
X (cm)
Iljxuh 915;= Yruwh{ fhqwuh srvlwlrqv iru .7 ' f prgho dw EGF1 SLY gdwd iurp
Pduf ^4;:`1
7
6
V LDA
5 V PIV
2D k-ε
4 2D RSM
3 3D k-ε
3D RSM
Velocity (m/s)
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
X (m)
Iljxuh 915<= Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| surohv iurp .7 ' f prgho dw EGF iru
t ' Df 44/ ~ ' Df 441 OGD dqg SLY uhvxowv iurp Pduf ^4;:`1
UVP prgho dovr suhglfwv d ghsduwxuh iurp vrolg erg| urwdwlrq/ krzhyhu wkh pdj0
qlwxgh ri wkh yhorflwlhv duh vljqlfdqwo| ryhu0hvwlpdwhg1
Erwk wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo &0" prghov gr qrw suhglfw wkh h{shulphq0
wdo uhvxowv yhu| zhoo/ lqvwhdg suhglfwlqj d rz zklfk forvho| uhvhpeohv vrolg erg|
urwdwlrq +wkdw lv wdqjhqwldo yhorflw| lv sursruwlrqdo wr glvwdqfh iurp urwdwlrq d{lv,1
Wklv dsshduv wr eh d ixqgdphqwdo idlolqj ri wkh &0" wxuexohqfh prgho1
Wkh wxuexohqfh surohv dfurvv wkh grpdlq dw EGF/ dv vkrzq lq jxuh 9163/ duh lq
srru djuhhphqw zlwk wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv iru doo vlpxodwlrqv1 Lw lv qrw fohdu zk|
wklv djuhhphqw lv vr srru zkhq wkh rwkhu uhvxowv duh lq jrrg djuhhphqw/ hvshfldoo|
iru wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho1
Iljxuh 9164 vkrzv wkh wxuexohqw hqhuj| +&, dw EGF iru wkh .7 ' f vlpxodwlrq1
Dv h{shfwhg/ wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo &0" vlpxodwlrqv suhglfw vljqlfdqwo|
pruh wxuexohqfh wkdq wkh UVP prghov1 Pduf ^4;:` suhvhqwv qr h{shulphqwdo gdwd
iru wklv uhvxow wr eh frpsduhg djdlqvw/ vr qr frpsdulvrq wr h{shulphqwdo gdwd fdq
eh shuiruphg1
Wkh Uh|qrogv vwuhvvhv glvsod|hg lq jxuhv 9165/ 9166 dqg 9167 doo vkrz yhu|
vlplodu uhvxowv ehwzhhq wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo vlpxodwlrqv1 Wkh rqo| pdmru
glhuhqfhv dsshdu wr eh wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo vlpxodwlrq suhglfwlqj d uhjlrq ri kljk
dw f ' Hf 44/ t ' Sf 44 zklfk lv pxfk zhdnhu lq wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo
uhvxowv/ dqg d uhjlrq ri kljk lq wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo vlpxodwlrq dw f ' Sf 44/
t ' Sf 44 zklfk grhv qrw rffxu lq wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo vlpxodwlrq1
Pduf ^4;:` fdofxodwhg wkh Uh|qrogv vwuhvv iurp klv SLY uhvxowv/ dqg wkh
frpsdulvrq wr wkh fxuuhqw UVP uhvxowv lv vkrzq lq jxuh 91681 Wkh UVP vlpxodwlrq
dsshdu wr fdswxuh wkh uhjlrq ri kljk dw wkh ohiw uhjlrq ri wkh wrs zdoo/ dqg
fruuhfwo| suhglfwhg wkh qhdu }hur wkurxjkrxw prvw ri wkh grpdlq/ exw wkh odujh
uhjlrq ri orz vhhq dw f ' Hf 44/ t ' Hf 44 lq wkh SLY uhvxowv lv qrw uhvroyhg
e| hlwkhu ri wkh FIG vlpxodwlrqv1
Iljxuh 9165/ 9166 dqg 9167 dovr vkrz dq lqwhuhvwlqj ihdwxuh derxw wkh qdwxuh ri
wxuexohqfh dw EGF1 Wkh fhqwuh vhfwlrq ri wkh grpdlq iru doo ylvxdolvdwlrqv kdv txlwh
vlplodu ohyhov ri wkh wkuhh qrupdo Uh|qrogv vwuhvvhv/ lqglfdwlqj lvrwurslf wxuexohqfh1
Wkhuh duh vpdoo uhjlrqv zkhuh wkh wxuexohqfh glvsod|v dqlvrwurslf ehkdylrxu/ vxfk
dv wkh shdn vhhq lq jxuh 9167 dw f ' Sf 44/ t ' Sf 44> exw ryhudoo wkh rz
lv odujho| lvrwurslf1
Wkh dqlvrwurslf vhfwlrqv ri wkh rz dsshdu wr eh frqfhqwudwhg lq qduurz uhjlrqv
qh{w wr wkh zdoov1 Iru lqvwdqfh/ wkhuh lv d uhjlrq ri kljk yhu| forvh wr wkh wrs
zdoo dw f ' Df 44> dqg d uhjlrq ri kljk rq wkh ohiw zdoo dw t ' Sf 441 Erwk
ri wkhvh uhjlrqv gr qrw kdyh d fruuhvsrqglqj shdn ri ru / dqg vr uhsuhvhqw d
1.25 1.25
1 1
Velocity Fluctuation (m/s)

0.75 0.75
0.5 0.5
0.25 0.25
0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Y (m) Y (m)
+d, +e,
2
1 1.75
Turbulent Kinetic Energy, k (m /s )
2
2
1.5
0.75
1.25
1
0.5
0.75
0.5
0.25
0.25
0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Y (m) Y (m)
+f, +g,
PIV
2D k-ε
2D RSM
3D k-ε
3D RSM
Iljxuh 9163= Wxuexohqfh suroh dw EGF dorqj olqh f ' b 44/ ~ ' Df 441 SLY
uhvxowv iurp Pduf ^4;:`1 +d, > +e, > +f, > dqg +g, &1
Y Y
0.1 0.1
Z X Z X
0.08 0.08
K K
5 5
4.5 4.5
0.06 4 0.06 4
3.5 3.5
3 3
Y
Y
2.5 2.5
2 2
0.04 1.5 0.04 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0.02 0.02
0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
+d, +e,
X X
Y Y
0.1 0.1
Z X Z X
0.08 0.08
K K
5 5
4.5 4.5
0.06 4 0.06 4
3.5 3.5
3 3
Y
Y
2.5 2.5
2 2
0.04 1.5 0.04 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0.02 0.02
0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
+f, +g,
X X
Iljxuh 9164= Frpsdulvrq ri wxuexohqw hqhuj| +&, suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44

sodqh iru .7 ' f/ dw EGF1 +d, 5G &0" vlpxodwlrq> +e, 5G UVP vlpxodwlrq>
+f, 6G &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg +g, 6G UVP vlpxodwlrq1
Y Y
0.1 0.1
Z X Z X
0.08 0.08
UU ST UU ST
1 1
0.9 0.9
0.06 0.8 0.06 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
Y
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.04 0.3 0.04 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-0.1 -0.1
0.02 -0.2 0.02 -0.2
-0.3 -0.3
-0.4 -0.4
0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
+d, +e,
X X
Iljxuh 9165= Frpsdulvrq ri suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iru .7 ' f/
dw EGF1 +d, 5G UVP vlpxodwlrq> dqg +e, 6G UVP vlpxodwlrq1
Y Y
0.1 0.1
Z X Z X
0.08 0.08
VV ST VV ST
1 1
0.9 0.9
0.06 0.8 0.06 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
Y
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.04 0.3 0.04 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-0.1 -0.1
0.02 -0.2 0.02 -0.2
-0.3 -0.3
-0.4 -0.4
0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
+d, +e,
X X
Iljxuh 9166= Frpsdulvrq ri suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iru .7 ' f/ dw
EGF1 +d, 5G UVP vlpxodwlrq> dqg +e, 6G UVP vlpxodwlrq1
Y Y
0.1 0.1
Z X Z X
0.08 0.08
WW ST WW ST
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.06 0.3 0.06 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
Y
0 0
-0.1 -0.1
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
+d, +e,
X X
Iljxuh 9167= Frpsdulvrq ri suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iru .7 ' f/
dw EGF1 +d, 5G UVP vlpxodwlrq> dqg +e, 6G UVP vlpxodwlrq1
+d,
Y Y
0.1 0.1
Z X Z X
0.08 0.08
UV ST UV ST
0.4 0.4
0.35 0.35
0.06 0.3 0.06 0.3
0.25 0.25
0.2 0.2
Y
0.15 0.15
0.1 0.1
0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05
0 0
-0.05 -0.05
-0.1 -0.1
-0.15 -0.15
0.02 -0.2 0.02 -0.2
-0.25 -0.25
-0.3 -0.3
-0.35 -0.35
-0.4 -0.4
0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
+e, +f,
X X
Iljxuh 9168= Frpsdulvrq ri suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iru .7 ' f/ dw
EGF1 +d, SLY uhvxowv iurp Pduf ^4;:`> +e, 5G UVP vlpxodwlrq> dqg +f, 6G
UVP vlpxodwlrq1
uhjlrq ri dqlvrwurslf wxuexohqfh1

Wkhvh uhjlrqv ri dqlvrwurs| reylrxvo| fdqqrw eh prghoohg e| wkh &0" prgho/
dqg lv srvvleo| d uhdvrq iru wkh idloxuh ri wkh prgho wr suhglfw wkh wxpeoh yruwh{
euhdngrzq surfhvv1
91:16 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh

Wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh lv d fulwlfdo vhfwlrq ri wkh hqjlqh f|foh1 Lw lv dovr d fkdo0
ohqjlqj rz wr vlpxodwh zlwk d frpsxwhu vlpxodwlrq/ dv wkh rz xqghujrhv pdq|
fkdqjhv gxulqj wklv vwurnh dv wkh wxpeoh yruwh{ euhdnv grzq lqwr pdq| vpdoohu yru0
wlfhv1 Dgglwlrqdoo|/ wkh dvshfw udwlr ri wkh jhrphwu| fkdqjhv vljqlfdqwo|/ pdnlqj
dffxudwh qxphulfdo vlpxodwlrq fkdoohqjlqj1
Pduf ^4;:` suhvhqwv ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri wkh rz lq wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh dw 2.S /
2bb / 2 / 2 / 2H dqg D 1 Wkh uhvxowv iurp wkh fxuuhqw
vlpxodwlrqv zloo qrz eh frpsduhg wr wkhvh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv1
Uhvxowv dw 2.S
Iljxuh 9169 vkrzv wkh yhorflw| hog suhglfwhg dw 2.S 1 Hyhq dw wklv hduo| vwdjh
ri wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh d ixqgdphqwdo glhuhqfh lv dssduhqw ehwzhhq wkh UVP
dqg &0" prghov1 Wkh UVP prghov dsshdu wr pdlqwdlq d vwurqj yruwh{ lq wkh fhqwuh
ri wkh grpdlq/ zklfk lv urxjko| hoolswlfdo lq vkdsh1 Wkh wrs dqg erwwrp uhjlrqv
ri wkh grpdlq rqo| kdyh d zhdn rz1 Wkh &0" prghov rq wkh rwkhu kdqg suhglfw
wkdw wkh yruwh{ wdnhv xs wkh hqwluh grpdlq/ wdnlqj rq wkh uhfwdqjxodu vkdsh ri wkh
grpdlq1 Wkh SLY vkrzv d vwurqj fhqwudo yruwh{ vlplodu wr wkdw suhglfwhg e| wkh
UVP vlpxodwlrqv/ exw zlwk d olwwoh pruh rz lq wkh wrs dqg erwwrp ri wkh grpdlq
wkdq lv vkrzq lq wkh UVP prgho1
Wkhvh uhjlrqv ri orz yhorflwlhv lq wkh wrs dqg erwwrp ri wkh grpdlq duh h{sodlqhg
e| Pduf ^4;:` dv vhsdudwlrqv/ fdxvhg e| wkh fhqwudo yruwh{ ghwdfklqj iurp wkh khdg
dqg slvwrq idfhv gxh wr wkh dgyhuvh suhvvxuh judglhqw rq wkrvh idfhv1 Wklv fdxvhv wkh
wxpeoh yruwh{ wr ghfuhdvh lq vl}h +dv lv vhhq lq wkh SLY dqg UVP uhvxowv lq jxuh
9169,1 Wklv ghfuhdvh lq vl}h frqvhtxhqwo| fdxvhv wkh wxpeoh vslq0xs surfhvv zkhuh
wkh wxpeoh yruwh{ urwdwlrq udwh lqfuhdvhv/ wr frqvhuyh dqjxodu prphqwxp1
Wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh fhqwuh ri wkh yruwh{ dw 2.S lv vkrzq lq jxuh 916:1 Wkh
wzr0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho yhu| dffxudwho| suhglfwv wkh dyhudjhg srvlwlrq ri wkh
fhqwuh ri wkh yruwh{1 Wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho lv d olwwoh kljkhu lq wkh
grpdlq wkdq wkh qrupdo vsuhdg ri SLY uhvxowv/ derxw f 44 iurp wkh h{shulphq0
wdoo| phdvxuhg dyhudjh srvlwlrq1 Wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo &0" prghov duh
+d,
0.1 0.1
5 m/s 5 m/s
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+e, +f,
0.1 0.1
0.09 0.09
5 m/s 5 m/s
0.08 0.08
0.07 0.07
0.06 0.06
0.05
Y
Y
0.05
0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+g, +h,
Iljxuh 9169= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2.S 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv
ri Pduf ^4;:`> +e, 5G &0" vlpxodwlrq> +f, 5G UVP vlpxodwlrq> +g, 6G &0"
vlpxodwlrq> dqg +h, 6G UVP vlpxodwlrq1
5.5
5
Y (cm)
4.5
PIV: Cycle resolved centre

PIV: Averaged centre
2D k-ε
4 2D RSM
3D k-ε
3D RSM
3.5
6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9
X (cm)
Iljxuh 916:= Srvlwlrq ri wkh fhqwuh ri wkh yruwh{ dw 2.S 1
vlplodu wr hdfk rwkhu/ derxw f 44 ehorz wkh SLY uhvxowv1 Wkhvh uhvxowv vkrz wkdw
doo vlpxodwlrqv duh suhglfwlqj wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh fhqwudo yruwh{ zlwk djuhhphqw wr
wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv ri ehwwhu wkdq f 441
Wkh wxuexohqfh lq wkh ft sodqh +jxuh 916;, vkrzv wkdw wkh UVP prghov jhq0
hudwh frpsdudwlyho| olwwoh wxuexohqfh/ dqg wkh &0" prghov jhqhudwh d frpsdudwlyho|
odujh dprxqw ri wxuexohqfh1 Wkhuh duh dovr vrph glhuhqfhv ehwzhhq wkh wzr0 dqg
wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prghov/ ixqgdphqwdoo| fdxvhg e| wkh voljkwo| glhuhqw vl}h
dqg vkdsh ri wkh fhqwudo yruwh{ vkrzq lq jxuh 91691
Wkh f ' b 44 sodqh +jxuh 916<, vkrzv yhu| olwwoh vwuxfwxuhv rffxuulqj lq wklv
sodqh/ dqg wkh rz lv vwloo grplqdwhg e| d yruwh{ lq wkh wxpeoh sodqh1
Wkh wxuexohqfh lq wkh f ' b 44 sodqh +jxuh 9173, kdv d vlplodu fkdudfwhulvwlf
wr wkdw vkrzq lq wkh ft sodqh lq jxuh 916;/ zlwk d odujh uhjlrq ri kljk wxuexohqfh
suhglfwhg e| wkh &0" prgho lq wkh fhqwuh ri wkh grpdlq1 Wkh UVP prgho suhglfwv
0.1 0.1
0.08 0.08
K K
6 6
5.4 5.4
4.8 4.8
4.2 4.2
0.06 0.06
3.6 3.6
3 3
Y
Y
2.4 2.4
1.8 1.8
1.2 1.2
0.04 0.6
0.04 0.6
0 0
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+d, +e,
0.1 0.1
0.09 0.09
0.08 0.08
K K
6 6
0.07 5.4 0.07 5.4
4.8 4.8
4.2 4.2
0.06 0.06
3.6 3.6
3 3
0.05 0.05
Y
2.4 2.4
1.8 1.8
1.2 1.2
0.04 0.6
0.04 0.6
0 0
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+f, +g,
Iljxuh 916;= Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj|/ +&, lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2.S 1 +d, 5G
&0" vlpxodwlrq> +e, 5G UVP vlpxodwlrq> +f, 6G &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg +g, 6G
UVP vlpxodwlrq1
+d,
0 .1 0 .1
5 m/s 5 m/s
0 .0 8 0 .0 8
0 .0 6 0 .0 6
0 .0 4 0 .0 4
0 .0 2 0 .0 2
0 0
0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0 0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0
Z +e, Z +f,
Iljxuh 916<= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2.S 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv ri
Pduf ^4;:`> +e, 6G &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg +f, 6G UVP vlpxodwlrq1
0 .1 0 .1
0 .0 8 K 0 .0 8 K
2.5 2.5
2.25 2.25
2 2
1.75 1.75
1.5 1.5
0 .0 6 0 .0 6
1.25 1.25
1 1
0.75 0.75
0.5 0.5
0.25 0.25
0 .0 4 0 0 .0 4 0
0 .0 2 0 .0 2
0 0
0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0 0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0
Z +d, Z +e,
Iljxuh 9173= Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj|/ +&, lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2.S 1 +d, 6G
&0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg +e, 6G UVP vlpxodwlrq1
d idu orzhu ohyho ri wxuexohqfh1

Wkhvh uhvxowv vkrz wkdw wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh lv durxqg kdoi frpsohwh/ dqg
wkh wxpeoh euhdngrzq surfhvv lv frpphqflqj1 Wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv vkrz wkh
wxpeoh yruwh{ wr eh prylqj wr wkh fhqwuh ri wkh f|olqghu/ dqg wklv surfhvv kdv
ehhq fdswxuhg e| wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prghov1 Wkh &0" prghov duh
douhdg| vkrzlqj d vljqlfdqw ghsduwxuh iurp wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv/ lq wkdw wkh|
gr qrw suhglfw dq| vhsdudwlrq dqg ghfuhdvh lq vl}h ri wkh wxpeoh yruwh{1
Uhvxowv dw 2bb
Wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh frqwlqxhv lq jxuh 9174 wr 2bb / dqg wkh wuhqgv vkrzq
dw 2.S frqwlqxh1 Wkh SLY gdwd lqglfdwhv wkdw wkh fhqwudo yruwh{ vwuhqjwkhqv
dqg ehfrphv vpdoohu/ dqg wkh vhsdudwhg uhjlrqv dw wkh wrs ri wkh grpdlq jurz wr
dffrpprgdwh wklv1 Djdlq wklv lv suhglfwhg e| wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP
prghov1 Wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho suhglfwv d yhu| vwurqj fhqwudo yruwh{/
zlwk zhdnhu yruwlfhv lq wkh wrs dqg erwwrp uhjlrqv ehjlqqlqj wr irup1 Wkh wkuhh0
glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho dovr suhglfwv wkh fhqwudo yruwh{/ exw lw lv qrw dv vwurqj
dv wkdw suhglfwhg e| wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho/ dqg wkh xsshu dqg orzhu
vhfrqgdu| yruwlfhv kdyh qrw iruphg1 Erwk wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo &0" prghov
suhglfw wkh rz wr eh d uhfwdqjxodu yruwh{ wdnlqj xs wkh hqwluh uhjlrq1
Iljxuh 9175 vkrzv wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh yruwh{ fhqwuhv dw 2bb 1 Wkh wzr0
glphqvlrqdo dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prghov suhglfw wkh orfdwlrq ri wkh fhqwuh
zlwk jrrg djuhhphqw zlwk wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv1
Wkh idloxuh ri wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo &0" prghov wr fruuhfwo| suhglfw wkh
+d,
0.1 0.1
5 m/s 5 m/s
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X
+e, X
+f,
0.1 0.1
0.09 0.09
5 m/s 5 m/s
0.08 0.08
0.07 0.07
0.06 0.06
Y
0.05 0.05
0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X
+g, X
+h,
Iljxuh 9174= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2bb 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv
6.5
5.5
4.5
Y (cm)
PIV: Individual centres

4 PIV: Averaged centre
2D k-ε
3.5 2D RSM
3D k-ε
3D RSM
3
2.5
1.5
1
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5
X (cm)
Iljxuh 9175= Srvlwlrq ri wkh fhqwuh ri wkh yruwh{ dw 2bb 1
rz gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh qrz pdnhv wkh yruwh{ fhqwuh orfdwlrq suhglfwhg
d orqj zd| iurp wkdw phdvxuhg h{shulphqwdoo|derxw 2 44 huuru/ ru rqh wklug ri
wkh wrwdo ohqjwk ri wkh grpdlq1
Dq lqwhuhvwlqj srlqw ri lqwhuhvw derxw jxuh 9175 lv wkdw wkh hqvhpeoh dyhudjhg
SLY yruwh{ fhqwuh grhv qrw olh lq wkh plggoh ri wkh uhjlrq ri wkh lqglylgxdo yruwh{
fhqwuhv1 Wklv lv d uhvxow ri wkh hqvhpeoh dyhudjlqj surfhvv1
Wkh wxuexohqfh ohyhov lq wkh ft sodqh/ vkrzq lq jxuh 9176 frqwlqxh wkh wuhqg
vhhq lq jxuh 916;/ zkhuh wkh &0" prghov suhglfw vljqlfdqwo| kljkhu wxuexohqfh
ohyhov wkdq wkh UVP prghov/ dqg wkh UVP prghov rqo| suhglfw d orz wxuexohqfh
ohyho dvvrfldwhg zlwk wkh fhqwudo yruwh{1 Djdlq/ wkhuh lv d vpdoo glhuhqfh ehwzhhq
wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prghov dvvrfldwhg zlwk wkh glhuhqw vkdsh ri
wkh fhqwudo yruwh{/ vhhq lq jxuh 91741
Wkh t ~ sodqh +f ' b 44,/ vkrzq lq jxuh 9177/ vkrzv wkh uvw vljqv ri wkuhh0
0.1 0.1
0.08 0.08
K K
6 6
5.4 5.4
4.8 4.8
4.2 4.2
0.06 0.06
3.6 3.6
3 3
Y
Y
2.4 2.4
1.8 1.8
1.2 1.2
0.04 0.6
0.04 0.6
0 0
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+d, +e,
0.1 0.1
0.09 0.09
0.08 0.08
K K
6 6
0.07 5.4 0.07 5.4
4.8 4.8
4.2 4.2
0.06 0.06
3.6 3.6
3 3
0.05 0.05
Y
2.4 2.4
1.8 1.8
1.2 1.2
0.04 0.6
0.04 0.6
0 0
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+f, +g,
Iljxuh 9176= Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj|/ +&, lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2bb 1 +d, 5G
UVP vlpxodwlrq1
+d,
0 .1 0 .1
3.5 m/s 3.5 m/s
0 .0 8 0 .0 8
0 .0 6 0 .0 6
0 .0 4 0 .0 4
0 .0 2 0 .0 2
0 0
0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0 0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0
Z +e, Z +f,
Iljxuh 9177= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2bb 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv ri
glphqvlrqdo rzv frpphqflqj lq wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh1 Wkh SLY uhvxowv vkrz
d uhjlrq ri rz dw wkh rxwvlgh ri wkh grpdlq zklfk lv khdglqj wrzdugv wkh fhqwuh
ri wkh grpdlq/ lq d uhdvrqdeo| v|pphwulfdo idvklrq1 Wkh UVP prgho suhglfwv
v|pphwulfdo wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo rz/ exw lw dsshduv wr eh wkh zurqj vkdsh1 Iru
lqvwdqfh/ lq wkh erwwrp ohiw fruqhu ri wkh SLY uhvxowv wkh rz lv vhhq prylqj grzq
dqg uljkw +wrzdugv wkh fhqwuh ri wkh f|olqghu,/ zkhuhdv wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP
uhvxowv dw wkh vdph orfdwlrq vkrz wkh rz wr eh khdglqj grzq dqg ohiw +wrzdugv wkh
rxwvlgh zdoo ri wkh f|olqghu,1
Wkh &0" prgho idlov wr slfn xs dq| wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo rzv dw doo1
Wkh wxuexohqfh lqwhqvlw| +&, lq wklv t ~ sodqh/ vkrzq lq jxuh 9178/ frqwlqxhv
wkh wuhqg iurp 2.S +jxuh 9173,1 Krzhyhu/ wkh glhuhqfhv ehwzhhq wkh &0" dqg
UVP vlpxodwlrqv kdyh ehhq uhgxfhg1
0 .1 0 .1
0 .0 8 K 0 .0 8 K
4 4
3.6 3.6
3.2 3.2
2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
0 .0 6 0 .0 6
2 2
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
0 .0 4 0 0 .0 4 0
0 .0 2 0 .0 2
0 0
0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0 0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0
Z +d, Z +e,
Iljxuh 9178= Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj|/ +&, lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2bb 1 +d, 6G
Uhvxowv dw 2
Wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh lv qrz lq lwv qdo vwdjhv/ dw 2 1 Iljxuh 9147 vkrzv wkh
wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo &0" prghov kdyh sdvvhg wkhlu shdn wxuexohqfh ydoxhv/
dqg wkh ohyhov ri wxuexohqfh lqwhqvlw| duh udslgo| ghfolqlqj1 Wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0
glphqvlrqdo UVP prghov vkrz wkh wxuexohqfh shdnv durxqg wklv srvlwlrq1
Iljxuh 9179 vkrzv wkh SLY gdwd wr kdyh d vwurqj fhqwudo yruwh{/ dqg d zhdnhu
yruwh{ urwdwlqj lq wkh rssrvlwh gluhfwlrq deryh lw +dqg suhvxpdeo| ehorz/ lw lv
rxw ri wkh hog ri ylhz,1 Wklv yhorflw| hog kdv vxffhvvixoo| ehhq fdswxuhg e| wkh
wzr0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho/ zklfk fohduo| uhvroyhv wkh wkuhh yruwlfhv1 Wkh wkuhh0
glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho grhv qrw vkrz wkuhh yruwlfhv/ krzhyhu lw grhv vkrz wkh
fhqwudo yruwh{ wr kdyh uhgxfhg lq vl}h1 Wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo &0" prghov
frpsohwho| idlo wr fdswxuh wkh hog dw doo/ frqwlqxlqj wr suhglfw rqh odujh uhfwdqjxodu
yruwh{ dv vkrzq lq jxuhv 9174 dqg 91691 Wkh yruwh{ suhglfwhg e| wkh &0" prghov
kdv qrz vljqlfdqwo| zhdnhqhg1
Wkh wxuexohqfh lqwhqvlw| lq wkh ft sodqh lv vkrzq lq jxuh 917:1 Djdlq/ lw vkrzv
wkh &0" prgho suhglfwv d idluo| hyhq dqg kljk ohyho ri wxuexohqfh/ zlwk d pd{lpxp
ydoyh lq wkh fhqwuh ri wkh f|olqghu1 Lq frpsdulvrq/ wkh UVP prghov suhglfw wkh
wxuexohqfh ehlqj frqfhqwudwhg durxqg wkh fhqwudo yruwh{1 Wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo
UVP prgho lv qrz suhglfwlqj d kljkhu ohyho ri wxuexohqfh lq lwv fhqwudo yruwh{ wkdq
wkh &0" prgho1
Wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP vlpxodwlrq suhglfwv d frpsolfdwhg rz hog1 Vhyhudo
ylhzv ri wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo qdwxuh ri wklv rz fdq eh vhhq lq jxuh 917;/ vkrzlqj
lqvwdqwdqhrxv vwuhdpolqhv dw 2 ylhzhg iurp ydulrxv dqjohv1 Wkh vpdoo fhqwudo
+d,
0.1 0.1
5 m/s 5 m/s
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X
+e, X
+f,
0.1 0.1
0.09 0.09
5 m/s 5 m/s
0.08 0.08
0.07 0.07
0.06 0.06
Y
0.05 0.05
0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X
+g, X
+h,
Iljxuh 9179= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv
0.1 0.1
0.08 0.08
K K
5 5
4.5 4.5
4 4
3.5 3.5
0.06 0.06
3 3
2.5 2.5
Y
Y
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.04 0.5
0.04 0.5
0 0
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+d, +e,
0.1 0.1
0.09 0.09
0.08 0.08
K K
5 5
0.07 4.5 0.07 4.5
4 4
3.5 3.5
0.06 0.06
3 3
2.5 2.5
0.05 0.05
Y
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.04 0.5
0.04 0.5
0 0
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+f, +g,
Iljxuh 917:= Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj|/ +&, lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2 1 +d, 5G
UVP vlpxodwlrq1
wxpeoh yruwh{ lv vhhq wr h{whqg dfurvv wkh hqwluh hog lq jxuh 917;f/ dqg wkh fxuyh
lq wkh fhqwuh olqh ri wklv yruwh{ lv ylvleoh1 Vwuxfwxuhv deryh dqg ehorz wkh fhqwudo
wxpeoh yruwh{ duh dovr dssduhqw1
Wkh t ~ sodqh/ vkrzq lq jxuh 917</ lqglfdwhv wkdw wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo rzv
vhhq frpphqflqj dw 2bb lq jxuh 9177 duh jurzlqj vwurqjhu1 Wkh SLY uh0
vxowv vkrz zhdn yruwlfhv lq wkh wrs ohiw dqg uljkw fruqhuv/ dqg vljqlfdqw wkuhh0
glphqvlrqdo rzv ryhu prvw ri wkh uhvw ri wkh grpdlq/ lq d uhdvrqdeo| v|pphwulfdo
idvklrq1 Wkh UVP prgho frqwlqxhv wr suhglfw v|pphwulfdo wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo rz/
exw lw lv vwloo wkh zurqj vkdsh1 Wkh &0" prgho idlov wr slfn xs dq| vljqlfdqw
wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo rzv dw doo1
Wkh wxuexohqfh lqwhqvlw| lq wklv sodqh lv vkrzq lq jxuh 91831 Wkh wkuhh0
glphqvlrqdo &0" dqg UVP prghov suhglfw uhdvrqdeo| vlplodu ohyhov ri wxuexohqfh
lq wkh fhqwuh ri wkh grpdlq/ exw wkh &0" prgho suhglfwv lw wr eh hyhqo| vsuhdg
dfurvv wkh grpdlq dqg wkh UVP prgho suhglfwv lw wr eh irfxvvhg dw wkh fhqwuh dqg
vljqlfdqwo| glvwruwhg lq vkdsh1
Uhvxowv dw 2
Doo vlpxodwlrqv duh qrz suhglfwlqj wkh wxuexohqfh wr udslgo| ghfuhdvh xqwlo wkh hqg
ri wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh1
Iljxuh 9184 vkrzv wkh SLY uhvxowv wr fohduo| uhvroyh d vwurqj fhqwudo yruwh{/ d
voljkwo| zhdnhu wrs yruwh{ dqg suhvxpdeo| d vlplodu wklug yruwh{ rq wkh erwwrp1
Wklv lv fruuhfwo| suhglfwhg e| wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho/ krzhyhu wkh fhqwudo
yruwh{ lv wrr vwurqj1 Wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho suhglfwv wkh vwuhqjwk ri
wkh fhqwudo yruwh{ ehwwhu dqg grhv vkrz d zhdn wrs yruwh{/ exw grhv qrw fohduo|
uhvroyh lw1 Wkh fhqwudo yruwh{ ri wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho lv dovr vhhq wr
eh rvhw iurp wkh fhqwuh ri wkh grpdlq vljqlfdqwo|/ zklfk lv qrw vkrzq rq wkh
SLY uhvxowv1 Wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo &0" prghov frpsohwho| idlo wr slfn dqg
vljqlfdqw rzv dw doo/ suhglfwlqj wkdw wkh rz kdv hvvhqwldoo| vwrsshg1 Suhvxpdeo|
wkh h{wud wxuexohqfh jhqhudwhg hduolhu lq wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh kdv glvvlsdwhg wkh
hqhuj| iurp wkh phdq rz hog1
Iljxuh 9185 frqwlqxhv wkh wuhqg vkrzq lq wklv sodqh lq suhylrxv ylvxdolvdwlrqv1
Wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo &0" prghov erwk suhglfw xqlirup ohyhov ri wxuex0
ohqfh dfurvv wkh hqwluh grpdlq1 Dv wkh yhorflwlhv jhqhudwlqj wxuexohqfh kdyh qrz
hhfwlyho| vwrsshg lq wkh &0" vlpxodwlrqv/ wkhuh lv yhu| olwwoh wxuexohqfh jhqhudwlrq
iru wkh uhpdlqghu ri wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh1 Wkh wxuexohqfh fxuuhqwo| suhvhqw zloo
udslgo| glvvlsdwh1
Wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP vlpxodwlrqv/ vkrzq lq jxuh 9185e dqg
+d,
+e, +f,
Iljxuh 917;= Lqvwdqwdqhrxv vwuhdpolqhv iurp wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP vlpxodwlrq
dw 2 1 +d, Lvrphwulf ylhz> +e, Wxpeoh sodqh ylhz> dqg +f, Furvv wxpeoh
sodqh ylhz1
+d,
0 .1 0 .1
2 m/s 2 m/s
0 .0 8 0 .0 8
0 .0 6 0 .0 6
0 .0 4 0 .0 4
0 .0 2 0 .0 2
0 0
0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0 0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0
Z +e, Z +f,
Iljxuh 917<= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv ri
0 .1 0 .1
0 .0 8 K 0 .0 8 K
4 4
3.6 3.6
3.2 3.2
2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
0 .0 6 0 .0 6
2 2
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
0 .0 4 0 0 .0 4 0
0 .0 2 0 .0 2
0 0
0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0 0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0
Z +d, Z +e,
Iljxuh 9183= Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj|/ +&, lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2 1 +d, 6G
+d,
0.1 0.1
5 m/s 5 m/s
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X
+e, X
+f,
0.1 0.1
0.09 0.09
5 m/s 5 m/s
0.08 0.08
0.07 0.07
0.06 0.06
Y
0.05
Y
0.05
0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X
+g, X
+h,
Iljxuh 9184= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv
9185g/ suhglfw vlplodu wxuexohqfh hogv fhqwuhg durxqg wkh vwurqj fhqwudo yruwh{1
Krzhyhu wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo UVP vlpxodwlrq glvsod|v dq rgg v|pphwu| derxw wkh
fhqwudo sodqh" / zkhuhdv wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho lv dv|pphwulf1
Wkh t ~ sodqh yhfwru hog vkrzq lq jxuh 9186 dw 2 zdv wkh ixuwkhvw
wkurxjk wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh wkdw Pduf zdv deoh wr uhfrug SLY gdwd iru wklv
sodqh1 Kh h{sodlqv wkdw dq h{fhvvlyh dprxqw ri uh hfwlrqv rffxuuhg dv wkh slvwrq
dssurdfkhg wkh phdvxuhphqw sodqh/ pdnlqj wkh gdwd xqxvdeoh1 Wkh SLY uhvxowv
vkrzq lq jxuh 9186 vkrz wkdw wkh wrs ohiw dqg uljkw yruwlfhv uvw vhhq dw 2 lq
jxuh 917< uhpdlq/ dqg wkh rz lv vwloo odujho| v|pphwulf1 Krzhyhu/ wkhuh lv d odujh
dprxqw ri qrlvh lq wkh gldjudp/ srvvleo| lqglfdwlqj odujh yduldwlrqv gxh wr wxuex0
ohqfh/ f|foh wr f|foh yduldwlrqv ru gl!fxowlhv lq shuiruplqj dffxudwh phdvxuhphqwv1
Wkh vwuxfwxuh ri wkh rz lv fohdu/ krzhyhu1
Djdlq doo vlpxodwlrqv idlohg wr suhglfw wklv rz1 Wkh &0" prgho djdlq suhglfwhg
hvvhqwldoo| qr rz1 Wkh UVP prgho suhglfwhg vwuxfwxuhv ri durxqg wkh fruuhfw vl}h/
exw wkh| duh lq wkh zurqj srvlwlrq1
Wkh wxuexohqfh ohyhov lq wklv sodqh +jxuh 9187, qrz vkrzv wkdw wkh &0" prgho
qrz gursv ehorz wkh ohyhov suhglfwhg e| wkh UVP prgho1 Wkh wxuexohqfh lq wkh
UVP prgho lv vwloo frqfhqwudwhg durxqg wkh fhqwudo yruwh{1
Uhvxowv dw 2H
Iljxuh 9188 vkrzv wkh SLY uhvxowv/ vwloo vkrzlqj wkh vwuxfwxuh ri wzr ylvleoh yruwlfhv
dqg suhvxpdeo| d wklug yruwh{ rxw ri wkh hog ri ylhz1 Lw lv qrw dv fohduo| vhhq
dv dw 2 lq jxuh 9184/ krzhyhu1 Djdlq wklv lv fohduo| fdswxuhg e| wkh wzr0
glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho/ exw wkh fhqwudo yruwh{ lv qrz idu wrr vwurqj1 Wkh wkuhh0
glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho dovr fdswxuhv wkh fhqwudo dqg wrs yruwh{/ exw qr fohdu
erwwrp yruwh{ lv vhhq dqg wkh fhqwudo yruwh{ lv vwloo r0fhqwuh1 Dv wkh h{shulphqwdo
uhvxowv glg qrw uhvroyh wkh rz lq wkh orzhu kdoi ri wkh f|olqghu/ zkhwkhu d yruwh{
h{lvwv lq wkh orzhu kdoi ri wkh f|olqghu lv d pdwwhu ri vshfxodwlrq1
Doo prwlrq kdv hvvhqwldoo| vwrsshg lq wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo &0" prghov
suhglfwlrqv1
Wkh wxuexohqfh lqwhqvlw| suhglfwlrqv iroorzv wkh vdph wuhqg dv ehiruh/ dqg duh
vkrzq lq jxuh 91891 Wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho suhglfwv d uhjlrq ri vwurqj
wxuexohqfh dvvrfldwhg zlwk wkh vwurqj fhqwudo yruwh{1 Wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP
prgho suhglfwv d orzhu ohyho ri wxuexohqfh/ dovr frqfhqwudwhg dw wkh fhqwudo yruwh{1
Wkh &0" prghov suhglfwv d xqlirup vsuhdg ri wxuexohqfh lqwhqvlw|/ zklfk lv qrz
"
Rgg lq wkh pdwkhpdwlfdo vhqvh/ wkdw lv/ i +{, @ i +{, iru doo {1
0.1 0.1
0.08 0.08
K K
4 4
3.6 3.6
3.2 3.2
2.8 2.8
0.06 0.06
2.4 2.4
2 2
Y
Y
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.04 0.4
0.04 0.4
0 0
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+d, +e,
0.1 0.1
0.09 0.09
0.08 0.08
K K
4 4
0.07 3.6 0.07 3.6
3.2 3.2
2.8 2.8
0.06 0.06
2.4 2.4
2 2
0.05 0.05
Y
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.04 0.4
0.04 0.4
0 0
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+f, +g,
Iljxuh 9185= Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj|/ +&, lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2 1 +d, 5G
UVP vlpxodwlrq1
+d,
0 .1 0 .1
2 m/s 2 m/s
0 .0 8 0 .0 8
0 .0 6 0 .0 6
0 .0 4 0 .0 4
0 .0 2 0 .0 2
0 0
0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0 0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0
Z +e, Z +f,
Iljxuh 9186= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv ri
0 .1 0 .1
0 .08 K 0 .0 8 K
4 4
3.6 3.6
3.2 3.2
2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
0 .06 0 .0 6
2 2
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
0 .04 0 0 .0 4 0
0 .02 0 .0 2
0 0
0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0 0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0
Z +d, Z +e,
Iljxuh 9187= Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj|/ +&, lq f ' b 44 sodqh dw 2 1 +d, 6G
+d,
0.1 0.1
5 m/s 5 m/s
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X
+e, X
+f,
0.1 0.1
0.09 0.09
5 m/s 5 m/s
0.08 0.08
0.07 0.07
0.06 0.06
Y
0.05 0.05
0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X
+g, X
+h,
Iljxuh 9188= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2H 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv
glvvlsdwlqj udslgo| dv wkhuh lv olwwoh uhpdlqlqj hqhuj| iru wxuexohqfh jhqhudwlrq1
Uhvxowv dw D
Wklv ylvxdolvdwlrq dw D zdv dv forvh wr WGF dv Pduf frxog phdvxuh SLY

gdwd lq wkh wxpeoh +~ ' Df 44, sodqh1 Iljxuh 918: vkrzv wkdw wkh SLY uhvxowv gr
qrw fohduo| uhvroyh wkh wkuhh yruwh{ vwuxfwxuhv vhhq ehiruh> wkh rqo| ihdwxuh fohduo|
ylvleoh lv wkh wrs ri wkh fhqwudo yruwh{1 Wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo UVP vlpxodwlrq vwloo
fohduo| uhvroyhv wkh wkuhh yruwlfhv/ exw wkh fhqwudo yruwh{ dsshduv wr kdyh doprvw
glvdsshduhg lq wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho1 Wkh &0" prghov frqwlqxh wr
suhglfw hvvhqwldoo| }hur rz1
Wkh wxuexohqfh vkrzq lq jxuh 918; vkrzv wkdw wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho
kdv wkh wxuexohqfh frqfhqwudwhg durxqg wkh fhqwudo yruwh{/ dv grhv wkh wkuhh0
glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho exw zlwk d orzhu ohyho ri wxuexohqfh1 Wkh &0" prghov
frqwlqxh wr suhglfw orz dqg uhdvrqdeo| xqlirup ohyhov ri wxuexohqfh dfurvv wkh gr0
pdlq1
Uhvxowv dw Sf / WGF
Pduf ^4;:` suhvhqwv qr SLY gdwd iru wklv srvlwlrq/ lw lv lqfoxghg khuh iru frpsohwh0
qhvv1 Iljxuh 918< vkrzv wkh yhorflw| yhfwruv/ dqg wkh wuhqgv vkrzq lq wkh suhylrxv
ylvxdolvdwlrqv frqwlqxh1 Wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho kdv qrz eurnhq grzq
ixuwkhu/ dqg lv glvsod|lqj durxqg < yruwlfhv/ djdlq zlwk wkh fhqwudo rqh ehlqj wkh
vwurqjhvw1 Pdq| vpdoo yruwlfhv duh vhhq/ wkh| duh srvvleo| ehlqj eruq dqg kdyh
qrw |hw lqwhudfwhg zlwk wkhlu qhljkerxulqj yruwlfhv dqg htxdoo| glvwulexwh wkh dydlo0
deoh yroxph ehwzhhq wkhpvhoyhv1 Wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho suhglfwv d
vlqjoh yruwh{ lq wkh wrs kdoi ri wkh fkdpehu/ exw wkh vwurqj xszdugv rz lqglfdwhv
vljqlfdqw rzv lq wkh wklug glphqvlrq zklfk lv qrw vkrzq rq wklv furvv vhfwlrq1
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wlrqv kdyh duulyhg dw uhdvrqdeo| vlplodu uhvxowv dw WGF1 Djdlq wkh wzr0glphqvlrqdo
UVP prgho kdv d shdn ri wxuexohqfh lqwhqvlw| dw wkh fhqwudo yruwh{ dqg lv qrz
glvsod|lqj wzr pruh shdnv zkhuh wkh wrs dqg erwwrp vhfrqgdu| yruwlfhv zhuh rqfh
orfdwhg1 Wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho lv vkrzlqj wkh wxuexohqfh frqfhqwudwhg
dw wkh wrs yruwh{ dqg zkhuh wkh fhqwudo yruwh{ zdv rqfh orfdwhg1 Wkh &0" prghov
|lhog uhdvrqdeo| xqlirup wxuexohqfh dfurvv wkh hqwluh grpdlq/ dv wkh| kdyh grqh iru
wkh hqwluh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh1
Lqvwdqwdqhrxv vwuhdpolqhv suhglfwhg iru wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP vlpxodwlrq
0.1 0.1
0.08 0.08
K K
4 4
3.6 3.6
3.2 3.2
2.8 2.8
0.06 0.06
2.4 2.4
2 2
Y
Y
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.04 0.4
0.04 0.4
0 0
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+d, +e,
0.1 0.1
0.09 0.09
0.08 0.08
K K
4 4
0.07 3.6 0.07 3.6
3.2 3.2
2.8 2.8
0.06 0.06
2.4 2.4
2 2
0.05 0.05
Y
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.04 0.4
0.04 0.4
0 0
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+f, +g,
Iljxuh 9189= Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj|/ +&, lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw 2H 1 +d, 5G
UVP vlpxodwlrq1
+d,
0.1 0.1
5 m/s 5 m/s
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X
+e, X
+f,
0.1 0.1
0.09 0.09
5 m/s 5 m/s
0.08 0.08
0.07 0.07
0.06 0.06
Y
0.05 0.05
0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X
+g, X
+h,
Iljxuh 918:= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw D 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv
0.1 0.1
0.08 0.08
K K
4 4
3.6 3.6
3.2 3.2
2.8 2.8
0.06 0.06
2.4 2.4
2 2
Y
Y
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.04 0.4
0.04 0.4
0 0
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+d, +e,
0.1 0.1
0.09 0.09
0.08 0.08
K K
4 4
0.07 3.6 0.07 3.6
3.2 3.2
2.8 2.8
0.06 0.06
2.4 2.4
2 2
0.05 0.05
Y
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.04 0.4
0.04 0.4
0 0
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+f, +g,
Iljxuh 918;= Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj|/ +&, lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw D 1 +d, 5G
UVP vlpxodwlrq1
0.1 0.1
5 m/s 5 m/s
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
Y
Y
0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X +d, X +e,
0.1 0.1
0.09 0.09
5 m/s 5 m/s
0.08 0.08
0.07 0.07
0.06 0.06
0.05 0.05
Y
0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X +f, X +g,
Iljxuh 918<= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw WGF1 +d, 5G &0" vlpxodwlrq>
+e, 5G UVP vlpxodwlrq> +f, 6G &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg +g, 6G UVP vlpxodwlrq1
0.1 0.1
0.08 0.08
K K
1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.06 0.06
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
Y
Y
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.04 0.1 0.04 0.1
0 0
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X +d, X +e,
0.1 0.1
0.09 0.09
0.08 0.08
K K
1 1
0.07 0.9 0.07 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.06 0.06
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
Y
0.05
Y
0.4 0.05 0.4

0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.04 0.1
0.04 0.1
0 0
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0 0
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+f, +g,
Iljxuh 9193= Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj|/ +&, lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw WGF1 +d, 5G
UVP vlpxodwlrq1
Iljxuh 9194= Lqvwdqwdqhrxv vwuhdpolqhv iurp wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP vlpxodwlrq

dw WGF/ ylhzhg rq wkh furvv wxpeoh sodqh1
dw WGF duh vkrzq lq jxuh 91941 Lw frqupv wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo vwuxfwxuh ri wkh
rz/ krzhyhu wkh rz uhpdlqv v|pphwulfdo derxw ~ ' Df 441 Wzr odujh yruwlfhv
duh ylvleoh rq hlwkhu vlgh ri wkh fhqwudo v|pphwu| sodqh/ dqg qxphurxv vpdoohu
yruwlfhv1
91:17 Dyhudjhg Sdudphwhuv

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wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo vlpxodwlrq> ixoo grpdlq/ lq zklfk wkh sdudphwhu lv dyhudjhg
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sodqh lv wkh sodqh iru zklfk Pduf hw do suhvhqw wkhlu uhvxowv lq doo wkhlu sxeolfdwlrqv
iurp wkh wxpeoh sodqh ^4;;/ 4;:/ 79/ 4;<`/ dqg lv wkh prvw gluhfw frpsdulvrq wr wkh
wzr0glphqvlrqdo vlpxodwlrqv1
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dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo prghov1
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dw derxw D / vljqlfdqwo| hduolhu wkdq wkh UVP vlpxodwlrqv zkr ghfd| wr qhdu
}hur dw WGF1
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4.5
2D k-ε
4
Mass Averaged Turbulence, k (m /s )
3D k-ε (full domain)

2
3D k-ε (central plane only)

2
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°)
+d,
2
2D RSM
3D RSM (full domain)

2
3D RSM (central plain only)

2
1.5
0.5
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°)
+e,
Iljxuh 9195= Pdvv dyhudjhg wxuexohqfh +&, iru wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo .7 ' f
FIG prghov1 +d, &0" wxuexohqfh prgho> dqg +e, UVP wxuexohqfh prgho1
2D k-ε
50 3D k-ε (central plane only)
45
Mass Averaged Velocity , (m /s )
2
40
2
35
2
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°)
+d,
2D RSM
50 3D RSM (central plain only)
45
2
40
2
35
2
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°)
+e,
Iljxuh 9196= Pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg iru wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo .7 '
f FIG prghov1 +d, &0" wxuexohqfh prgho> dqg +e, UVP wxuexohqfh prgho1
dqg wzr0glphqvlrqdo vlpxodwlrq uhvxowv1
91:18 Frqglwlrqv dw Ydulrxv Srlqwv

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prgho/ dqg zhuh rqo| uhfrughg gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh1 Wkh FIG vlpxodwlrq
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12
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CA (°)
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Wkh hhfw ri qxphulfdo glvvlsdwlrq lv vlplodu wr d vxe0julg prgho lq OHV1 Wklv
vxjjhvwv wkh lqwhuhvwlqj lghd wkdw wkh qxphulfdo glvvlsdwlrq lq dq xszlqglqj qlwh
yroxph vlpxodwlrq frxog eh xvhg wr uhsuhvhqw wkh glvvlsdwlrq ri wkh vpdoo wxuexohqw
vfdohv/ udwkhu wkdq xvlqj dq h{solflw vxe0julg prgho1 Dowkrxjk wklv dsshduv wr eh
d yhu| fuxgh irupxodwlrq/ Kdzruwk ^45;` pdnhv wkh iroorzlqj srlqwv derxw zkdw kh
fdoov prgho0ohvv OHV=
qxphulfdo lqdffxudf| surylghv d vxejulg vfdoh prgho wkdw lv dw ohdvw dv uholdeoh

dv dq| h{solflw prgho>
wkh qxphulfdo glvvlsdwlrq ri wkh orz0rughu qxphulfdo phwkrgv jhqhudoo| xvhg

lq hqjlqhhulqj FIG grplqdwhv wkh prghohg vxejulg vfdoh vwuhvvhv> dqg
qxphulfdo lqdffxudf| ehkdyhv lq d pdqqhu wkdw lv txdolwdwlyho| vlplodu wr dq

h{solflw vxejulg vwuhvv prgho1
Dowkrxjk wklv w|sh ri prgho kdv qrw ehhq dv zlgho| xvhg dv wkh qrupdo vxe0
julg wxuexohqfh prgho OHV/ d qxpehu ri uhvhdufkhuv uhsruw vxffhvvixo vlpxodwlrqv1
Prgho0ohvv OHV kdv ehhq ohjlwlplvhg dqg mxvwlhg e| Erulv hw do ^84`/ Rudq dqg
Erulv ^548`/ Vsdoduw ^58<`/ Pdqnedgl ^4;9` dqg Ixuhe| dqg Julqvwhlq ^437`1 Lw kdv
ehhq xvhg lq d OHV prgho ri rz ryhu d f|olqghu e| Plwwdo dqg Prlq ^4<6` dqg
Wvxerl hw do ^5:;`1 Qdlwrk hw do ^535` dssolhg lw wr d vlpsoh hqjlqh jhrphwu|/ dqg
vxffhvvixoo| prghoohg wkh euhdngrzq ri d vpdoo qxpehu ri odujh yruwlfhv lqwr d odujh
qxpehu ri vpdoo yruwlfhv1 Qdlwrk hw do ^4<;` xvhg d vlplodu OHV prgho rq d irxu ydoyh
shqwurri dqg wzr ydoyh khplvskhulfdo frpexvwlrq fkdpehu/ dqg dfklhyhg uhdvrqdeoh
djuhhphqw zlwk h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv lq suhglfwlqj wkh lqwdnh vwurnh rz1
Wkh ixqgdphqwdo olplwdwlrq ri prgho0ohvv OHV lv lq ghdolqj zlwk wkh zdoo uhjlrqv
^58<`1 Wkh rqo| zd| wklv w|sh ri vxe0julg prgho fdq dffxudwho| ghdo zlwk zdoo uhjlrqv
lv e| dssurdfklqj GQV lq wkh erxqgdu| od|hu1 Wklv lv qrw srvvleoh zlwk fxuuhqw
uhvrxufhv1 Wklv uhvwulfwlrq kdv ehhq dyrlghg e| vrph uhvhdufkhuv e| prghoolqj rzv
zlwkrxw zdoov/ vxfk dv wkh iuhh vkhdu od|hu prghoohg e| Ixuhe| dqg Julqvwhlq ^437`1
Lq wkh suhvhqw zrun d prgho0ohvv OHV vlpxodwlrq zdv shuiruphg rq wkh vtxduh
slvwrq hqjlqh1 Wkh odplqdu/ ru qrq0dyhudjhg Qdylhu Vwrnhv htxdwlrqv zhuh vroyhg/
xvlqj wkh vhfrqg rughu Ydq Ohhu glhuhqflqj vfkhph wr surylgh wkh glvvlsdwlrq lq
wkh prphqwxp dqg hqhuj| htxdwlrqv1 Rqo| wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo vlpxodwlrqv zhuh
shuiruphg zlwk wklv whfkqltxh vlqfh OHV lv lqkhuhqwo| wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo1
Lw lv lqfoxghg lq wkh fxuuhqw zrun rqo| dv d suholplqdu| vwxg| ri wkh dssolfdwlrq
ri OHV prghov wr dq hqjlqh jhrphwu| wr hvwdeolvk zkhwkhu ixwxuh zrun lv zduudqwhg1
Wkhuh lv qr vshfldo wuhdwphqw ri wkh zdoo uhjlrqv/ wkh xqowhuhg Qdylhu Vwrnhv
htxdwlrqv zhuh lqwhjudwhg gluhfwo| wr wkh zdoov1 Wklv lv olnho| wr eh d ixqgdphqwdo
lqdffxudf| lq wkh prgho ^58<`/ krzhyhu wkh suholplqdu| qdwxuh ri wkh zrun pdnhv
wklv vlpsolfdwlrq dffhswdeoh1 Wkh ghyhorsphqw ri dq dffxudwh zdoo wuhdwphqw lv
eh|rqg wkh vfrsh ri wkh fxuuhqw zrun1
D euhdngrzq ri wkh hqwluh OHV prghoohg rz hog lqwr phdq dqg wxuexohqw
frpsrqhqwv kdv qrw ehhq shuiruphg vlqfh wklv uhtxluhv wkh vwrudjh ri pdq| frpsohwh
rz hogv/ zklfk uhtxluhv d surklelwlyho| odujh dprxqw frpsxwhu phpru|1 Khqfh/
wkh rqo| frpsdulvrq wr wkh wxuexohqfh phdvxuhg lq wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv zloo eh
iurp gdwd wdnhq dw d ihz vhohfwhg srlqwv lq wkh f|olqghu/ suhvhqwhg lq vhfwlrq 91<19/
dqg rqo| edvhg rq uhvxowv iurp d vlqjoh vwurnh ri wkh hqjlqh1
OHV prghoolqj uhtxluhv d vljqlfdqw qxpehu ri vlpxodwlrqv wr eh shuiruphg wr
hvwdeolvk d vwdwlvwlfdo wuhqg +vhh vhfwlrq 71817,/ dv lqglylgxdo vlpxodwlrqv fdq eh
hhfwhg e| f|foh wr f|foh yduldwlrqv1 Wklv kdv qrw ehhq shuiruphg khuh gxh wr
lqvx!flhqw frpsxwlqj uhvrxufhv/ vr wkh OHV uhvxowv suhvhqwhg khuh duh rqo| iurp d
vlqjoh vlpxodwlrq1 Wklv phdqv wkh OHV uhvxowv suhvhqwhg khuh pxvw eh ylhzhg zlwk
vrph fdxwlrq/ dv qr dwwhpsw wkh uhpryh wkhvh hhfwv kdv ehhq shuiruphg1 Krzhyhu/
dv wklv vwxg| lv rqo| d suholplqdu| lqyhvwljdwlrq/ wklv lv dffhswdeoh1
91<15 Wxuexohqw Ohqjwk Vfdohv

D ixqgdphqwdo lvvxh uhjduglqj wkh dssolfdwlrq ri OHV vlpxodwlrq wr hqjlqh vlpxod0
wlrq lv dghtxdwh julg uhvroxwlrq wr uhvroyh wkh wxuexohqw yruwlfhv1 D wuxh OHV vwxg|
uhtxluhv d owhu zlgwk ri wkh lqwhjudo ohqjwk vfdoh ru qhu wr uhvroyh wkh wxuexohqw
xfwxdwlrqv1 Wklv ohdyhv wkh xquhvroyhg prwlrqv dv qhduo| lvrwurslf1 Lw lv srvvl0
eoh wr hvwlpdwh wkh wxuexohqfh ohqjwk vfdoh suhvhqw iurp wkh wxuexohqfh sdudphwhuv
suhglfwhg e| d Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg Qdylhu Vwrnhv vlpxodwlrq/ xvlqj wkh &0" ru UVP
wxuexohqfh prghov1 Wklv zloo eh shuiruphg edvhg rq wkh vlpxodwlrqv suhvhqwhg lq
vhfwlrqv 919 dqg 91:1
Wkh lqwhjudo ohqjwk vfdoh/ ,/ lv ghqhg dv d ohqjwk vfdoh w|slfdo ri wkh odujhu
hgglhv1 Lw lv d jxlgh dv wr wkh vl}h ri wkh odujhvw hgglhv zklfk fdq eh frqvlghuhg
wxuexohqw1 Lq wkh &0" wxuexohqfh prgho lw lv dvvxphg wkdw wkh ohqjwk vfdoh fdq eh
jlyhq e|
> &*2
,' / +918,
"
dqg wklv fdq eh fdofxodwhg iru erwk wkh &0" dqg UVP vlpxodwlrqv1 Ohqjwk vfdoh kdv
ehhq fdofxodwhg dw WGF ri wkh .7 ' e vlpxodwlrqv/ dqg wkh uhvxowv duh vkrzq lq
jxuh 91:51 Wklv uhodwlrqvkls lv qrw vwulfwo| dssolfdeoh wr UVP vlpxodwlrqv/ krzhyhu
lw fdq eh xvhg dv d uhdvrqdeoh phdvxuh ri wkh wxuexohqw ohqjwk vfdoh1
Wkh &0" prgho suhglfwv wkh ohqjwk vfdoh ri wkh wxuexohqfh wr eh ri wkh rughu ri
44 dw WGF lq jxuh 91:5d/ dqg wkh UVP prgho suhglfwv wkh ohqjwk vfdoh wr eh
durxqg 2 44 dw WGF lq jxuh 91:5e1
Wkh vl}h ri wkh hohphqwv iru wkh S eD ee julg lq wkh .7 ' e vlpxodwlrq dw
WGF lv 22 44 lq wkh ~ gluhfwlrq/ b 44 lq wkh t gluhfwlrq/ dqg fe 44 lq wkh f
gluhfwlrq1 Li wkh ohqjwk vfdoh ri wkh wxuexohqfh lq wkh fhqwudo vhfwlrq ri wkh grpdlq
lv durxqg 44 wr 2 44 +dv suhglfwhg e| wkh Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg vlpxodwlrqv,/ wklv
lqglfdwhv wkh vlpxodwlrqv suhvhqwhg khuh duh dssurdfklqj wkh lqwhjudo ohqjwk vfdoh
ri wkh wxuexohqfh1 Wklv phdqv wkh OHV prgho suhvhqwhg lq wklv zrun lv olnho| wr
uhvroyh wkh odujhu wxuexohqw vfdohv1
0.1 0.1
Integral Length Scale Integral Length Scale
0.0030 0.0012
0.0028 0.0011
0.0026 0.0010
0.08 0.0024 0.08 0.0009
0.0022 0.0008
0.0020 0.0007
0.0018 0.0006
0.0016 0.0005
0.06 0.0014
0.06 0.0004
0.0012 0.0003
Y
Y
0.0010 0.0002
0.0008 0.0001
0.04 0.0006 0.04 0.0000
0.0004
0.0002
0.0000
0.02 0.02
0 0
0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X X
+d, +e,
Iljxuh 91:5= Lqwhjudo ohqjwk vfdoh/ lq phwuhv/ dw WGF iru wkh .7 ' e vlpxodwlrq/
He Sf julg1 +d, &0" vlpxodwlrq> dqg +e, UVP vlpxodwlrq1
Vlpxodwlrq OHV
Wlph/ +krxuv,
.7 ' e/ S eD ee bS2
.7 ' f/ S eD ee 2f.2
Wdeoh 91<= FSX wlph iru OHV vlpxodwlrqv1
91<16 Frpsxwdwlrq Wlph

Gxh wr wkh orqj frpsxwdwlrqdo wlph lqyroyhg lq OHV vlpxodwlrqv/ rqo| wzr OHV
prghov zhuh shuiruphg1 Rqh vlpxodwlrq zdv shuiruphg xvlqj .7 ' e wr pdwfk
wkh frqglwlrqv ri Pdxuho hw do ^4;<`/ dqg wkh vhfrqg vlpxodwlrq xvhg .7 ' f
wr pdwfk wkh frqglwlrqv ri Pduf ^4;:`1 Wkh frpsxwdwlrq wlphv uhtxluhg iru erwk
ri wkhvh vlpxodwlrqv lv olvwhg lq wdeoh 91</ dqg fdq eh frpsduhg wr wkh Uh|qrogv
dyhudjhg vlpxodwlrqv lq wdeoh 9171 Dv wkh pdwkhpdwlfdo prgho lq wkh OHV prgho
lv vlpsohu wkdq wkh Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg prgho suhvhqwhg lq vhfwlrqv 919 dqg 91:/ wkh
frpsxwdwlrq wlph iru wkh OHV vlpxodwlrqv lv uhgxfhg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh .7 ' e
OHV vlpxodwlrq zdv fI idvwhu wkdq wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo &0" vlpxodwlrq/ dqg efI
idvwhu wkhq wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP vlpxodwlrq/ vkrzq lq wdeoh 9151
10 m/s
0.1
0.08
0.06
Y
0.04
0.02
0
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04
+d, X +e,
Iljxuh 91:6= Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| yhfwruv iurp h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv dqg qxphulfdo
vlpxodwlrq iru prgho zlwk .7 ' e/ 2fS hT4 dw HS 1 d, Hqvhpeoh dyhudjhg
wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| dqg yhorflw| yhfwruv iurp SLY h{shulphqwv ri Pdxuho hw do
^4;<`> dqg +e, 6G OHV vlpxodwlrq1
91<17 .7 ' e Uhvxowv

Wkh .7 ' e uhvxowv zdv frpsduhg wr wkh SLY uhvxowv ri Pdxuho hw do ^4;<`/ dqg
duh vkrzq lq jxuh 91:6 iru HS / dqg jxuh 91:7 iru EGF1 Wkhvh jxuhv fdq eh
frpsduhg wr wkh Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg vlpxodwlrqv vkrzq lq jxuhv 914< dqg 91541
Dw HS / wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq kdv fruuhfwo| suhglfwhg wkh irupdwlrq ri wkh odujh
wxpeoh yruwh{/ krzhyhu pdq| vpdoo yruwlfhv dqg rwkhu vwuxfwxuhv qrw vhhq rq wkh
SLY gdwd dsshdu1 Wklv lv dovr vhhq lq wkh uhvxowv dw EGF/ zkhuh wkh odujh wxpeoh
yruwh{ lv vhhq/ exw wkh SLY uhvxowv vkrz ihz vpdoo vwuxfwxuhv/ zkhuhdv wkh OHV
vlpxodwlrq suhglfwv pdq| vpdoo yruwlfhv dqg rwkhu vpdoo shuwxuedwlrqv1
Wkhvh vpdoo yruwlfhv dqg shuwxuedwlrqv duh olnho| wr kdyh wxuexohqw surshuwlhv/
dqg vr zrxog qhhg wr eh dyhudjhg zlwk d qxpehu ri vlpxodwlrqv wr rewdlq d vwdwlvwl0
fdoo| vljqlfdqw dyhudjh rz1 Wklv zrxog pdnh wkh OHV uhvxowv gluhfwo| frpsdudeoh
wr wkh SLY gdwd1 Dv wklv kdv qrw ehhq shuiruphg dw wklv vwdjh qr frqfoxvlrqv derxw
dffxudf| fdq eh uhdfkhg1
Ghvslwh qr dyhudjlqj surfhvv ehlqj dssolhg/ wkh orfdwlrq ri wkh fhqwuh ri wkh
wxpeoh yruwh{ lv suhglfwhg zlwk uhdvrqdeoh dffxudf|1 Wklv lv vkrzq iru HS lq
wdeoh 9143 dqg iru EGF lq wdeoh 91441 Wklv dffxudf| +e 44 dw HS / H 44 dw
EGF, lv frpsdudeoh wr wkdw ri wkh Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg vlpxodwlrqv1
10 m/s
0.1
0.08
0.06
Y
0.04
0.02
0
0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0
+d, X +e,
Iljxuh 91:7= Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| yhfwruv1 H{shulphqwdo uhvxowv dqg qxphulfdo
vlpxodwlrq iru prgho zlwk .7 ' e/2fS hT4 dw EGF1 d, Hqvhpeoh dyhudjhg wxuex0
ohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| dqg yhorflw| yhfwruv iurp SLY h{shulphqwv ri Pdxuho hw do ^4;<`>
dqg +e, 6G OHV vlpxodwlrq1
Prgho f + 44, t + 44, Huuru + 44,

SLY f DD
Wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo OHV 2 Db e
Wdeoh 9143= Yruwh{ fhqwuh orfdwlrq iru .7 ' e OHV prgho dw HS 1 SLY gdwd
iurp Pdxuho hw do ^4;<`
Prgho f + 44, t + 44, Huuru + 44,

SLY D2 S
Wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo OHV Db D H
Wdeoh 9144= Yruwh{ fhqwuh orfdwlrq iru .7 ' e OHV prgho dw EGF1 SLY gdwd iurp
Pdxuho hw do ^4;<`
Y
0.1
Z X
0.08
0.06
Y
0.04
0.02
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
+d, X +e,
Iljxuh 91:8= Frpsdulvrq ri OHV yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iru
.7 ' f/ dw H. 1 +d, SLY uhvxow iurp Pduf ^4;:`> dqg +e, 6G OHV vlpxodwlrq1
91<18 .7 ' f Uhvxowv

Lqwdnh Vwurnh
Wkh rz gxulqj wkh lqwdnh vwurnh ri wkh hqjlqh zdv phdvxuhg e| Pduf ^4;:` xvlqj
SLY/ dqg lv vkrzq lq jxuh 91:8 lq wkh wxpeoh sodqh +~ ' Df 44, dw H. / dqg
lq jxuh 91:9 lq wkh furvv wxpeoh sodqh +f ' b 44, dw Se 1 Wkh wxpeoh sodqh/
vkrzq lq jxuh 91:8/ vkrzv wkh OHV prgho wr uhsurgxfh wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv
zlwk jrrg djuhhphqw1 Dw wklv hduo| vwdjh ri wkh vlpxodwlrq/ krzhyhu/ doo vlpxodwlrqv
suhglfw yhu| vlplodu uhvxowv +vhh jxuh 9157,1
Wkh yruwh{ fhqwuh orfdwlrq suhglfwhg e| wkh OHV prgho lv vkrzq lq wdeoh 91451
Lw vkrzv wkh OHV prgho suhglfwv wkh orfdwlrq ri wkh yruwh{ fhqwuh zlwk jrrg djuhh0
phqw wkurxjkrxw wkh lqwdnh vwurnh1 Krzhyhu/ wkh huuru ri wkh OHV prgho dw EGF
+2 44, lv vljqlfdqwo| juhdwhu wkdq wkh Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg vlpxodwlrqv vkrzq lq
wdeoh 91:1
Wkh yhorflw| yhfwruv lq wkh furvv wxpeoh sodqh +jxuh 91:9, vkrz wkdw wkh OHV
prgho kdv suhglfwhg pdq| vpdoo vwuxfwxuhv dqg yruwlfhv1 Wkh suhglfwhg rz lv
vwloo v|pphwulfdo/ krzhyhu wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv vkrz vljqlfdqw dv|pphwu| dqg
dgglwlrqdo vwuxfwxuhv1
Y
0.1
Z X
0.08
0.06
Y
0.04
0.02
0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0
+d, Z
+e,
Iljxuh 91:9= Frpsdulvrq ri OHV yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh f ' b 44 sodqh
iru .7 ' f/ dw Se 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv iurp Pduf ^4;:`> dqg +e, 6G OHV
vlpxodwlrq1
f Huuru t

OHV SLY OHV SLY OHV
Se Hf q2d 2 q2d q2d
H. .. .H S2 D. D
2. .e SS S S. ff
EGF D2 e. H eb 2
Wdeoh 9145= Lqwdnh vwurnh yruwh{ fhqwuh orfdwlrq iru wkh OHV prgho/ .7 ' f1 SLY
uhvxowv iurp ^4;:`/ dqg doo uhvxowv duh lq 441
Y
0.1
Z X
0.08
0.06
Y
0.04
0.02
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
+d, +e,
X
Iljxuh 91::= Frpsdulvrq ri OHV yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iru
.7 ' f/ dw EGF1 +d, SLY uhvxow iurp Pduf ^4;:`> dqg +e, 6G OHV vlpxodwlrq1
Erwwrp Ghdg Fhqwuh
Wkh rz lq wkh fhqwudo wxpeoh +~ ' Df 44, sodqh lv vkrzq iru wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq
lq jxuh 91::1 Wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq vkrzv pdq| vpdoo vwuxfwxuhv vxshulpsrvhg rq
wkh pdlq yruwh{/ dqg wkh vhfrqgdu| yruwh{ lq wkh orzhu ohiw fruqhu lv pxfk vwurqjhu
dqg odujhu wkdq wkh Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg vlpxodwlrqv suhvhqwhg lq jxuh 91591 Wkhvh
vwuxfwxuhv duh srvvleo| wxuexohqw xfwxdwlrqv/ dqg pljkw eh uhpryhg e| hqvhpeoh
dyhudjlqj lq d idvklrq vlplodu wr wkh SLY uhvxowv1
Iljxuh 91:; vkrzv wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh yruwh{ fhqwuh iru wkh OHV vlpxodwlrqv/ dqg
wkh orfdwlrq ri wkh h{shulphqwdoo| phdvxuhg yruwh{ fhqwuh orfdwlrqv1 Xqolnh wkh
Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg vlpxodwlrqv vkrzq lq jxuh 915;/ wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq lv wkh rqo|
vlpxodwlrq wr idlo wr suhglfw d yruwh{ fhqwuh zlwklq wkh w|slfdo vsuhdg ri wkh SLY
uhvxowv1
Iljxuh 91:< vkrzv wkh rz lq wkh furvv wxpeoh +t ~, sodqh1 Qr vwuxfwxuhv duh
vhhq lq wkh SLY uhvxowv/ krzhyhu d vpdoo dprxqw ri wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo rz kdv
ghyhorshg lq wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq1 Wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq kdv dovr eurnhq v|pphwu|1
Iljxuh 91;3 vkrzv d yhorflw| suroh wkurxjk wkh fhqwuh ri wkh wxpeoh yruwh{/
suhylrxvo| vkrzq iru wkh Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg vlpxodwlrqv lq jxuh 915<1 Dv phqwlrqhg
lq vhfwlrq 91:15/ wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv fohduo| vkrz d vljqlfdqw ghsduwxuh iurp
vrolg erg| urwdwlrq1 Wklv ghsduwxuh zdv fdswxuhg e| wkh UVP prghov/ krzhyhu
wkh &0" prghov idlohg wr suhglfw wklv ixqgdphqwdo ehkdylrxu1 Iljxuh 91;3 vkrzv wkh
OHV prgho kdv suhglfwhg d ghsduwxuh iurp vrolg erg| urwdwlrq dqg wkh djuhhphqw
zlwk wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv lv jrrg ehwzhhq Df 44 : f : ff 441 Krzhyhu/
5.6
5.4
5.2
4.8
Y (cm)
4.6
4.4
PIV: Individual cycles

4.2
PIV: Average position
3D LES
4
3.8
3.6
4 4.5 5 5.5
X (cm)
Iljxuh 91:;= Yruwh{ fhqwuh srvlwlrqv iru .7 ' f OHV prgho dw EGF1 SLY gdwd
iurp Pduf ^4;:`1
0.1
0.08
0.06
Y
0.04
0.02
+d, 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0
+e,
Iljxuh 91:<= Frpsdulvrq ri OHV yhorflw| suhglfwlrqv lq wkh f ' b 44 sodqh iru
.7 ' f/ dw EGF1 +d, SLY uhvxowv iurp Pduf ^4;:`> dqg +e, 6G OHV vlpxodwlrq1
vljqlfdqw huuruv rffxu lq wkh uhjlrq f : f : Df 441

Lqvwdqwdqhrxv vwuhdpolqhv iru wkh OHV prgho dqg EGF duh vkrzq lq jxuh 91;41
Lw frqupv wkh grplqdqw rz vwuxfwxuh lv d odujh wxpeoh yruwh{/ krzhyhu pdq|
vpdoo shuwxuedwlrqv duh vhhq/ dqg wkh rz lv dv|pphwulfdo1
Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh
Iljxuhv 91;5 wr 91;: ghslfw wkh wxpeoh sodqh rz hogv suhglfwhg dw ydulrxv vwdjhv
lq wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh/ dqg frpsduh wkhp wr h{shulphqwdo SLY gdwd e| Pduf
^4;:`1 Dw 2.S +jxuh 91;5,/ wkh OHV prgho vkrzv d vwurqj fhqwudo yruwh{/
zlwk zhdnhu rz deryh dqg ehorz lw1 Wklv lv lq uhdvrqdeoh djuhhphqw zlwk wkh
h{shulphqwdo gdwd/ vr wkh OHV prgho dsshduv wr eh prghoolqj wkh frpphqfhphqw
ri wkh wxpeoh yruwh{ euhdn grzq surfhvv1
Dw 2bb +jxuh 91;6,/ wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq suhglfwv d uhvxow vlplodu wr wkh
wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho +jxuh 9174h,/ exw wkh yruwh{ lv vkliwhg deryh wkh
fhqwuh vrphzkdw1 Vpdoo vwuxfwxuhv duh reylrxv lq wkh hog dv nlqnv lq wkh wkh
yhorflw| hog ri wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq1 Dv wkh vlpxodwlrq surjuhvvhv wr 2 +jxuh
91;7,/ wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq kdv suhglfwhg wkh fhqwudo yruwh{ prylqj vljqlfdqwo|
r0fhqwuh/ dqg pdq| vpdoohu vwuxfwxuhv1 Fohduo| lw lv prghoolqj vrph wxuexohqfh0
olnh vwuxfwxuhv1 Dw 2 +jxuh 91;8,/ wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo OHV vlpxodwlrq
suhglfwv d frpsolfdwhg hog zlwk dw ohdvw 44 yruwlfhv ylvleoh/ dqg qr rqh yruwh{ ehlqj
grplqdqw1 Wklv vlpxodwlrq lv qrz suhglfwlqj pdq| wxuexohqfh0olnh vwuxfwxuhv1 Wkh
V LDA
7 V PIV
3D LES
6
5
4
3
Velocity (m/s)
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
X (m)
Iljxuh 91;3= Frpsdulvrq ri OHV vlpxodwlrq yhorflw| surohv iurp .7 ' f prgho
dw EGF iru t ' Df 44/ ~ ' Df 441 OGD dqg SLY uhvxowv iurp Pduf ^4;:`1
+d, +e,
Iljxuh 91;4= Lqvwdqwdqhrxv vwuhdpolqhv iru wkh OHV prgho dw EGF1 +d, Wxpeoh
sodqh ylhz> dqg +e, Furvv wxpeoh sodqh ylhz1
0.1
0.09
5 m/s
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
Y
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
+d, X +e,
Iljxuh 91;5= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iurp wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq dw
2.S 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv ri Pduf ^4;:`> dqg +e, 6G OHV vlpxodwlrq1
vwuxfwxuhv ghfuhdvh lq vl}h dqg lqfuhdvh lq qxpehu dv wkh frpsuhvvlrq frqwlqxhv

wkurxjk 2H +jxuh 91;9, dqg D +jxuh 91;:,1 Dw D / OHV suhglfwv
d fhqwudo yruwh{ uhiruplqj/ krzhyhu lw lv urwdwlqj wkh rssrvlwh gluhfwlrq wr wkh
ruljlqdo wxpeoh yruwh{$
Vlploduo| dv iru jxuhv 916: dqg 9175/ wkh yruwh{ fhqwuh fdq eh h{wudfwhg iurp
wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq dqg frpsduhg wr wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv1 Wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh
fhqwuh ri wkh yruwh{ iru wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq dw 2.S lv vkrzq lq jxuh 91;;/ dqg
lv vhhq wr eh lq d uhjlrq w|slfdo ri wkh h{shulphqwdoo| phdvxuhg lqglylgxdo f|fohv1
Iljxuh 91;< vkrzv wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh yruwh{ fhqwuhv dw 2bb / dqg wkh yruwh{
fhqwuh suhglfwhg e| wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq glhuv iurp wkh hqvhpeoh dyhudjhg SLY
uhvxow e| derxw D 44/ krzhyhu lw lv forvh wr wkh vsuhdg ri SLY uhvxowv wdnhq iurp
lqglylgxdo f|fohv1
Wkh rz lq wkh furvv wxpeoh +f ' b 44, sodqh lv vkrzq lq jxuhv 91<3 wr
91<61 Dw 2.S +jxuh 91<3,/ wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq vkrzv d vpdoo ghsduwxuh iurp
v|pphwulfdo rz/ exw ihz vwuxfwxuhv kdyh iruphg1 Dv wkh vlpxodwlrq dgydqfhv wr
2bb +jxuh 91<4,/ vrph vwurqj yruwh{ vwuxfwxuhv kdyh iruphg/ wkh odujhvw ri
zklfk lv fhqwuhg dw t ' f 44/ ~ ' 2f 441 Wkh rz lv qrz kljko| dv|pphwulf/
dqg grhv qrw uhvhpeoh wkh SLY uhvxowv1 E| 2 +jxuh 91<5,/ wkuhh pdmru
yruwlfhv kdyh iruphg/ dqg vhyhudo vpdoohu rqhv h{lvw1 Wkh qdo yhfwru hog lq wklv
0.1
0.09
5 m/s
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
Y
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
+d, X +e,
2bb 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv ri Pduf ^4;:`> dqg +e, 6G OHV vlpxodwlrq1
0.1
0.09
5 m/s
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
Y
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
+d, X +e,
2 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv ri Pduf ^4;:`> dqg +e, 6G OHV vlpxodwlrq1
0.1
0.09
5 m/s
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
Y 0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
+d, X +e,
0.1
0.09
5 m/s
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
Y
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
+d, X +e,
2H 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv ri Pduf ^4;:`> dqg +e, 6G OHV vlpxodwlrq1
0.1
0.09
5 m/s
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
Y
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
+d, X +e,
Iljxuh 91;:= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq ~ ' Df 44 sodqh iurp wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq dw
D 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv ri Pduf ^4;:`> dqg +e, 6G OHV vlpxodwlrq1
sodqh lv vkrzq dw 2 / dqg vkrzv wkdw wkh wkuhh pdlq yruwlfhv vwloo uhpdlq
wrjhwkhu zlwk d qxpehu ri vpdoohu vwuxfwxuhv1 Djdlq wkh OHV vlpxodwhg rz grhv
qrw uhvhpeoh wkh SLY uhvxowv iru hlwkhu ri wkh qdo wzr ylvxdolvdwlrqv1
Wkh hhfwv ri wkh wxuexohqfh dqg f|foh wr f|foh yduldwlrqv kdyh odujh hhfwv rq
wkh rz hog gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh1 Wklv phdqv wkdw wr rewdlq dq remhfwlyh
frpsdulvrq wr h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv/ d odujh qxpehu ri vlpxodwlrqv zrxog qhhg wr
eh shuiruphg dqg dyhudjhg wr jdlq d phdq rz/ vlplodu wr wkdw grqh wr wkh SLY
gdwd1 Xqwlo wklv fdq eh shuiruphg lw lv qrw srvvleoh wr pdnh frqfoxvlrqv derxw wkh
dffxudf| ri wkh phwkrg1
Wrs Ghdg Fhqwuh
Wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo OHV prgho dw WGF +jxuh 91<7, frqwlqxhv wr vkrz d frp0
solfdwhg vwuxfwxuh zlwk pdq| yruwlfhv1 Lw vkrzv pdq| vpdoo vwuxfwxuhv qhdu wkh
erwwrp ri wkh f|olqghu/ dqg d ihz odujhu yruwlfhv lq wkh uhpdlqghu ri wkh f|olqghu1
Wklv rz hog reylrxvo| frqwdlqv d qxpehu ri wxuexohqw0olnh vwuxfwxuhv1
Lqvwdqwdqhrxv vwuhdpolqhv iru wkh OHV prgho dw WGF duh vkrzq lq jxuh 91<81 Lw
vkrzv d ihz odujh vwuxfwxuhv dqg pdq| vpdoo vwuxfwxuhv1 Djdlq/ wklv rz reylrxvo|
qhhgv wr eh dyhudjhg wr jdlq d vwdwlvwlfdoo| vljqlfdqw phdq rz iru frpsdulvrq wr
h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv1
5.5
5
Y (cm)
4.5
PIV: Cycle resolved centre

PIV: Averaged centre
3D LES
4
3.5
6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9
X (cm)
Iljxuh 91;;= Srvlwlrq ri wkh fhqwuh ri wkh yruwh{ suhglfwhg e| wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq
dw 2.S 1
6.5
5.5
4.5
Y (cm)
PIV: Individual centres

4 PIV: Averaged centre
3D LES
3.5
2.5
1.5
1
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5
X (cm)
Iljxuh 91;<= Srvlwlrq ri wkh fhqwuh ri wkh yruwh{ suhglfwhg e| wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq
dw 2bb 1
0 .1
5 m/s
0 .0 8
0 .0 6
0 .0 4
0 .0 2
0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0
+d, Z +e,
Iljxuh 91<3= Yhorflw| yhfwruv lq f ' b 44 sodqh iurp wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq dw
2.S 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv ri Pduf ^4;:`> dqg +e, 6G OHV vlpxodwlrq1
0 .1
3.5 m/s
0 .0 8
0 .0 6
0 .0 4
0 .0 2
0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0
+d, Z +e,
2bb 1 +d, SLY uhvxowv ri Pduf ^4;:`> dqg +e, 6G OHV vlpxodwlrq1
0 .1
2 m/s
0 .0 8
0 .0 6
0 .0 4
0 .0 2
0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0
+d, Z +e,
0 .1
2 m/s
0 .0 8
0 .0 6
0 .0 4
0 .0 2
0 .1 0 .0 8 0 .06 0 .0 4 0 .0 2 0
+d, Z +e,
0.1
0.09
5 m/s
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
Y
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
X
Iljxuh 91<7= Yhorflw| yhfwruv iurp wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq lq wkh ~ ' Df 44 sodqh dw
WGF1
+d, +e,
Iljxuh 91<8= Lqvwdqwdqhrxv vwuhdpolqhv iru wkh OHV prgho dw WGF1 +d, Wxpeoh
sodqh ylhz> dqg +e, Furvv wxpeoh sodqh ylhz1
Dyhudjhg Uhvxowv
Iljxuh 91<9 vkrzv wkh pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg dqg wxpeoh udwlr suhglfwhg
e| wkh OHV vlpxodwlrq/ dqg fdq eh frpsduhg wr wkh Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg vlpxodwlrqv
lq jxuhv 9196 dqg 91971 Wkh htxlydohqw uhvxow iurp wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo Uh|qrogv
dyhudjhg UVP prgho kdv ehhq vkrzq iurp jxuhv 9196e dqg 9197e dv d frpsdulvrq1
D odujh dprxqw ri xfwxdwlrqv fdq eh vhhq lq wkh fhqwudo sodqh uhvxowv rq erwk wkh
pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| judsk +jxuh 91<9d, dqg wxpeoh udwlr judsk +jxuh 91<9e,1
Wklv lqglfdwhv wkdw wxuexohqw0olnh xfwxdwlrqv duh dhfwlqj wkh fhqwudo sodqh uhvxowv1
Wkh xfwxdwlrqv gr qrw dsshdu wr dhfw wkh ixoo grpdlq uhvxowv/ vr lw dsshduv wkdw
dyhudjlqj ryhu wkh hqwluh grpdlq kdv uhpryhg wkh wxuexohqw xfwxdwlrqv dqg rqo|
ohiw wkh phdq rz frpsrqhqw1 Dv glvfxvvhg lq vhfwlrq 91:17/ wklv lv olnho| wr eh gxh
wr wkh ixoo grpdlq uhvxowv ehkdylqj olnh yroxph Uh|qrogv dyhudjlqj wr uhpryh wkh
wxuexohqw xfwxdwlrqv1
Wkh wxpeoh vslq0xs gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh lv vhhq lq erwk wkh pdvv
dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg dqg wkh wxpeoh udwlr1
Wkh pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg dqg wxpeoh udwlr suhglfwhg e| wkh OHV
prgho duh vlplodu wr wkrvh suhglfwhg e| wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP vlpxodwlrq1
50
45
2
40
2
35
2
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°)
+d,
-1
-2
TR
-3
-4
-5
-6
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

CA (°)
+e,

3D LES (full domain)
3D LES (central plain only)
Iljxuh 91<9= Pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg dqg wxpeoh udwlr iru wkh OHV prgho1
+d, Pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg> dqg +e, Wxpeoh udwlr1
Wkh suhylrxv vhfwlrq vkrzhg wkdw wklv zdv wkh prvw dffxudwh Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg
vlpxodwlrq whvwhg/ vr wklv vkrzv wkh OHV prgho kdv hqfrxudjlqj dffxudf| lq wklv
frpsdulvrq1
Wkh OHV prgho suhglfwv d voljkw uhyhuvdo ri wkh wxpeoh yruwh{ mxvw ehiruh WGF
ri wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh/ pdlqo| vhhq rq wkh fhqwudo sodqh +jxuh 91<9e,1 Wklv zdv
dovr suhglfwhg e| wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP vlpxodwlrq1
91<19 Yhorflw| Ghfrpsrvlwlrq

Pduf ^4;:` suhvhqwv h{shulphqwdoo| ghwhuplqhg yhorflw| dqg wxuexohqfh klvwrulhv dw
d vpdoo qxpehu ri srlqwv lq wkh rz/ dv suhvhqwhg lq vhfwlrq 91:181 D ghfrpsrvlwlrq
ri wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo OHV uhvxowv lqwr phdq dqg wxuexohqw frpsrqhqwv doorzv
frpsdulvrq zlwk h{shulphqwdo gdwd1 Wkh phwkrg xvhg lv ghvfulehg lq htxdwlrq 5145/
zkhuh wkh phdq ydoxh lv ghqhg dv wkh dyhudjh ri wkh lqvwdqwdqhrxv ydoyh ryhu d
vpdoo sduw ri wkh hqjlqh f|foh ^<6`1
Iurp wkh udz gdwd iurp wkh prgho/ wkh phdq dqg wxuexohqw frpsrqhqwv zhuh
fdofxodwhg dv ]
FDnD
phdq E., ' udz E., _ E., dqg +919,
f FD!D
v]
FDnD
E., '

dudz E., phdq E.,o2 _ E.,/ +91:,
f FD D
3
lq zklfk udz E., lv wkh yhorflw| suhglfwhg e| wkh prgho dw wkh srlqw dv d ixqfwlrq
ri fudqn dqjoh/ phdq E., lv wkh uxqqlqj dyhudjh ri wkdw yhorflw| ryhu d f
udqjh/ dqg E., lv wkh wxuexohqw xfwxdwlrqv/ fdofxodwhg dv dq urrw phdq vtxduh

+upv, dyhudjh ryhu wkh vdph f udqjh1 Wkh dyhudjlqj wlph zdv fkrvhq dv

f dv lw lqfoxghv rqh wr wzr zdyhohqjwkv ri wkh kljk iuhtxhqf| frpsrqhqw ri

wkh yhorflw|/ dqg lv wkxv wkh vkruwhvw wlph lqwhuydo srvvleoh zklfk fdq uhpryh wkh
kljk iuhtxhqf| xfwxdwlrqv1 Wklv dyhudjlqj wlph lv vlplodu wr wkdw vxjjhvwhg e|
Ho Wdku| dqg Kdzruwk ^<6` ri ef 1 Wkh uhvxowv ri shuiruplqj wklv dyhudjlqj rq

uhvxowv lv vkrzq lq jxuh 91<:1 Wkh phdq yhorflw| dsshduv wr vxffhvvixoo| uhpryh
wkh kljk iuhtxhqf| xfwxdwlrqv iurp wkh udz yhorflw|/ dqg djuhhv zhoo zlwk wkh
h{shulphqwdoo| phdvxuhg phdq yhorflw|1
Wkh OHV prgho uhvxowv zhuh dqdo|vhg xvlqj htxdwlrqv 919 dqg 91:/ dqg frpsduhg
wr wkh OGD uhvxowv ri Pduf dw ydulrxv srlqwv wkurxjkrxw wkh grpdlq1 Wkh srlqwv
dqdo|vhg zhuh srlqw 45 +jxuh 91<;,/ srlqw 46 +jxuh 91<<,/ srlqw 48 +jxuh 91433,/
srlqw 4: +jxuh 91434,/ srlqw 4; +jxuh 91435,/ dqg srlqw 88 +jxuh 91436,1
2
1 LDA
V mean
0 V raw
-1
-2
-3
Velocity (m/s)
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

CA (°)
Iljxuh 91<:= yhorflw| dw srlqw 48 +f ' bD 44/ t ' Df 44,1 udz lv gluhfwo| iurp
.7 ' f OHV prgho/ phdq lv d f uxqqlqj dyhudjh ri udz 1 OGD uhvxowv iurp
Pduf ^4;:`1
1
Velocity (m/s)
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°) +d,
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°) +e, CA (°) +f,
LDA
3D LES
Iljxuh 91<;= Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg OHV uhvxowv dw srlqw 45 +f ' bD 44/ t '
2f 44,1 OGD gdwd iurp Pduf ^4;:`1 +d, yhorflw|> +e, wxuexohqw yhorflw|

-1
Velocity (m/s)
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

CA (°) +d,
1.6 1.6
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°) +e, CA (°) +f,
LDA
3D LES
Iljxuh 91<<= Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg OHV uhvxowv dw srlqw 46 +f ' bD 44/ t '
f 44,1 OGD gdwd iurp Pduf ^4;:`1 +d, yhorflw|> +e, wxuexohqw yhorflw|

5 2
1
4 0
-1
-2
3
-3
Velocity (m/s)
Velocity (m/s)
-4
2
-5
-6
1 -7
-8
0 -9
-10
-1 -11
-12
-13
-2
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°) +d, CA (°) +e,
2.4 2
2.2 1.8
2
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.6
1.4 1.2
1.2 1
1 0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°) +f, CA (°) +g,
LDA
3D LES
Iljxuh 91433= Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg OHV uhvxowv dw srlqw 48 +f ' bD 44/ t '

0
Velocity (m/s)
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

CA (°) +d,
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.2
1 1
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
0 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°) +e, CA (°) +f,
LDA
3D LES
Iljxuh 91434= Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg OHV uhvxowv dw srlqw 4: +f ' bD 44/ t '
.f 44,1 OGD gdwd iurp Pduf ^4;:`1 +d, yhorflw|> +e, wxuexohqw yhorflw|

91 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh Wxpeoh Yruwh{ Euhdngrzq 5::
0
Velocity (m/s)
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°) +d,
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°) +e, CA (°) +f,
LDA
3D LES
Iljxuh 91435= Frpsdulvrq ri OGD dqg OHV uhvxowv dw srlqw 4; +f ' bD 44/ t '
Hf 44,1 OGD gdwd iurp Pduf ^4;:`1 +d, yhorflw|> +e, wxuexohqw yhorflw|

91 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh Wxpeoh Yruwh{ Euhdngrzq 5:;
12
4
10
3
8
2
Velocity (m/s)
Velocity (m/s)
1 6
0 4
-1 2
-2 0
-3
-2
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°) +d, CA (°) +e,
1.6 4
1.5
1.4 3.5
1.3
1.2 3
1.1
1 2.5
0.9
0.8 2
0.7
0.6 1.5
0.5
0.4 1
0.3
0.2 0.5
0.1
0 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°) +f, CA (°) +g,
LDA
3D LES
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91 Frpsuhvvlrq Vwurnh Wxpeoh Yruwh{ Euhdngrzq 5:<
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dqg e/ 91434d/ 91435d dqg 91436d dqg e1 Wkh OHV uhvxowv djuhh zlwk wkh h{shulphqwdo
uhvxowv dv zhoo dv wkh ehvw Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg vlpxodwlrqv +jxuhv 9199 wr 91:4,/ dqg
lq pdq| fdvhv ehwwhu1 Iru lqvwdqfh wkh OHV prgho kdv jrrg djuhhphqw lq fdofxodwlqj
wkh yhorflwlhv dw srlqwv 45/ 46/ 48 dqg 881 Lq pdq| fdvhv lw suryhv pruh dffxudwh
wkdq dq| ri wkh Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg vlpxodwlrqv1 Wkh yhorflwlhv suhglfwhg dw srlqwv
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rqh ri wkhvh fdvhv grhv d Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg vlpxodwlrq shuirup ehwwhu +ehlqj wkh
wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP vlpxodwlrq dw srlqw 4;,1
Wkh wxuexohqfh + dqg , suhglfwhg dw wkhvh srlqwv duh vkrzq lq jxuhv 91<;e

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jhqhudo wkh djuhhphqw lv uhdvrqdeoh/ krzhyhu wkh wxuexohqfh suhglfwhg e| wkh UVP
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45/ 46/ 48/ 4: dqg 4; wkh UVP prgho/ hvshfldoo| wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho
suhglfwv wkh wxuexohqfh ohyhov pruh dffxudwho| wkdq wkh OHV prgho1 Dw wkhvh vdph
srlqwv/ wkh OHV prgho dovr suryhv wr eh dw ohdvw dv dffxudwh wkdq wkh &0" prghov
+zlwk wkh rqo| h{fhswlrq ehlqj srlqw 45 zkhuh wkh wzr0 dqg wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo

&0" prghov duh ehwwhu,1 Srlqw 88 lv srruo| suhglfwhg/ krzhyhu qr Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg
prgho suhglfwv wklv srlqw zhoo hlwkhu1
91<1: Glvfxvvlrq
Wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo OHV prgho zdv irxqg wr gr uhpdundeo| zhoo ghvslwh lwv vlp0
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wr suhglfw yhorflwlhv dqg wxuexohqfh dw ydulrxv srlqwv lq wkh grpdlq zlwk uhdvrq0
deoh dffxudf|1 Wkh OHV prgho dovr suhglfwhg d irup ri wxpeoh yruwh{ euhdngrzq/
krzhyhu lw lv txlwh glhuhqw wr wkdw irxqg lq wkh hqvhpeoh dyhudjhg h{shulphqwdo
uhvxowv1
Wkh OHV prgho vkrzv uhdvrqdeoh djuhhphqw zlwk h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv iru wkh
yhorflw| frpsrqhqwv ghvfulehg lq vhfwlrq 91<18/ dqg suryhv wr eh dv dffxudwh lq pdq|
uhvshfwv +ru srvvleo| pruh dffxudwh, wkdq wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo UVP prgho1 Lw suh0
glfwv wkh yhorflw| frpsrqhqwv zlwk juhdwhu dffxudf| wkdq wkh &0" prgho1 Wkh wxuex0
ohqfh frpsrqhqwv duh suhglfwhg zlwk prghudwh dffxudf|/ zlwk wkh wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo
UVP prgho surylqj wr eh vljqlfdqwo| pruh dffxudwh wkdq wkh OHV prgho1 Krz0
hyhu/ wkh OHV prgho kdv suryhg wr eh vljqlfdqwo| pruh dffxudwh wkdq wkh wzr0 ru
wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo &0" prgho1
Wklv uhgxfhg dffxudf| lq wkh wxuexohqfh frpsduhg wr wkh yhorflw| lv fdxvhg

e| d frpelqdwlrq ri wkh OHV prgho dqg wkh wxuexohqfh ghfrpsrvlwlrq whfkqltxh
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vfrsh ri wklv zrun/ dqg lv ohiw wr ixwxuh uhvhdufk1
Vlqfh dq| OHV prgho uhvroyhv vrph wxuexohqw vwuxfwxuhv/ d qxpehu ri vlpxodwlrqv
pxvw eh shuiruphg dqg hqvhpeoh dyhudjhg +ru vrph rwkhu irup ri dyhudjlqj, wr jhw d
surshu frpsdulvrq wr wkh h{shulphqwdo gdwd1 Wklv kdv qrw ehhq shuiruphg dv sduw
ri wklv zrun/ krzhyhu wkh vxffhvv ri wkh vlpsoh prgho suhvhqwhg khuh hqfrxudjhv
ixuwkhu zrun lq wklv duhd1 Duhdv iru ixwxuh zrun lqfoxgh shuiruplqj d qxpehu ri
vlpxodwlrqv wr hvwdeolvk d vwdwlvwlfdo sdwwhuq/ dqdo|vlv ri wkh suhglfwhg wxuexohqfh
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pruh uljrurxv vxe0julg prgho1
Fkdswhu :
Prghoolqj ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh
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xvhg wr vlpxodwh dlu rzv lqvlgh wkh EUY hqjlqh1
:14 EUY Hqjlqh Od|rxw

Wkh edvlf od|rxw ri wkh EUY hqjlqh lv vkrzq lq jxuh :141 Wkh ydoyh urwdwhv dw
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slvwrq prwlrq d{lv/ dv vkrzq lq jxuh :151 Wkh ydoyh kdv dq lqohw sruw dqg h{kdxvw
sruw lq wkh vdph ydoyh1 Wkh erwwrp hqg ri wkh hqjlqh/ wkdw lv/ wkh fudqnvkdiw/
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vljqlfdqwo| glhuhqw wr wkrvh xvhg lq wudglwlrqdo srsshw ydoyh hqjlqhv1
:15 Phwkrg ri Fuhdwlqj wkh FIG Prgho

Wkh jhrphwulhv xvhg lq wklv zrun zhuh ghvljqhg dqg gudzq dw Elvkrs Lqqrydwlrq/
dqg jlyhq wr wkh dxwkru dv hlwkhu hqjlqhhulqj gudzlqjv ru sdudvrolg ohv1 Sdud0
vrolg lv d oh irupdw xvhg wr h{sruw jhrphwulhv lq wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo vrolg prghoolqj
surjudpv1 Wkh v|vwhp dw Elvkrs Lqqrydwlrq xvhg wkh sdfndjh Xqljudsklfv wr
gudz wkh jhrphwulhv/ dqg wkh suh0surfhvvru iru FI[/ FI[0Exlog zdv xvhg e| wkh
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Wkhuh lv dv pxfk duw dv vflhqfh lq ghyhorslqj d jrrg phvk iru xvh lq d FIG
prgho1 Wklv lv hvshfldoo| vr lq frpsolfdwhg jhrphwulhv zlwk pryhphqw/ vxfk dv dq
lqwhuqdo frpexvwlrq hqjlqh1 Ghpdqgv wr eh vdwlvhg iru dq lqwhuqdo frpexvwlrq
hqjlqh FIG prgho lqfoxgh=
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5;4
:1 Prghoolqj ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 5;5
Iljxuh :14= Gldjudp ri wkh ryhudoo od|rxw ri wkh EUY hqjlqh/ vkrzlqj slvwrq/ ydoyh
dqg f|olqghu khdg1
Iljxuh :15= Gldjudp ri wkh ryhudoo od|rxw ri wkh EUY hqjlqh/ vkrzlqj fudqn dqg
ydoyh gulyh v|vwhp1
Wkh phvk pxvw doorz lpsohphqwdwlrq ri wkh prwlrq ri wkh slvwrq dqg ydoyhv>
Wkh phvk pxvw plqlplvh julg glvwruwlrq1 Wkh pdlq idfwruv ri julg glvwruwlrq
duh=
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Ruwkrjrqdolw| ri fhoov1
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xvhg iru wklv vwxg| zloo eh eulh | ghvfulehg dv dq h{dpsoh1
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jhrphwu| vkrzq lv d vrolg prgho xvhg gxulqj wkh pdqxidfwxulqj ri wkh ydoyh/ dqg
wkhuhiruh lw frqwdlqv ghwdlo qrw uhohydqw wr wkh FIG prgho1
Wkh uvw vwhs zdv wr h{wudfw wkh uhjlrq ri wkh prgho qhhghg iru wkh FIG prgho1
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uhvxow ri wklv lv vkrzq lq jxuh :17/ zklfk vkrzv wkh jhrphwu| lq wkhlu fruuhfw orfd0
wlrqv lq vsdfh1 Qrwh wkdw lq jxuh :17 wkhuh lv d vpdoo vhfwlrq ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog
plvvlqj ehwzhhq wkh ydoyh dqg wuxpshw1 Wklv vhfwlrq lv wkh wkurwwoh dvvhpeo| lq wkh
hqjlqh/ dqg wklv lv d vlpsoh flufxodu f|olqgulfdo vhfwlrq1 Lw zdv dgghg odwhu gxulqj
wkh surfhvvlqj ri wkh jhrphwu|1
Wkh uvw sduw ri wkh jhrphwu| wr eh surfhvvhg zdv wkh f|olqghu khdg/ vkrzq lq
ydulrxv ylhzv lq jxuh :18d dqg :18e1 Wklv jhrphwu| lqfoxghv wkh wrs vxuidfh ri wkh
f|olqghu khdg/ wkh f|olqgulfdo vxuidfh vzhsw e| wkh ydoyh shulskhu| dqg wkh frqlfdo
vxuidfh ri wkh slvwrq furzq1 Wkh slvwrq lv orfdwhg dw wkh qrplqdo WGF orfdwlrq1
Wkh wrs vxuidfh ri wkh f|olqghu khdg lv phvkhg xvlqj wzr glhuhqw whfkqltxhv1
Wkh fhqwudo vhfwlrq ri wkh uhjlrq +mxvw ehorz wkh ydoyh zlqgrz, lv urxjko| uhfwdqjx0
odu/ vr lw lv phvkhg xvlqj d vlpsoh vxuidfh phvk dv vkrzq lq jxuh :18f1 Wkh zlqgrz
kdv wkh glphqvlrqv ri HD 44 e 44/ dqg zdv phvkhg xvlqj f 2f qrghv1 Wkh
uhvroxwlrq zdv qhu dfurvv wkh zlqgrz wr doorz iru ehwwhu uhvroxwlrq ri wkh ydoyh
prwlrq dv lw vzhhsv dfurvv wkh khdg idfh1
Iljxuh :16= Ydulrxv lvrphwulf ylhzv ri wkh ydoyh jhrphwu|/ dv ruljlqdoo| lpsruwhg1
Z X
+d, +e,
Iljxuh :17= Lvrphwulf ylhz ri wkh lpsruwhg EUY hqjlqh jhrphwu|1 +d, Vkdghg
ylhz> dqg +e, Zluhiudph ylhz1
Wkh rxwhu vhfwlrq ri wkh khdg zdv phvkhg xvlqj dq xqvwuxfwxuhg julg/ dv vkrzq
lq jxuh :18g1 Wkh wdujhw hohphqw ohqjwk zdv vhw wr 2 44 iru wklv rshudwlrq/ vr doo
qrghv lq wklv uhjlrq zloo kdyh hgjh ohqjwkv ri dssur{lpdwho| 2 441 Wkh qrghv dw
wkh rxwhu hgjh ri wkh f|olqghu zhuh wkhq vsolw udgldoo|/ vxfk wkdw wkh qrghv djdlqvw
wkh f|olqghu zdoo kdg dq hgjh ohqjwk ri dssur{lpdwho| 441 Wklv lv vkrzq dv wkh
rxwhu qrghv lq jxuh :18g1 Wkh hqwluh f|olqghu khdg wrs vxuidfh phvk lv vkrzq lq
jxuh :18h1
Wkh phvk rq wkh wrs vxuidfh ri wkh f|olqghu khdg zdv wkhq surmhfwhg rqwr wkh
slvwrq furzq/ dv vkrzq lq jxuh :191 Wkh phvk zdv surmhfwhg zlwk 2f qrghv ehwzhhq
wkh wrs vxuidfh dqg slvwrq furzq vxuidfhv1 Wklv whfkqltxh doorzv wkh phvk wr lqfoxgh
f|olqghu khdg ghwdlov vxfk dv vsdun soxj fdylwlhv dqg slvwrq furzq vkdsh1 Wkh slvwrq
zdv sodfhg dw EGF iru wklv rshudwlrq1
Wkh f|olqghu dqg frpexvwlrq fkdpehu kdyh qrz ehhq phvkhg1
Wkh phvk lq wkh f|olqghu khdg dw wkh ydoyh zlqgrz lv vkrzq lq jxuh :1:d1 Wkh
vkdsh ri wkh zlqgrz lq wkh ydoyh lv qrw qhfhvvdulo| wkh vdph dv wkh khdg zlqgrz1
Wklv fdq eh vhhq lq jxuh :1:e/ zklfk vkrzv wkh htxlydohqw phvk lq wkh ydoyh
zlqgrz1 Qrwh lw lv zlghu wkdq wkh khdg zlqgrz/ dqg wkh hgjhv ri wkh zlqgrz duh
qrw sdudooho1 Lw lv/ krzhyhu/ vwloo phvkhg zlwk d f 2f phvk1
Wkh ydoyh lv prghoohg dv d vlqjoh eorfn1 Wkh ydoyh jhrphwu| lv d frpsoh{ wkuhh0
glphqvlrqdo vkdsh/ dv vkrzq lq jxuh :1;/ vr wkh vxuidfhv ghqlqj wklv eorfn duh
frpsolfdwhg1 Wkh wkurwwoh erg| dqg wuxpshw vhfwlrqv ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog duh
flufxodu lq furvv vhfwlrq/ dqg vr fdq eh prghoohg hdvlo|1 Wkh grpdlq lv h{whqghg
eh|rqg wkh wuxpshw d vkruw glvwdqfh vr dv wr doorz prghoolqj ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog
zdyh uh hfwlqj iurp wkh wuxpshw1 Wkh eorfnv xvhg wr prgho wkh ydoyh/ wuxpshw dqg
grpdlq rxwvlgh wkh wuxpshw duh vkrzq lq jxuh :1<1
Dv suhylrxvo| phqwlrqhg/ wkh zlqgrz vxuidfh lq wkh ydoyh lv urxjko| uhfwdqjxodu/
dv vkrzq lq jxuh :1:e/ dqg lv phvkhg dv d vlqjoh uhfwdqjxodu vxuidfh1 Wkh rwkhu
vxuidfhv ri wkh ydoyh duh pruh lqwulfdwh/ dqg vprrwklqj zdv uhtxluhg wr jlyh d jrrg
txdolw| phvk rq wkhvh idfhv1 Dq h{dpsoh ri wkh phvk xvhg rq rqh vlgh ri wkh ydoyh
lv vkrzq lq jxuh :143d/ diwhu wkh vprrwklqj kdv ehhq dssolhg1 Wkh vxuidfh zkhuh
wkh ydoyh lqwhuidfhv zlwk wkh wkurwwoh eorfn lv vkrzq lq jxuh :143e/ dqg lv flufxodu1
Lw lv phvkhg dv d uhfwdqjxodu uhjlrq gxh wr wkh rwkhu hqg ri wkh ydoyh +wkdw lv wkh
ydoyh zlqgrz/ vkrzq lq jxuh :1:e, dovr ehlqj phvkhg dv d uhfwdqjoh1 Wklv fdxvhv
vrph glvwruwlrq ri wkh fhoov lq wkh fruqhuv ri wklv vxuidfh/ exw wklv fdq eh plqlplvhg
wkurxjk phvk vprrwklqj1 Xvlqj pxowlsoh eorfnv wr prgho wkh ydoyh zdv irxqg qrw
wr lpsuryh phvk txdolw| dv lw uhvxowhg lq phvk glvwruwlrq qhduhu wkh ydoyh zlqgrz1
Wkh whfkqltxh rxwolqhg khuh zdv irxqg wr eh wkh ehvw frpsurplvh1
+d, +e,
Y X Y X
Z
+f, Z
+g,
Y X
Z
+h,
Iljxuh :18= F|olqghu khdg jhrphwu| phvklqj rshudwlrqv1 +d, dqg +e, Lvrphwulf
ylhzv ri wkh f|olqghu khdg vxuidfh dv ruljlqdoo| lpsruwhg> +f, Khdg phvk/ uhf0
wdqjxodu vhfwlrq> +g, Khdg phvk/ xqvwuxfwxuhg vhfwlrq> dqg +h, Frpsohwh khdg
vxuidfh phvk1
:1 Prghoolqj ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 5;:
Iljxuh :19= F|olqghu khdg wrs vxuidfh phvk surmhfwhg rqwr wkh slvwrq furzq1
Y X Y X
Z Z
+d, +e,
Iljxuh :1:= Phvk xvhg lq ydoyh zlqgrz1 +d, Phvk rq f|olqghu khdg vlgh> dqg +e,
Phvk rq ydoyh vlgh1
:1 Prghoolqj ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 5;;
Iljxuh :1;= Lvrphwulf ylhzv ri wkh ydoyh vxuidfh jhrphwu|1

:1 Prghoolqj ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 5;<
10
11
9
8
13
12
Z X
Iljxuh :1<= Lvrphwulf ylhz ri ydoyh dqg lqohw pdqlirog eorfnv1 Wkh h{whqvlrq ri wkh
grpdlq eh|rqg wkh wuxpshw fdq eh vhhq1
Y
Y
Z X
+d, Z X
+e,
Iljxuh :143= H{dpsoh ri phvk xvhg lq wkh ydoyh1 +d, Phvk xvhg rq vlgh idfhv> dqg
+e, Phvk xvhg rq wkurwwoh lqwhuidfh1
:1 Prghoolqj ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 5<3
10
11
8
13
12
Z X
Iljxuh :144= Phvklqj ri wkh wkurwwoh dqg wuxpshw vhfwlrqv1
Wkh uhpdlqghu ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdv phvkhg dv d vlqjoh eorfn/ zlwk wkh hqg
ri wkh wuxpshw prghoohg dv irxu eorfnv +dv vkrzq lq jxuh :1<,1 Wkh phvklqj xvhg
iru wkhvh eorfnv lv vkrzq lq jxuh :1451
Wkh phvklqj ri wkh jhrphwu| lv qrz frpsohwh1 Wkh qdo vwhs ri wkh surfhvvlqj
ri wkh jhrphwu| zdv wr surgxfh wkh jhrphwu| oh/ zklfk frqwdlqv wkh julg lqiru0
pdwlrq ri wkh FI[ vroyhu1 Vlqfh wkh julg frqvlvwv ri vwuxfwxuhg dqg xqvwuxfwxuhg
uhjlrqv/ wkh julg qhhghg wr eh uheorfnhg1 Wklv uheorfnlqj lqyroyhv dqdo|vlqj wkh
julg vwuxfwxuh dqg dwwhpswlqj wr ghqh wkh jhrphwu| lq dv ihz eorfnv dv srvvleoh/
zklfk khosv frqyhujhqfh dqg uhgxfhv phpru| uhtxluhphqwv ryhu d qrq0uheorfnhg
julg1
Khuh/ uheorfnlqj lv xvhg wr pdnh d vwuxfwxuhg julg ri wkh xqvwuxfwxuhg vhfwlrq
ri wkh f|olqghu khdg/ e| ghqlqj lw e| pdq| vpdoo eorfnv1 W|slfdoo| uheorfnlqj
jhqhudwhg ehwzhhq 83 dqg :3 eorfnv1 Wklv phdqv wkdw vrph ri wkhvh vpdoohu eorfnv
zloo rqo| kdyh 2f qrghv lq wkhp/ exw lw zdv irxqg wkdw wkh jrrg txdolw| phvk
uhvxowlqj iurp wklv whfkqltxh lpsuryhg wkh frqyhujhqfh/ dqg wkh odujh qxpehu ri
Y Y
Z X Z
Z Y
Y X Z
X
Iljxuh :145= Ydulrxv lvrphwulf ylhzv ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog dqg ydoyh phvk1
eorfnv glg qrw uhgxfh vlpxodwlrq vshhg h{fhvvlyho|1
:1514 Phvk Prwlrq

Wkh prwlrq ri wkh julg zdv lpsohphqwhg xvlqj d iruwudq vxeurxwlqh ghyhorshg dv
sduw ri wklv zrun/ fdoohg iurp wkh FI[ vroyhu1 Phvk prwlrq lv uhtxluhg wr vlpxodwh
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Cycle Cycle 1 Cycle 2
Inlet 1 Compression Expansion Exhaust 1 Inlet 2 Compression

Stroke 1 1 2
Inlet
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shut
Exhaust Exhaust valve Exhaust valve shut

Exhaust valve shut open
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900 9000
800
8000
2
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2
2
700 7000
2
600 6000
2
500 5000
400 4000
300 3000
200 2000
100 1000
0 0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
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0.0004 0.5
0.4
0.00035
0.3
0.0003
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0.0002 0
-0.1
0.00015
-0.2
0.0001
-0.3
5E-05
-0.4
0 -0.5
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
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130000 115000
120000
110000
110000
Manifold Pressure, (Pa)
Cylinder Pressure, (Pa)
105000
100000
90000 100000
80000
95000
70000
90000
60000
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0 30 60 90 120 150 180 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
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h{kdxvw vwurnhv1 Wkh vhfrqg lqwdnh dqg frpsuhvvlrq vwurnhv xvhg d f2D wlph
vwhs wr lqfuhdvh dffxudf|1 Wkh pdmrulw| ri uhvxowv duh wdnhq rqo| iurp wkh vhfrqg
lqwdnh dqg frpsuhvvlrq vwurnhv1
Wkh volglqj sruw erxqgdu| frqglwlrq ghvfulehg lq vhfwlrq :1515 uhtxluhv iuhtxhqw
uhvwduwv vr wkdw wkh zlqgrz uhjlrq fdq eh uhphvkhg1 Uhphvkhv gxulqj wkh lqwdnh
vwurnh zhuh shuiruphg dw lqfuhphqwv1 Uhphvkhv gxulqj wkh h{kdxvw vwurnh
zhuh shuiruphg dw S lqfuhphqwv1 Uhphvklqj lv qrw uhtxluhg gxulqj wkh frp0
suhvvlrq dqg h{sdqvlrq vwurnhv1
Wkh FIO vwdelolw| fulwhulrq +htxdwlrq 8143, zdv irxqg qrw wr eh d pdmru uh0
vwulfwlrq lq wklv vlpxodwlrq1 Wklv lv gxh wr wkh lpsolflw vroxwlrq whfkqltxh zklfk
phdqv FIO qxpehu lv qrw d ixqgdphqwdo vwdelolw| fulwhulrq1 Wklv vwdelolw| fulwhulrq
lv rqo| dssolfdeoh wr h{solflw vlpxodwlrq whfkqltxhv/ kljk Pdfk qxpehu rzv/ dqg
vrph rwkhu frpsoh{ vlpxodwlrqv vxfk dv iuhh vxuidfh prghoolqj dqg frpexvwlrq1
:1716 Lqohw Pdqlirog Suhvvxuh

Lq hduo| ghvljqv ri wkh EUY hqjlqh wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdv txlwh orqj/ dqg wkhuh
zdv hqrxjk vsdfh wr prxqw d suhvvxuh vhqvru lq wkh lqohw pdqlirog mxvw rxwvlgh wkh
urwdwlqj vhfwlrq ri wkh ydoyh1 Wklv doorzhg wkh lqohw pdqlirog suhvvxuh yduldwlrqv
wr eh phdvxuhg1 D FIG prgho/ uhfruglqj wkh suhvvxuh dw wkh vdph srvlwlrq zdv
ghyhorshg/ dqg wkh uhvxowv duh vkrzq lq jxuh :1561
Wzr vhwv ri FIG uhvxowv duh vkrzq lq jxuh :1561 Wkh qh phvk uhvxow lv edvhg
rq d phvk xvlqj S2bS. fhoo yhuwlfhv/ dqg frduvh phvk uhvxow lv edvhg rq d Sf2
fhoo yhuwh{ phvk1 Wklv htxdwhv wr urxjko| kdoylqj wkh qxpehu ri qrghv lq hdfk ri
wkh wkuhh d{hv ri hdfk eorfn1 Wkh furvv0vhfwlrqv ri wkh frduvh +Sf2 fhoov, dqg qh
:1 Prghoolqj ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 63<
+S2bS. fhoov, phvkhv xvhg duh vkrzq lq jxuh :155 iru wkh furvv wxpeoh/ wxpeoh dqg
vzluo sodqhv1
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qxphulfdo vlpxodwlrqv ehwzhhq 2ef dqg .ff lv h{fhoohqw1 Erwk prghov
fdswxuh wkh vkdsh/ zdyhohqjwk dqg ghfd| ri wkh ixqgdphqwdo zdyh zlwk h{fhoohqw
dffxudf|1 Krzhyhu/ erwk FIG vlpxodwlrqv vkrz d vpdoo kljk iuhtxhqf| yduldwlrq
zklfk lv qrw vhhq lq wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv/ zlwk wkh frduvh phvk vkrzlqj wklv
vsxulrxv iuhtxhqf| prvw vwurqjo|1 Wkh idfw wkdw wkh FIG prghov idlo wr suhglfw wkh
ehkdylrxu ehiruh 2ef lv gxh wr wkh lqlwldo frqglwlrqv ri wkh FIG prgho/ ehlqj
}hur yhorflw| dqg dwprvskhulf suhvvxuh dw WGF dw wkh vwduw ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh1
Dv wkh forvlqj ri wkh lqohw ydoyh lv wkh wuljjhu wkdw vwduwv wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh/
iurp wklv srlqw rq wkh uhvxowv duh odujho| lqghshqghqw ri wkh lqlwldo frqglwlrqv1 Wkh
lqohw pdqlirog lv hhfwlyho| d slsh zlwk rqh hqg rshq wr wkh dwprvskhuh/ dqg wkh
rwkhu forvhg1 Lw grhv qrw lqwhudfw zlwk wkh f|olqghu ru h{kdxvw v|vwhpv gxulqj wklv
wlph1 Gxulqj wklv sduw ri wkh vlpxodwlrq wkh FIG prgho vkrzv jrrg djuhhphqw
zlwk wkh h{shulphqwdo gdwd1
Wkhuh lv dovr d vljqlfdqw ghyldwlrq iurp wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv diwhu .ff /
krzhyhu wklv yduldwlrq lv gxh wr wkh uh0rshqlqj ri wkh lqohw ydoyh/ dqg wkh lqohw
pdqlirog suhvvxuh zdyh zloo wkhq eh dhfwhg e| wkh f|olqghu frqglwlrqv1 Lw lv gl!fxow
wr dffxudwho| hvwlpdwh wkh f|olqghu frqglwlrqv dw wkh vwduw ri wkh lqohw vwurnh/ vr wkh
yduldwlrq vhhq lq jxuh :156 lv olnho| wr eh fdxvhg e| dq lqdffxudwh hvwlpdwh ri
lq0f|olqghu lqlwldo frqglwlrqv1
:1717 Phvk Uhqhphqw Vwxg|

Dv kdv ehhq vkrzq lq vhfwlrq :1716 dqg jxuh :156/ wkh frduvh dqg qh phvk vlpxod0
wlrqv ri wkh EUY hqjlqh jlyh yhu| jrrg suhglfwlrqv ri wkh rz lq wkh lqohw pdqlirog1
Iljxuh :157 lv d ixuwkhu frpsdulvrq ri qh dqg frduvh phvk vlpxodwlrq uhvxowv/ wklv
wlph iru lq0f|olqghu rz gxulqj wkh lqwdnh vwurnh1
Wkh uhvxowv vkrzq lq jxuhv :157d wr :157h duh sdudphwhuv wkdw duh edvhg rq
wkh xlg yhorflw| ru vwdwh/ dqg doo vkrz jrrg djuhhphqw ehwzhhq frduvh dqg qh
phvkhv1 Iru lqvwdqfh/ wkh f|olqghu jdv pdvv suhglfwhg e| wkh qh phvk dw 2ef
lv eDe f3e !}/ zkhuhdv wkh frduvh phvk suhglfwv eS f3e !}/ d uhgxfwlrq ri I>
dqg wkh pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg suhglfwhg e| wkh qh phvk dw 2ef lv
SD 42 t32 / zkhuhdv wkh frduvh phvk suhglfwv DS 42 t32 / d uhgxfwlrq ri I1
Zh fdq frqfoxgh wkdw wkh suhvvxuh dqg yhorflw| hogv suhglfwhg e| wkh wzr
phvkhv duh vlplodu/ dqg dsshdu wr eh phvk ghqvlw| lqghshqghqw1 Krzhyhu/ wkhuh lv
Z X
+d, +e,
+f, Z X +g,
Y X
+h, +i,
Iljxuh :155= Furvv vhfwlrqv wkurxjk wkh frduvh dqg qh phvk xvhg wr prgho wkh
EUY hqjlqh1 +d, Frduvh/ furvv wxpeoh sodqh> +e, Ilqh/ furvv wxpeoh sodqh> +f,
Frduvh/ wxpeoh sodqh> +g, Ilqh/ wxpeoh sodqh> +h, Frduvh/ vzluo sodqh> +i,
Ilqh/ vzluo sodqh>
Experimental
CFD - Coarse Mesh
125000 CFD - Fine Mesh
120000
115000
Pressure, (Pa)
110000
105000
100000
95000
90000
85000
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720
CA (°)
Iljxuh :156= Frpsdulvrq ri lqohw pdqlirog suhvvxuh/ h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv yhuvxv

frduvh dqg qh phvk uhvxowv1
d vljqlfdqw yduldwlrq lq wkh suhglfwhg wxuexohqfh ohyhov/ vkrzq lq jxuh :157i1 Dw

2ef wkh qh phvk vlpxodwlrq suhglfwv d pdvv dyhudjhg wxuexohqfh lqwhqvlw| ri
Se 42 t32 / zkhuhdv wkh frduvh phvk vlpxodwlrq suhglfwv dq lqwhqvlw| ri eb 42 t32 /
d uhgxfwlrq ri dssur{lpdwho| fI1 Wklv lqglfdwhv phvk frqyhujhqfh kdv fohduo| qrw
ehhq dfklhyhg wr wkh vdph h{whqw iru wkh wxuexohqfh sdudphwhuv1
Wklv frqfoxvlrq lv frquphg e| revhuylqj wkh rz hog iru wkh wzr phvk ghqvl0
wlhv1 Iljxuh :158 vkrzv wkh yhorflw| dqg wxuexohqfh hog lq wkh furvv wxpeoh sodqh/
dqg jxuh :159 vkrzv wkh yhorflw| hog lq wkh wxpeoh sodqh1 Wkh h{wud phvk uhvrox0
wlrq fdq eh vhhq lq wkh yhorflw| hog dv pruh yhfwruv/ krzhyhu wkh vkdsh ri wkh rz
hog dqg wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh yruwlfhv duh yhu| vlplodu ehwzhhq wkh wzr vlpxodwlrqv1
Wkh vpdoo yruwh{ lq wkh wxpeoh sodqh +jxuh :159, kdv vrph vpdoo glhuhqfhv/ exw
ryhudoo wkh yhorflw| hogv duh yhu| vlplodu/ dqg vkrz wkh vdph vwuxfwxuh1
Iljxuh :157i vkrzv wkdw wkh wxuexohqfh kdv d vljqlfdqwo| kljkhu lqwhqvlw| lq
wkh qh phvk vlpxodwlrq wkdq lq wkh frduvh phvk vlpxodwlrq1 Wklv lv frquphg lq
jxuhv :158 dqg :159/ zkhuh wkh pdjqlwxgh ri wxuexohqfh hogv lq wkh qh phvk
uhvxow lv vljqlfdqwo| kljkhu1
Xqiruwxqdwho|/ krzhyhu/ lw zdv qrw srvvleoh wr uhgr wkh vlpxodwlrq xvlqj dq
hyhq qhu phvk dv wkh phpru| dqg frpsxwdwlrqdo wlph uhtxluhphqwv zrxog kdyh
ehhq h{fhvvlyh1 Dgglwlrqdoo|/ wkh frpphqwv pdgh lq fkdswhu 9 derxw wkhuh qrw
ehlqj d wuxh julg frqyhujhqw vroxwlrq iru wkh vtxduh f|olqghu hqjlqh zrxog qr grxew
dovr krog khuh/ vr lw lv olnho| wkdw wkhuh lv qr wuxo| julg frqyhujhg vroxwlrq iru wklv
frqjxudwlrq xvlqj d Uh|qrogv dyhudjhg vroxwlrq whfkqltxh zlwk zdoo ixqfwlrqv1
Wklv phdqv wkdw zh pxvw dffhsw wkh qh julg vlpxodwlrq/ dv prghoohg khuh/ dv wkh
ehvw vlpxodwlrq dydlodeoh1 Lw kdv ehhq vkrzq wkdw lw lv hvvhqwldoo| julg lqghshqghqw
iru wkh suhglfwlrqv ri wkh suhvvxuh dqg yhorflw| hogv/ krzhyhu lw lv qrw ixoo| julg
lqghshqghqw iru wkh wxuexohqfh hog1
Gxh wr wklv odfn ri julg lqghshqghqfh ri wkh wxuexohqfh/ wkh julgv xvhg iru wkh
iroorzlqj EUY hqjlqh prghov xvhg d vlplodu vl}hg phvk dv pxfk dv srvvleoh1 Wklv
zdv grqh e| xvlqj d qrplqdo hohphqw vl}h ri 2 44 iru lqwhuqdo qrghv lq wkh f|olqghu/
dqg 44 iru qrghv dw wkh zdoo iru doo phvkhv/ dv ghvfulehg lq vhfwlrq :151 Wklv phdqv
wkdw wkh yduldwlrqv fdxvhg e| phvk ghqvlw| fkdqjhv duh plqlplvhg1
:1718 Hhfw ri Jdv Lqlwldo dqg Erxqgdu| Whpshudwxuh

Wkh lqlwldo whpshudwxuh ri wkh jdv lq wkh grpdlq dw wkh vwduw ri wkh fdofxodwlrq dqg
wkh whpshudwxuh ri wkh jdv hqwhulqj wkh grpdlq dw wkh wuxpshw suhvvxuh erxqgdu|
zdv irxqg wr kdyh d odujh hhfw rq wkh zdyh vhw xs lq wkh lqohw pdqlirog dqg rq
9000 0.0005
8000 0.00045
2
0.0004
7000
2
0.00035
Cylinder Mass (kg)

2
6000
0.0003
5000
0.00025
4000
0.0002
3000
0.00015
2000
0.0001
1000 5E-05
0 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°)
+d, CA (°)
+e,
0.4
0.2
0.3
Tumble Ratio
Swirl Ratio
0.2
0.1 0.1
-0.1
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°)
+f, CA (°)
+g,
700
0.4
2
0.3 600
2
0.2
500
Cross Tumble Ratio
0.1
400
0
-0.1 300
-0.2
200
-0.3
100
-0.4
-0.5 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
CA (°)
+h, CA (°)
+i,
Fine Mesh
Coarse Mesh
Iljxuh :157= Frpsdulvrq ri ydulrxv f|olqghu sdudphwhuv iru frduvh dqg qh phvkhv1
Uhvxowv vkrzq iurp wkh vhfrqg f|foh1 +d, Pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg> +e,
Pdvv ri jdv lq f|olqghu> +f, Vzluo udwlr> +g, Wxpeoh udwlr> +h, Furvv wxpeoh
udwlr> dqg +i, Pdvv dyhudjhg wxuexohqfh1
Z X
Speed
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Z X
K
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Iljxuh :158= Frpsdulvrq ri frduvh dqg qh phvk uhvxowv lq wkh furvv wxpeoh sodqh
dw 2H 1 Wrs lv yhorflw| yhfwruv dqg erwwrp lv wxuexohqfh +&, frqwrxuv/ dqg ohiw
lv frduvh phvk dqg uljkw lv qh phvk1
Speed
110 Z X
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
K
1200 Z X
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Iljxuh :159= Frpsdulvrq ri frduvh dqg qh phvk uhvxowv lq wkh wxpeoh sodqh dw
2H 1 Wrs lv yhorflw| yhfwruv dqg erwwrp lv wxuexohqfh +&, frqwrxuv/ dqg ohiw lv
frduvh phvk dqg uljkw lv qh phvk1
Iljxuh :15:= Lvrphwulf ylhzv ri EUY hqjlqh vkrzlqj orfdwlrq ri sruw suhvvxuh vhq0
vruv/ odehoohg SS4 wr SS71
wkh vwdwh ri wkh jdv hqwhulqj wkh f|olqghu1 Wkxv lw lv lpsruwdqw wr xvh lqlwldo dqg
erxqgdu| frqglwlrqv zklfk pdwfk wkh dfwxdo frqglwlrqv iru wkh vlpxodwlrq1
Whpshudwxuh pdwfklqj zdv grqh khuh e| pdwfklqj h{shulphqwdo dqg vlpxodwhg
lqohw pdqlirog zdyhv1 Wkh dfrxvwlf yhorflw| ri dlu lv
I
@ ' -A / +:143,
dqg wkh qdwxudo iuhtxhqf| ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh lv sursruwlrqdo wr wkh dfrxvwlf
yhorflw|1 Wkxv wkh qdwxudo iuhtxhqf| ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh fdq eh dgmxvwhg
zlwklq d vpdoo udqjh e| fkdqjlqj wkh whpshudwxuh ri wkh jdv hqwhulqj wkh lqohw
pdqlirog1 Wkh vpdoo fkdqjh lq lqohw pdqlirog zdyh iuhtxhqf| zloo eh vhhq dv d
skdvh glhuhqfh ehwzhhq wkh phdvxuhg dqg vlpxodwhg zdyhv odwhu lq wkh vlpxodwlrq1
Wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh rq wkh fxuuhqw EUY hqjlqh lv phdvxuhg e| zkdw duh
nqrzq dv sruw suhvvxuh vhqvruv1 Wkhvh vhqvruv duh orfdwhg lqvlgh wkh khdg/ idflqj
wkh urwdwlqj ydoyh vxuidfh1 Iljxuh :15: vkrzv wkh srvlwlrq ri wkhvh vhqvruv rq d
lvrphwulf ylhz ri wkh hqjlqh1 Wkh| phdvxuh wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh rqo| gxulqj wkh
wlph wkh lqohw ydoyh vzhhsv dfurvv wkhlu idfhv/ dqg iru wkh uhvw ri wkh hqjlqh f|foh
wkh| duh vkxw r iurp wkh lqohw pdqlirog jdv e| wkh ydoyh vxuidfh1 Wkhuhiruh/ dv wkh
sruw suhvvxuh vhqvruv duh rqo| h{srvhg wr wkh lqohw pdqlirog jdv iru d vpdoo vhfwlrq
ri wkh hqjlqh f|foh/ wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh pxvw eh lqihuuhg iurp d vpdoo vhfwlrq
ri gdwd rewdlqhg zkhq wkh lqohw pdqlirog lv h{srvhg wr wkh suhvvxuh vhqvru1
D vlplodu vhqvru zdv sodfhg lq wkh qxphulfdo vlpxodwlrq/ zkhuh wkh suhvvxuh
zdv uhfrughg dw wkh ydoyh zlqgrz vxuidfh dw d orfdwlrq pdwfklqj wkdw ri wkh h{shul0
phqwdo vhqvruv1 Wkxv erwk wkh h{shulphqwdo dqg qxphulfdo uhdglqjv duh htxlydohqw/
dqg rqo| vkrz d vpdoo vhfwlrq ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh1 Wklv lv vkrzq lq jxuh
:15;/ zkhuh wkh vpdoo vhfwlrq ri gdwd uhdg iurp wkh qxphulfdo prgho lv frpsduhg
wr wkh uhohydqw gdwd iurp wkh uhdo hqjlqh1
Hyhq wkrxjk rqo| d vpdoo vhfwlrq ri wkh zdyh lv ylvleoh lq jxuh :15;/ wkh hgjh ri
d zdyh fdq eh vhhq lq wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv ehwzhhq derxw S2f dqg Sbf
lq jxuh :15;d dqg e1 Wklv zdyh hgjh zdv wkh ihdwxuh xvhg wr wxqh wkh vlpxodwlrq
erxqgdu| frqglwlrq whpshudwxuhv1
Vxshufldoo|/ wkh fruuhfw erxqgdu| frqglwlrq whpshudwxuh dsshduv wr eh wkh
whpshudwxuh ri wkh dlu dv lw ohdyhv wkh dlu frqglwlrqlqj xqlw lq wkh g|qdprphwhu1
Wkh g|qdprphwhu lv vshflhg wr surylgh dlu wr wkh hqjlqh dw 2D / fe !@
dqg d uhodwlyh kxplglw| ri f DI1 Zkhq wkh vlpxodwlrq zdv uxq xvlqj dq lqlwldo
dqg erxqgdu| jdv whpshudwxuh ri 2D / wkh vlpxodwlrq suhglfwhg wkh fudqn dqjoh
zkhq wkh suhvvxuh phdvxuhg dw sruw suhvvxuh vhqvru 6 dqg 7 furvvhg ff !@ wr eh
durxqg e hduolhu wkdq h{shulphqwdoo| phdvxuhg1 Wklv lv vkrzq lq jxuh :15;d
dqg jxuh :15;e1 Wklv lqglfdwhv wkh prgho lv suhglfwlqj d iuhtxhqf| lq wkh lqohw
pdqlirog zklfk lv wrr kljk/ hyhq wkrxjk wkh lpsrvhg jdv lqohw whpshudwxuh djuhhv
zlwk wkdw xvhg lq wkh g|qdprphwhu1
Wkh uhdvrq iru wklv glvfuhsdqf| dsshduv wr eh hydsrudwlrq ri wkh ixho orzhulqj
wkh whpshudwxuh ri wkh jdv lq wkh lqohw pdqlirog1 Wklv hhfw lv lqfuhdvhg e| wkh
idfw wkdw d jdv2gursohw pl{wxuh kdv d orzhu dfrxvwlf yhorflw| wkdq d jdv zlwk qr
vxvshqghg gursohwv1 Wklv phdqv wkdw wkh vxvshqghg ixho gursohwv lq wkh pdqlirog
duh olnho| wr ixuwkhu orzhu wkh pdqlirog dfrxvwlf yhorflw|1 Krzhyhu/ dw wkh uhodwlyho|
orz gursohw frqfhqwudwlrqv irxqg lq hqjlqh lqwdnh pdqlirogv lw lv xqolnho| wkdw wkh
hhfw ri wkh gursohwv rq dfrxvwlf yhorflw| lv vljqlfdqw1
Prghoolqj wkh ixho prwlrq/ gursohw ehkdylrxu dqg hydsrudwlrq lv eh|rqg wkh
vfrsh ri wkh fxuuhqw zrun1 Wr dffrxqw iru wkh hhfwv ri wkhvh surfhvvhv/ wkhlu hhfwv
rq orzhulqj wkh dfrxvwlf yhorflw| lq wkh pdqlirog zdv dffrxqwhg iru e| orzhulqj wkh
whpshudwxuh ri wkh lqlwldo jdv dqg wkh jdv zklfk hqwhuv wkh grpdlq wkurxjk wkh
wuxpshw erxqgdu| frqglwlrq1
Wkh whpshudwxuh qhfhvvdu| wr uhsurgxfh wklv hhfw zdv fdofxodwhg iurp
K
hodsvhg huuru @vlp Avlp
' ' +:144,
hodsvhg @wuxh Awuxh
zkhuh huuru lv wkh huuru lq ghjuhhv fudqn dqjoh ri d vhfwlrq ri wkh zdyh/ lq wklv
fdvh e > hodsvhg lv wkh fudqn dqjoh zklfk kdv sdvvhg vlqfh wkh ruljlq ri wkh
lqohw pdqlirog zdyh zklfk fdq eh wdnhq dv lqohw ydoyh forvh/ lq wklv fdvh e2f 1
Wkh vlpxodwhg dqg wuxh dfrxvwlf yhorflwlhv duh @vlp dqg @wuxh uhvshfwlyho|/ zkhuh
wkh vlpxodwhg dfrxvwlf yhorflw| kdv d vpdoo huuru1 Xvlqj Avlp ' 2bH k/ wklv jlyhv
Awuxh ' 2.H k1
140000
130000
120000
110000
Pressure (Pa)
100000
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
600 630 660 690 720 750 780
CA (°) +d,
150000
140000
130000
120000
110000
Pressure (Pa)
100000
90000
80000
70000
60000
Run 805 25°C
50000 Run 845 5°C
Run 963 -10°C
40000
600 630 660 690 720 750 780 Dynamometer
CA (°) +e,
200000
180000
160000
140000
Pressure (Pa)
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
570 600 630 660 690 720 750 780 810 840 870 900 930
CA (°) +f,
Iljxuh :15;= Frpsdulvrq ri lqohw pdqlirog f|olqghu suhvvxuh gxulqj ryhuods1 Vkrzq
lv g|qdprphwhu uhvxowv/ vlpxodwlrqv iru lqlwldo dqg erxqgdu| jdv whpshudwxuhv ri
2D / D dqg f > dw +d, Sruw suhvvxuh vhqvru 6> +e, Sruw suhvvxuh vhqvru
7> dqg +f, F|olqghu suhvvxuh vhqvru1
Zkhq wkh vlpxodwlrq lv uhuxq xvlqj lqlwldo dqg erxqgdu| whpshudwxuhv ri 2.H k
+ru D ,/ wkh lqohw suhvvxuh zdyh suhglfwhg lv lqglfdwhg e| wkh juhhq olqhv lq jxuhv
:15;d dqg :15;e1 D ixuwkhu vlpxodwlrq xvlqj lqlwldo dqg erxqgdu| whpshudwxuhv ri
2S k +f , zdv dovr shuiruphg/ lw lv lqglfdwhg e| wkh f|dq olqhv1
Wkh 2.H k vlpxodwlrq suhglfwv wkh suhvvxuh dw srvlwlrq 6 +jxuh :15;d, zlwk jrrg
djuhhphqw djdlqvw wkh g|qdprphwhu uhvxowv iurp Sf wr SSf / dqg wkh 2S k
vlpxodwlrq kdv jrrg djuhhphqw dw srvlwlrq 6 lq wkh qdo vhfwlrq vhhq e| wkh suhvvxuh
vhqvru iurp .2f wr ..f 1 Vlploduo| suhvvxuh vhqvru 7 +jxuh :15;e, vkrzv
wkh frrohu vlpxodwlrqv wr kdyh dq lpsuryhg dffxudf|/ zlwk wkh 2S k vlpxodwlrq
suhglfwlqj wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv yhu| zhoo1 Wkh rqo| vljqlfdqw ghsduwxuh iurp
wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv khuh lv lq d vpdoo vhfwlrq ehwzhhq Sbf dqg .2f 1
Wkh uhvxowv dw wkh f|olqghu suhvvxuh vhqvru duh vkrzq lq jxuh :15;f1 Wkh suhv0
vxuh lq wkh f|olqghu lv d ixqfwlrq ri pdq| pruh yduldeohv wkdq mxvw wkh lqohw pdqlirog
zdyh/ vr prylqj wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh grhv qrw kdyh d vlpsoh hi0
ihfw rq wkh f|olqghu suhvvxuh1 Wkh pdlq glhuhqfhv dsshdu wr eh wkdw wkh 2S k dqg
2.H k uhvxowv suhglfw d uhjlrq ri orz suhvvxuh zklfk lv qrw irxqg lq wkh h{shulphqwdo
uhvxowv1 Ryhudoo wkh 2bH k vlpxodwlrq dsshduv wr suhglfw wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv
pdujlqdoo| ehwwhu wkdq wkh froghu frqglwlrqv/ dv lw vkrzv wkh ehvw djuhhphqw dw
durxqg .2f dqg dw Hef 1
Dv wkhuh zdv qr fohdu fkrlfh dv wr zklfk lqohw whpshudwxuh wr xvh edvhg rq wkh
uhvxowv ri jxuh :15;/ 2.H k zdv xvhg dv wkh ehvw frpsurplvh1 Lw zdv xvhg dv wkh
lqlwldo dqg erxqgdu| frqglwlrq whpshudwxuhv iru doo vxevhtxhqw vlpxodwlrqv1
:18 Pdun L Frpexvwlrq Fkdpehu

Wkh f|olqghu khdg xvhg dw wkh frpphqfhphqw ri wkh fxuuhqw dxwkru*v zrun lv vkrzq
lq jxuh :15<1 Wklv lv wkh Pdun L frpexvwlrq fkdpehu/ dqg zdv wkh uvw frp0
exvwlrq fkdpehu ghvljq xvhg e| Elvkrs Lqqrydwlrq iru wkh EUY hqjlqh1
Wkh ghvljq sklorvrsk| dw wklv wlph zdv=
41 Dq rshq frpexvwlrq fkdpehu vr dv qrw wr lpshgh rz ri lqohw ru h{kdxvw

jdv/ jlylqj pd{lpxp yroxphwulf h!flhqf|>
51 Pd{lpxp ydoyh zlqgrz duhd/ djdlq wr pd{lplvh lqohw dqg h{kdxvw dlu rzv
iru kljk yroxphwulf h!flhqf|>
61 Vpdoo vtxlvk duhdv dw wkh shulskhu| ri wkh frpexvwlrq fkdpehu dqg d uhdvrq0
deo| rshq fhqwudo vhfwlrq iru jrrg frpexvwlrq> dqg
Iljxuh :15<= Ydulrxv lvrphwulf ylhzv ri wkh Pdun L frpexvwlrq fkdpehu1 Slvwrq lv
orfdwhg dw WGF1
71 Vwhdg| vwdwh whvwlqj ri wkh ydoyh kdg lqglfdwhg lw vkrxog surgxfh odujh dprxqwv
ri wxpeoh/ dqg wkh khdg dqg ydoyh zdv ghvljqhg wr xwlolvh wklv1
Wkh hduo| yhuvlrqv ri wkh EUY hqjlqh zhuh ghvljqhg zlwk d Hf 44 vwurnh wr jlyh
Dff UU shu f|olqghu1 Lw zdv ghvljqhg wr uxq dw vshhgv ri xs wr Hfff hT41 Dv wkh
ghvljq surjuhvvhg/ lw zdv ghflghg wr vkruwhq wkh vwurnh ri wkh hqjlqh wr doorz lw wr
uxq idvwhu1 Wkh uhghvljqhg hqjlqh xvhg wkh vdph f|olqghu khdg jhrphwu|/ exw kdg d
vwurnh ri e. 44 dqg ff UU shu f|olqghu1 Wklv hqjlqh frxog uxq dw durxqg fff hT4
zlwk wkh vdph slvwrq yhorflw| dv wkh orqjhu vwurnh hqjlqh1
G|qdprphwhu whvwv vkrzhg wkh hqjlqh shuiruphg zhoo zkhq lw zdv uxq zlwk wkh
orqj vwurnh frqjxudwlrq/ exw d qxpehu ri shuirupdqfh sdudphwhuv gursshg vkduso|
lq wkh vkruw vwurnh frqjxudwlrq1 Wkhvh fkdqjhv lq shuirupdqfh sdudphwhuv lqfoxghg
wkh EPHS ghfuhdvlqj dqg wkh vsdun dgydqfh uhtxluhg iru shdn wrutxh lqfuhdvlqj1
Wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv frxog qrw vxjjhvw d uhdvrq iru wkh shuirupdqfh ghfuhdvh/
krzhyhu dqdo|vlv ri wkh uhvxowv ri wkh FIG prgho vxffhvvixoo| xqfryhuhg wkh uhdvrq1
Lw zdv nqrzq wkdw wkh EUY hqjlqh surgxfhg kljk wxpeoh udwlrv1 Iljxuh :163d
lv wkh wxpeoh yhfwru sodqh iurp wkh vlpxodwlrq dw wkh hqg ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh ri
wkh orqj vwurnh hqjlqh1 Lw vkrzv d vwurqj/ urxjko| flufxodu vkdshg wxpeoh yruwh{/
jlylqj wkh wxpeoh udwlr ri dw Hf / dv glvsod|hg lq jxuh :1641 Wklv vwurqj
wxpeoh dw wkh hqg ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh uhvxowv lq kljk ohyhov ri wxuexohqfh gxulqj wkh
frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh dqg jrrg frpexvwlrq1
Zkhq wkh vdph vlpxodwlrq zdv uxq xvlqj wkh vkruw vwurnh hqjlqh/ wkh wxpeoh lv
irxqg wr uhgxfh vljqlfdqwo|1 Wkh vkruw vwurnh hqjlqh +jxuh :163e, grhv qrw kdyh
wkh vwurqj wxpeoh yruwh{ suhvhqw irxqg lq wkh orqj vwurnh hqjlqh +jxuh :163d,1
Wkh yruwh{ lv glvwruwhg lqwr d qrq0flufxodu vkdsh dqg frqvhtxhqwo| wkh wxpeoh udwlr
dw wklv srvlwlrq lv uhgxfhg wr fSD/ dv vkrzq lq jxuh :1641 Wklv lv d uhgxfwlrq lq
wxpeoh lqwhqvlw| ri efI1
Lw lv dssduhqw wkdw wkh Pdun L frpexvwlrq fkdpehu/ zklfk zrunhg zhoo rq d
orqj vwurnh frqjxudwlrq shuirupv srruo| rq wkh vkruw vwurnh frqjxudwlrq/ dqg d
vljqlfdqw sduw ri wkh shuirupdqfh uhgxfwlrq lv gxh wr d odujh uhgxfwlrq lq wxpeoh
rz vwuhqjwk1
:19 Pdun LL dqg LLL Frpexvwlrq Fkdpehu

Zlwk wkh odfn ri vxffhvv ri wkh Pdun L fkdpehu rq wkh vkruw vwurnh hqjlqh/ lw zdv
uhdolvhg d ixqgdphqwdo fkdqjh zdv uhtxluhg wr wkh ghvljq sklorvrsk| iru wkh vkruw
vwurnh hqjlqh frpexvwlrq fkdpehu1 Wkh frpexvwlrq fkdpehu vkrzq lq jxuh :165
+d,
+e,
Y
Speed: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Z X
Iljxuh :163= Frpsdulvrq ri wkh wxpeoh jhqhudwhg e| wkh vkruw dqg orqj vwurnh
Pdun L frpexvwlrq fkdpehu EUY hqjlqhv1 Uhvxowv vkrzq iurp d lqfrpsuhvvleoh
lqwdnh vwurnh vlpxodwlrq/ dw EGF zlwk sodqh vkrzq wdnhq wkurxjk urwdwlrq d{lv ri
wkh ydoyh1 +d, orqj +Hf 44, vwurnh frqjxudwlrq dw Sfff hT4/ dqg +e, vkruw
+e. 44, vwurnh frqxudwlrq dw ffff hT41 Hqjlqh vshhg kdv ehhq lqfuhdvhg lq wkh
e. 44 vlpxodwlrq wr pdlqwdlq htxlydohqw slvwrq yhorflwlhv1
1.6
1.4
1.2
0.8
TR
0.6
0.4
0.2
80mm stroke
47mm stroke
0
-0.2
0 45 90 135 180
CA (°)
Iljxuh :164= Wxpeoh udwlr yhuvxv fudqn dqjoh iru orqj dqg vkruw vwurnh EUY Pdun
L hqjlqh frqjxudwlrqv1
Iljxuh :165= Ydulrxv lvrphwulf ylhzv ri wkh Pdun LL frpexvwlrq fkdpehu1 Slvwrq
idfh lv orfdwhg dw WGF1
zdv ghvljqhg e| wkh EUY ghvljq vwd1 Wklv lv wkh Pdun LL frpexvwlrq fkdpehu/
dqg lw zdv vrrq iroorzhg e| wkh Pdun LLL fkdpehu vkrzq lq jxuh :1661 Furvv
vhfwlrqv ri wkh wkuhh khdg jhrphwulhv duh vkrzq lq jxuh :1671
G|qdprphwhu whvwlqj vkrzhg wkdw wkhvh frpexvwlrq fkdpehuv gudpdwlfdoo|
oliwhg hqjlqh shuirupdqfh rq wkh vkruw vwurnh hqjlqhv1 Djdlq/ wkh h{shulphqwdo
uhvxowv frxog qrw lqglfdwh wkh uhdvrq iru wkh lqfuhdvhg shuirupdqfh zlwk wkh phd0
vxuhphqwv uhfrughg1
Wkh FIG vlpxodwlrq shuiruphg rq wkhvh hqjlqh jhrphwulhv lqglfdwhg wkh uhdvrq
iru wkh lpsuryhg shuirupdqfh ri wkh Pdun LL dqg LLL f|olqghu khdgv1 Frpsdul0
vrq ri wkh vlpxodwlrqv ri wkh Pdun LL +jxuh :169, dqg wkh Pdun LLL +jxuh :16:,
fkdpehu djdlqvw wkh Pdun L +jxuh :168, fkdpehu vkrzhg wkdw wkh lq0f|olqghu rz
fohduo| grhv qrw ghyhors vljqlfdqw vzluo/ wxpeoh ru vtxlvk1 Rq wkh rwkhu kdqg/ wkh
rz ghyhorsv gxdo jhduhg yruwlfhv lq wkh furvv wxpeoh sodlq/ dqg olwwoh ri wkh wud0
glwlrqdo wxpeolqj rz dw doo1 Wkh rz zdv qdphg gxdo furvv0wxpeoh/ ghvfulelqj
lwv vwuxfwxuh ri wzr yruwlfhv lq wkh furvv wxpeoh sodqh1
Wkh rz suhglfwhg lq wkh Pdun L khdg lv vkrzq lq jxuh :1681 Dv glvfxvvhg lq
wkh suhylrxv vhfwlrq/ wklv jhrphwu| kdv olwwoh wxpeoh +dv vhhq lq jxuh :163e,/ dqg
dovr olwwoh gxdo furvv wxpeoh1 D vpdoo dprxqw ri gxdo furvv wxpeoh lv suhvhqw/ exw
Iljxuh :166= Ydulrxv lvrphwulf ylhzv ri wkh Pdun LLL frpexvwlrq fkdpehu1 Slvwrq
idfh lv orfdwhg dw WGF1
+d,
+e,
+f,
Iljxuh :167= Furvv vhfwlrqv ri Pdun L/ LL dqg LLL khdg jhrphwulhv1 +d, Pdun L>
+e, Pdun LL> dqg +f, Pdun LLL1
lw lv qrw dv vwurqj dv wkdw vkrzq lq wkh Pdun LL dqg LLL khdgv lq jxuhv :169 dqg
:16:1 Wkh Pdun LL jhrphwu| +jxuh :169, vkrz d vwurqj gxdo furvv wxpeoh rz lq
wkh furvv wxpeoh sodqh/ dqg vpdoo zhdn vwuxfwxuhv lq wkh wxpeoh sodqh1 Wkh Pdun
LLL jhrphwu| +jxuh :16:, dovr vkrzv d vwurqj gxdo furvv wxpeoh vwuxfwxuh/ wklv wlph
zlwk qr yruwlfhv vhhq lq wkh wxpeoh sodqh dw doo1
Lw dsshduv wkdw wkh gxdo furvv wxpeoh rz hog kdv uhsodfhg wkh wxpeoh rz
hog ri wkh Pdun L orqj vwurnh hqjlqh dv wkh ixqgdphqwdo wxuexohqfh jhqhudwlrq
phfkdqlvp1
:1914 Suhylrxv Zrun rq Gxdo Wxpeoh

Wklv zrun dsshduv wr eh wkh uvw uhvhdufk wr uhfrjqlvh wkh lpsruwdqfh ri gxdo furvv
wxpeoh rzv/ dqg wr gholehudwho| ghvljq hqjlqhv wr xvh lw1 Krzhyhu/ wkhuh kdyh ehhq
d vpdoo qxpehu ri suhylrxv uhvhdufkhuv zkr uhsruw qglqj rz hogv vlplodu wr gxdo
furvv wxpeoh/ hyhq li wkh| glg qrw uhfrjqlvh lwv vljqlfdqfh1
Rqh h{dpsoh lv Pxurnl hw do ^4<:`/ zkr shuiruphg d FIG vlpxodwlrq rq d frqfhsw
urwdu| ydoyh hqjlqh1 Wkh ydoyh v|vwhp wkh| xvhg lv yhu| glhuhqw wr wkh EUY frqfhsw=
wkh| xvhg d qrwfk vw|oh ydoyh/ vlplodu wr wkh PJQ urwdu| ydoyh hqjlqh glvfxvvhg
lq vhfwlrq 417151 Wkh eruh ru vwurnh xvhg iru wkh vlpxodwlrqv lv qrw vwdwhg> krzhyhu/
phdvxuhphqwv iurp wkhlu gldjudpv lqglfdwh wkh eruh wr vwurnh udwlr wr eh 1 Wkh
ghvljq sursrvhg e| Pxurnl grhv qrw vhhp wr kdyh dgguhvvhg dq| ri wkh ixqgdphqwdo
dzv ri wkh PJQ hqjlqh/ vr lw lv xqolnho| wkdw wkhlu hqjlqh zrxog kdyh shuiruphg
dghtxdwho|1
Krzhyhu/ wkh FIG vlpxodwlrqv shuiruphg e| Pxurnl hw do vkrz wkdw wkhlu ydoyh
vkduhv wkh fhqwudo mhw ihdwxuh gxulqj wkh lqwdnh vwurnh zklfk lv ixqgdphqwdo wr
fuhdwlqj wkh gxdo wxpeoh lq wkh EUY hqjlqh1 Wkh rzv wkh| suhglfwhg duh vlplodu
lq ryhudoo vwuxfwxuh wr wkrvh suhvhqwhg lq wkh fxuuhqw zrun/ dv fdq eh vhhq lq wkh
yhfwru gldjudpv vkrzq lq jxuh :16; dqg :16<1 Wkh| dvvxphg wkdw wkh rz zdv
v|pphwulfdo derxw wkh fhqwuh ri wkh f|olqghu dqg ydoyh/ vr rqo| kdoi wkh gxdo furvv
wxpeoh rz lv uhvroyhg1 Lw lv pruh fohduo| vhhq lq wkh vfkhpdwlf uhsuhvhqwdwlrq ri
wkh rz vkrzq lq jxuh :16</ zkhuh wkh rz lv vkrzq wr hqwhu wkh fhqwudo sodqh
ri wkh f|olqghu/ dqg uhflufxodwh edfn iroorzlqj wkh rxwhu hgjh ri wkh f|olqghu1 Wklv
uhflufxodwlrq lv d frpelqdwlrq ri gxdo furvv wxpeoh dqg d vzluo rz1
Wkh vlpxodwlrqv ri Pxurnl hw do duh uhodwlyho| fuxghwkh julg wkh| xvhg kdg rqo|
2Dfff qrghv/ vr wkdw lw zdv idu wrr frduvh wr uhvroyh doo rz ihdwxuhv1 Wkh| rqo|
suhvhqw yhu| edvlf uhvxowv iurp wkhlu vlpxodwlrqv> iru lqvwdqfh/ wkh| gr qrw suhvhqw
dq| uhvxowv ri wkh suhglfwhg pdjqlwxgh ri wxuexohqfh1 Wkhlu vlpxodwlrq fdq eh
Z X +d,
Z X
+e,
Speed: 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Iljxuh :168= Ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri wkh rz lq wkh Pdun L f|olqghu khdg dw EGF/

Hfff hT41 +d, Wxpeoh sodqh dqg +e, Furvv wxpeoh sodqh1
Z X +d,
Z X
+e,
Speed: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Iljxuh :169= Ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri wkh rz lq wkh Pdun LL f|olqghu khdg dw EGF/

2fff hT41 +d, Wxpeoh sodqh dqg +e, Furvv wxpeoh sodqh1
Z X +d,
Y
Z X
+e,
Speed: 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Iljxuh :16:= Ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri wkh rz lq wkh Pdun LLL f|olqghu khdg dw EGF/
Hfff hT41 +d, Wxpeoh sodqh dqg +e, Furvv wxpeoh sodqh1
uhjdughg dv d suholplqdu| dqdo|vlv rqo|1 Ghvslwh wklv vlpsolflw|/ wkh| vwloo pdqdjhg
wr lghqwli| wkh ixqgdphqwdo rz vwuxfwxuh lqkhuhqw lq wkhlu hqjlqh/ zklfk dsshduv wr
eh vlplodu wr wkh EUY gxdo wxpeoh rz +jxuh :169e ru jxuh :16:e,1 Wkh dxwkruv
dsshdu wr qrw kdyh glvfryhuhg wkh vljqlfdqfh ri wklv qhz rz vwuxfwxuh/ dqg wkhuh
lv rqo| d sdvvlqj phqwlrq ri wkh vwuxfwxuh lq wkh wh{w ri wkh sdshu1
Lq wkh uhylhz ri Kloo dqg ]kdqj ^46:`/ lw lv phqwlrqhg wkdw wxuexohqfh hqkdqfh0
phqw fdq rffxu iurp wkh frpsuhvvlrq ri rz hogv zlwk pxowlsoh yruwlfhv=
Wxuexohqfh surgxfwlrq fdq eh pdjqlhg e| frpsuhvvlrq ri wxp0

eolqj yruwlfhv e| slvwrq prwlrq> lqwhqvh vkhdu vwudlq fdq eh d ihdwxuh
ri rqh yruwh{ ru pxowlsoh yruwlfhv frpsuhvvhg lqwr d vpdoo vsdfh qhdu
WGF1 ^46:`
Ghvslwh wklv uhdolvdwlrq wkdw wxuexohqfh hqkdqfhphqw fdq rffxu zlwk pxowlsoh
yruwlfhv/ qr dqdo|vlv ri d frpsuhvvhg pxowlsoh yruwh{ rz hog lv suhvhqwhg1
Wkh rqo| rwkhu zrun nqrzq wr wkh fxuuhqw dxwkru zklfk glvfxvvhv d gxdo furvv
wxpeoh rz lv suhvhqwhg lq Kdq hw do ^458`1 Wkh wxpeoh rz vlpxodwlrqv shuiruphg
lq wklv sxeolfdwlrq kdyh douhdg| ehhq glvfxvvhg lq vhfwlrq 717161 Krzhyhu/ dv vkrzq
lq jxuh :173/ d rz vlplodu wr gxdo furvv wxpeoh ghyhorsv zkhq wkh ixho vsud| ri
wkh gluhfw lqmhfwlrq hqjlqh lv prghoohg1
Wkh ixho vsud| lv forvh wr wkh fhqwuh d{lv ri wkh f|olqghu khdg/ dqg srlqwv urxjko|
vwudljkw grzq1 Wkh vsud| lv fuhdwhg e| d suhvvxuh0vzluo lqmhfwru zlwk d ixho
suhvvxuh ri D @/ dqg fuhdwhv d kroorz frqh vkdshg vsud| zlwk d frqh dqjoh ri
dssur{lpdwho| DD 1
Wkh vsud| uhohdvhg e| wkh mhw hqwudlqv dlu/ dqg lv suhglfwhg wr vljqlfdqwo| prgli|
wkh rz hog jhqhudwlqj wkh gxdo furvv wxpeoh vwuxfwxuh/ vhhq lq jxuh :173g1 Dv
vkrzq lq jxuh :173d/ zlwkrxw ixho lqmhfwlrq wkh rz glg qrw h{klelw d vwurqj wxpeoh
rz hog/ dqg qr odujh yruwlfhv lq wkh furvv wxpeoh sodqh h{lvw1
Wkh gxdo wxpeoh vwuxfwxuh zdv irxqg wr kdyh uhgxfhg wxuexohqfh lq wkh fhqwuh ri
wkh grpdlq/ exw lqfuhdvhg wxuexohqfh voljkwo| r fhqwuh/ dqg lv uhsurgxfhg lq jxuh
:173h dqg :173i1 Kdq hw do dwwulexwhv wklv lqfuhdvhg wxuexohqfh wr vkhdu rffxuulqj
ehwzhhq wkh fhqwudo mhw dqg vorzhu prylqj xlg ixuwkhu dzd|1 Kdq hw do uhsruwv wkdw
wkh qhw hhfw ri wkh prglhg rz vwuxfwxuh lv d vpdoo lqfuhdvh lq wkh wxuexohqfh
ohyhov1
Qr dqdo|vlv lv shuiruphg e| Kdq hw do rq wkh gxdo furvv wxpeoh rz vwuxfwxuh
fuhdwhg e| wkh ixho lqmhfwlrq v|vwhp/ dqg wkh| gr qrw glvfxvv dq| wxpeoh jhqhudwlrq
phfkdqlvpv srvvleoh iurp gxdo furvv wxpeoh dv rssrvhg wr qrupdo wxpeoh1 Wkh
+d, +e,
+f,
+g,
Iljxuh :16;= FIG prgho ri phdq yhorflw| ylvxdolvhg dw Dff hT4 iru d urwdu| ydoyh
hqjlqh e| Pxurnl hw do ^4<:`1 +d, Fhqwudo +wxpeoh, sodqh dw eH > +e, Vzluo
sodqh dw eH > +f, Furvv wxpeoh sodqh dw eH > dqg +g, Fhqwudo +wxpeoh,
sodqh dw EGF1
Iljxuh :16<= Vfkhpdwlf uhsuhvhqwdwlrq ri urwdu| ydoyh hqjlqh rz vlpxodwhg e|

Pxurnl hw do ^4<:`1
uhvxowv suhvhqwhg lq jxuhv :173 duh dw EGF/ wkh| gr qrw glvfxvv wkh ehkdylrxu ri
wkh gxdo furvv wxpeoh rz gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh1
Wkh hqjlqh vwxglhg e| Kdq hw do zdv d surgxfwlrq fdu hqjlqh zlwk d eruh wr
vwurnh udwlr ri durxqg rqh1 Dv zloo eh glvfxvvhg lq vhfwlrq :1:14/ wkh ehqhwv ri wkh
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7 7
6 6
Turbulence Intensity (m/s)
Turbulence Intensity (m/s)
5 5
4 4
3 3
no spray
spray
2 2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Distance from cylinder axis (cm) +h, Distance from cylinder axis (cm) +i,
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ri wxuexohqfh duh vhhq rq hlwkhu vlgh ri wkh lqwdnh mhw/ fdxvhg e| vkhdu ehwzhhq wkh
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Y Y
X Z Z X
Speed
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
+d,
Y Y
X Z Z X
Speed
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
+e,
Y Y
X Z Z X
Speed
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
+f,
Iljxuh :174= Iorz hog lq wxpeoh dqg furvv wxpeoh sodqhv gxulqj wkh hduo| lqwdnh
vwurnh1 Vlpxodwlrq lv wkh Pdun LLL khdg uxq dw Dfff hT41 Uhvxowv frqwlqxhg lq
jxuh :1751 +d, f > +e, Sf > dqg +f, 2f 1
Y Y
X Z Z X
Speed
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
+d,
Y Y
X Z Z X
Speed
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
+e,
Y Y
X Z Z X
Speed
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
+f,
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frpsuhvvlrq vwurnhv1 Vlpxodwlrq lv wkh Pdun LLL khdg uxq dw Dfff hT41 Frqwlqxhv
iurp jxuh :174/ dqg uhvxowv frqwlqxhg lq jxuh :1761 +d, Hf > +e, 2ef >
dqg +f, ff 1
Y Y
X Z Z X
Speed
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
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vwurnh1 Vlpxodwlrq lv wkh Pdun LLL khdg uxq dw Dfff hT41 Frqwlqxhv iurp jxuh
:1751
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lq wkh rz1 Lw vkrxog eh qrwhg wkdw wkh furvv wxpeoh yruwlfhv duh lqfolqhg gxh wr
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0.0005
0.00045
0.3
Inlet Valve Mass Flow Rate, (kg/s)
0.0004
Cylinder Gas Mass, (kg)

0.00035
0.2
0.0003
0.00025
0.0002
0.1
0.00015
0.0001
0
5E-05
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
°CA +d, °CA +e,
1200 25000
1100
2

2
1000
2
20000
2
900
2
800
15000
700
600
500 10000
400
300
5000
200
100
0 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
°CA +f, °CA +g,
0.25 0.3
0.25
0.2
0.2
0.15
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.05 0.05
TR
SR
0 0
-0.05
-0.05
-0.1
-0.1
-0.15
-0.15
-0.2
-0.2 -0.25
-0.25 -0.3
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
°CA +h, °CA +i,
Run 851 - 15000rpm - Cycle 1

Run 851 - 15000rpm - Cycle 2
Iljxuh ;14= Frpsdulvrq ri uvw dqg vhfrqg f|foh uhvxowv iru uxq ;84/ dw Dfff hT41
+d, Ydoyh pdvv rz udwh> +e, F|olqghu jdv pdvv> +f, Pdvv dyhudjhg wxuexohqw
hqhuj| +&,> +g, Pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg> +h, Vzluo udwlr> dqg +i, Wxpeoh
udwlr1
dqg fdq vljqlfdqwo| lqfuhdvh lq0f|olqghu hqhuj| ohyhov1

Edfn rz dw wkh hqg ri wkh lqohw vwurnh dsshduv wr gudlq vljqlfdqw dprxqwv
ri hqhuj| iurp wkh rz hog1 Edfn rz xvxdoo| h{lvwv dv d vpdoo kljk yhorflw| mhw/
gulyhq e| d vljqlfdqwo| kljkhu suhvvxuh lq wkh f|olqghu wkdq lq wkh lqohw pdqlirog1
Dv wklv mhw kdv d kljk yhorflw|/ wkhuh lv d vljqlfdqw dprxqw ri hqhuj| uhtxluhg wr
dffhohudwh wkh xlg/ vr edfn rz fdq uhgxfh lq0f|olqghu hqhuj| ohyhov vljqlfdqwo|1
Wklv uhgxfwlrq lq lq0f|olqghu hqhuj| ohyhov ohdgv wr uhgxfhg wxuexohqfh ohyhov/ dqg
uhgxfhg hqjlqh shuirupdqfh1 Wkxv/ edfn rz dw wkh hqg ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh uhgxfhv
hqjlqh shuirupdqfh lq wzr vhsdudwh zd|vuvwo| e| uhgxflqj yroxphwulf h!flhqf|/
dqg vhfrqgo| e| uhgxflqj lq0f|olqghu wxuexohqfh ohyhov1
Wklv hhfw fdq eh vhhq lq jxuh ;15/ zkhuh wkh rz hog lv vkrzq dw 222 /
mxvw ehiruh wkh lqohw ydoyh vkxwv1 Wkh ydoyh pdvv rz udwh judsk lq jxuh ;14d vkrzv
wkhuh wr eh d vwurqj edfn rz rffxuulqj gxulqj wkh vhfrqg f|foh dw wklv srvlwlrq1
Wkhuh lv fohduo| d vljqlfdqwo| orzhu ohyho ri xlg yhorflw| dqg wxuexohqfh lq wkh
vhfrqg f|foh/ sduwlfxoduo| lq wkh fhqwuh ri wkh f|olqghu1
Wklv uhgxfwlrq ri wkh lq0f|olqghu rz hog hqhuj| lv vhhq dv d uhgxfwlrq ri wkh
vzluo udwlr lq jxuh ;14h/ dqg wkh wxpeoh udwlr lq jxuh ;14i1 Erwk wkh vzluo udwlr
dqg wxpeoh udwlr duh vhhq wr eh vpdoohu lq wkh vhfrqg f|foh wkdq lq wkh uvw1 Wklv lv
d vljq ri wkh jhqhudo uhgxfwlrq lq wkh lq0f|olqghu hqhuj| ohyhov vkrzq lq jxuh ;14g1
Zkhq wkh vdph frqjxudwlrq lv uxq dw Hfff hT4/ wkh uhvxowv duh yhu| glhuhqw1
Iljxuh ;16d vkrzv wkh uvw f|foh pdvv rz udwh wr iroorz d vlplodu wuhqg dv vhhq lq
uvw f|foh dw Dfff hT41 Wkh vhfrqg f|foh lv yhu| glhuhqw/ dqg vkrzv wkh rz udwh
wr gudpdwlfdoo| ghfuhdvh lq wkh udqjh eDD / ehiruh uhwxuqlqj wr vlplodu ohyhov
dv suhglfwhg iru wkh uvw vwurnh1 Wkh uhpdlqghu ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh diwhu D
kdv txlwh vlplodu rz udwhv lq wkh uvw dqg vhfrqg f|fohv/ zlwk wkh vhfrqg f|foh
ehlqj iudfwlrqdoo| kljkhu wkdq wkh uvw f|foh1 Dw wklv kljk vshhg wkhuh lv qr edfn
rz lq hlwkhu f|foh1
Wkh uhjlrq ri uhgxfhg rz udwh lv vhhq lq wkh dlu pdvv lq wkh f|olqghu/ jxuh
;16e/ dv d uhjlrq ri vljqlfdqwo| uhgxfhg judglhqw1 Wklv vpdoo uhjlrq ri uhgxfhg rz
lv fdxvhg e| wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh1 Wkh pdqlirog ohqjwk xvhg khuh zdv ghvljqhg
wr eh wxqhg dw Dfff hT4/ vr dw Hfff hT4 lw lv vxevwdqwldoo| rxw ri wxqh1 Wkxv wkh
lqohw pdqlirog zdyh duulyhv dw wkh lqohw ydoyh dw dq lqdssursuldwh wlph dqg fdxvhv d
vljqlfdqw uhgxfwlrq lq yroxphwulf h!flhqf| frpsduhg zlwk wkdw srvvleoh zlwk dq
lq0wxqh pdqlirog1
Wkh vpdoo lqfuhdvh lq rz lq wkh vhfrqg f|foh diwhu D dsshduv wr eh wkh
uhdvrq iru wkh voljkwo| lqfuhdvhg wxuexohqfh vhhq lq jxuh ;16f dqg wkh lqfuhdvhg
+d, +e,
Speed: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
+f, +g,
K: 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Iljxuh ;15= Frpsdulvrq ri uvw dqg vhfrqg f|foh vlpxodwlrq rz hogv iru uxq ;84
dw 222 1 +d, Iluvw f|foh/ jdv yhorflw|> +e, Vhfrqg f|foh/ jdv yhorflw|> +f,
Iluvw f|foh/ wxuexohqw hqhuj| +&,> dqg +g, Vhfrqg f|foh/ wxuexohqw hqhuj| +&,1
0.0005
0.3 0.00045
0.0004
Cylinder Gas Mass, (kg)

0.00035
0.2
0.0003
0.00025
0.0002
0.1
0.00015
0.0001
0
5E-05
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
°CA +d, °CA +e,
25000
2000
2

2
2
20000
2
1500
2
15000
1000
10000
500
5000
0 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
°CA +f, +g,
0.25 0.5
0.2 0.4
0.15 0.3
0.1 0.2
0.05 0.1
SR
TR
0 0
-0.05 -0.1
-0.1 -0.2
-0.15 -0.3
-0.2 -0.4
-0.25 -0.5
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
+h, +i,
Run 852 - 18000rpm - Cycle 1

Run 852 - 18000rpm - Cycle 2
Iljxuh ;16= Frpsdulvrq ri uvw dqg vhfrqg f|foh uhvxowv iru uxq ;85/ dw Hfff hT41
+d, Ydoyh pdvv rz udwh> +e, F|olqghu jdv pdvv> +f, Pdvv dyhudjhg wxuexohqw
hqhuj| +&,> +g, Pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg> +h, Vzluo udwlr> dqg +i, Wxpeoh
udwlr1
;1 Dqdo|vlv ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 68:
nlqhwlf hqhuj| vhhq lq jxuh ;16g diwhu Hf 1 Wklv lqfuhdvhg hqhuj| lv dovr vhhq
dv kljkhu ohyhov ri vzluo dqg wxpeoh lq wkh vhfrqg f|foh/ dv vhhq lq jxuhv ;16h dqg
;16i1
Wkhuh lv qr edfn rz dw wkh hqg ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh/ vr wkhuh lv qr gudlq rq wkh
lq0f|olqghu rz hqhuj| dw wkh hqg ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh1
Wklv ghprqvwudwhv wkh lpsruwdqw hhfwv wkdw wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh kdv/ qrw
rqo| rq wkh yroxphwulf h!flhqf|/ exw dovr rq wkh lq0f|olqghu wxuexohqfh1 Reylrxvo|/
wkh lpsruwdqw idfwru iru kljk yroxphwulf h!flhqf| lv wr pd{lplvh wkh duhd xqghu
wkh dlu pdvv rz udwh djdlqvw fudqn dqjoh fxuyh1 Krzhyhu/ lq0f|olqghu wxuexohqfh
lv pd{lplvhg e| pdnlqj wkh rz rffxu odwh lq wkh lqwdnh vwurnh/ dqg dyrlglqj edfn
rz dw wkh hqg ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh1
;16 Hhfw ri Frqvwulfwlrqv lq wkh Ydoyh

Dv wkh hqjlqh ghvljq surjuhvvhg/ lw zdv wkrxjkw wkdw wkh ydoyh zdv wrr odujh lq furvv
vhfwlrq duhd/ dqg wkdw uhgxflqj wkh ydoyh*v furvv vhfwlrq duhd +wkdw lv/ frqvwulfwlqj lw,
zrxog lqfuhdvh shuirupdqfh1 Wkh lqfuhdvhg shuirupdqfh zdv eholhyhg wr ruljlqdwh
iurp wkh lvvxhv glvfxvvhg lq vhfwlrq 71516/ wkdw lv/ lw zrxog lqfuhdvh wkh yhorflw| ri
wkh jdv hqwhulqj wkh f|olqghu/ zklfk lq wxuq lqfuhdvhv wkh lq0f|olqghu jdv nlqhwlf
hqhuj| dqg wxuexohqfh1
Wkh hhfw ri frqvwulfwlqj wkh ydoyh furvv vhfwlrq zdv dvvhvvhg e| frpsdulqj uxqv
;77 dqg ;781 Wkh rqo| glhuhqfh ehwzhhq wkhvh wzr vlpxodwlrqv lv wkdw wkh ydoyh lq
uxq ;78 kdv lwv furvv vhfwlrqdo duhd vljqlfdqwo| uhgxfhg1 Wkh furvv vhfwlrq suroh
wkurxjk wkh ydoyh lv vkrzq lq jxuh ;17 iru wkh xqfrqvwulfwhg ydoyh +ru rshq
ydoyh,/ dqg wkh frqvwulfwhg ydoyh surohv duh vkrzq lq jxuh ;181 Wkh frqvwulfwlrq
lv prvw qrwlfhdeoh dv d qduurzlqj ri wkh furvv vhfwlrq durxqg wkh fhqwudo wkuhh furvv
vhfwlrqv/ dw f ' f/ ef dqg Df 441
Wkh frqvwulfwlrq zdv ghvljqhg wr vprrwko| eohqg lqwr wkh ruljlqdo ydoyh/ dqg
wr xvh wkh vdph zlqgrz dqg lqohw pdqlirog vkdsh1 Wklv phdqv wkdw wkh glhuhqfh
ehwzhhq wkh wzr jhrphwulhv lv juhdwhvw lq wkh fhqwuh ri wkh ydoyh/ dqg uhgxfhv wr
ehfrph wkh vdph wrzdugv hlwkhu hqg1 Erwk vlpxodwlrqv xvhg wkh vdph khdg dqg
wuxpshw jhrphwulhv/ ydoyh wlplqj dqg lqohw pdqlirogv1
Wkh rz hogv suhglfwhg iru wkh wzr frqjxudwlrqv duh vkrzq lq jxuhv ;19
dqg ;1: iru wkh wxpeoh sodqh/ dqg jxuhv ;1; dqg ;1< iru wkh furvv wxpeoh sodqh1
Wkh wxpeoh sodqh/ wkh xlg vshhg vkrzq lq jxuh ;19/ vkrzv wkh rz hogv lq wkh
f|olqghu wr eh yhu| vlplodu lq wkh wzr frqjxudwlrqv1 Wkhuh duh voljkw glhuhqfhv
lq wkh ghwdlov ri wkh lq0f|olqghu rz yhfwruv vhhq lq jxuh ;1</ krzhyhu wkh ryhudoo
Iljxuh ;17= Ydoyh furvv vhfwlrqv iru wkh rshq ydoyh xvhg lq uxq ;771 Wrs ohiw lv
f ' ef 44/ lqfuhphqwlqj lq f 44 vwhsv wr wkh erwwrp uljkw dw f ' f 441
Iljxuh ;18= Ydoyh furvv vhfwlrqv iru wkh frqvwulfwhg ydoyh xvhg lq uxq ;781 Wrs ohiw
lv f ' ef 44/ lqfuhphqwlqj lq f 44 vwhsv wr wkh erwwrp uljkw dw f ' f 441
rz lv vlplodu1 Wkh rqo| vljqlfdqw glhuhqfh ehwzhhq wkh wzr rzv lv vhhq lq wkh
lqohw pdqlirog/ zkhuh wkh frqvwulfwhg ydoyh lv vkrzq wr h{klelw vljqlfdqwo| kljkhu
yhorflwlhv lq wkh plggoh vhfwlrq ri wkh pdqlirog1
Lq wkh furvv wxpeoh sodqh vkrzq lq jxuhv ;1; dqg ;1</ wkh yhorflw| hogv duh dovr
yhu| vlplodu1 Wkh jdv vfdodu vshhg furvv vhfwlrq vkrzv wkdw wkh pdjqlwxgh ri wkh
xlg yhorflw| kdv lqfuhdvhg voljkwo| lq wkh frqvwulfwhg ydoyh frqjxudwlrq1 Wkhuh
lv d vljqlfdqw lqfuhdvh lq xlg yhorflwlhv lq wkh mhw ri jdv hqwhulqj wkh f|olqghu
lq wkh frqvwulfwhg ydoyh hqjlqh/ zlwk wkh pd{lpxp ydoxh lqfuhdvlqj iurp durxqg
2f 4 t3 wr derxw ef 4 t3 1 Wkh yhfwruv/ vkrzq lq jxuh ;1;/ vkrz wkh hogv kdyh
hvvhqwldoo| wkh vdph vkdsh/ wkh rqo| glhuhqfh ehlqj d vkliw lq wkh orfdwlrq ri wkh
yruwh{ fhqwuhv1 Wkh vkliw lv rqo| vpdoo1
Wkh glhuhqfhv lq wkh dyhudjhg sdudphwhuv ehwzhhq wkh rshq dqg frqvwulfwhg
ydoyhv lv vkrzq lq jxuh ;1431 Wkh pdvv ri dlu wudsshg lq wkh f|olqghu lv vkrzq lq
jxuh ;143d/ dqg dw LYF lv vhhq wr eh hhfwlyho| wkh vdph ehwzhhq wkh wzr frq0
jxudwlrqv1 Pruh dlu rzv lqwr wkh f|olqghu iru wkh rshq frqjxudwlrq ehwzhhq
dssur{lpdwho| bf dqg D wkdq lv wkh fdvh zlwk wkh frqvwulfwhg duudqjh0
phqw1
D vpdoo dprxqw ri edfn rz lv vhhq wr rffxu lq wkh rshq frqjxudwlrq mxvw
ehiruh wkh ydoyh vkxwv1 Wklv edfn rz lq wkh rshq ydoyh lv fohduo| vkrzq lq wkh
pdvv rz udwh lq jxuh ;143e1 Khuh wkh rshq frqjxudwlrq kdv d vljqlfdqwo|
kljkhu pdvv rz udwh wkurxjk prvw ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh xs xqwlo durxqg Sf /
zkhuh wkh vlwxdwlrq uhyhuvhv dqg wkh frqvwulfwhg ydoyh doorzv d kljkhu rz udwh1 Wkh
uhdvrq iru wkh frqvwulfwhg ydoyh kdylqj d kljkhu rz udwh diwhu Sf lv gxh wr wkh
uhgxfhg rz udwh hduolhu lq wkh lqohw vwurnh/ uhvxowlqj lq d orzhu f|olqghu suhvvxuh1
Wklv uhgxfhg f|olqghu suhvvxuh lv vhhq dw Sf lq jxuh ;143h1 Gxh wr wkh kljkhu
suhvvxuh glhuhqfh lq wkh frqvwulfwhg ydoyh hqjlqh/ wkh rz udwh lqfuhdvhv dqg wkh
hhfw ri edfn rz +fdxvhg e| d suhvvxuh lq wkh lqohw pdqlirog ehlqj orzhu wkdq wkdw
lq wkh f|olqghu, lv uhgxfhg1 Iljxuh ;143d vkrzv wkdw/ e| wkh hqg ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh/
erwk f|fohv kdyh d vlplodu txdqwlw| ri dlu wudsshg lq wkh f|olqghu1
Wklv vxjjhvwv wkdw wkh rshq ydoyh hqjlqh fdq eh uhghvljqhg wr lqfuhdvh shuiru0
pdqfh iurp wkh ghvljq prghoohg khuh/ e| prglfdwlrqv wr lqohw ydoyh forvlqj srlqw/
pdqlirog ohqjwk ru rwkhu idfwruv1 Wkhvh prglfdwlrqv fdq uhgxfh wkh edfn rz dw
wkh hqg ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh dqg lqfuhdvh yroxphwulf h!flhqf|1
Dv h{shfwhg/ wkh kljkhu yhorflwlhv vhhq lq wkh frqvwulfwhg ydoyh pdqlihvw wkhp0
vhoyhv dv dq lqfuhdvhg ohyho ri wxuexohqfh +jxuh ;143f, dqg rz exon nlqhwlf hqhuj|
+pdvv dyhudjh yhorflw| vtxduh/ jxuh ;143g, diwhu D 1 Wklv lqfuhdvh lv dovr
sduwo| gxh wr wkh frqvwulfwhg ydoyh vkliwlqj wkh rz wrzdugv wkh hqg ri wkh lqwdnh
+d,
+e,
Speed: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Iljxuh ;19= Frpsdulvrq ri wxpeoh sodqh xlg vshhg iru frqvwulfwhg dqg rshq ydoyhv
dw 2H 1 +d, Rshq ydoyh/ xlg vshhg> dqg +e, Frqvwulfwhg ydoyh/ xlg vshhg1
100 m/s
+d,
100 m/s
+e,
Iljxuh ;1:= Frpsdulvrq ri wxpeoh sodqh rz hog iru frqvwulfwhg dqg rshq ydoyhv
dw 2H 1 +d, Rshq ydoyh/ xlg yhorflw| yhfwruv> dqg +e, Frqvwulfwhg ydoyh/
xlg yhorflw| yhfwruv1
+d,
+e,
Speed: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Iljxuh ;1;= Frpsdulvrq ri furvv wxpeoh sodqh xlg vshhg iru frqvwulfwhg dqg rshq
ydoyhv dw 2H 1 +d, Rshq ydoyh/ xlg vshhg> dqg +e, Frqvwulfwhg ydoyh/ xlg
vshhg1
100 m/s
+d,
100 m/s
+e,
Iljxuh ;1<= Frpsdulvrq ri furvv wxpeoh sodqh rz hog iru frqvwulfwhg dqg rshq
ydoyhv dw 2H 1 +d, Rshq ydoyh/ xlg yhorflw| yhfwruv> dqg +e, Frqvwulfwhg
ydoyh/ xlg yhorflw| yhfwruv1
0.0005 0.25
0.00045
0.0004 0.2
Mass flow rate, (kg/s)

0.00035
Cylinder mass, (kg)
0.15
0.0003
0.00025
0.1
0.0002
0.00015
0.05
0.0001
5E-05
0
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 0 45 90 135 180 225 270
°CA +d, °CA +e,
1800 45000
Mass averaged velocity squared, (m /s )

2
1600 40000
2
2
2
1400 35000
1200 30000
1000 25000
800 20000
600 15000
400 10000
200 5000
0 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
°CA +f, °CA +g,
200000
140000
180000
160000 130000
Pressure, (Pa)
140000 120000
120000
110000
100000
100000
80000
90000
60000
40000 80000
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720
°CA +h, °CA +i,
Run 844 - Open valve

Run 845 - Constricted valve
Iljxuh ;143= Frpsdulvrq ri lq0f|olqghu sdudphwhuv/ rshq ydoyh yhuvxv frqvwulfwhg

ydoyh1 +d, F|olqghu pdvv> +e, Pdvv rz udwh> +f, Pdvv dyhudjhg wxuexohqw
hqhuj| +&,> +g, Pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg> +h, F|olqghu suhvvxuh> dqg
+i, Lqohw pdqlirog suhvvxuh1
vwurnh1 Wkh hhfw ri rz gxulqj wkh qdo vhfwlrqv ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh rq lq0f|olqghu
wxuexohqfh ohyhov kdv ehhq glvfxvvhg lq vhfwlrq ;151
Wkh uhvxowv suhvhqwhg khuh djuhh zlwk wkh jhqhudoo| dffhswhg ghvljq sklorvrsk|
ghvfulehg lq vhfwlrq 71516/ wkdw d frpsurplvh pxvw eh uhdfkhg ehwzhhq vpdoo furvv
vhfwlrqdo gldphwhu sruwv wr jlyh kljk jdv yhorflwlhv wr lpsduw d vwurqj lq0f|olqghu
rz/ dqg wkh qhhg iru odujh gldphwhu sruwv wr uhgxfh orvvhv lq wkh pdqlirog1 Krz0
hyhu/ ixuwkhu zrun lv uhtxluhg wr rswlplvh wkh hqjlqh pdqlirog ghvljq dqg ydoyh
wlplqj wr pdnh ixoo xvh ri wkh srwhqwldo ehqhwv ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh lq wkh
fxuuhqw EUY hqjlqh1
;17 Hhfw ri Glhuhqw Ydoyh Vl}hv

Lw zdv irxqg h{shulphqwdoo| wkdw wkh vl}h ri wkh ydoyh zdv olplwlqj shuirupdqfh dw
kljk hqjlqh vshhgv1 Wr frxqwhu wklv dqg lqfuhdvh shuirupdqfh dw kljk vshhgv/ wkh
rxwvlgh gldphwhu ri wkh ydoyh zdv lqfuhdvhg iurp S 44 wr SH 441 Wklv uhvxowhg lq
dq lqfuhdvh ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog furvv vhfwlrq duhd ri durxqg fI1
Lw lv yhu| gl!fxow wr shuirup d frpsohwho| remhfwlyh whvw wr dvvhvv wkh hhfw
ri lqfuhdvlqj wkh ydoyh gldphwhu iurp S 44 wr SH 441 Wklv lv gxh wr wkh odujhu
ydoyh uhtxlulqj d qhz f|olqghu khdg ghvljq/ lqohw pdqlirog/ dqg qxphurxv rwkhu
vpdoo fkdqjhv1 Pdq| hqjlqh frpsrqhqwv pxvw eh fkdqjhg lq rughu wr xvh wkh odujhu
ydoyh/ vr wkdw d frpsdulvrq ehwzhhq wkh wzr hqjlqhv lv wkh vxp ri wkh hhfwv ri doo
wkh fkdqjhv/ qrw mxvw wkh ydoyh gldphwhu lqfuhdvh1 Dgglwlrqdoo|/ wkh ydoyh wlplqj
ehlqj xvhg rq wkh S 44 ydoyh zdv wkrxjkw qrw wr eh rswlpdo/ vr wkdw d voljkwo|
glhuhqw wlplqj zdv ghvljqhg lqwr wkh SH 44 ydoyh1 Wkxv/ wkh frpsdulvrq suhvhqwhg
khuh lv qrw d wuxh edfn wr edfn frpsdulvrq1 Lw lv/ krzhyhu/ wkh ehvw frpsdulvrq
srvvleoh xqghu wkh flufxpvwdqfhv1
Iljxuh ;144 vkrzv wkh pdvv rz udwh lqwr wkh f|olqghu gxulqj wkh lqwdnh vwurnh
iru wkuhh glhuhqw hqjlqh frqjxudwlrqv1 Wzr glhuhqw frqjxudwlrqv ri wkh SH 44
ydoyh hqjlqh dqg rqh S 44 ydoyh hqjlqh frqjxudwlrq duh suhvhqwhg1 Ghwdlov ri
wkhvh frqjxudwlrqv lv vkrzq lq wdeohv ;14 dqg ;151 Qrqh ri wkh frqjxudwlrqv
duh gluhfwo| frpsdudeoh wr hdfk rwkhu/ dqg hdfk zloo kdyh d voljkwo| glhuhqw lqohw
pdqlirog zdyh sdwwhuq1 Wklv glhuhqw lqohw pdqlirog zdyh lv vhhq e| wkh orfdwlrq ri
wkh shdnv dqg wurxjkv lq wkh pdvv rz udwh djdlqvw fudqn dqjoh fxuyh dsshdulqj lq
glhuhqw orfdwlrqv1
Ghvslwh wkh shdnv dqg wurxjkv rffxuulqj dw glhuhqw orfdwlrqv/ wkh pd{lpxp
rz zklfk wkh ydoyh fdq gholyhu zloo eh sulpdulo| ghwhuplqhg e| wkh delolw| ri wkh
ydoyh wr doorz dlu wr rz lqwr wkh hqjlqh1 Lw zloo eh odujho| lqghshqghqw ri wkh ydoyh
;1 Dqdo|vlv ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 69:
0.308 - 0.315 kg/s

68mm, 30/15 timing
0.3 0.289 - 0.315 kg/s
68mm, 15/15 timing
0.243 - 0.263 kg/s

63mm
Mass Flow Rate, (kg/s)
0.2
0.1
Run 844 - Rev 1
Run 844 - Rev 2
Run 851 - Rev 1
Run 851 - Rev 2
Run 864 - Rev 1
0 Run 864 - Rev 2
0 45 90 135 180 225

°CA
Iljxuh ;144= Frpsdulvrq ri pd{lpxp rz udwhv vlpxodwhg gxulqj wkh lqohw vwurnh
lq wkh S 44 dqg SH 44 ydoyh hqjlqhv dw Dfff hT41 Udqjh ri pd{lpxp rz udwhv
suhglfwhg iru hdfk frqjxudwlrq lv vkrzq1
wlplqj dqg lqohw pdqlirog ohqjwk/ dv wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh sdwwhuq sulpdulo| dhfwv
wkh wlplqj ri wkh pd{lpxp rz srlqw gxulqj wkh lqohw vwurnh/ qrw lwv pdjqlwxgh1
Iljxuh ;144 vkrzv wkh pdvv rz udwh wkurxjk wkh lqohw ydoyh iru wkh wkuhh glhuhqw
frqjxudwlrqv/ vkrzlqj uhvxowv iurp erwk wkh uvw dqg vhfrqg f|fohv1 Wkh S 44
ydoyh kdv d pd{lpxp rz udqjh ri f2ef2S !}*t/ dqg wkh SH 44 ydoyh kdv d
pd{lpxp rz udqjh ri f2HbfD !}*t1 Dvvxplqj wkdw wkh kljkhu ydoxh ri wkh
udqjh lqglfdwhv wkh pd{lpxp rz ri zklfk wkh ydoyh lv fdsdeoh/ lw iroorzv wkdw wkh
SH 44 ydoyh hqjlqh kdv lqfuhdvhg shdn pdvv rz e| ffD2 !}*t/ dq lqfuhdvh ri 2fI1
Qrwh wkdw wklv lqfuhdvh lq srvvleoh shdn rz zloo qrw qhfhvvdulo| uhvxow lq dq
lqfuhdvh lq yroxphwulf h!flhqf|1 Iljxuh ;144 dovr vkrzv wkdw wkh SH 44 ydoyh frq0
jxudwlrqv vlpxodwhg kdg vljqlfdqw edfn rz dw wkh hqg ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh1 Wklv
lv pd| dovr eh vhhq lq wkh f|olqghu pdvv/ jxuh ;1451 Wkh pdvv ri jdv wudsshg dw
wkh hqg ri wkh lqohw vwurnh lv wdexodwhg lq wdeoh ;1:1 Wkh SH 44 ydoyh frqjxudwlrqv
kdv dq lqfuhdvhg pdvv ri jdv wudsshg> ri xs wr f3D !}/ dq lqfuhdvh ri .I1
Wklv grhv qrw dozd|v rffxu/ iru lqvwdqfh wkh vhfrqg uhyroxwlrq ri uxq ;84 vkrzv d
0.0005
0.00045
0.0004
0.00035
Cylinder Mass, (kg)
0.0003
0.00025
0.0002
0.00015 Run 844 - Rev 1

Run 844 - Rev 2
0.0001 Run 851 - Rev 1
Run 851 - Rev 2
Run 864 - Rev 1
5E-05 Run 864 - Rev 2
0
0 45 90 135 180 225
°CA
Iljxuh ;145= Frpsdulvrq ri pdvv ri jdv wudsshg lq wkh f|olqghu gxulqj wkh lqwdnh
vwurnh ri S 44 dqg SH 44 ydoyh EUY hqjlqhv1
wudsshg pdvv hvvhqwldoo| wkh vdph dv wkh S 44 ydoyh hqjlqh uhvxowv1 Wklv rffxuuhg
ehfdxvh ri wkh odujh edfn rz/ dv phqwlrqhg hduolhu1
Dv d uhvxow ri wkh SH 44 ydoyh hqjlqh lqfuhdvlqj wkh lqvwdqwdqhrxv rz fdsdflw|
e| durxqg 2fI/ wkh wudsshg jdv pdvv lqfuhdvhv e| xs wr .I1 Krzhyhu/ wklv dg0
ydqwdjh fdq rqo| eh ixoo| xwlolvhg zkhq wkh ydoyh wlplqj dqg lqohw pdqlirog ohqjwk
kdv ehhq rswlplvhg wr wkh qhz jhrphwu| wr wdnh dgydqwdjh ri wkh lqfuhdvh lq furvv
vhfwlrq duhd1
D ixuwkhu hhfw ri lqfuhdvlqj wkh ydoyh gldphwhu lv wkdw lw ghfuhdvhv wkh dlu
yhorflw| lq wkh ydoyh gxulqj wkh lqohw vwurnh1 Vlqfh wkh yhorflw| ri wkh dlu hqwhulqj
wkh f|olqghu lv wkh hqhuj| vrxufh iru jhqhudwlqj wkh lq0f|olqghu rz hog/ wklv
zrxog lqglfdwh wkdw wkh SH 44 ydoyh frqjxudwlrq zrxog kdyh uhgxfhg ohyhov ri lq0
f|olqghu yhorflwlhv/ srvvleo| ohdglqj wr uhgxfhg ohyhov ri wxuexohqfh gxulqj wkh qdo
vwdjhv ri wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh1 Wklv lv wkh vdph uhdvrqlqj dv wkdw xvhg lq vhfwlrq
Uxq ;77 S 44 Uxq ;84 SH 44 Uxq ;97 SH 44

F|foh 4 F|foh 5 F|foh 4 F|foh 5 F|foh 4 F|foh 5
e2S f3e e2 f3e eS f3e e. f3e eS f3e eSf f3e
Wdeoh ;1:= Pdvv ri dlu wudsshg +nj,/ dw LYF iru ydulrxv frqjxudwlrqv1
;16/ lq zklfk wkh hhfw ri uhgxflqj wkh ydoyh furvv vhfwlrq duhd lv dvvhvvhg1
Wkh wxuexohqw hqhuj| dqg lq0f|olqghu rz nlqhwlf hqhuj| lv vkrzq lq jxuh ;1461
Wkh uhvxowv ri wkh uvw f|foh ri wkh vlpxodwlrq/ vkrzq lq jxuh ;146d dqg ;146f fohduo|
vkrz wkdw wkh S 44 ydoyh frqjxudwlrq lpsduwv d kljkhu ohyho ri lq0f|olqghu nlqhwlf
hqhuj| gxulqj wkh hqg ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh/ zklfk ohdgv wr vljqlfdqwo| lqfuhdvhg
ohyhov ri wxuexohqfh gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh1
Wkh S 44 ydoyh hqjlqh grhv qrw kdyh vljqlfdqwo| kljkhu ohyhov ri lq0f|olqghu
rz hqhuj| ru wxuexohqw hqhuj| lq wkh vhfrqg f|foh ri wkh vlpxodwlrqv1 Lq jxuh
;146e dqg ;146g lw fdq eh vhhq wkdw wkh hqhuj| lpsduwhg wr wkh rz dw wkh hqg ri wkh
lqwdnh vwurnh lv urxjko| wkh vdph ehwzhhq uxq ;77 +S 44, dqg uxq ;97 +SH 44,/
ohdglqj wr urxjko| vlplodu ohyhov ri wxuexohqfh lq wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh1
Wkh uhvxowv iurp wkh uvw f|foh frqup wkdw/ dv h{shfwhg/ wkh lqfuhdvh lq ydoyh
vl}h kdv uhgxfhg lq0f|olqghu nlqhwlf hqhuj| dqg frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh wxuexohqfh1 Wkh
uvw f|foh ri wkh vlpxodwlrq lv d pruh remhfwlyh frpsdulvrq wr xvh wkdq wkh vhfrqg
dv lw lv ohvv dhfwhg e| wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh1 Iru d ixoo| rswlplvhg hqjlqh ri
dq| ydoyh vl}h/ wkh lqwdnh pdqlirog zdyh zrxog eh idluo| vlplodu vr wklv frpsdulvrq
fdq eh mxvwlhg1 Wkh vlpxodwlrqv suhvhqwhg khuh kdyh qrw kdg wkh ydoyh wlplqj
ru pdqlirog ohqjwkv rswlplvhg/ vr wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh frxog eh frqvlghudeo|
glhuhqw1 D ghjuhh ri vlplodulw| lq wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh sdwwhuq ehwzhhq wkh wzr
vlpxodwlrqv lv uhwdlqhg lq wkh uvw uhyroxwlrq uhvxowv dv wkh| doo vwduw iurp wkh vdph
lqlwldo frqglwlrqv/ dqg vr doorzv d ehwwhu frpsdulvrq ehwzhhq wkhvh vlpxodwlrqv1
Wkh ghshqghqfh ri wkh lq0f|olqghu hqhuj| dqg wxuexohqfh rq wkh lqohw pdqlirog
zdyh lv fdxvhg e| wkh idfw wkdw rz hqwhulqj wkh f|olqghu odwh lq wkh lqwdnh vwurnh
kdv d pruh vljqlfdqw hhfw rq lq0f|olqghu hqhuj| dqg wxuexohqfh wkdq rz hqwhulqj
hduo| lq wkh vwurnh1 Wklv hhfw kdv ehhq glvfxvvhg lq vhfwlrq ;151
Wkh yhorflw| dqg wxuexohqfh hogv suhglfwhg e| wkh vlpxodwlrqv frqup wkdw wkh
S 44 ydoyh hqjlqh kdv kljkhu lq0f|olqghu yhorflw| dqg wxuexohqfh ohyhov1 Iljxuh
;147 vkrzv wkh yhorflw| hog lq wkh furvv wxpeoh dqg wxpeoh sodqhv iru wkh wkuhh
vlpxodwlrqv/ dw 2D2 rq wkh uvw lqwdnh vwurnh ri wkh vlpxodwlrq1 Doo wkuhh vlpx0
odwlrqv glvsod| wkh gxdo wxpeoh rz hog/ zlwk wkh S 44 lq0f|olqghu yhorflw| ehlqj
frqvlghudeo| kljkhu wkdq wkh SH 44 ydoyh vlpxodwlrqv1
;1 Dqdo|vlv ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 6:3
15000 15000
12500 12500
Mass Averaged Velocity , (m/s)
Mass Averaged Velocity , (m/s)

2
2
10000 10000
7500 7500
5000 5000
2500 2500
0 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
°CA +d, °CA +e,
1600 1600
1400 1400
2
2
2
1200 1200
1000 1000
800 800
600 600
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
°CA +f, °CA +g,
Run 844 - 63mm valve - Cycle 2

Iljxuh ;146= Frpsdulvrq ri wkh pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg dqg wxuexohqw hqhuj|
iru wkh S 44 dqg SH 44 ydoyh EUY hqjlqhv1 +d, Pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg
iru wkh uvw f|foh ri wkh vlpxodwlrq> +e, Pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg iru wkh
vhfrqg f|foh ri wkh vlpxodwlrq> +f, Pdvv dyhudjhg wxuexohqw hqhuj| iru wkh uvw
f|foh ri wkh vlpxodwlrq> dqg +g, Pdvv dyhudjhg wxuexohqw hqhuj| iru wkh vhfrqg
f|foh ri wkh vlpxodwlrq1
Z X
Z X
+d, +e,
+f, +g,
+h, +i,
Iljxuh ;147= Frpsdulvrq ri yhorflw| hog ri S 44 dqg SH 44 ydoyh vlpxodwlrqv dw

2D2 rq wkh uvw f|foh ri wkh vlpxodwlrq1 +d, Uxq ;77 +S 44 ydoyh,/ furvv
wxpeoh sodqh> +e, Uxq ;77 +S 44 ydoyh,/ wxpeoh sodqh> +f, Uxq ;84 +SH 44
ydoyh,/ furvv wxpeoh sodqh> +g, Uxq ;84 +SH 44 ydoyh,/ wxpeoh sodqh> +h, Uxq
;97 +SH 44 ydoyh,/ furvv wxpeoh sodqh> dqg +i, Uxq ;97 +SH 44 ydoyh,/ wxpeoh
sodqh1
Iljxuh ;148 vkrzv wkh wxuexohqw hqhuj| hog iru wkh wkuhh vlpxodwlrqv dw 2D2
rq wkh uvw lqwdnh vwurnh1 Djdlq/ wkh S 44 ydoyh kdv frqvlghudeo| kljkhu ohyhov ri
wxuexohqfh lq wkh f|olqghu wkdq wkh SH 44 ydoyh1 Wklv lv sduwlfxoduo| dssduhqw lq
wkh wxpeoh sodqh/ zkhuh d uhjlrq ri yhu| kljk wxuexohqfh h{lvwv lq wkh orzhu uljkw
vhfwlrq ri wkh f|olqghu zklfk grhv qrw rffxu lq hlwkhu ri wkh SH 44 ydoyh vlpxodwlrqv1
Qrwh wkdw lq wkh uvw f|foh uhvxowv iurp wkh vlpxodwlrqv vkrzq lq jxuhv ;147
dqg ;148 wkdw wkh wzr SH 44 ydoyh vlpxodwlrqv suhglfw txlwh vlplodu yhorflw| dqg
wxuexohqfh hogv1
Li wkh rz lv ylvxdolvhg qhdu wkh hqg ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh ri wkh vhfrqg f|foh
ri wkh hqjlqh/ wkh hhfw ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh rq wkh lq0f|olqghu xlg fdq eh
vhhq1 Iljxuh ;149 vkrzv d ylvxdolvdwlrq dw 2ff gxulqj wkh vhfrqg f|foh ri wkh
hqjlqh1 Wkh S 44 ydoyh +jxuh ;149d, kdv d iudfwlrqdoo| kljkhu yhorflw| lq wkh
lqwdnh mhw dw wkh ydoyh wkdq wkh vhfrqg SH 44 ydoyh hqjlqh +jxuh ;149f,1 Wkh
rwkhu SH 44 ydoyh hqjlqh/ jxuh ;149e/ d juhdwo| uhgxfhg yhorflw| lq wkh lqwdnh
mhw lv vhhq/ zklfk lv wkh fdxvh ri wkh vljqlfdqwo| orzhu lq0f|olqghu nlqhwlf hqhuj|
dqg wxuexohqfh ohyhov vkrzq lq jxuh ;146e dqg ;146g1 Wkxv/ wkh odujh yduldwlrq
ehwzhhq wkh wzr SH 44 ydoyh hqjlqh uhvxowv iru wkh vhfrqg hqjlqh f|foh lv gxh wr
wkh hhfw ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh/ ehfdxvh gxulqj wkh uvw f|foh ri wkh hqjlqh
wkh| suhglfwhg yhu| vlplodu uhvxowv1 Wklv frqupv wkh uvw f|foh uhvxowv dv d pruh
gluhfw frpsdulvrq ehwzhhq wkh hqjlqhv wkdq wkh vhfrqg f|foh uhvxowv1
Wklv wuhqg ri wxuexohqfh ohyhov ghfuhdvlqj zlwk wkh lqfuhdvh lq ydoyh gldphwhu
kdv ehhq fdswxuhg h{shulphqwdoo|1 Wxuexohqfh lv gl!fxow wr phdvxuh gluhfwo|/ vr
wkh hhfw ri wkh wxuexohqfh lv vhhq lqgluhfwo| e| lwv hhfw rq wkh hqjlqh EPHS
uhvxowv1 Iljxuh ;14: vkrzv wkh uhvxow ri d vhulhv ri g|qdprphwhu h{shulphqwv dw d
qxpehu ri hqjlqh vshhgv1 Uxq 744 lv wkh S 44 ydoyh hqjlqh dqg uxq 8562857 lv
wkh SH 44 ydoyh hqjlqh1 Lw fdq eh vhhq wkdw wkh yroxphwulf h!flhqf| ri wkh hqjlqhv
zdv hhfwlyho| wkh vdph dw Hfff hT4/ HDff hT4/ bDff hT4/ ffff hT4/ 2Dff hT4/
fff hT4 dqg eDff hT41 Wkh EPHS dw hdfk ri wkhvh srlqwv zdv durxqg Df !@
kljkhu lq wkh S 44 ydoyh hqjlqh wkdq wkh SH 44 hqjlqh1 Vlqfh wkh yroxphwulf
h!flhqf| dw hdfk ri wkhvh srlqwv lv xqfkdqjhg/ lw iroorzv wkdw wkh S 44 ydoyh
hqjlqh exuqv wkh fkdujh ehwwhu/ zklfk lv suredeo| gxh wr dq lqfuhdvhg ohyho ri lq0
f|olqghu wxuexohqfh1
Iljxuh ;14: vkrzv wkh yroxphwulf h!flhqf| dw Dfff hT4 wr dovr eh dssur{l0
pdwho| wkh vdph ehwzhhq wkh S 44 dqg SH 44 ydoyh hqjlqhv1 Wklv srlqw lv wkh
rqo| h{fhswlrq qrw vkrzlqj d kljkhu EPHS lq wkh S 44 ydoyh hqjlqh1
Xqiruwxqdwho| wkh FIG vlpxodwlrqv suhvhqwhg lq wklv vhfwlrq zhuh shuiruphg dw
dq hqjlqh vshhg ri Dfff hT4wkh rqo| vshhg phdvxuhg zkhuh wkh S 44 ydoyh
Y
Y
Z X
Z X
+d, +e,
+f, +g,
+h, +i,
K: 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200
Iljxuh ;148= Frpsdulvrq ri wxuexohqfh hog ri S 44 dqg SH 44 ydoyh vlpxodwlrqv

dw 2D2 rq wkh uvw f|foh ri wkh vlpxodwlrq1 +d, Uxq ;77 +S 44 ydoyh,/ furvv
wxpeoh sodqh> +e, Uxq ;77 +S 44 ydoyh,/ wxpeoh sodqh> +f, Uxq ;84 +SH 44
ydoyh,/ furvv wxpeoh sodqh> +g, Uxq ;84 +SH 44 ydoyh,/ wxpeoh sodqh> +h, Uxq
;97 +SH 44 ydoyh,/ furvv wxpeoh sodqh> +i, Uxq ;97 +SH 44 ydoyh,/ wxpeoh sodqh>
+d, +e,
+f,
Speed: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Iljxuh ;149= Vshhg vlpxodwhg dw 2ff lq wkh ~ ' f furvv wxpeoh sodqh1 Vhfrqg
f|foh uhvxowv1 +d, Uxq ;77/ S 44 ydoyh> +e, Uxq ;84/ SH 44 ydoyh> dqg +f,
Uxq ;97/ SH 44 ydoyh1
Run 411 - 63mm valve, BMEP

Run 523/524 - 68mm valve, BMEP
Run 411 - 63mm valve, Volumetric Efficiency
Run 523/524 - 68mm valve, Volumetric Efficiency
160
150
Volumetric Efficiency (%)

140
130
120
BMEP
110
100
90
80
70
60
8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Speed (rpm)
Iljxuh ;14:= Frpsdulvrq ri g|qdprphwhu uhvxowv iru S 44 dqg SH 44 ydoyh EUY

hqjlqhv1 Rqo| uhodwlyh EPHS gdwd lv vkrzq dv wkh devroxwh EPHS gdwd lv frq0
ghqwldo1 Hdfk wlfn rq wkh EPHS vfdoh lv Df !@1
hqjlqh kdg d vlplodu shuirupdqfh wr wkh SH 44 ydoyh hqjlqh1 Wklv pdnhv wkh h{0
shulphqwdo frqupdwlrq ri wkh qxphulfdo uhvxowv lqfrqfoxvlyh1 Wkh frqfoxvlrq wkdw
wkh SH 44 ydoyh uhgxfhv lq0f|olqghu hqhuj| dqg wxuexohqfh ohyhov frxog eh vwuhqjwk0
hqhg e| shuiruplqj wkh vlpxodwlrq dw dqrwkhu vshhg zkhuh wkh h{shulphqwdo uhvxowv
suhglfw wkhuh wr eh d fohdu ehqhw iru wkh S 44 ydoyh +vxfk dv dw 2Dff hT4,1
;18 Hhfw ri Pdqlirog Zdoo Khdw Wudqvihu

Lw zdv lqihuuhg iurp uhvxowv rq wkh g|qdprphwhu wkdw khdw wudqvihu iurp wkh lqohw
pdqlirog dqg f|olqghu zdoov zhuh vljqlfdqwo| khdwlqj wkh jdv1 D qxpehu ri phwkrgv
duh dydlodeoh wr uhgxfh wkh zdoo khdw wudqvihu/ vxfk dv xvlqj dq lqvxodwlqj frdwlqj
rq wkh lqvlgh vxuidfhv ri wkh ydoyh1 D vhulhv ri qxphulfdo vlpxodwlrqv zhuh wkhuhiruh
shuiruphg wr dvvhvv wkh srvvleoh hhfwv ri uhgxflqj zdoo khdw wudqvihu/ xvlqj wkh zdoo
whpshudwxuhv olvwhg lq wdeoh :141 Wklv zdv frpsduhg wr d vlpxodwlrq zkhuh doo zdoov
+erwk lq wkh lqohw pdqlirog dqg f|olqghu,/ zhuh dgldedwlf1 Wkh vlpxodwlrqv zhuh
rwkhuzlvh lghqwlfdo/ wkxv doorzlqj wkh hhfw ri zdoo khdw wudqvihu wr eh lvrodwhg1
Wkh uhvxowv ri wklv frpsdulvrq rq wkh dyhudjhg lq0f|olqghu sdudphwhuv duh vkrzq
lq jxuh ;14;/ dqg furvv vhfwlrqv ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog whpshudwxuh hog duh vkrzq
lq jxuh ;14<1 Wkh lqohw pdqlirog suhvvxuh zdyh lv hvvhqwldoo| xqfkdqjhg ehwzhhq
wkh wzr vlpxodwlrqv +jxuh ;14;d,1 Li wkh vhfwlrq ri wkh lqohw pdqlirog zdyh mxvw
ehiruh wkh rshqlqj ri wkh lqohw ydoyh lv pdjqlhg/ jxuh ;14;e/ zh vhh d vpdoo skdvh
glhuhqfh ri durxqg e ehwzhhq wkh wzr vlpxodwlrqv fdxvhg e| wkh voljkwo| frrohu
jdv lq wkh dgldedwlf zdoo vlpxodwlrq srvvhvvlqj d voljkwo| orzhu dfrxvwlf yhorflw|1
Wklv glhuhqfh lv voljkw dqg zloo qrw vljqlfdqwo| dhfw uhvxowv1
Iljxuh ;14;f vkrzv wkdw wkh dgldedwlf zdoo prgho wr kdyh voljkwo| kljkhu ohyhov
ri wxuexohqfh iurp durxqg Hf wr ff 1 Wkh lqfuhdvh lv derxw Hf 42 t32 /
ru 8:(1 Wkh uhdvrq iru wklv voljkw lqfuhdvh lq wxuexohqfh lv vhhq lq jxuh ;14;g/
zkhuh d voljkwo| odujhu dlu pdvv rz udwh lv suhglfwhg wkurxjk wkh ydoyh dw durxqg
2f 1 Wklv lqfuhdvh lq pdvv rz udwh uhvxowv lq kljkhu wxuexohqfh ohyhov gxh wr
wkh lqfuhdvhg nlqhwlf hqhuj| ri wkh lqfrplqj dlu1
Wkh pdvv ri dlu wudsshg lq wkh f|olqghu lv vkrzq lq jxuh ;14;h/ dqg d voljkwo|
uhgxfhg pdvv ri dlu lv irxqg diwhu lqohw ydoyh forvh lq wkh vlpxodwlrq zklfk lqfoxghg
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130000 120000
125000
115000
120000
Manifold Pressure (Pa)
Manifold Pressure (Pa)

115000
110000
110000
105000 105000
100000
100000
95000
90000
95000
85000
80000 90000
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720
CA (°) +d, CA (°) +e,
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0.25
1000
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800
0.15
600
0.1
400
0.05
200
0
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 0 60 120 180 240
CA (°) +f, CA (°) +g,
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0.0003
0.00025
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130000
125000
120000
115000
106
Pressure, (Pa)
110000
105000
100000
95000
5
10 90000
85000
80000
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°CA +d, °CA +e,
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-0.1
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
°CA +f, °CA +g,
0.3 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
CR
TR
-0.1
0
-0.2
-0.3
-0.1
-0.4
-0.2 -0.5
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
°CA +h, °CA +i,
Run 861 - 93mm bore
Run 862 - 95mm bore
Run 879 - 97mm bore
Run 878 - 99mm bore
Iljxuh ;153= Frpsdulvrq ri ydulrxv EVU EUY hqjlqhv/ edvhg rq Hfff hT4/ SH 44
ydoyh/ 2H 44 lqohw pdqlirog ohqjwk1 +d, F|olqghu suhvvxuh> +e, Lqohw pdqlirog
suhvvxuh> +f, Pdvv rz udwh wkurxjk wkh lqohw ydoyh> +g, VU> +h, WU> dqg
+i, FU1
1800 18000
1600 16000
2

2
2
1400 14000
2
2
1200 12000
1000 10000
800 8000
600 6000
400 4000
200 2000
0 0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
°CA +d, °CA +e,
Run 861 - 93mm bore
Run 862 - 95mm bore
Run 879 - 97mm bore
Run 878 - 99mm bore
Iljxuh ;154= Frpsdulvrq ri ydulrxv EVU EUY hqjlqhv/ edvhg rq Hfff hT4/ SH 44
ydoyh/ 2H 44 lqohw pdqlirog ohqjwk1 +d, Pdvv dyhudjhg wxuexohqfh dqg +e, Pdvv
dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg1
wlphv gxulqj wkh lqwdnh dqg frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh1

Wkh furvv wxpeoh sodqh rz dw H lv suhvhqwhg lq jxuh ;155/ lq zklfk
wkhuh lv yhu| ihz glhuhqfhv ehwzhhq wkh vlpxodwlrqv1 Wkh pdlq glhuhqfh/ dqg lw
lv rqo| plqru/ dsshduv wr eh wkh uljkw yruwh{ ehfrplqj pruh flufxodu dv wkh EVU
ghfuhdvhv1 Dw wklv vwdjh ri wkh lqwdnh vwurnh wkh pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg
dqg pdvv dyhudjhg wxuexohqfh +jxuh ;154, duh vlplodu/ zklfk lv lq djuhhphqw zlwk
yhfwru hogv dovr ehlqj vlplodu1
Djdlq/ ihz glhuhqfhv duh ylvleoh lq wkh wxpeoh sodqh lq jxuh ;1561 Wkh rqo| lp0
sruwdqw glhuhqfh dsshduv wr eh wkh vpdoo uhflufxodwlrq vkrzq lq eoxh lq wkh erwwrp
uljkw vlgh ri wkh b 44 vlpxodwlrq/ zklfk ehfrphv odujhu dv wkh EVU lqfuhdvhv1
Lq wkh vzluo sodqh wkhuh duh vrph yduldwlrqv ehwzhhq wkh hqjlqhv zlwk glhuhqw
EVU1 Iljxuh ;157 vkrzv wkdw wkh fhqwudo mhw/ vkrzq lq uhg lq doo vlpxodwlrqv/ dqg
wkdw wkh wzr yruwlfhv rq hlwkhu vlgh ri wkh mhw duh hvvhqwldoo| xqfkdqjhg1 Wkh pdlq
glhuhqfh lv wkh shulskhu| ri wkh f|olqghu/ zkhuh vljqlfdqwo| kljkhu yhorflwlhv rffxu
qhdu wkh f|olqghu zdoo lq wkh b 44 eruh vlpxodwlrq/ dqg glhuhqw vwuxfwxuhv dw wkh
wrs ri wkh volfh duh vhhq lq wkh bb 44 vlpxodwlrq1 Wklv vkrzv wkh orzhu EVU hqjlqh
kdv kljkhu rz yhorflwlhv zklfk zloo ohdg wr kljkhu wxuexohqfh odwhu lq wkh frpsuhv0
vlrq vwurnh1 Wkh vwuxfwxuhv vhhq lq wkh wrs ri wkh volfh lq wkh bb 44 vlpxodwlrq duh
qrw yhu| vljqlfdqw dv wkh| duh vpdoo/ vkruw olyhg vwuxfwxuhv xqghu wkh pdlq fhqwudo
+d, +e,
+f, +g,
Iljxuh ;155= Ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri rz lq wkh ~ ' f furvv wxpeoh sodqh dw H 1
+d, b 44 eruh> +e, bD 44 eruh> +f, b. 44 eruh> dqg +g, bb 44 eruh1
;1 Dqdo|vlv ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 6;:
+d, +e,
+f, +g,
Iljxuh ;156= Ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri rz lq wkh f ' f wxpeoh sodqh dw H 1 +d,
b 44 eruh> +e, bD 44 eruh> +f, b. 44 eruh> dqg +g, bb 44 eruh1
;1 Dqdo|vlv ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 6;;
+d, +e,
+f, +g,
Iljxuh ;157= Ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri rz lq wkh t ' DD 44 vzluo sodqh dw H 1
;1 Dqdo|vlv ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 6;<
+d, +e,
+f, +g,
Iljxuh ;158= Ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri rz lq wkh ~ ' f furvv wxpeoh sodqh dw 2. 1
dlu mhw1
Wkh vlpxodwlrqv dgydqfh wr 2. / vkruwo| diwhu wkh lqwdnh ydoyh kdv vkxw/ dqg
wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh kdv ehjxq1 Wkh pdvv dyhudjhg yhorflw| vtxduhg dqg pdvv
dyhudjhg wxuexohqfh +jxuh ;154, frqvlghudeoh glhuhqfhv ehwzhhq wkh vlpxodwlrqv1
Iljxuh ;158 vkrzv wkh furvv wxpeoh sodqh/ zlwk wkh pruh grplqdqw yruwh{ ri wkh
wzr prylqj wr wkh fhqwuh ri wkh grpdlq dqg wkh zhdnhu yruwh{ qrz g|lqj1 Wkhuh
duh ihz reylrxv glhuhqfhv ehwzhhq wkhvh vlpxodwlrqv/ krzhyhu wkh b 44 eruh
vlpxodwlrq kdv wkh pdlq fhqwudo yruwh{ vljqlfdqwo| ohvv vtxdvkhg wkdq wkh bb 44
eruh vlpxodwlrq/ dqg wkh zhdnhu yruwh{ kdv d voljkwo| glhuhqw vkdsh1
Wkh wxpeoh sodqh lv vkrzq lq jxuh ;1591 Wkhuh duh vpdoo glhuhqfhv ehwzhhq
wkh vlpxodwlrqv/ exw djdlq wkh| duh ixqgdphqwdoo| vlplodu1 Wkh rzv lq wkh wxpeoh
sodqh duh ri orz pdjqlwxghv/ dqg duh qrw ri juhdw vljqlfdqfh lq frpsdulvrq zlwk
wkh rzv vhhq lq wkh furvv wxpeoh sodqh +jxuh ;158,1 Dq lqwhuhvwlqj ihdwxuh ri
wklv vlpxodwlrq lv wkdw wkh wxpeoh yruwh{ dsshduv wr eh urwdwlqj lq wkh rssrvlwh
gluhfwlrq wr d wudglwlrqdo wxpeoh yruwh{1 Wklv uhyhuvdo fdq eh fohduo| vhhq lq doo
vlpxodwlrqv/ dqg lv wkh uhdvrq iru wkh wxpeoh udwlr fdofxodwlrq fkdqjlqj vljq gxulqj
;1 Dqdo|vlv ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 6<3
+d, +e,
+f, +g,
Iljxuh ;159= Ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri rz lq wkh f ' f wxpeoh sodqh 2. 1 +d, b 44
eruh> +e, bD 44 eruh> +f, b. 44 eruh> dqg +g, bb 44 eruh1
wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh/ vkrzq lq jxuh ;153h1

Wkh vzluo sodqh lv vkrzq lq jxuh ;15:1 Rqh pdmru yruwh{ dsshduv rq wkh uljkw
kdqg vlgh ri doo vlpxodwlrqv1 Qxphurxv vpdoohu vwuxfwxuhv duh vhhq wkurxjkrxw wkh
uhpdlqghu ri wkh volfh1 Djdlq/ doo vlpxodwlrqv duh ixqgdphqwdoo| wkh vdph lq wkh
fhqwudo uhjlrq1 Qhdu wkh shulskhu| wkh yhorflwlhv lq wkh b 44 eruh vlpxodwlrq duh
vljqlfdqwo| kljkhu wkdq wkrvh lq wkh bb 44 vlpxodwlrq1
Wkh wxuexohqfh ohyhov dw 2. lq wkh furvv wxpeoh dqg wxpeoh sodqhv duh
vkrzq lq jxuhv ;15; dqg ;15< uhvshfwlyho|1 Wkhvh jxuhv/ hvshfldoo| jxuh ;15</
lqglfdwh d fohdu wuhqg ri wkh wxuexohqfh lqwhqvlw| ghfuhdvlqj zlwk hdfk lqfuhdvh lq
eruh vl}h1 Wklv fdq eh gluhfwo| fruuhodwhg zlwk wkh wuhqg lq jxuh ;154d1
Iljxuhv ;163 dqg ;164 looxvwudwh wkh wxuexohqfh diwhu wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh kdv
surjuhvvhg wr 1 Wklv lv wkh dssur{lpdwh wlph ri ljqlwlrq ri wkh vsdun1 Wkh
jhqhudo wuhqg ri wxuexohqfh ghfuhdvlqj zlwk lqfuhdvlqj EVU vhhq lq jxuh ;154d
lv vwloo dssduhqw1 Lw pd| eh vhhq wkdw wkh wxuexohqfh lqwhqvlw| lv frqfhqwudwhg lq
wkh fhqwuh vhfwlrq ri wkh frpexvwlrq fkdpehu/ dqg wkh rxwhu vtxlvk uhjlrqv kdyh
uhodwlyho| olwwoh wxuexohqfh1 Wkh lqwhqvlw| ri wxuexohqfh lq wklv fhqwudo uhjlrq uhgxfhv
vljqlfdqwo| dv wkh EVU lv lqfuhdvhg/ lq erwk wkh furvv wxpeoh dqg wxpeoh sodqhv1
Wkh wxuexohqfh lq wkh rxwhu shulskhu| ri wkh vtxlvk uhjlrqv/ hvshfldoo| lq wkh
+d, +e,
+f, +g,
Iljxuh ;15:= Ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri rz lq wkh t ' DD 44 vzluo sodqh 2. 1 +d,
b 44 eruh> +e, bD 44 eruh> +f, b. 44 eruh> dqg +g, bb 44 eruh1
+d, +e,
+f, +g,
Y
K: 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800

Z X
Iljxuh ;15;= Ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri wxuexohqfh/ & + 42 *t2 , lq wkh ~ ' f furvv wxpeoh
sodqh dw 2. 1 +d, b 44 eruh> +e, bD 44 eruh> +f, b. 44 eruh> dqg
+g, bb 44 eruh1
+d, +e,
+f, +g,
Y
K: 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800

Z X
Iljxuh ;15<= Ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri wxuexohqfh/ & + 42 *t2 , lq wkh f ' f wxpeoh sodqh dw
2. 1 +d, b 44 eruh> +e, bD 44 eruh> +f, b. 44 eruh> dqg +g, bb 44
eruh1
+d, +e,
+f, +g,
K: 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Z X
Iljxuh ;163= Ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri wxuexohqfh/ & + 42 *t2 , lq wkh ~ ' f furvv wxpeoh sodqh
dw 1 +d, b 44 eruh/ +e, bD 44 eruh/ +f, b. 44 eruh dqg +g, bb 44
eruh1
furvv wxpeoh sodqhv/ grhv qrw fkdqjh vljqlfdqwo| zlwk EVU1 Wklv lv wr eh h{shfwhg
dv wkh grplqdqw rz lq wkh shulskhu| uhjlrqv odwh lq wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh lv d
vtxlvk rz1
;1916 Glvfxvvlrq
Wkh uhvxowv suhvhqwhg frqup wkdw dq lqfuhdvh lq eruh vl}h iurp b 44 wr bb 44
zloo uhvxow lq d ghfuhdvh lq wxuexohqfh ohyhov e| wkh hqg ri wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh1
Wr hvwlpdwh wkh dprxqw ri wxuexohqfh uhgxfwlrq/ wzr phdvxuhv ri wxuexohqfh zloo
eh xvhguvwo|/ wkh wxuexohqfh ohyhov dw wkh fhqwuh ri wkh xsshu vhfwlrq frpexvwlrq
fkdpehu zloo eh h{wudfwhg/ dqg vhfrqgo| e| fdofxodwlqj wkh pdvv dyhudjhg wxuexohqfh
dfurvv wkh hqwluh f|olqghu1 Wkh gdwd zdv h{wudfwhg iurp wkh vlpxodwlrq dw
+jxuhv ;163 dqg ;164,1
Wkh uhvxow lv vxppdulvhg lq jxuh ;1651 Wkh wxuexohqfh hqhuj| +&/ jxuh ;165d,
lq wkh fhqwudo uhjlrq ri wkh grpdlq ghfuhdvhv olqhduo|/ zlwk wkh olqh kdylqj d judglhqw
ri e 42 t 2 shu pp eruh1 Wkh dyhudjhg wxuexohqfh hqhuj| dovr ghfuhdvhv olqhduo|/
3
exw pruh vorzo| dv lwv judglhqw lv 2H 42 t 2 shu pp eruh1 Wklv pruh udslg ghfuhdvh
3
lq wkh fhqwudo vhfwlrq dv frpsduhg wr wkh dyhudjhg jxuh lv d uhvxow ri wkh wxuexohqfh
lq wkh shulskhu| ri wkh grpdlq ehlqj odujho| lqghshqghqw ri eruh vl}h/ dv zdv vkrzq
lq jxuh ;1631
Dq dowhuqdwh zd| ri h{suhvvlqj wxuexohqfh lqwhqvlw| lv dv d yhorflw| xfwxdwlrq/
1 Dv glvfxvvhg lq vhfwlrq 714/ wklv lv d xvhixo phwkrg ri h{suhvvlqj wxuexohqfh lq0

whqvlw| lq dq hqjlqh dv wkh frpexvwlrq vshhg lv urxjko| sursruwlrqdo wr wkh wxuexohqw

yhorflw| xfwxdwlrqv1 Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| +&, fdq eh frqyhuwhg wr wxuexohqw
+d, +e,
+f, +g,
K: 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Z X
Iljxuh ;164= Ylvxdolvdwlrqv ri wxuexohqfh/ & + 42 *t2 , lq wkh f ' f wxpeoh sodqh dw
1 +d, b 44 eruh/ +e, bD 44 eruh/ +f, b. 44 eruh dqg +g, bb 44
eruh1
2000 36
35
1800 34
Velocity Fluctuations, u' (m/s)
33
1600 32
Turbulence, k (m /s )
2
31
2
1400 30
At Point (0,-37.5,0) At Point (0,-37.5,0)
Mass Average 29 Mass Average
1200 28
27
1000 26
25
800 24
23
600 22
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Bore, (mm) Bore, (mm)
+d, +e,
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pdvv dyhudjhg wxuexohqfh dfurvv wkh hqwluh frpexvwlrq fkdpehu iurp jxuh ;154d1
+d, Wxuexohqw nlqhwlf hqhuj| +&,> dqg +e, Wxuexohqw yhorflw| xfwxdwlrqv + ,1
yhorflw| xfwxdwlrqv + , xvlqj

K
2
'

&1 +;15,

Wkh wxuexohqw yhorflw| xfwxdwlrqv + / jxuh ;165e, duh dovr vkrzq wr ghfuhdvh

olqhduo|/ wklv wlph zlwk d judglhqw ri fef 4 t shu pp eruh iru wkh fhqwudo srlqw/
3
dqg f. 4 t shu pp eruh iru wkh dyhudjhg jxuh1 Zkhq qrupdolvhg djdlqvw
3
wkh b 44 eruh uhvxowv/ wklv uhsuhvhqwv d uhgxfwlrq ri I shu 44 eruh dqg eI
shu pp eruh uhvshfwlyho|1 Dv douhdg| phqwlrqhg lq vhfwlrq 714/ wkhuh lv urxjko| d
olqhdu uhodwlrq ehwzhhq wkh wxuexohqw frpexvwlrq vshhg dqg wkh wxuexohqw yhorflw|
xfwxdwlrqv/ vr d uhgxfwlrq lq frpexvwlrq vshhg lq wkh hqjlqh ri durxqg I wr
eI shu pp eruh lqfuhdvh deryh b 44 lv wr eh h{shfwhg1
Zkhq d kljk shuirupdqfh srsshw ydoyh hqjlqh zdv vlpxodwhg e| Eldqfkl hw do
^74`/ wkh| irxqg d HI ghfuhdvh lq lq0f|olqghu wxuexohqfh + , dw f zkhq wkh

EVU zdv lqfuhdvhg e| eI1 Li wkh uhvxowv iurp wkh EUY hqjlqh zhuh dovr vfdohg wr
d eI lqfuhdvh lq EVU +htxlydohqw wr lqfuhdvlqj wkh eruh iurp b 44 wr b. 44,/
d ghfuhdvh lq wxuexohqfh + , ri ehwzhhq eDI wr DSI lv suhglfwhg/ zlwk wkh orzhu

jxuh ehlqj wkh wxuexohqfh uhgxfwlrq lq wkh fhqwuh ri wkh f|olqghu/ dqg wkh kljkhu
jxuh ehlqj wkh lq0f|olqghu dyhudjhg wxuexohqfh1 Wklv vxjjhvwv wkdw wkh uhgxfwlrq
lq wxuexohqfh fdxvhg e| lqfuhdvlqj EVU pd| eh vpdoohu lq wkh EUY hqjlqh wkdq
lq srsshw ydoyh hqjlqhv1 Wklv uhgxfhg vhqvlwlylw| ri wkh EUY hqjlqh xvlqj d gxdo
wxpeoh rz hog wr lqfuhdvlqj EVU phdqv wkdw lw pd| eh deoh wr rshudwh dw kljkhu
EVU wkdq srsshw ydoyh hqjlqhv xvlqj d wxpeoh rz hog1 Wkh lqfuhdvhg EVU doorzv
kljkhu hqjlqh vshhgv dqg juhdwhu hqjlqh srzhu1
Wklv lv dq hqfrxudjlqj uhvxow/ dqg vxjjhvwv wkh EUY hqjlqh grhv lqghhg srvvhv
dgydqwdjhv ryhu wkh srsshw ydoyh hqjlqh iru kljk shuirupdqfh dssolfdwlrqv1 Krz0
hyhu/ lw pxvw eh nhsw lq plqg wkdw dph vshhg grhv qrw kdyh d vlpsoh uhodwlrqvkls
zlwk hqjlqh shuirupdqfh1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh vljqlfdqw lqfuhdvh lq vtxlvk duhdv zloo
fdxvh juhdwhu dph txhqfklqj lq wkh shulskhu| ri wkh f|olqghu/ dqg wklv hhfw lv qrw
wdnhq lqwr dffrxqw lq wkh deryh dqdo|vlv1
;1: Wxuexohqfh Vfdolqj

Wkh wxuexohqfh ohyhov +dv yhorflw| xfwxdwlrqv/ / iurp htxdwlrq ;15, lq dq hqjlqh

lv wkrxjkw wr vfdoh zlwk hqjlqh vshhg> wklv kdv ehhq glvfxvvhg lq vhfwlrq 7141 D
vhulhv ri vlpxodwlrqv zhuh shuiruphg wr ghwhuplqh zkhwkhu wklv rffxuv rq wkh EUY
hqjlqh1
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;1 Dqdo|vlv ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 6<:
Dfff hT4 Hfff hT4 ( lqfuhdvh

ff 2S S

f fbb f e
Sf fSf fDb 2
Wdeoh ;1<= Frpsdulvrq ri qrupdolvhg wxuexohqfh gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh ri

wkh uvw hqjlqh f|foh iru hqjlqh frqjxudwlrq 4 dw Dfff hT4 dqg Hfff hT4 +uxqv
;84 dqg ;85,1

ff 2 f .

f fbH f2 e
Sf fDb fSf 2
Wdeoh ;143= Frpsdulvrq ri qrupdolvhg wxuexohqfh gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh ri
wkh uvw hqjlqh f|foh iru hqjlqh frqjxudwlrq 5 dw Dfff hT4 dqg Hfff hT4 +uxqv
;97 dqg ;94,1
;85/ prghoohg zlwk lghqwlfdo hqjlqh frqjxudwlrqv exw zhuh vlpxodwhg dw Dfff hT4
dqg Hfff hT4 uhvshfwlyho|1 Frqjxudwlrq 5 frqvlvwv ri uxqv ;97 dqg ;94/ djdlq
zlwk lghqwlfdo hqjlqh frqjxudwlrqv exw zhuh vlpxodwhg dw Dfff hT4 dqg Hfff hT4
uhvshfwlyho|1 Ixuwkhu ghwdlov ri wkhvh wzr uxqv duh vkrzq lq wdeoh ;141
Wkh phdq slvwrq yhorflw| lv frpprqo| xvhg dv d yhorflw| vfdoh ^46:`/ dqg lv
fdofxodwhg iurp
2r
25; ' / +;16,
Sf
zkhuh lv wkh hqjlqh vshhg lq hT4/ dqg r lv wkh vwurnh ohqjwk1 Iru wkh b 44 eruh
hqjlqh/ wkh 25; lv 22 4 t3 dw Dfff hT4 dqg 2SD 4 t3 dw Hfff hT41
Wxuexohqw yhorflw| xfwxdwlrqv qrupdolvhg djdlqvw 25; pd| eh vhhq lq jxuh
;166 iru wkh uvw f|foh ri wkh vlpxodwlrq iru wkh wzr frqjxudwlrqv1 Wkh uvw f|0
foh uhvxowv/ jxuh ;166/ vkrz wkdw wkh qrupdolvhg wxuexohqfh lv voljkwo| kljkhu dw
Hfff hT4 wkdq dw Dfff hT4 iru erwk frqjxudwlrqv1 Wkh qrupdolvhg wxuexohqfh
iru frqjxudwlrq 4 lv wdexodwhg lq wdeoh ;1< iru wkuhh orfdwlrqv qhdu wkh hqg ri
wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh1 Vlploduo| wkh qrupdolvhg wxuexohqfh iru frqjxudwlrq 5 lv
vkrzq lq wdeoh ;1431 Wkh lqfuhdvh lq wxuexohqfh iurp wkh Dfff hT4 vlpxodwlrq wr
wkh Hfff hT4 lv S.I dw ff / lv eI dw f / dqg lv 2I dw WGF1 Wklv vkrzv
wkdw wkh wxuexohqfh lv lqfuhdvlqj idvwhu wkdq lw zrxog li lw zhuh gluhfwo| sursruwlrqdo
wr hqjlqh vshhg1
Wkh uhvxowv iurp wkh vhfrqg f|foh ri wkh vlpxodwlrqv duh vkrzq lq jxuh ;167/
dqg duh wdexodwhg lq wdeoh ;144 iru frqjxudwlrq 4 dqg wdeoh ;145 iru frqjxudwlrq
51 Frqjxudwlrq 4 kdv d gudpdwlf lqfuhdvh lq wxuexohqfh zlwk vshhg/ ehlqj 2bI
;1 Dqdo|vlv ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 6<;
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
u'/MPV
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Configuration 1 (Run 851 - 15000rpm)
0.3 Configuration 1 (Run 852 - 18000rpm)
0.1
0
180 210 240 270 300 330 360
CA (°)
Iljxuh ;166= Qrupdolvhg wxuexohqfh + *25;, gxulqj wkh frpsuhvvlrq vwurnh ri wkh

EUY hqjlqh/ vkrzlqj gdwd iurp wkh uvw f|foh ri wkh vlpxodwlrq1
;1 Dqdo|vlv ri wkh EUY Hqjlqh 6<<
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
u'/MPV
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.1
0
180 210 240 270 300 330 360
CA (°)
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45
Run 411 - 63mm valve

Spark Advance (°CA before TDC)
Run 523/524 - 68mm valve

Run 462/464 - 68mm valve
40
35
30
8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Engine Speed (rpm)
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+4<<<034044;8,/ 4<<<1
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wlrqv1 PfJudz0Kloo/ 4<<81
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44=4;44;</ 4<<81
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ELEOLRJUDSK\ 755
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Hqjlqh Prghoolqj Xvhuv Jurxs Phhwlqj/ Ghwurlw/ Pdufk 53331
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ELEOLRJUDSK\ 756
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899/ 4<:81
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ELEOLRJUDSK\ 757
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hqjlqh frqjxudwlrq1 Vrflhw| ri Dxwrprwlyh Hqjlqhhuv/ +<538;9,/ 4<<81
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ELEOLRJUDSK\ 758
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wrprwlyh Hqjlqhhuv/ +<33589,/ 4<<31
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pdol}dwlrq jurxs wkhru|1 Vrflhw| ri Dxwrprwlyh Hqjlqhhuv/ +<538<3,/ 4<<51
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This thesis is subject to a Research Agreement between

The University of Technology, Sydney

Under the terms of this Agreement:

1. This thesis is confidential until 1 October 2004;

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