IRC:SP:73-2007

MANUAL
OF
STANDARDS & SPECIFICATIONS

FOR
TWO LANING
OF
STATE HIGHWAYS
ON
B.O.T. BASIS

INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS

2007
 I

'
Digitized by the Internet Archive
i in 2014

https://archive.org/details/govlawircy2007sp73
 IRC:SP:73-2007

MANUAL
OF
STANDARDS & SPECIFICATIONS

FOR
TWO LANING
OF
STATE HIGHWAYS
ON
B.O.T. BASIS

Published by

INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS

Kama Koti Marg,
Sector 6, R.K. Puram,
New Delhi - 110022
Price Rs. 500.00
2007 (Plus Packing & Postage)
IRC:SP:73-2007

First Published : August, 2007

Reprinted : September, 2008

Reprinted : October, 2010

(The Rights of Publication and of Translation are reserved)

(The official amendments to this document would be published by the IRC
in its periodical, 'Indian Highways', which shall be considered as
effective and as part of the code/guidelines/manual, etc. from the
Date specified therein)

Printed at India Offset Press, A-1, Phase- 1, Ind. Area, Mayapuri, New Delhi 11 0064

(500 copies)
 FOREWORD
There is an urgent need to improve the existing State Highways, at least to 2-lane standards,
to ensure balanced road network connectivity in the country. Availability of funds, to undertake
this gigantic task, by the States has remained a serious constraint so far. With a view to attracting

private investment for the development of State roads, the Planning Commission has recently
brought out a "Model Concession Agreement for Public Private Partnership. Schedule-D of the
Model Concession Agreement prescribes for preparation of a Manual of Specifications and
Standards by State PWDs for compliance by the Concessionaire. It was felt that a Standard Manual
of Specifications and Standards should be brought out by the Indian Roads Congress (IRC) to
ensure uniformity of approach and to facilitate easy implementation by various State Governments.
Accordingly, the Planning Commission, Govt, of India entrusted the work to IRC.

An Expert Group comprising the following was constituted by the IRC for preparation of

the Manual.

(i) Shri D.P. Gupta : Former Director General (Road Development)

(ii) Shri S.C. Sharma : Former Director General (Road Development)
(iii) Shri N.K. Sharma : Technical Advisor, IRC

The first draft document prepared by the Expert Group was submitted to the Project
Preparation, contracts Management & Quality Assurance (G-I) Committee of the IRC in

September, 2006. The Committee constituted a Sub-Group comprising of S/Shri S.K. Nirmal, K.
Venkata Ramana and Pranavant, General Managers, National Highways Authority of India to
examine the draft document in greater detail. The Expert Group subsequently modified the draft

by incorporating the comments of G-1 Committee. The modified draft was approved by G-1
Committee in its meeting held on 7th January, 2007. This draft was considered and approved
by the General Specifications and Standards (GSS) Committee with some observations in its

meeting held on 31st January, 2007. The amended draft was approved by the Executive Committee
of the IRC on 6th February, 2007 with the direction that the same should be got reviewed by
the Stakeholders. The draft was reviewed by the Stakeholders at a Workshop held in the IRC
on 12th February, 2007 and a few suggestions were made. Considering the urgency in the matter,

a Special Council Meeting of the IRC was convened on 24th February, 2007 for consideration
of the draft.

The Council discussed the draft at length and directed the Secretary General, IRC to examine
the comments and get the draft modified by the Expert Group. This modified draft was further
discussed by a Committee comprising of Shri V.K. Sinha, Secretary General, IRC; Shri G. Sharan,
Additional Director General, MOSRTH (Convenor, GSS Committee); Shri Nirmaljit Singh,
IRC:SP:73-2007

Member (Tech.), NHAI (Co-Convenor, GSS Committee); Shri S.K. Puri, Chief General Manager,
NHAI (Convenor, G-1 Committee); Shri A.P. Bahadur, Chief Engineer, MOSRTH; along with
Shri R.K. Jain, Shri G.S. Khinda, Shri M.V.B. Rao, Technical Advisors, IRC and Shri Sharad
Varshney, Additional Director (Tech.), IRC. After detailed deliberations and number of modifications,
the above draft was finally approved for publication by IRC.

IRC finally expresses its thanks to all who have taken great pains and contributed in
finalisation of this Manual. The efforts made by the officers and staff of IRC are also

acknowledged. The efforts put in by Shri D.R Gupta, Shri S.C. Sharma, Shri R.S. Sharma, former
Secretary General, IRC and Shri Gajendra Haldea, Adviser to Deputy Chairman, Planning
Commission are acknowledged.

An attempt has been made to adopt a balanced approach to bring in the latest technology
and specifications, at the same time, keeping the cost of projects within manageable limits so

as to attract more entrepreneurs. A document of this nature cannot remain static in view of the
continuous up-gradation of technology over the years. Users of this Manual are going to be the

best judge of the deficiencies, if any, in the document. Their feedback and suggestions will be
greatly valued by IRC to keep this document updated measuring upto the expectations of the users.

I am confident that this Manual will serve its intended purpose as part of the Model
Concession Agreement for Public Private Partnership in State Highways.

(V.K. Sinha)
Secretary General, IRC
August, 2007

iv
 Contents

List of the Personnel of GSS Committee

List of the Personnel of G-1 Committee

List of Symbols and Abbreviations

1 General

2 Geometric Design and General Features

2.1 General

2.2 Design Speed

2.3 Right-of-Way

2.4 Lane width of Carriageway

2.5 Shoulders

2.6 Roadway Width

2.7 Camber or Crossfall

2.8 Horizontal Alignment

2.9 Sight Distance

2.10 Vertical Alignment

2.11 Lateral and Vertical Clearance at Underpasses

2.12 Lateral and Vertical Clearance at Overpasses

2.13 Service Roads

2.14 Grade separated Structures

2.15 Typical Cross Sections

2.16 Capacity of two lane highway

3 Intersections and Grade Separators

3.1 Intersections

3.2 At-grade Intersections

3.3 Grade Separated Intersections without ramps

3.4 Interchanges
IRC:SP:73-2007

4 Road Embankment and Cuttings 27

4.1 General 27

4.2 Road Embankment 27

4.3 Roadway in Cutting 31

4.4 Soil Survey Investigations and Design Report 32

5 Pavement Design 37

5.1 General * 37

5.2 Method of Design of Flexible Pavements 37

5.3 Method of Design of Rigid Pavements 37

5.4 Design of New Pavements 37

5.5 Design Traffic 39

5.6 Subgrade 39

5.7 Pavement Components and Materials 39

5.8 Performance Evaluation • - 41

5.9 Widening and Strengthening of Existing Road to

Two Lane with Paved Shoulders 41

5.10 Design of Strengthening Treatment (Overlay) 43

5.11 Construction, Workmanship and Quality of Work 44

5.12 Premature Distress 44

5.13 Detailed Design Report 45

6 Roadside Drainage 49
6.1 General 49
6.2 Surface Drainage 49
6.3 Median Drainage 50
6.4 Drainage of High Embankment 50
6.5 Catch Water Drains 50
6.6 Sub-surface Drains 50
6.7 Internal Drainage of Pavement Structures 52
6.8 Survey, Investigations and Design Report 52

7 Design of Structures 55
7.1 General 55
7.2 Design Loading and Stresses 55

vi
 CONTENTS

7.3 Widening/reconstruction of existing structures . 55

7.4 Structure Types 56

7.5 Hydrology 56

7.6 Sub-Surface Investigations 56

7.7 Culverts 56

7.8 Prestressing 57

7.9 Form Work 58

7.10 Foundation and Sub-structures 59

7.11 Approach Slab 60

7.12 Superstructure 60

7.13 Bearings 60

7.14 Expansion Joints 61

7.15 Wearing Coat 61

7.16 Earth Retaining Structures 61

7.17 River Training and Protective Works , 62

7.18 Safety Barriers 62

7.19 Rail Road Bridges 62

7.20 Grade Separated Road Structures 63

7.21 Drainage 63

7.22 Structure in Marine Environment 63

7.23 Repairs and Strengthening 63

7.24 Design Report 64

8 Materials and Specifications for Structures 69

8.1 General 69

8.2 Structural Concrete 70

8.3 Cement 70

8.4 Coarse Aggregates 70

8.5 Sand/Fine Aggregates 71

8.6 Water 71

8.7 Concrete Admixture 71

8.8 Steel 73

8.9 Storage of Materials 74

8.10 Reports to be submitted 74

vii
IRC:SP:73-2007

9 Traffic Control Devices and Road Safety Works 77

9.1 General 77

9.2 Road Markings ' 77

9.3 Road Signs ' 77

9.4 Road Side Safety Barriers 80

9.5 Safety during Construction 83

9.6 Design Report • 83

10 Toll Plazas 93

10.1 General 93

10.2 Location of Toll Plaza ^ 93

10.3 Land for Toll Plaza 93

10.4 Layout and Design of Toll Plaza 93

10.5 Tollbooths 94

10.6 Road Works 95

10.7 Traffic Signs 95

10.8 Road Markings 95

10.9 Toll Plaza Complex 95

10.10 Check/Barriers Gate 95

10.11 Lighting 95

10.12 Water Supply 96

10.13 Fire Fighting System 96

10.14 Report to be submitted 96

11 Roadside Furniture 109

11.1 General 109

11.2 Road Boundary Stones (RBS) 109

11.3 Kilometer and 200m Stones 109

11.4 Roadside railings/Pedestrian Guard rails 109

11.5 Overhead Traffic Signs 110

11.6 Traffic Impact Attenuators 111

11.7 Road Delineators 111

viii
 CONTENTS

12 Landscaping and Tree Plantation 115

12.1 General 115

12.2 Design consideration in various locations 115

12.3 Maintenance of Plants 116

13 Project Facilities 119

13.1 General 119

13.2 Pedestrian Facilities 119

13.3 Street Lighting 120

13.4 Truck Lay byes 121

13.5 Bus Bays and Bus Shelters 121

13.6 Cattle Crossings 123

13.7 Traffic Aid Posts 123

13.8 Medical Aid Posts 123

14 Special Requirements for Hill Roads 129

14.1 General 129

14.2 Set back Distance at Horizontal Curves 129

14.3 Grade Compensation at Curves 129

14.4 Hairpin Bends 129

14.5 Climbing Lane 130

14.10 Retaining Walls 130

Appendices

Appendix- 1 List of Paras for Preparing Schedules of the

Concession Agreement 133

Appendix-2 List of IRC Publications 135

iX
 PERSONNEL OF GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS &
STANDARDS COMMITTEE (GSS)
(As on 31«t January, 2007)

1. Sharan, G. Addl. Director General, Ministry of Shipping, Road

(Convenor) Transport & Highways, New Delhi
2. Singh, Nirmal Jit Member (Tech), National Highways Authority of India,

(Co-convenor) New Delhi

3. Chief Engineer Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways,
(R), S&R New Delhi

Members

4. Balachandaran, K. Chief Engineer (General), Highways Department, Chepauk,

Chennai
5. Bansal, K.B. Chief Engineer (Retd.), UP PWD, Lucknow
6. Bahadur, A.R Chief Engineer, Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport &
Highways, New Delhi

7. Chahal, H.S. Engineer-in-Chief, Haryana PWD, Panchkula

8. Chakrabarty, A. Director General, Central Public Works Department,
New Delhi

9. Chakraborty, S.S. Managing Director, Consulting Engg. Services (I) Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi

10. Datta, RK. Executive Director, Consulting Engg. Services (I) Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi

11. Deb, RK. Engineer-in-Chief & Ex-officio Secretary to the Govt, of

West Bengal, Kolkata
12. Dhodapkar, A.N. Chief Engineer, Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport &
Highways, New Delhi

13. Fakir, CD. Chief Engineer (PMGSY), Pune

14. Gupta, D.R DG(RD) & AS, MOST (Retd.), New Delhi

15. Jain, Vishwas Managing Director, Consulting Engineers Group Ltd, Jaipur

16. Kandasamy, C. Member (Technical), National Highway Authority of India,

New Delhi

17. Kato, Gumge Chief Engineer (West Zone), Arunachal Pradsh PWD, Itanagar

18. Marathe, D.G Secretary (Works), Maharashtra PWD, Maharashtra

19. Mukherjee, A. Managing Director, Lea Associate (SA) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

20. Narain, A.D. DG(RD) & AS (Retd.) MOST, Noida

21. Negi, S.R Engineer-in-Chief, H.P PWD, Shimla
22. Pradhan, B.C. Chief Engineer (NH), Bhubaneshwar

XI
LRC:SP:73-2007

23. Puri, S.K. Chief General Manager, National Highways Authority of

India, New Delhi

24. Rajoria, K.B. Engineer-in-Chief, Delhi PWD (Retd.), New Delhi

25. Ram, Ghasi Chief Engineer, HQ DGBR, New Delhi

26. Rathore, S.S. Principal Secretary to the Govt, of Gujarat, R&B

Department, Gandhinagar (Gujarat)

27. Ravindranath, V. Chief Engineer (R&B) & Managing Director, APRDC,

Hyderbad
28. Sachdeva, V.K. Chief Engineer (Mech.), Ministry of Shipping, Road
Transport & Highways, New Delhi

29. Sarin, A.K. Member (Engg.), Delhi Development Authority, New Delhi

30. Sharma,R.S. Past Secretary General, Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi

31. Sharma,G.R Cheif Engineer, National Highways, Rajasthan PWD, Jaipur

32. Singhal, K.B. Lai E-in-C (Retd.) Haryana PWD, Panchkula

33. Sinha, V.K. Secretary General, Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi

34. Sukumar, T. Secreetary to the Govt, of Kamataka, Public Works

Department, Bangalore

35. Tamhankar, M.G., Dr. Director- Grade Scientist, (SERC-G) (Retd.) & Former
Emeritus Scientist (CSIR), Navi Mumbai
36. Tyagi, RS. Ghaziabad, U.P

37. Verma, V.C Maj. Executive Director-Marketing, Oriental Structural Engrs.

Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

38. Engineer-in-Chief E-in-C Branch, Kashmir House, P.O. AHQ, New Delhi

39. Engineer-in-Chief ; M.P PWD, Bhopal

Ex-Officio Member

40. President, IRC (Subhash Patel), Secretary, R&B Deptt., Govt, of Gujarat,
Gandhinagar
41. Director General Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways,
(Road Development) New Delhi

42. Secretary General, IRC (V.K. Sinha), Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi

Corresponding Members

43. Das, Ratnakar E-in-C-cum-Secy. (Retd.), Bhibaneswar

44. Lauriya, P.K. Secretary, PWD, Raj. (Retd.), Jaipur

45. Merani, N.V. Principal Secretary, Maharashtra PWD (Retd.), Mumbai

46. Sulochana, V.K. Mrs. Chief Engineer (Retd.), Trivandrum (Kerala)
 IRC:SP:73-2007

PERSONNEL OF THE PROJECT PREPARATION, CONTRACT

MANAGEMENT & QUALITY ASSURANCE COMMITTEE (G-1)
(As on 7^*^ January, 2007)

1. Puri, S.K. Chief General Manager, National Highways

(Convenor) Authority of India, New Delhi

2. Datta, P.K. Executive Director, Consulting Engg. Services (I)

(Co-Convenror) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

3. Venkata Ramana, G. General Manager (PC), National Highways

(Member-Secretary) Authority of India, New Delhi

4. Aggarwal, M.K. Chief Engineer (Retd.), Bangalore

5. Bahadur, A.P Chief Engineer, Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport

& Highways, New Delhi

6. Bhatia, A.L. Vice President, Marketing, Gammon India Ltd., Mumbai

7. Bhasin, A.K. Group General Manager, RITES Ltd., Gurgaon,

8. Chakraborti, A. Director General (Works), C.PW.D., New Delhi

9. Chakraborti, S.P Consultant, New Delhi

10. Ganguh, J. Vice President, L&T Ltd., ECC Constn. Group, Chennai

11. Gupta, D.R DG(RD), MOST, (Retd,.), New Delhi

12. Gupta, M.L. Chief Consultant, STUP Consultants Ltd., Mumbai

13. Indoria, R.P Chief General Manager (T), National Highways
Authority of India, New Delhi

14. Jayakodi, U. Director (Tech.), M/s. Seenaiah & Co. Projects Ltd.,
Hyderabad

15. Mahalaha, R.S. Chief General Manager, New Delhi

16. Nanda, PK. Dr Director, CRRI, New Delhi

17. Singh, Nirmaljit Member (Tech.), National Highways Authority of India,

New Delhi.

18. Pahuja, Jitender Singh Dy. Principal Consultant, Tondon Consultants Pvt. Ltd.,
New Dehi

19. Patwardhan, S.V, Managing Director, Madhucon Projects, New Delhi

20. Roy, B.C. Executive Director, Consulting Engg. Pvt. Ltd,. New Delhi

xiii
IRC:SP:73-2007

21. Sinha, V.K. Secretary General, Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi

22. Sinha, N.K. DG(RD) & Spl. Secy., MORT&H (Retd.), New Delhi

23. Subramaniam, K. General Manager (Operation) Hindustan Constn. Co. Ltd.,

Mumbai

24. Velayutham, V DG(RD) & Spl. Secy., MSRT&H, New Delhi

25. Singh, Yogender, Lt. Col GSO-I (Pav.) Engineer-in-Chief 's Branch, AHQ, New Delhi

Ex-Officio Members

26. President, IRC (Subhash Patel), Secretary, R&B Deptt. Govt, of Gujarat,
Gandhinagar

27. Director General (V. Velayutham) Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport &
(Road Development) Highways, New Delhi

28. Secretary General, IRC (V.K. Sinha), Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi

Corresponding Member

29. Bhattacyarya, C.C. DG (RD) & Spl. Secy. MORTH (Retd.), Senior Advisory
Consultant, STP Consultants (P) Ltd., Kolkata

30. Chakraborty, S. RITES Ltd., Gurgaon

31. Kumar, Vijay Engineer-in-Chief (Retd.) U.P PW.D.

32. Reddi, S.A. Consultant, Mumbai

xiv
List of Symbols and Abbreviations

AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

ADT Average Daily Trafric

ASTM Amencan Society for Testing and Materials

BI Bump Integrator
TO
T~J
BIS Bureau or Indian Standards
CBR California Bearing Ratio

COD Commercial Operation Date

HDPE High Density Polyethylene
HYSD High Yield Strength Deformed (Bars)
IE Independent Engineer
IRC Indian Roads Congress

IS Indian Standards

LCV Light Commercial Vehicle

LL Liquid Limit

MCA Model Concession Agreement

* ^—V x~v rill T
MOSRTH /"^

Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways

NBC National Building Code
NHAI National Highways Authority of India

OMC Optimum Moisture Content

PCC Plain Cement Concrete
PCU Passenger Car Unit
TIT TT*T\
PHPD Peak Hour Peak Direction
PPM Parts per million

PSC Prestressed Concrete

QAM Quality Assurance Manual

QAP Quality Assurance Plan

QS Quality System

RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete

ROB Road over Bridge (Road over railway line)

ROW Right of Way

RUB Road under Bridge (Road under railway line)

TMT Thermo Mechanically Treated

VDF Vehicle Damage Factor
Section 1

General
 SECTION 1

GENERAL

1.1 The scope of the work shall be as conditions specified in subsequent para 1.13
defined in the Concession Agreement. Two may also be referred to.

Laning/ Two Laning with Paved Shoulders of

the Project Highway shall be undertaken and 1.4 At least two weeks prior to
completed by the Concessionaire as per the commencement of the work, the Concessionaire
Specifications and Standards set forth in this shall draw up a Quality Assurance Manual

Manual. (QAM) covering the Quality System (QS),

Quality Assurance Plan (QAP) and
1.2 The Highway and the project
Project documentation for all aspects of the bridge
facilities shall conform to the design and road works and send three copies each to

requirements set out in this Manual which are the IE for review. The class of quality assurance
the minimum prescribed. The project report shall not be less than Q-3.
and other information provided by the
Government shall be used by the 1.5 The Codes, Standards and Technical
Concessionaire only for its own reference and Specifications applicable for the design of
for carrying out further investigations. The project components are:

Concessionaire shall be solely responsible for

undertaking all the necessary surveys, (i) Indian Roads Congress (IRC) Codes
investigations and detailed designs in and Standards, as per Appendix-2.
accordance with the good industry practice
(ii) Specifications Road and Bridge
for
and due diligence, and shall have no claim
Works, Ministry of Shipping, Road
against Government for any loss, damage,
Transport & Highways hereinafter
risk, costs, liabilities or obligations arising out
referred to as MOSRTH Specifications.
of or in relation to the project report and other
information provided by the Government. (iii) Any other standards referred to in the
Manual and any supplement issued
1.3 Alternative designs and Specifications with the bid document.
for the pavement and structures (bridges,
culverts, underpasses, subways, overpasses, 1.6 Latest version of the Codes, Standards,
road over/under bridges, retaining walls, Specifications, etc. notified/published at least
reinforced earth walls etc.) may be adopted by 60 days before the last date of bid submission
the Concessionaire in accordance with design shall be considered applicable.
requirements set out in this Manual and three
copies of each shall be sent to the Independent 1.7 The terms 'Ministry of Surface
Engineer (the "IE") for review and comments, Transport', Road Transport and
'Ministry of
if any. In particular, such comments shall Highways' and 'Ministry of Shipping, Road
specify the conformity, or otherwise, of such Transport & Highways' or any successor or
designs and Specifications with the substitute thereof shall be considered as
requirements specified in this Manual. The synonymous.

3
IRC:SP:73-2007

1.8 The terms 'Inspector' and 'Engineer' road furniture, roadside facilities, landscape
used in MOSRTH Specifications shall be elements and/or any other works incidental to
deemed to be substituted by the term the building works.
"Independent Engineer" to the extent it is

consistent with the provisions of the Concession 1.12 Guidelines for Preparing Schedules
Agreement and this Manual. of the Concession Agreement

1.9 In case of any conflict or inconsistency Certain paras (full or part) in Sections 1 to 14

with the provisions of the applicable IRC of this Manual refer to the Schedules of the
Codes, Standards or MOSRTH Specifications, Concession Agreement. While finalizing the
the provisions contained in this Manual and feasibility/project report for the Project
the Specifications and standards specified in Highway, and the scope of the project, each of
this Manual shall apply. these paras should be carefully examined and
addressed by the Government with a view to
1.10 In the absence of any specific provision making appropriate provisions in the Schedules
on any particular issue in the aforesaid Codes of the Concession Agreement. (A list of the
or Specifications read in conjunction with the paras that refer to such Schedules has been
Specifications and Standards contained in this provided at Appendix- 1 for ready reference).
Manual, the following Standards shall apply in

order of priority: 1.13 Alternative Standards and

Specifications
(i) Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
The requirements stated in the Manual for the
(ii) British Standards, or American design of the Project Highway are the
Association of State Highway and minimum. The Concessionaire will, however,
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) be free to adopt international practices,
Standards, or American Society for alternative specifications, materials and
Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards to bring in innovation in the design
Standards and construction provided they are comparable
with the standards prescribed in the Manual.
(iii) Any other specifications / standards The Specifications and techniques which are
proposed by the Concessionaire and not included in the MOSRTH Specifications/
reviewed by the IE. IRC Specifications/State PWD Specifications
shall be supported with authentic standards
1.11 All items of building works shall and Specifications like AASHTO, Euro Codes,
conform to State Works Department
Public British Standards and Australian Code etc.

(State PWD)/Central Public Works Department Such a proposal shall be submitted by the
(CPWD) Specifications for Class 1 building Concessionaire to the Independent Engineer
works and standards given in the National for review and comments, if any. In case, the
Building Code (NBC). To the extent, specific Independent Engineer is of the opinion that
provisions for building works are made in the proposal submitted by the Concessionaire
IRC/MOSRTH/ State PWD specifications, the is not in conformity with any of the
same shall prevail over the CPWD/NBC international standards or codes, then he will
provisions. For this purpose, building works record his reasons and convey the same to the
shall be deemed to include toll plaza complex, Concessionaire for compliance. A record shall

4
 GENERAL

be kept by the Independent Engineer, of the (ii) In case the average daily traffic at the time
non-compHance by the Concessionaire of the of bidding is more than 10,000 PCUs in plain
minimum Specifications and Standards terrain or 8,000 PCUs in rolling terrain,

specified in the Manual and shall be dealt with widening to Two laning Plus (Two lane
in terms of the provisions of the Concession carriageway with paved shoulders) may be
Agreement. The Concessionaire shall be undertaken straightaway and specified in
responsible for adverse consequences, if any, Schedule-B of the Concession Agreement.
arising from any such non-compliance.
(iii) In case the average daily traffic at the
1.14 Design Service Volume and time of bidding is in the range of 8,000 to
Carriageway Provision 10,000 PCUs in plain terrain or 6,500 to 8,000

PCUs in rolling terrain, the Government will

(i) Where initial traffic is comparatively low, decide as to whether adopt two-stage capacity
two-stage capacity augmentation may be opted augmentation or prescribe Two-laning Plus
and specified in Schedule-B of the Concession straightaway and specify the same accordingly
Agreement. In the first stage, Two-laning in Schedule-B of the Concession
(without paved shoulders) may be undertaken Agreement.
and further widening to Two-laning Plus (Two-
lane carriageway with paved shoulders) (iv)The design service volume of a 2-lane
undertaken in the second stage on the basis of highway is given in Table 2.8.
the following criteria:
1.15 Before taking up any construction or
(a) In case, the average daily traffic at the maintenance operations like widening,
time of bidding is less than 8,000 strengthening, resurfacing, repairs etc., the
PCUs in plain terrain or 6,500 PCUs Concessionaire shall first work out a plan to
in rolling terrain, initially 2-lane ensure the following:
wide carriageway with granular
shoulders may be provided as per Para (i) Safety of traffic during the period of
2.5.2(ii). construction and the reduction of
potential delays to road users.
(b) The carriageway may be widened by
providing 1.5 m wide paved shoulders (ii) Safety of the workers engaged in

on either side when the average daily construction.

traffic exceeds 10,000 PCUs in plain

terrain or 8,000 PCUs in rolling terrain (iii) The arrangement for traffic during
on the basis of the twelve months' construction shall conform to the
average in an accounting year. The requirements of Clause 112 of
paved shoulders shall be provided MOSRTH Specifications. The
within six months from the close of Concessionaire shall furnish and erect
the accounting year in which average the barricades, traffic signs and
daily traffic exceeds the specified value. markings, arrangements for adequate
The crust thickness and composition in lighting, equipment and flagman etc.

the widened portions (paved shoulders) as required in accordance with

shall be the same as in the main IRC:SP:55.
carriageway. (Refer to para 5.9.9).

5
IRC:SP:73-2007

The Concessionaire shall communicate the 1.18 Definitions and Interpretation

proposal for safety of traffic and workers
during construction to the Independent Engineer 1.18.1 All the obligations of the
for review and comments, if any. Concessionaire arising out of the provisions of
this Manual shall be subject to, and shall

1.16 The Concessionaire shall set up an conform to the provisions of the Concession
adequately equipped field laboratory for testing Agreement.
of materials and finished products as prescribed
in Clause 121 of MOSRTH Specifications. It 1.18.2 The rules of interpretation as specified

shall make necessary arrangements for in Clause 1.2 of the MCA shall apply mutatis
additional/confirmatory testing of any materials/ mutandis to this Manual.
products for which facilities at site laboratory

are not available. 1.18.3 The definitions contained in the Model

Concession Agreement for Public Private
1.17 Review and comments by Partnership in State Highways ("the MCA"),
Independent Engineer as published by the Planning Commission,
Government of India shall apply to the
In cases where the Concessionaire is required provisions of this Manual unless the context
to send any drawings or documents to the otherwise requires. Terms or words not defined
Independent Engineer for review and herein shall be governed by the definitions
comments, and in the event such comments contained in the IRC Standards, unless the
are received by the Concessionaire, it shall context otherwise requires.
duly consider such comments in accordance
with the Concession Agreement and Good 1.19 This Manual is for Two-laning (with
Industry Practice for taking appropriate action or without paved shoulders) of the Project
thereon. Highway.

6
 Section 2

Geometric Design and

General Features
 SECTION 2

GEOMETRIC DESIGN AND GENERAL FEATURES

2.1 General Highway shall conform to the standards set

out in this Section as a minimum. The
(i) This Section lays down the standards for
Concessionaire shall ensure that liberal
geometric design and general features for
geometric standards are followed to the extent
upgrading the existing state highways/major
feasible within the given Right of Way.
district roads to two-lane with or without paved
shoulders. (iv) As far as possible, uniformity of design
standards shall be maintained throughout the
(ii) (a) Stretches passing through built up areas
length. In case of any change, it shall be
shall normally be provided with 4-lane
effected in a gradual manner.
divided carriageway (Fig. 2.2). Such
stretches shall be indicated in Schedule- (v) Where the existing road geometries are
B of the Concession Agreement. deficient with respect to minimum requirements
Additional land, if any, required for 4- and its improvement to the prescribed standards
laning shall be acquired by the requires acquisition of additional land, such
Government and where the land is yet stretches shall be specified in Schedule-B of
to be acquired, the date of handing over the Concession Agreement. Additional land
the land to the Concessionaire shall be as required shall be provided by the
indicated. Government.

(b) Where there are constraints of existing (vi) Existing horizontal curves, which are found
ROW width or difficulty in acquiring deficient in radius, layout, transition lengths or
land along the existing alignment in superelevation shall be corrected to the
built up areas, the Government may specified standards.
specify construction of a bypass instead
of 4-laning. The alignment of the
(vii) Any deficiencies in the vertical profile in
respect of grades, layout of vertical curves and
bypass shall be specified by the
sight distance shall be corrected to meet the
Government. The land for the bypass
shall be acquired by the Government
minimum specified requirements.

and where the land is yet to be acquired,

2.2 Design Speed
the date of handing over the land to the
Concessionaire shall be indicated. The 2.2.1 The design speeds given in Table 2.1
bypass shall be access controlled, unless shall adopted for various terrain
be
specified otherwise. In case, the classifications (Terrain is classified by the

Government decides to provide two- general slope of the ground across the highway
lane carriageway for the bypass, the alignment).
same shall be placed eccentrically with
2.2.2 Short stretches (say less than km) of
respect to the ROW to facilitate proper 1

varying terrain met with on the road stretch

widening to four lanes in future.
shall not be taken into consideration while
(iii) The geometric design of the Project deciding the terrain classification for a given

9
IRC:SP:73-2007

Table 2.1 : Design Speed

Nature of Terrain Cross slope of the ground Design speed (km/hr)

Ruling Minimum

Plain Less than 10 per cent 100 80

Rolling Between 10 and 25 per cent 80 65
Mountainous Between 25 and 60 per cent 50 40
Steep More than 60 per cent 40 30

section of Project Highway. accommodate the roadway (carriageway and

shoulders), side drains, service roads, tree
2.2.3 In general, the ruling design speed shall
plantation, utilities, etc. The ROW available for
be adopted for the various geometric design
the Project Highway shall be as given in
features of the road. Minimum design speed
Schedule-A of the Concession Agreement. The
shall be adopted where site conditions are
Government should acquire additional land
restrictive and adequate land width is not
accordingly. The land to be so acquired shall be
available. The Concessionaire shall improve the
indicated in Annexure II of Schedule-A of the
alignment as per the requirement for ruling
Concession Agreement. The desirable Right of
design speed as and when the Government
Way for Non-urban & Urban areas should be as
provides land. Such stretches shall be indicated
prescribed in IRC:73 & IRC:86 respectively.
in Schedule-B of the Concession Agreement.
Land for such stretches shall be provided by 2.4 Lane width of Carriageway
the Government not later than five years from
The standard lane width of the Project Highway
the date of commercial operation (COD).
shall be 3.5 m.
Abrupt changes in design speed shall be
avoided. Shoulders
2.5

2.3 Right of Way 2.5.1 Width of Shoulders

The Right of Way (ROW) is the total land width

The normal shoulder width shall be as per
required for the Project Highway, to table 2.2.

Table 2.2 : Width of Shoulder

Width of Shoulder (m)

Type of Section Plain and Rolling Mountainous and Steep

Terrain Terrain*

(Either side) Hill side Valley side

Open country with 2.5 m 1.0 m 2.0 m

isolated built up area

Built up area 2.5 m l.O m 2.0 m

^exclusive of parapets and side drains

10
 GEOMETRIC DESIGN AND GENERAL FEATURES

2.5.2 Type of Shoulder 2.6 Roadway Width

The type of shoulder shall be as below: 2.6.1 The width of roadway, unless specified
otherwise, shall be as follows:
(i) In the built up section, the shoulder shall be
fully paved or footpath shall be provided where
Plain/Rolling Terrain - 12.0 m
specified in Schedule-B of the Concession Mountainous and - 10.0 m (exclusive
Agreement. Steep Terrain of parapets and
drains)
(ii) In open country with isolated built up area,

and where average daily traffic is less than 2.6.2 On horizontal curves with radius up to
8,000 PCUs in plain terrain or 6,500 PCUs in 300 m, width of pavement and roadway shall
rolling terrain, the shoulder shall be covered be increased as per Table 2.3.
with 150 mm thick layer of granular material
conforming to the requirements given in para Table 2.3 : Extra Width of Pavement and
5.9.10. Roadway

(iii) In open country with isolated built up area Radius of Curve Extra Width
and having plain or rolling terrain and where
average daily traffic is greater than 10,000
Upto, 40 m 1.5 m
PCUs in plain terrain or 8,000 PCUs in rolling 41-60 m 1.2 m
terrain, 1.5 m width adjacent to the carriageway
shall be paved in accordance with para 5.9.9
61-100 m 0.9 m
of this Manual and balance 1.0 m shall be 101-300 m 0.6 m
covered with 150 mm thick layer of granular
material.
2.7 Camber or Crossfall
(iv) In open country having mountainous/steep
terrain, the shoulders shall be of locally 2.7.1 The camber or crossfall on straight
available hard material. sections of road carriageway and shoulders shall

be as per Table 2.4.

Table 2.4 : Camber/Crossfall in percentage for different Surface Types

Category of surface Annual Low rainfall Annual High rainfall

(less than 1500 mm) (more than 1500 mm)

Bituminous 2.5 % 2.5 %

Cement Concrete 2.0 % 2.0 %

Metal/Gravel 2.5 % 3.0 %

Earth 3.0 % 4.0 %

11
IRC:SP:73-2007

2.7.2 The two-lane roads shall be provided curves, should be avoided as far as
with a crown in the middle. On horizontal possible.
curves, the carriageway shall be superelevated.
(vii) To avoid distortion in appearance, the

2.7.3 The camber for earthen shoulders on horizontal alignment should be

straight portions shall be at least 0.5 per cent coordinated carefully with the

steeper than the slope of the pavement and longitudinal profile.

paved shoulder subject to a minimum of 3.0

(viii) Hairpin bends on hilly terrain should
per cent. On super elevated sections, the
be avoided as far as possible.
shoulders shall have the same crossfall as the
carriageway.
2.8.2 All horizontal curves shall consist of
circular portion flanked by spiral transitions at
2.8 Horizontal Alignment
both ends.

2.8.1 While designing the horizontal

2.8.3 Superelevation
alignment, the following general principles shall
be kept in view:
(i) Superelevation shall be provided on
curves as per details given in IRC: 73
(i) Alignment should be fluent and it
corresponding to the design speed
should blend well with the surrounding
adopted.
topography.

(ii) Superelevation shall be limited to 7 per

(ii) On new roads, the curves should be
cent.
designed to have largest practical
radius, but in no case less than ruling (iii) Superelevation shall not be less than
value corresponding to ruling design the minimum specified cross fall/
speed. camber.

(iii) As a normal rule, sharp curves should 2.8.4 Radii of Horizontal Curves
not be introduced at the end of long
tangent since these can be extremely
The desirable minimum and absolute minimum
hazardous. radii of horizontal curves for various classes
of terrain are given in Table 2.5.
(iv) The curves should be sufficiently long
and they should have suitable Table 2.5 : Minimum Radii of Horizontal
transitions to provide pleasing Curves
appearance.

Nature of Desirable Absolute

(v) Reverse curves shall be avoided as far terrain minimum minimum
as possible. Where unavoidable,
sufficient length between two curves Plain 360 m 230 m
shall be provided for introduction of
Rolling 230 m 155 m
requisite transition curves.
Mountainous 90 m 60 m
(vi) Curves in the same direction, separated
by short tangents known as broken back
Steep 60 m 30 m

12
 GEOMETRIC DESIGN AND GENERAL FEATURES

The radius of horizontal curves for various (ii) The rate of change of superelevation
terrain conditions shall not be less than the should be such as not to cause
desirable values given in Table 2.5 except discomfort to travelers. Further, rate of
where site conditions are restrictive and change should not be steeper than 1 in

adequate land is not available. Where such 150 for roads in plain/rolling terrain,

restrictions exist, the radius of curve shall not and 1 in 60 in mountainous/steep

be less than the specified absolute minimum terrain. The formula for minimum
value. length of transition on this basis is:

Ls = 2.7 V2/R
2.8.5 Transition Curves

2.9 Sight Distance

Minimum length of transition curve shall be
determined from the following two 2.9.1 Visibility is an important requirement
considerations and the larger of the two values for the safety of travel on roads. For this, it is

adopted for design: necessary that sight distance of adequate length

is available in different situations, to permit
(i) The change of centrifugal
rate of drivers enough time and distance to control
acceleration should not cause their vehicles so that chances of accidents are
discomfort to drivers. From this minimized.
consideration, the length of transition
curve is given by: 2.9.2 On two-lane roads, normally
intermediate sight distance should be available
Ls = 0.0215 VVCR,
throughout. The attempt should, however, be
Where: to provide overtaking sight distance in as much
length of the road as possible. In stretches
Ls = Length of transition curve in
where even intermediate sight distance is not
metres, ^\
available, the safe stopping sight distance
V = Speed in km/hr,
should be provided as a last resort. Traffic signs
R = Radius of circular curve in
depicting "Overtaking Prohibited:" shall be
metres,
installed at all such locations.
C = 80/(75 + V) (subject to a
maximum of 0.8 and minimum 2.9.3 The recommended sight distances for
of 0.5) various speeds are given in Table 2.6.

Table 2.6 : Sight Distances for Various Speeds

Speed (km/hr) Stopping sight Intermediate sight Overtaking sight

distance (m) distance (m) distance (m)

100 180 360 640

80 120 240 470

65 90 180 340

50 60 120 235

40 45 90 165

30 30 60 120

13
IRC:SP:73-2007

2.9.4 The requisite sight distance shall be clearances at underpasses shall be as follows:
available across the inner side of horizontal
2.11.1 Lateral Clearance
curves.

(i) Full roadway width at the approaches

2.9.5 Where horizontal and summit curves
including service roads, if any, shall be
overlap, the design shall provide for the
carried through the underpass.
required sight distance, both in the vertical
Provision shall also be made for future
direction, along the pavement and in the
expansion of the cross road for at least
horizontal direction on the inner side of curve.
next 10 years.

2.10 Vertical Alignment

(ii) Guardrails shall be provided for
2.10.1 The vertical alignment should provide protecting vehicles from colliding with

for a smooth longitudinal profile. Grade the abutments/piers and the deck of the
changes should not be too frequent as to cause structures.

kinks and visual discontinuities in the profile.

2.11.2 Vertical Clearance
The ruling and limiting gradients are given in

Table 2.7. Vertical clearance at underpasses shall not be

less than the values given below:
Table 2.7 : Recommended Gradients
(i) Vehicular underpass 5.5 m
Nature of Ruling Limiting
(ii) Pedestrian and CatUe 3.0 m
terrain gradient gradient
underpass
Plain and rolling 3.3% 5.0%
2.12 Lateral and Vertical Clearance at
Mountainous 5.0% 6.0% Overpasses

Steep 6.0% 7.0% Wherever any structure crosses over the Project
Highway, the minimum clearances at
2.10.2 Gradients up to the value corresponding overpasses shall be as follows:
to ruling gradient shall be adopted, as far as
possible. Limiting gradients shall be adopted 2.12.1 Lateral Clearance

only in very difficult situations and for short

Full roadway width including service roads, if
lengths.
any, shall be carried through the overpass

2.10.3 Long sweeping vertical curves shall be structure. Provision shall also be made for

provided at all grade changes. These shall be future widening of the Project Highway. The
designed as square parabolas. abutments and piers shall be provided with
suitable protection against collision of vehicles.
2.10.4 For design of vertical curves and its Guardrails shall be provided on abutment side
co-ordination with horizontal curves, reference and on sides of piers for this purpose. The
may be made to IRC:SP:23. ends of guardrails shall be turned away from
the line of approaching traffic.
2.11 Lateral and Vertical Clearance at
Underpasses 2.12.2 Vertical Clearance

Wherever a cross road is proposed to be taken A minimum 5.5 m vertical clearance shall be
below the Project Highway, minimum provided from all points of the carriageway of

14
 GEOMETRIC DESIGN AND GENERAL FEATURES

the Project Highway to the nearest surface of pedestrians shall be provided at

the overpass structure. locations indicated in Schedule-B of the

Concession Agreement.
2.13 Service Roads
(ii) The width of Pedestrian or Cattle
2.13.1 Service roads wherever required to be crossing shall not be less than 5 m.
constructed by the Concessionaire, shall be
specified in Schedule-B of the Concession (iii) The pedestrian crossings shall have
Agreement. provision for movement of disabled
persons.
2.13.2 Service roads shall be constructed and
maintained in accordance with the provisions 2.15 Typical Cross-Sections
of the Concession Agreement. The width of
service roads shall be minimum 5.5 m. 2.15.1 Typical cross-sections of Project
Highway are given in Figs. 2.1 to 2.5. These
2.13.3 The crust composition of service roads shall be adopted for various locations, as
shall not be lower than that specified in IRC:37 applicable.
for 1 (one) msa design traffic.

2.15.2 Where cross-section changes from two-

2.14 Grade separated Structures lane to four-lane, a transition of 1 in 15 to 1 in

20 must be provided, as prescribed in IRC:73

2.14.1 The type, location, length, number and (CI. 6.6.2) & IRC:86 (CI. 6.2.7).
the openings required to be provided for various
types of grade separated structures shall be as 2.16 Capacity of two-lane highway
specified by the Government in Schedule-B of
the Concession Agreement. The design service volume of two-lane highway
for different types of terrain shall be as given
2.14.2 Vehicular Underpass/Overpass in Table 2.8.

The vehicular underpass/overpass structures Table 2.8 : Design Service Volume of Two-
shall be provided at the intersection of the lane Highway in PCUs per day
Project Highway with all roads carrying an
average daily traffic of more than 15,000 PCUs, Design Service Volume
unless specified otherwise. The structure may in PCUs per day
be either an underpass or an overpass depending
Nature of without with minimum
upon the nature of terrain, vertical profile of
Terrain paved 1.5 ni
road, availability of adequate right of way, etc.
shoulder paved shoulder
Type of the structure shall be specified in
Schedule-B of the Concession Agreement. Plain 15,000 18,000

Rolling 11,000 13,000

2.14.3 Cattle and Pedestrian Underpass/
Overpass Mountainous 7,000 9,000
and Steep
(i) In certain stretches, underpasses/
overpasses for crossing of cattle and

15
IRC:SP:73-2007

Right of way

Roadway 12.0

2.5 7.0 2.5

Shoulder Carriageway Shoulder

1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 <

Granular Paved Paved Granular

2.5% 2.5%

Note:
All dimensions are in metres.

Typical cross section

(Open country-plain/rolling terrain)

2-lane carriageway (with paved shoulders)

without service road

Fig. 2.1

Right of way

1.5 7.5 1.5 7.5 1.5

Foot Carriageway Median Carriageway Foot

path 1
path

1 .2 m high pedestrian
guard rail
2.5%
i 200 mm 2.5%
200 mm

Note:
All dimensions are in metres
except as shown otherwise.

Typical cross section

(Built-up area)

4-lane divided carriageway with footpath

Fig. 2.2

16
 GEOMETRIC DESIGN AND GENERAL FEATURES

Right of way

2.5 7.0 2.5

Shoulderl Carriageway I Shoulder'

Fence 2.5% 2.5% Fence

1.2 high'^
1.2 high
Service Road Service Road

1.5 min. 5.5 1.5

Shoulder Carriaseway Shoulder

I
8.5 .
I

Note:
1. All dimensions are in metres.
2. Dimensions of footpath and service
roads are minimum and higher may
be adopted as per requirement.

Typical cross section

2-lane carriageway witli service road

Fig. 2.3

Right of way

Roadway 12.0

2.5 7.0 2.5

Shoulderl Carriageway I Shoulder

2.5% j

Note:
All dimensions are in metres.

Typical cross section

(Plain/rolling terrain)

Eccentrically placed 2-lane bypass

Fig. 2.4

17
IRC:SP:73-2007

Note:
1. All dimensions are in metres.
2. Shoulders covered with locally
available hard material (Paved
shoulders in built up area).

Typical cross section

(Mountainous terrain)

2-lane carriageway

Fig. 2.5

18
 Section 3

Intersections and Grade Separators

 SECTION 3

INTERSECTIONS AND GRADE SEPARATORS

3.1 Introduction control (signalized/non-signalized) etc.

Necessary traffic surveys for the design of road
3.1.1 Subject to the provisions of this junctions shall be carried out as per IRC:SP: 19.
Manual, properly designed intersections shall

be provided at all road crossings/junctions. The (iii) Normally, the type of intersection shall
types and locations of Interchanges and Grade- be:
separated Intersections without ramps shall be
(a) Three leg intersection.
specified in Schedule-B of the Concession
Agreement. The intersections to be provided (b) Four leg intersection.
shall be one of the following types:
(c) Multi leg intersection/rotary.

(i) At-grade intersections

(iv) The design of different elements of

(ii) Grade separated intersections without intersection shall be done as per IRC:SP:41
ramps including other design criteria given in the
subsequent paras. MOSRTH - Type Designs
(iii) Interchanges for Intersection on National Highways, 1992
may also be referred to, wherever required, to
3.1.2 The existing intersections, which are
develop suitable lay out and design of At-grade
deficient with respect to the minimum Intersections.
requirements shall be improved to the
prescribed standards. Additional land, if any, (v) The design shall aim at simplicity and
required for improving the existing intersections uniformity in design standards. Complex
shall be provided by the Government. designs which may involve complicated
decision making by drivers shall be avoided.
3.2 At-grade Intersections
(vi) The intersection control shall be of 'Stop
3.2.1 General
Control' unless specified otherwise. This will

The majority of mean that traffic on the minor road must stop
(i) the intersections to be
prior to entering the major road. Where roads
encountered will be of At-grade type. These
of equal importance intersect, priority will be
are most economical and are provided at
given to the traffic on the right.
crossing locations, where the traffic on cross
roads is low to moderate. These intersections
(vii) At the intersection, the alignment should
should be properly designed as per details
be as straight and the gradient as flat as
below.
practicable. Gradients in excess of 2 per cent
will normally not be allowed at intersections.
(ii) Type of intersections to be adopted shall
be decided on the basis of parameters like
(viii) Any deficiency in the alignment and
number of intersecting legs, traffic volume/
grade of intersecting roads shall be corrected
speed, available right of way, type of traffic
to improve traffic conditions and safety.

21
IRC:SP:73-2007

(ix) The sight distance to be adopted shall be provided. Widening of carriageway shall

normally be intermediate sight distance as be achieved by a taper of not less than 1 in 15.

specified in Section 2. However, in exceptional

should not be less than minimum (v) Type and radius of curve of intersection:
situations it

stopping sight distance specified in Section 2.

The type and radii of curves would depend
upon the types of vehicles turning at the
At such locations, cautionary speed limit
intersection and shall be decided based on the
signboards shall be displayed.
traffic data.

(x) At multi leg intersections, the points of

conflict should be studied carefully and

(vi) Visibility at intersection: A minimum safe
stopping sight distance, appropriate for the
possibilities of realigning one or more of the
legs and combining some approach speeds, shall be available for the
intersecting
movements to reduce the conflicting traffic on the Project Highway.

movements shall be examined. The objective

3.2.3 Traffic Control Devices
shall be to simplify the design and appropriate
control devices added to ensure more efficient (i) Road markings: Typical road markings for
and safe operation. road intersection as given in
IRC:SP:4l and IRC:35 shall be followed. The
3o2.2 Design Standards
specifications of road markings shall be as

Design standards shall be as per IRC:SP:41.

given in Section 9 of this Manual.

Salient features are given below:

(ii) Signs: Traffic signs at the junctions shall

(i) Design Speed: The approach speed shall

be provided as per IRC: 67 and Section 9 of

be taken as the design speed adopted for the

this Manual.

section of Project Highway on which the

(iii) Reflectors: To guide the traffic, reflectors
intersection is located. The design speed for
in the form of cat's eyes, delineators, etc shall
various elements of the intersection shall be
be provided, in addition to the road markings,
taken as 60% of the approach speed.
especially at the channelising islands.

(ii) Design Traffic Volume: The traffic volume

3.2.4 Detailed Designs and Data for Review
for the design of intersection and its distribution
by IE
at peak hours shall be assessed, up to the
operation period, taking into consideration the The Concessionaire shall submit the details of
past trend, likely new development of land, the ground surveys, traffic data, traffic forecast,
socio-economic changes, etc. design and drawings of the intersections
showing all safety features to the Independent
(iii) Design Vehicle: Semi-trailer combination
Engineer for review and comments, if any.
(refer IRC: 3) shall be used in the design of
intersections. 3.3 Grade Separated Intersections
Without Ramps
(iv) The number of lanes to be provided at the
intersection shall be governed by peak hour 3.3.1 General
traffic volume in each direction of travel. For
single lane movements, a minimum width of (i) Grade separated intersections, without
5.5 m is to be adopted. For two-lane roads ramps provide an intermediate solution
between kerbs, a minimum 7.5 m width shall (between At-grade Intersections and

22
 INTERSECTIONS AND GRADE SEPARATORS

Interchanges) for traffic segregation. These are 3.3.5 Detailed Design and Data for Review
relatively cheaper as compared to Interchanges. by IE
These could preferably, be provided at locations

where on cross roads

The Concessionaire shall submit the details of
traffic is moderate to
the ground surveys, traffic data, traffic forecast,
heavy and segregation though essential, cannot
design and drawings of the grade separated
be provided by an Interchange due to cost
Under intersections and the structures, showing all
constraints. this type, two cross roads
safety features, to the Independent Engineer
separate at different grades (as Road Under
for review and comments, if any.
Bridge or Road Over Bridge) and all turning
movements for transfer of traffic between the 3.4 Interchanges
intersecting roads including merging, diverging,
etc. shall be either not catered to or shall be 3.4.1 General
accomplished at surface level through parallel
service roads or through similar other
(i) An Interchange is a grade-separated
intersection with connecting roadways (ramps)
mechanism.
for turning traffic between highway approaches.
(ii) Grade separated intersections without Such an Interchange will be necessary at all

ramps shall be provided at the locations crossings of a highway, which is to be

indicated in Schedule-B of the Concession developed to completely access controlled
Agreement. The road to be carried over or standards. An Interchange may also be justified
under the structures shall be specified in at locations where traffic on cross roads is

Schedule-B of the Concession Agreement. heavy and when an At-grade intersection fails

to handle the heavy volume of turning, merging

(iii) All features pertaining to structures for
and diverging traffic leading to excessive delays
this type of grade separator will be same as and
and fatal major accidents. Cost
provided in Section 2 of this Manual. effectiveness will decide whether to provide
full Interchange or grade separated intersection
3.3.2 Geometric Standards for Design of
without ramps.
Various Elements

The geometric design standards for various

(ii) An Interchange may be justified at the

elements of this type of grade separators shall

crossing of the Project Highway with another
highway, and where the total traffic on all the
be as given in paras 3.2.1 and 3.2.2.
arms of the intersection is in excess of 10,000
3.3.3 Design of Structures PCUs in peak hour.

For design of structures of grade-separated (iii) The decision to provide Interchange at

structures, the details given in Sections 7 and such locations shall be taken by the
8 of this Manual shall be followed. Minimum Government and the requirement shall be
length of viaduct required to be provided at clearly speltSchedule-B of the
out in
various grade separated structures shall be Concession Agreement, which shall also
specified by the Government in Schedule-B of indicate specifications and traffic streams to
the Concession Agreement. be grade separated.

3.3.4 Traffic Control Devices (iv) The detailed design and layout of the
Interchange shall conform to broad parameters
Details given in paras 3.2.3 and 3.4.6 shall
and requirements specified by the Government
apply.
in Schedule-B of the Concession Agreement.

23
IRC:SP:73-2007
irf-f'* skats' ^< sfe-*8

Based on detailed survey and investigations, elements of Interchange including ramps shall
the Concessionaire shall develop appropriate be assessed up to the end of the Concession
detailed drawings and designs and submit to Period or twenty years, whichever is more,
the Independent Engineer for review and taking into consideration the past trends, likely
comments, if any. new development of land, socio-economic
changes, etc.
3A.2 Types of Interchanges
3.4.5 Design of Structure
(i) Interchanges are generally described by
the pattern of the various turning roadways or For design of structures of grade-separated
ramps, which determine their geometric structures comprising of main structure and
configuration. The common geometric ramps, the details given in Sections 7 and 8 of
configurations of Interchanges are the trumpet, this Manual shall be followed. Minimum length
diamond, cloverleaf, rotary and directional. of viaduct required to be provided at various
Within each type of Interchange, there can be grade- separated structures shall be specified by
several variations such as split diamond, partial the Government in Schedule-B of the
cloverleaf, etc. depending on the ramp Concession Agreement.
arrangements.
3.4.6 Trajfic Control Devices
(ii) The type of Interchange, the shape and
Traffic signs (refer IRC: 67) shall be provided
pattern of the Interchange ramps and loops and
at suitable locations to:
their designs shall be governed by factors such
as the importance of the intersecting highway, (i) Serve as advance notice of the
thenumber of intersecting legs, the design approaches to the Interchange;
volumes of through and turning traffic
movements including their composition, the (ii) Direct drivers into appropriate lanes for
design speeds, available right of way and diverging/merging movements;
topography. The Interchange site shall be
(iii) Identify routes and directions;
studied in detail and alternative designs made,
to determine the most suitable arrangement of (iv) Provide other information of
structures and ramps satisfying the specified importance to the drivers; and
requirements.
(v) Show distances to destinations.
3.4.3 Geometric Design Standards for
Interchange Elements The specifications of road markings shall be as
given in IRC: 35 and as prescribed in Section 9
The geometric design standards shall be as per of this Manual.
IRC: 92 appropriate for the design speed
adopted for the Project Highway. The design 3.4.7 Detailed Design and Data for Review
speed for ramps shall not be less than 40 km by IE
per hour. The desirable values of various
The Concessionaire shall submit details of the
parameters given in IRC: 92 shall be adopted,
ground surveys, traffic data, traffic forecast,
unless there are severe site constraints.
design and drawings of the Interchange,
3.4.4 Design Traffic showing all safety features, to the Independent
Engineer for reyiew and comments, if any.
The traffic volume for the design of various

24
 Section 4

Road Embankment
 SECTION 4

ROAD EMBANKMENT

4.1 General (b) In case, it is less, then the bottom of

subgrade should be raised to ensure a
4.1.1 The design and construction of road minimum 1 m clearance of the bottom
embankment and cuttings shall meet the of the subgrade from HFL. If raising
requirements, standards and specifications of any section (s) of the Project
given in this Section. This Section also covers Highway is required, that shall be
specifications for subgrade and earthen specified in Schedule-B of the
shoulders. Concession Agreement.

4.1.2 Where the Project Highway involves (c) In case. Project Highway is passing
improvement to an existing road, efforts should through an area not affected by floods
be made to remove the inherent deficiencies in and is free from any drainage problem/
plan, profile and the roadway width. It shall water ponding/over-topping situations
be ensured that the final centre line of the road with water table being quite deep, to
and the road levels are fixed with great care, the extent that subgrade is not likely to
duly considering all the relevant factors be affected by the capillary saturation,
covering structural soundness, safety and then the employer may avoid raising
functional requirements. in larger stretches to save cost, even
though the minimum clearance of 0.6
4.1.3 The existing roadway, where deficient, m from existing ground level is
shall be widened to the roadway width in desirable.
accordance with para 2.6.
(ii) New two lane road;

4.2 Road Embankment

(a) Bottom of subgrade is 1.0 m above the
high flood level/highest water table/
4.2.1 The width of the embankment shall be
in accordance with the cross-sectional details
ponded water level. The HFL should
be decided by intelligent inspections,
specified in Section 2 of this Manual.
local observations, enquiries and
4.2.2 The height of the embankment shall be studying the past records.

based on the final road levels. The following

(b) Portions forming
approaches to
principles shall be kept in view while fixing
structures provide smooth vertical
the road level:
profile and fulfil the minimum free
board requirement.
(i) For ImprovementAVidening of the existing
road; 4.2.3 Portions forming approaches to
structures provide smooth vertical profile.
(a) In case, bottom of the existing subgrade
is 0.6 m above the HFL, the existing 4.2.4 Deficiencies in the existing vertical
height of embankment can be retained. profile of the road shall be corrected.

27
IRC:SP:73-2007

4.2.5 Construction of embankment, subgrade OL, 01, OH in accordance with IS:

and earthen shoulders shall conform to the 1498;
requirements of Clause 305 of MOSRTH
(iii) Materials susceptible to spontaneous
Specifications as a minimum requirement.
combustion;

4.2.6 Materials and Physical Requirements (iv) Materials in frozen conditions;

4.2.6.1 Sourcing of materials for embankment (v) Clay having Liquid Limit (LL)
and subgrade construction, as well as exceeding 70 and Plasticity Index (PI)
compliance with environmental requirements exceeding 45;
in respect of excavation and borrow areas under
(vi) Materials with salt resulting in leaching
the applicable laws shall be the sole
in the embankment;
responsibility of the Concessionaire.
(vii) Expansive clays, 'Free Swelling Index'
4.2.6.2 Borrow pits shall not be located within (FSI) exceeding 50% when tested as
the right of way or along the road. Clause per IS: 2720 (Part 40).
305.2.2 of MOSRTH Specifications shall apply.
4.2.6.5 Expansive clays/black cotton soil shall
4.2.6.3 The materials used in embankment, not be used for subgrade construction.
subgrade and earthen shoulders shall be soil,
4.2.6.6 Where expansive clay with acceptable
moorum, gravel, a mixture of these or any other
Free Swelling Index value is used as a fill
material conforming to the requirements of
Clause 305.2 of MOSRTH Specifications. Pond
material, subgrade and top 500 mm portion of
the embankment just below subgrade shall be
ash can also be used subject to requirement
non-expansive in nature.
indicated in para 4.2.16 of this Section.
4.2.6.7 The size of the coarse material in the
4.2.6.4 The following types of materials shall
mixture of earth shall not exceed 75 mm when
be considered unsuitable for embankment
placed in the embankment and 50 mm when
construction and shall not be used:
placed in the subgrade.
(i) Materials from swamps, marshes and
4.2.6.8 Only the materials satisfying the density
bogs;
requirements given in Table 4.1 shall be
(ii) Peat, log, stump and perishable employed for the construction of the
material, any soil that is classified as embankment and the subgrade.

Table 4.1 : Density of Materials of Embankment and Subgrade

Type of Work Maximum Dry Density with heavy

Compaction - IS: 2720 (Part 8)

Embankment upto 3 m height, not Not less than 15.2 kN/cu. m

subjected to extensive flooding.

Embankments exceeding 3 m height Not less than 16.0 kN/cu. m

or embankments of any height subject
to long periods of inundation.

Subgrade and earthen shoulders/verges/backfill. Not less than 17.5 kN/cu. m

28
 ROAD EMBANKMENT

4.2.6.9 The density requirements specified in 4.2.7.4 The type of retaining structure shall be
Table 4. 1 shall not be applicable to light weight aesthetically pleasing and compatible with the
material e.g. pond ash. adjoining structures.

4.2.6.10 The material to be used, in subgrade 4.2.7.5 Where the embankment is to be

shall satisfy the design CBR at the specified supported on a weak stratum, it shall be
density and moisture content. necessary to carry out adequate soil testing and
to specially design the embankment and also
4.2.6.11 The embankment and subgrade shall adopt appropriate remedial / ground
be compacted to satisfy the minimum improvement measures in consultation with the
compaction requirements given in Table 4.2. Independent Engineer.

Table 4.2 : Compaction of Embankment and Subgrade

Relative Compaction as
Type of Work/Material percentage of max. laboratory
dry density - IS:2720 (Part 8)

Subgrade and earthen shoulders Not less than 97

Embankment Not less than 95

Expansive Clays (of acceptable FSI)

(a) Subgrade and 500 mm portion Not allowed

just below the subgrade.

(b) Remaining portion of Embankment Not less than 90

4.2.7 Structural Features and Design of 4.2.7.6 Where the embankment is more than 3
Embankment m high and fill material consists of heavy clay
or any problematic soil, the embankment
4.2.7.1 Embankment shall be designed to stability shall be analysed and ascertained for
ensure the stability of the roadway and shall safe design.
incorporate only those materials, which are
suitable for embankment construction as per 4.2.7.7 High embankments (height 6 m or
para 4.2.6 of this Section. above) in all soils shall be designed from
stability considerations.
4.2.7.2 The design of side slopes shall be
governed by slope stability and traffic safety
4.2.7.8 For design of high embankments
considerations. may be
IRC: 75 referred to.

4.2.7.3 Side slopes shall not be steeper than

4.2.7.9 The side slopes shall be protected
2H: IV unless soil is retained by suitable soil
against erosion by providing a suitable
retaining structures. The reinforced earth where
vegetative cover, kerbs channel, chute, stone
provided, shall conform to the requirements of
pitching/cement concrete block pitching or any
Section 7 of this Manual.
other suitable protection measures, depending

29
IRC:SP:73-2007

on the height of the embankment and 4.2.12 Embankment and Subgrade around
susceptibility of soil to erosion. Drainage Structures
arrangement shall be provided as per Section 6
of this Manual.
(i) The work shall be carried out in
accordance with the requirements of
4.2.7.10 Stone pitching/cement concrete block Clause 305.4.4 of MOSRTH
pitching shall conform to Clause 2504 of Specifications.
MOSRTH Specifications.
(ii) Filling behind abutments, retaining
4.2.8 Embankment Construction Operations walls, head walls and wing walls for
structures shall conform to the general
4.2.8.1 Embankment, subgrade and earthen guidelines given in Appendix 6 of
shoulders shall be constructed in accordance IRC:78.
with Clause 305.3 of MOSRTH Specifications.
(iii) The filter medium shall conform to the
4.2.8.2 Any unsuitable material occurring in
requirements of Clause 2504 of
the embankment foundation shall be removed MOSRTH Specifications.
and replaced by acceptable fill material in
accordance with Clause 305.3.4 of MOSRTH 4.2.13 Construction of Embankment on
Specifications. Ground Incapable of Supporting Construction
Equipment
4.2.8.3 Where construction of embankment and
subgrade is required to be carried out under For construction of embankment on ground,
the special conditions such as given in paras which is not capable of supporting construction
4.2.7 to 4.2.13, the earthwork shall be done in equipment such as marshy land, any of the
accordance with the procedure and methods given in Clause 305.4.5 of MOSRTH
requirements described in Clause 305.4 of Specifications may be used.
MOSRTH Specifications.
4.2.14 Embankment Construction Under
4.2.9 Earthwork for Widening Existing Road Water

Where an existing embankment/subgrade is to Where construction of embankment is required

be widened and its slopes are steeper than IV: to be done under water, only granular material
4H, continuous horizontal benches each at least or rock consisting of graded hard and durable
300 mm wide shall be cut into the old slope particles with maximum size not exceeding 75
for each lift of earthwork, for ensuring adequate mm shall be used. The material shall be non-
bond with the fresh material to be added. plastic with uniformity coefficient of not less

than 10. For further details refer IRC: 34.

4.2.10 Earthwork for Embankment and
Subgrade to be Placed Against Sloping Ground 4.2.15 Earthwork for High Embankment

Requirements of Clause 305.4.2 of MOSRTH Where stage construction/controlled rate of

Specifications shall apply. filling is required for high embankments, the
methodology together with details of necessary
4.2.11 Earthwork over Existing Road Surface
instrumentation and monitoring plan shall be
communicated by the Concessionaire to the
Requirements of Clause 305.4.3 of MOSRTH
Independent Engineer for review and
Specifications shall apply.
comments, if any.

30
 ROAD EMBANKMENT

4.2.16 Use of Pond Ash for Embankment and in-situ soil conditions at the
Construction subgrade level. Reference may be made
to IRC:SP:19.
4.2.16.1 Where Pond ash is used for
embankment construction in pursuance of the (ii) The side slopes of cuttings shall be
instructions of the Ministry of Environment and provided in accordance with the nature
Forests or otherwise, the embankment shall be of the soil encountered. The slope shall

designed and constructed in accordance with be stable for the type of strata. Where
IRC:SP:58. required, benching including use of
slope stability measures like pitching,
4.2.16.2 The thickness of soil cover shall not breast walls, etc. shall be adopted to
be less than 1 m for embankments up to 3m make the slopes stable and safe.
high. For high embankments, the thickness of
soil cover shall be increased as per design. (iii) In the case of rock cutting, trial pits or
boreholes shall be carried out at
4.2.16.3 The side slopes of the embankment 30-50 m intervals to assess the type of
shall be protected against erosion by providing rock.
turfing or stone/cc block pitching.
4.3.4 Excavation for roadway in soil/rock
4.2.17 Surface Finish and Quality Control of shall be carried out in accordance with Clauses
Work 301, 302 and 303 of MOSRTH Specifications,
as relevant.
The surface finish and quality control of
materials and works shall conform to the While executing excavation, adequate
requirements of Clauses 902 and 903 of precautions against soil erosion, water pollution
MOSRTH Specifications and Para 5 of shall be taken as per Clause 306 of MOSRTH
IRC:SP:58 (relevant to Pond ash). Specifications.

4.3 Roadway in Cutting Appropriate drainage measures shall be taken

to keep the site free of water in accordance
4.3.1 The width of the roadway in cutting
with Clause 311 of MOSRTH Specifications.
shall be in accordance with the cross section
details specified in Section 2 of this Manual. No back filling shall be resorted to obtain the
required slopes.
4.3.2 The road level shall be fixed, keeping
in view the following requirement:- Adequate precautions shall be taken to ensure
that during construction, the slopes are not
The difference between the bottom of subgrade
rendered unstable or give rise to recurrent slides
and the highest water table is not less than 1 .0
after construction.
m. Exceptionally, where this requirement is not
satisfied, drain shall be provided to lower down In cut sections in hilly terrain, the problem of
the water table. seepage flow is common. Where such
conditions exist, necessary measures including
4.3.3 Soil Investigations for Cut Sections
provision of deep side drains to intercept the
seepage flow and to avoid any damage to road
(i) Soil investigations shall be carried out
and cut slopes shall be provided.
to ascertain the type of cutting involved

31
IRC:SP:73-2007

4.3.5 Excavation of Road Shoulders for 4.4 SoilSurvey Investigations and Design
Widening of Pavement Report

For widening of existing pavements or The Concessionaire shall carry out necessary
providing paved shoulders, the existing soil surveys and field and laboratory
shoulders shall be removed to their full width investigations for selecting appropriate borrow
and to the requisite depth. Care shall be taken pits, identifying problematic ground locations
to see that no portion of the existing pavement if any, requiring treatment and for finalizing
designated for retention is loosened or structural features and design of the
disturbed. embankment and cut sections. The soil survey
and investigations report and design report shall
4.3.6 Preparation of Cut Formation
be submitted to the Independent Engineer for
review, if any.
(i) The cut formation, which serves as a
subgrade, shall be prepared as per
4.4.1 Soil Survey and Investigations Report
Clause 301.6 of MOSRTH
Specifications. The report shall include:

(ii) Where the material in the subgrade has

(i) Road Embankment
a density less than that specified in
Table 4.1, the same shall be loosened (a) The report shall include soil
500 mm and compacted
to a depth of investigations and tests in accordance
in layers in accordance with the with the requirements specified in
requirements of Clause 305 of IRC:SP:19 and shall be reported in the
MOSRTH Specifications. Proforma given in Table 1 of
IRC:SP:19. In addition to this, all tests
(iii) Any unsuitable material encountered in
as per the requirements of MOSRTH
the subgrade shall be removed and
Specifications shall be reported.
replaced with suitable material and
compacted in accordance with Clause (b) In respect of high embankment, the
305 of MOSRTH Specifications. report shall include additional
investigations and soil tests as per
43.7 Finishing Operations
IRC:75 and Appendix 10 of IRC:SP:19.
(i) All excavated surfaces shall be properly
(c) Information regarding the topography,
shaped and dressed.
high flood level, natural drainage
(ii) No point on the completed slopes shall conditions, highest sub-soil water level,

vary from the designated slopes by and the nature and extent of inundation,
more than 150 mm (in case of soils) if any.

and 300 mm (in case of rocks)

(d) The characteristics of embankment
measured at right angle to the line of
foundation including the presence of
slope.
any unsuitable/weak strata, marshy
(iii) The finished cut formation shall satisfy areas, water logged areas, etc.

the surface tolerances specified in

(e) Along the alignment of the road, where
Clause 902 of MOSRTH
Specifications. unstable strata, soft material or poor

32
 ROAD EMBANKMENT

subsoil conditions have been met with Independent Engineer for review and
at the foundation level, the soil profile comments, if any.
shall be drawn after determining
through borings, the type of
(i) Road Embankment
soil at

different levels. The boring shall be at

(a) The detailed design of the embankment,
intervals of 1 00 to
remedial/ground improvement
200 m to a depth of 2 m below the treatment where required, and
existing ground. In the case of high
construction methodology for high
embankments, the borings shall be embankments.
taken down to a depth equal to twice

the height of the embankment. (b) Design of retaining walls/reinforced

earth structures.
(f) Any particular construction problems
of the area or other important features. (c) Design of protection measures for
embankment slope and drainage
(g) Geotechnical properties of Pond ash, arrangement.
covering parameters specified in Table
1 of IRC:SP:58 and OMC-dry density (d) Design of Pond ash embankment in

relationship for heavy compaction. This case use of Pond ash is proposed.

information shall be furnished, in case

(e) Any additional information relevant to
Pond ash is used in embankment
the design report.
construction.
(ii) Cut Section
(ii) Cut Sections
(a) Type of cutting involved and proposed
The report shall include soil investigations and
cut slopes.
tests in accordance with the requirements
specified in IRC:SP:19 and information (b) Design and details of erosion control,

regarding depth of water table, seepage flow, slope protection measures, etc.
presence of any weak, unstable or problematic
(c) Design and details of drainage
strata.
arrangement for sub-soil and surface
4.4.2 Design Report water.

The Concessionaire shall furnish the design (d) Any other additional information
report including the following to the relevant to the design of cut slopes.

33
 Section 5

Pavement Design
 SECTION 5

PAVEMENT DESIGN

5.1 General 5.1.6 Where problematic conditions such as

expansive soils, swamps or marshes, flooding,
5.1.1 The existing roads in the States are poor drainage, etc. are found to exist, adequate
generally flexible pavements and their capacity measures shall be adopted to deal with such
augmentation by way of widening and site conditions.
strengthening would therefore generally be by
provision of flexible pavements only. 5.2 Method of Design of Flexible
Pavement
5.1.2 Situations may, however, also arise
where the Government may require provision
The design of flexible pavement is covered in
of cement concrete pavement depending upon
two parts namely, new pavements, and
specific site conditions. Such a requirement
widening and strengthening of existing
shall be specified in Schedule-B of the
pavements. New pavements shall be designed
Concession Agreement and indicated as a
in accordance with the method prescribed in
deviation in Schedule-D of the Concession
IRC:37 or any other international standard
Agreement. The minimum design and
method/guideline for pavement design, subject
maintenance requirements for cement concrete
to the condition that the overall pavement
pavement shall be specified by the Government
composition shall not be less than the minimum
and Schedule-K of the Concession Agreement
requirement specified in IRC:37. Strengthening
shall be modified accordingly.
of existing pavements shall be designed on the
basis of the procedure outlined in IRC:81,
5.1.3 Design of new pavement sections or
except where specified otherwise.
widening and strengthening of existing
pavements shall take into account all relevant
factors for assuring reliable performance that
5.3 Method of Design of Rigid Pavement
satisfies the specified minimum performance
Rigid pavement shall be designed for a period
requirements.
of not less than 30 years, in accordance with

5.1.4 The pavement condition and other data the method prescribed in IRC:58.
furnished by the Government are based on
preliminary investigations. The Concessionaire 5.4 Design of New Pavements
shall undertake the necessary soil, material and
pavement investigations and traffic volume and 5.4.1 Flexible Pavement - Design Period and
axle load studies in accordance with the good Strategy

industry practice for preparing detailed designs.

(i) Pavement shall be designed for a minimum
5.1.5 The materials, mixes and construction design period of 15 years. Stage construction
practice shall meet the requirements prescribed shall be permissible subject to the requirement
herein and MOSRTH Specifications / IRC specified in para (ii) below.
Specifications, unless specified otherwise.

37
IRC:SP:73-2007

(ii) Alternative strategies or combination of The drainage layer shall be properly designed
initial design, strengthening and maintenance so that a drainage coefficient of 20 m per day
can be developed by the Concessionaire to is obtained.
provide the specified level of pavement
performance over the operation period, subject (v) The construction of rigid pavement should
to satisfying the following minimum design normally be done by Slip-form Paver. Stringent

requirements; quality control is absolutely essential for long

term performance of the rigid pavement and
(a) The thickness of sub-base and base of therefore, the same should be executed with
pavement section is designed for a utmost quality control and as per procedure
minimum design period of 15 years and laid down in IRC: 15.

the initial bituminous surfacing for a

minimum design period of 8 years. (vi) The details of axle load surveys, for trucks

only, shall be used in computing stress ratios

(b) The pavement shall be strengthened by as per IRC:58.

bituminous overlay, as and when

5.4.3 Pavement Performance Requirements
required, to extend the pavement life
to full operation period. Strengthening
i) The pavement structure shall be capable
in stages for not less than five years at
of giving the specified performance
a time can be done. The thickness of
over the entire operation period.
bituminous overlay shall be detemiined
on the basis of IRC:81. ii) The new pavement surface shall satisfy
the following standards:
5.4.2 Rigid Pavement Design Period and
Strategy Roughness
In each lane Not more than
(i) The stage construction shall not be measured by 2000 mm/km for
permitted in case of rigid pavement. The
calibrated BI each lane in a km
pavement shall be constructed in 10 m width
length
(7 m carriageway plus 2X1.5 m rigid
shoulders). Rutting, cracking Nil
or any other
(ii) The Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC) shall
distress
be designed as per para 5.3.1, based on a
flexural strength of 4.5 MPa. The PQC shall (iii) During the operation period, the
rest over Dry Lean Concrete (DLC) sub-base pavement surface roughness or any
of 150 mm thickness. structural/functional distress shall not
exceed the values specified in
(iii) The DLC will be of Ml 0 concrete (7 days' Schedule-K of the Concession
strength) as prescribed in Agreement. Any treatment in the form
IRC:SP:49. DLC will be extending beyond the of renewal/overlay carried out or
PQC (including that in shoulder, if any) by Im required to restore/correct/improve the
on either side.
riding quality or any distress shall be
of such thickness and specification that
(iv) A properly
designed drainage layer (GSB)
will restore the riding quality to
of thickness 150-200 mm
shall be provided.
2000 mm/km.

38
 PAVEMENT DESIGN

5.5 Design Traffic 5.5.6 Lane distribution factors given in

IRC:37 shall be adopted.
5.5.1 The design traffic shall be estimated in
terms of cumulative number of standard axles 5.5.7 For pavements Equivalent
rigid
(8160 kg) to be carried by the pavement during Damage Ratio (EDR) shall be adopted as given
the design period. in IRC:58.

5.5.2 Estimate of the initial daily average 5.6 Subgrade

traffic flow shall be based on atleast 7 days',
The subgrade, whether in cut or fill, shall meet
24 hour classified traffic counts. IRC: 9 may be
the following requirements:
used as guidance for carrying out the traffic

census.
(i) Subgrade material shall conform to the
requirements laid down in Section 4.
5.5.3 Any likely change in traffic due to
Expansive clays and other unsuitable
proposed improvement of the facility and/or
soils shall not be used for subgrade
future development plans, land use, shall be
construction. The material used in
duly considered in estimating the design traffic.
subgrade shall have dry density of not

5.5.4 Traffic growth rate shall be established less than 17.5 kN/cu.m.

for each category of commercial vehicles to be

(ii) The thickness of subgrade shall not be
considered for design of pavement. For traffic
less than 500 mm.
projections, the procedure outlined in IRC: 108
may be followed. The Concessionaire shall
(iii) The subgrade shall be compacted to
adopt a realisdc value of the rate of traffic
atleast 97% of the maximum dry
growth, provided that annual rate of growth of density achieved with heavy
commercial vehicles shall not be assumed as compaction in accordance with IS:'
less than 5 per cent.
2720 (Part 8).

5.5.5 Axle load surveys shall be carried out (iv) The soaked CBR value of remoulded
to estimate the vehicle damage (VDF) factor subgrade soil samples at the specified
for each category of commercial vehicles. The dry density and moisture content shall
axle load equivalency factors recommended in not be less than 7% (average of adeast
Annexure-2 of IRC:37 shall be used for 3 specimens), unless specified
converting different axle road repetitions into otherwise.
equivalent standard axle load repetitions. VDF
values so determined shall be used for 5.7 Pavement Components and
estimating design traffic in standard axles. Materials
Provided that if the Concessionaire envisages

the possibility of controlling the severity and (i) The pavement construction materials
incidence of overloading with better for sub-base, base and bituminous surfacing
enforcement of legal load limits as also of shall conform to the requirements prescribed

increase in the proportion of Multi Axle herein and the MOSRTH / IRC Specifications,

Vehicles over the years, it may, at it own risk unless specified otherwise.

and cost adopt a lower VDF value than that

(ii) Where several materials will adequately
determined on the basis of the Axle load
serve as component within the pavement
spectrum survey.

39
IRC:SP:73-2007

Structure, such as a sub-base or a base course, Specifications is considered necessary to

the Concessionaire shall have the option of improve its drainage properties, the PI,
using any of the materials/specifications. It is Compaction and Strength criteria shall be fully
important that good engineering practice and satisfied, besides drainage efficacy. Further
product quality requirements are not abandoned where required, depending upon the gradation
for the sake of effecting cost reduction. of the sub-base material and subgrade soil, an
appropriate filter layer of soil/aggregate or geo-
If any material which is not specified here or
textile shall be incorporated between the sub-
included in MOSRTH / IRC / PWD base and the subgrade to prevent clogging of
Specifications is proposed to be used, the sub-base. The proposal shall be communicated
proposal supported with authentic standards and to the Independent Engineer for review and
practice shall be communicated to the comments, if any.
Independent Engineer for review and
comments, if any. 5.7.2 Base Course

5.7.1 Sub-base (i) Base course material and construction shall

conform to any of the following types:
(i) Sub-base shall be of any of the following
types: (a) Water Bound Macadam for base course
conforming to IRC: 19.
(a) Granular sub-base conforming to clause

401 of MOSRTH Specifications. Sub-

(b) Wet Mix Macadam for base course
base material shall have minimum conforming to IRC: 109.
soaked CBR value of 30%.
(c) Crusher Run Macadam Base
(b) Cement treated soil sub-base
conforming to the requirements of
conforming to clause 403 of MOSRTH Clause 410 of MOSRTH Specifications.
Specifications.

(d) Any other superior base material like

(c) Water Bound Macadam conforming to
Bituminous Macadam conforming to
IRC:19.
Clause 504 of MOSRTH Specifications
(d) Wet Mix Macadam conforming to
can be used in combination with the

IRC: 109. granular base.

(ii) Frost susceptible materials shall not be used (ii) The granular base shall be primed with a
in the sub-base. prime coat of low viscosity liquid bituminous
material of appropriate type conforming to
(iii) From pavement drainage considerations, MOSRTH Specifications/BIS specifications,
the granular sub-base should be extended over preparatory to the superimposition of
the entire formation width. The granular sub- bituminous treatment or mix.
base shall be of proper design and grading to
perform satisfactorily as the drainage layer. In 5.7.3 Bituminous Surfacing
cuttings, granular sub-base shall be at least 300
mm above the invert level of the drain.
(i) The bituminous surfacing shall be either
a wearing course or a binder course
(iv) Where modification of granular sub-base with a wearing course depending upon
grading given in Clause 401 of MOSRTH the design traffic.

40
 PAVEMENT DESIGN

(ii) Bituminous surfacing materials and (overlay thickness) for the existing pavement
thicknesses shall satisfy the shall be assessed as per the procedure laid down
requirements of the IRC:37. The in IRC: 81. The pavement thickness in the

suggested surfacing materials and widened portion shall be kept equal to the
thickness are desirable minimum from thickness of the existing pavement plus the
functional and structural requirements. thickness of the overlay as assessed above,
unless specified otherwise. The overlay on the
(iii) The specifications for the bituminous
existing pavement and widened portion shall
materials and mixes shall satisfy the
be uniform in thickness and composition. It
specified minimum requirements, as per
shall be ensured that the thickness of the
the relevant MOSRTH Specifications.
bituminous surfacing in the widened portion
The design of mixes shall be done by shall not be less than the equivalent thickness
Marshall method. of bituminous surfacing over the existing
pavement.
(iv) For the design of mixes, use of refusal
density criterion can be adopted.
5.9.2 The pavement shall be widened
symmetrical to the existing centerline or on
(v) The grade of bitumen/modified bitumen
one side only depending on the placement of
shall be selected by the Concessionaire
the existing road within the right of way. This
keeping in view the traffic, rainfall and
aspect may be decided in consultation with the
other environmental conditions.
Independent Engineer, in case not specified in

5.8 Performance Evaluation the relevant schedule of the Concession

Agreement.
(i) Pavement performance evaluation shall

be done by the Independent Engineer The earthwork in subgrade in widened portions

in accordance with tests based on good and shoulders shall be compacted to atleast 97%
industry practice. of the maximum dry density obtained by heavy
compaction (IS: 2720, Part 8).
(ii) Roughness in each lane for full length
shall be measured by calibrated BI 5.9.3 Before strengthening treatment is

periodically. prescribed, a detailed pavement condition

survey and evaluation shall be carried out in
(ill) The structural evaluation of the accordance with IRC: 81 to determine:
pavement shall be made by taking
deflection measurements every 5 years, (i) The extent of distress and nature of
in accordance with the procedure given deficiency in the existing pavement
in IRC: 81, unless needed earlier for structure, and
stretches exhibiting severe distress
(ii) Whether any special treatments e.g.
during the operation and maintenance
provision for remedying reflection
period.
cracking, pavement internal drainage,

5.9 Widening and Strengthening of subgrade improvement/ reconstruction,

Existing Pavement to Two Lane / or rectification of any other deficiencies

Two Lane Plus (with Paved are warranted.

Shoulders)
5.9.4 Before implementing the strengthening
5.9.1 The requirement of strengthening treatment, the existing pavement surface profile

41
IRC:SP:73-2007

shall be checked and if found deficient, shall specified in Schedule-B of the Concession
be corrected by providing a suitable profile Agreement.
corrective course or by milling and recycling.
The profile corrective course shall meet the 5.9.8 No granular layer shall be provided

following requirements: over an existing bituminous surfacing. Where

it is envisaged to strengthen grossly deficient
(i) The profile corrective course shall not existing road with a granular base layer in
form part of the overlay thickness. addition to the bituminous overlay, the
requirements specified in paras 5.10.6 and
(ii) Where the maximum thickness of 5.10.7 shall apply.
profile corrective course is not more
than 40 mm, it shall be constructed as 5.9.9 Paved Shoulders
an integral part of the overlay course.
(i) Paved shoulders shall be constructed,
In other cases, the profile corrective
where specified.
course shall be constructed as a separate
layer.
(ii) The width of paved shoulders shall be
1.5 m unless specified otherwise.
(iii) Where it is to be laid as integral part of
the overlay/strengthening course, the (iii) The paved shoulders shall be
profile corrective course material shall constructed in layers, each matching the
be of the same specifications as that of thickness of the adjoining pavement
the overlay /strengthening course. The work shall be carried out in
layer.

accordance with Clause 407 of

5.9.5 Necessary corrective measures to treat MOSRTH Specifications.
the identified deficiency vide paras 5.9.3 and
5.9.4 above, shall be taken along with (iv) Where the existing pavement is to be
strengthening of the pavement. widened to two lanes with paved
shoulders, the pavement layers in the

5.9.6 Any stretches in which the pavement main carriageway and in the paved
is damaged/deteriorated to such an extent that shoulder width shall be laid and
the use ofBenkelman Beam method may not compacted together.
result in a realistic assessment of the
(v) If the thickness of the existing paved
strengthening treatment, pavement in such
shoulders, if any, is less than the
stretches shall be designed using the design
thickness of the adjacent pavement, the
procedure for new pavements.
paved shoulders shall be re-constructed
5.9.7 Where an existing pavement is built to the new pavement thickness.

over an untreated expansive/black cotton soil

(vi) The overlay on the main carriageway
subgrade, its improvement/strengthening/
pavement and on the paved shoulders
widening shall be treated separately. Such
shall be uniform in thickness and
stretches shall require reconstruction with
composition.
provision of adequate measures such as
replacement or treatment of expansive subgrade
5.9.10 Granular Shoulders
and shall be designed as new pavement in
accordance with the procedure specified in para Material for granular layer on shoulders shall
5.4 and IRC:37. Such stretches shall be be well graded natural sand, moorum, gravel,

42
 PAVEMENT DESIGN

crushed stone combination thereof,

or (a) Initial strengthening for a design period
conforming to Clause 401 of MOSRTH of not less than eight years.
Specifications and having soaked CBR value
of not less than 30%. The granular layer shall (b) Subsequent overlay at the end of the
be compacted to at least 98% of the maximum initial design period, or earlier, if the

dry density for the material determined as per surface roughness exceeds the value

IS: 2720 (Part 8). specified Schedule-K of the

in
Concession Agreement or if any
5.10 Design of Strengthening Treatment structural distress is observed. The
(Overlay) overlay shall be designed to extend the
pavement life for at least five years at
5.10.1 IRC:81 shall be followed for design of a time.
strengthening treatment. The guidelines provide
the method for determining the characteristic (c) The riding quality of the pavement shall

deflection using Benkelman Beam and then be measured periodically and if the
working out the overlay thickness for the design roughness exceeds the specified value,
traffic. the pavement strength shall be
evaluated based on current deflection
5.10.2 The characteristic deflection for design measurements and traffic projections
purpose shall be determined by the following for the next five years, at least. In case
formula: any strengthening treatment is required,

= X + 2 o
the same implemented,
shall be
otherwise the wearing course be
Where, D^,, = Characteristic renewed by providing a minimum 25
Deflection (mm) mm thick bituminous surfacing
conforming to the existing wearing
X = Mean Deflection (mm)
course specifications.
(determined on the basis
of individual deflection
5.10.4 Design Traffic
corrected for temperature
and seasonal variation)
The design traffic shall be estimated in terms
a = Standard Deviation of the cumulative number of standard axles
(8160 kg) to be earned by the pavement during
5.10.3 Design Period and Minimum the design period as per the procedure described
Requirements in para 5.5 of this Section.

(i) Pavement strengthening shall be done for a 5.10.5 The thickness of bituminous overlay
design period of 10 years or equal to the shall be determined on the basis of the
operation period, whichever is more. characteristic deflection and the design traffic
Strengthening in stages shall be permissible as per the procedure outlined in
subject to the requirements given in para (ii) IRC:81. The guidelines give the thickness of
below. overlay required in terms of bituminous
macadam. The thickness of bituminous overlay
(ii) The Concessionaire shall ensure the for pavement strengthening shall not be less
following requirements as a minimum for
than 50 mm.
design of strengthening measures:

43
IRC:SP:73-2007

5.10.6 The overlay, so determined for the for the overlay shall be as specified for
existing pavements in terms of Bituminous bituminous surfacing for new pavement
Macadam can be modified to provide for other sections vide para 5.7.3 of this Section.
compositions, including the combination of
granular layers of WBMAVMM and bituminous 5.10.9 Pavement Performance Requirements
treatment. The equivalent overlay thickness can and Evaluation
be determined using the following equivalency
factors as per Clause 7.4 of IRC: 81; The strengthened pavement shall satisfy the
minimum standard and maintenance
100 mm of BM = 150 mm of WBMAVMM requirements specified for new pavement
sections in para 5.4.3 of this Section and
100 mm of BM = 70 mm of DBM/SDBC/BC Schedule-K of the Concession Agreement.

5.10.7 The type of material to be used in The performance measurement and evaluation
overlay construction will depend upon several will be done as per the procedure described in

factors such as design traffic, thickness, para 5.8 of this Section.

condition and type of existing bituminous
surfacing and convenience of construction. If 5.11 Construction, Workmanship and
it is proposed to strengthen an existing weak Quality of Work
pavement structure with granular construction
followed by bituminous surfacing, the All materials, construction operations,
following requirements shall be satisfied: workmanship, and the surface finish of the
quality of completed construction for all
(i) The existing bituminous surfacing shall pavement works including subgrade, sub-base,
be completely removed by scarifying / base course, bituminous surface courses for new
milling before laying WBM/WMM pavements and for widening and strengthening
layers. It will be ensured that the works shall conform to the specified
underlying layer is not disturbed. requirements and specifications and comply
with the relevant provisions of Section 900 of
(ii) If the thickness of the scarified/milled the MOSRTH Specifications.
layer 40 mm or more, the existing
is

pavement thickness shall be made up 5.12 Premature Distress

by increasing the overlay thickness
correspondingly. Notwithstanding the minimum design,
specifications and standards specified in the
(iii) The thickness and composition of preceding paras for new pavements and
bituminous surfacing over the granular strengthening of existing pavements, if the
layer shall conform to the pavement shows premature distress in theform
recommended surfacing and thickness of cracking, rutting, patching, loss of camber
in para 4.2.3 (Bituminous Surfacing) or any other structural or functional distress,
of IRC:37. necessary remedial measures by strengthening/
resurfacing shall be undertaken after proper
5.10.8 Bituminous Mix for Overlay investigation for conforming to the minimum
requirements prescribed in Schedule-K of the
The specifications for the bituminous mixes Concession Agreement.

44
 PAVEMENT DESIGN

5.13 Detailed Design Report (vii) Pavement roughness data measured by

Bump Integrator as per IRC:SP:16.
The new pavement design and strengthening
proposals formulated on the basis of the detailed (viii) Pavement Deflection Data measured by
investigations and studies shall be Benkelman Beam as per the procedure

communicated to the Independent Engineer for detailed in IRC:81. Pavement deflection

review and comments, if any. The proposal shall data shall be recorded in the prescribed

be accompanied by Data Collection, Data Proforma vide Table 3 of IRC:81.

Evaluation and Design Reports.
The deflection data shall be
5.13.1 Data Collection Report accompanied with the characteristics of
the subgrade soil covering type of

The data collection report shall include: subgrade soil, field moisture content (at

the time of deflection survey), average

(i) Soil investigation data for new annual rainfall in the area, and
pavements as per Table 13.2 of IRC:
pavement temperature at the time of
deflection survey.
SP:19. Report shall include OMC-Dry
density relationship with heavy
(ix) Any other relevant information required
compaction and soaked CBR values,
by the Independent Engineer for review
in addition to other data and
and comments, if any.
information as per the prescribed
proforma.
5.13.2 Data Evaluation Report

(ii) Test values of aggregate for pavement

The report shall inter alia cover:
courses as per Tables 13.3 and 13.4 of
IRC:SP:19. All tests as per requirements (i) Data evaluated - soil characteristics and
of MOSRTH Specifications shall be subgrade strength, pavement distress,
reported in addition to the tests and pavement deflection, riding quahty, skid
information included in the above resistance, drainage aspects, etc.
mentioned Tables.
(ii) Pavement deficiencies, drainage and
(iii) Classified traffic counts in Proforma 1 constraints.
of IRC:SP:19.
(iii) Any other relevant details.

(iv) Axle load surveys and VDF values for

5.13.3 Detailed Design Report
each category of commercial vehicles
as per Proforma 4 of IRC:SP:19.
The Concessionaire shall furnish the detailed

design of the preferred solution along with any

(v) Estimation of traffic growth and traffic
special treatment proposed for adoption. Any
projections for pavement design.
departures from the specifications, stated herein,
shall be supported with authentic standards and
(vi) Pavement condition data in the
specifications and accepted practice.
Proforma given in Table 2 of IRC:81.

45
 Section 6

Roadside Drainage
 SECTION 6

ROADSIDE DRAINAGE

6.1 General 6.2 Surface Drainage

6.1.1 The design and construction of surface

6.2.1 The water from road and adjacent areas

and sub-surface drains for highway drainage shall be intercepted and carried through road
side drains to natural outfalls.
shall be carried out in accordance with the
requirements of this Section.
6.2.2 The drains shall have sufficient capacity

to carry normal peak run-off without

6.1.2 Efficient drainage system shall be
overflowing.
provided for the entire Project Highway
including structures and facilities. 6.2.3 The selection of type of roadside drains

shall be based on the magnitude and duration

6.1.3 For quick disposal of precipitation on of flow. The roadside drains shall be designed
the road surface, the carriageway, shoulders and
on the principles of flow in open channel.
median shall have the requisite camber/crossfall
and longitudinal gradient as per the values 6.2.4 The estimation of design discharge
specified in Section 2 of this Manual. (peak run off) and design of drain sections shall
be made in accordance with the procedure given
6.1.4 The natural drainage of the area shall in IRC:SP:42.
not be disturbed.
6.2.5 The open drains shall be located

6.1.5 The design of drains shall be carried

sufficiently away from the toe of embankment.

out in accordance with IRC:SP:42 and When the drain is unlined it shall be beyond

IRC:SP:50. 4H:1V imaginary line drawn from the edge of

the roadway.

6.1.6 Construction of surface and sub-surface

6.2.6 The road side drains shall not pose any
drains shall be carried out in accordance with
danger to traffic, slopes of cuttings,
the requirements of Clause 309 of the
embankment, pavement or structures.
MOSRTH Specifications.

6.2.7 As far as possible, longitudinal slope

6.1.7 Efficient drainage arrangements for shall not be less than 0.5 percent for hned drains
road sections in cuttings and at underpasses and 1.0 percent for unlined drains.
shall be made. Where it is not possible to drain

out water using gravity flow, necessary 6.2.8 The side slopes of the unlined drains

arrangements for pumping shall be made. shall be as flat as possible and shall not be
steeper than 2H:1V.

49
IRC:SP:73-2007

6.2.9 The drains shall be provided with CC 6.4.2 Drainage arrangement may include

lining in the following situations: provision of kerb channel at the edges of the
roadway to channelize the water and CC lined
(a) When due to space constraint, the
chutes along the slopes at about
drains are located near the toe of the
10 m intervals or at designed spacing to
embankment or near structures.
discharge the water into side channels at the

bottom.
(b) Drains located in paved areas.

(c) Flow velocity is more than 0.3 m/s to

6.4.3 The chute drains and drains at toe of

1 m/s in silt and sand and more than the embankment shall be of Plain Cement
Concrete (Ml 5 grade) over proper bedding.
1.5 m/s in stiff clay.

6.3 Median Drainage (where dual 6.5 Catch Water Drains

carriageway is provided)
6.5.1 Suitable catch water drains shall be

provided on the hill slopes above a cutting to

6.3.1 Proper arr«angement for drainage of
collect and remove surface water run-off from
median shall be provided. The median drain
upper reaches. These drains should be of
should have adequate longitudinal slope to the
nearest culvert to drain off transversely.
trapezoidal shape and stone lined and cement
pointed.
6.3.2 Earthen surface in the median shall not
be sloped towards carriageway to drain on the 6.5.2 The catch water drains shall be
designed to carry the intercepted water to the
pavement, to avoid washed away soil getting
nearest culvert or natural drainage channel.
deposited on the pavement making it slippery

and accident prone.

6.5.3 It shall be ensured that the catch water
drains are provided in stable hill slopes outside
6.3.3 Turfed/paved median of up to 5 m
the periphery of slide/unstable areas.
width with kerbs could be crowned for drainage
across the pavement.
6.5.4 Where required, lined chutes shall be

provided to lead the discharge to the catch pit

6.3.4 In superelevated sections, proper
of culvert or to a natural drainage channel.
arrangement for drainage of raised carriageway
and median shall be made without allowing
6.6 Sub-surface Drains
water to drain on the other carriageway.
6.6.1 The sub-surface drainage shall be
6.4 Drainage of High Embankment
provided:

6.4.1 In high embankment and approaches

(i) for lowering the level of water table
to bridges, proper arrangement for drainage of
for drainage of subgrade,
carriageway shall be made in order to ensure
that no damage is caused to pavement, (ii) to intercept or drain out free water in

shoulders and embankment slopes. cut slopes,

50
 ROADSIDE DRAINAGE

(iii) for drainage of pervious sub-base in 6.6.8 Sub-surface drains not located below
situations where it may not be the road pavement shall be sealed at the top.

practicable to extend the sub-base

6.6.9 Use of Geo -textile
across the shoulder.

(i) The sub-surface drains may be designed

6.6.2 Sub-surface drains shall not be used
using appropriate geo-textile to serve
for surface drainage.
the functions of titrations and
6.6.3 The sub-surface drains shall be: separation.

(i) Close jointed perforated pipes or open (ii) The sub-surface drains can be provided
jointed unperforated pipes in trenches with geo-textile either along the trench
with backfill material around pipes. or around the pipe or both.

(ii) Aggregate drains consisting of free (iii) The geo-textile shall satisfy the
draining material in the trench without requirements of Clause 702 of
any pipe. MOSRTH Specifications.

6.6.4 Perforated pipes and unperforated pipes 6.6.10 Trench excavation, laying of pipe,
shall meet the requirements of Clause 309.2 of backfilling, and use of geo-synthetics shall

MOSRTH Specifications. conform to the requirements of Clauses 309.3.3,

309.3.4 and 309.3.5 of MOSRTH Specifications

6.6.5 The internal diameter of the pipe shall

not be less than 150 mm. 6.6.11 The drain outlet shall be a free outlet

and shall be prepared as per Clause 309.3.6 of

6.6.6 The sub-surface drains shall be located
MOSRTH Specifications.
not less than 0.5 m below the subgrade.

6.6.12 Aggregate Drains

6.6.7 Backfill Material

(i) The trench for aggregate drain shall be

(i) Backfill material shall be free draining
of minimum 300 mm width and cut to
sand, gravel or crushed stone designed
a depth to expose the granular
on inverted filter criteria for filtration
pavement courses to be drained.
and permeability or of an appropriate
grading conforming to the requirements (ii) Aggregate for the drain shall be gravel,
of Table 300.3 of MOSRTH 't'
stone aggregate or slag of grading as

Specifications. per Table 8 of IRC:SP:42.

(ii) Thickness of backfill material around (iii) The aggregate drain shall be provided

the pipe shall not be less than 150 mm. with a geo-textile wrap to act as
The minimum thickness of material filtration and separation layer.

above the top of the pipe shall be 300

6.6.13 Design of subsoil drainage shall be
mm.

51
IRC:SP:73-2007

based on a rational basis. Reference may be studies shall include:

made to IRC:SP:42
(i) Alignment plan, longitudinal and cross-
6.7 Internal Drainage of Pavement sections, contour map.
Structures
(ii) Hydrological data

(i) Boxed type construction in which

Drainage area, water shed delineation, direction
pavement is housed in earthen
of flow, location of outfalls, existing surface
shoulders shall not be provided.
drains, ground surface condition, rainfall, flood

(ii) The sub-base shall be extended across frequency, etc.

the shoulders for efficient drainage of

pavement. (iii) Data for hydraulic design of drains.

(iv) Geo-technical investigations for sub-

(iii) The granular sub-base shall be of proper
perform surface strata, level of water table,
design and grading to

satisfactorily as a drainage layer. The seepage flow etc.

drainage layer shall not have material

(v) Identification of areas requiring sub-
finer than 75 micron size.
base drainage.

(iv) A suitable filter of granular material or

(vi) Any other relevant information.
geo-textile to act as filtration and

separation layer shall be incorporated IRC:SP:42, IRC:SP:48 and

IRC:SP:19,
between the subgrade and sub-base to
IRC:SP:50 may be referred to.

prevent clogging. Reference may be

made to Section 5 of this Manual. 6.8.2 Design Report

6.8 Survey, Investigations and Design The design report shall include:

Report
(i) Estimation of design discharge
The Concessionaire shall carry out proper

surveys and investigations for detailed design

(ii) Design of surface drains

of the drainage system. The proposal for

(iii) Design of sub-surface drains
drainage system supported with survey
investigation report and detailed design report
(iv) Drainage arrangement plan
shall be submitted to the Independent Engineer
for review and comments, if any. (v) Specifications of drains

6.8.1 Survey and Investigations - Drainage (vi) Any additional information as required

Studies by the Independent Engineer for review

of the drainage system.
The survey and investigation and drainage

52
 Section 7

Design of Structures
 SECTION 7

DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

7.1 General (viii) Any utility services to be taken on the

structures shall be specified in
(i) All new structures up to 60 m length Schedule-B of the Concession
shall be constructed with an overall Agreement.
width between outermost faces of the
railings/parapets/crash barriers equal to 7.2 Design Loading and Stresses
the roadway width of the approaches.
(i) The design loads and stresses shall be

(ii) All new structures more than 60 m as per IRC: 6.

length shall have minimum 7.5 m wide

(ii) Raised footpath shall be provided in
carriageway, unless specified otherwise
built up areas.
in Schedule-B of the Concession
Agreement.
(iii) In Seismic Zones IV and V, necessary
design related precautions against
(iii) New structures with footpaths, where
dislodgement of superstructure shall be
so specified in Schedule-B of the
taken as per Clause 222 of IRC: 6.
Concession Agreement, shall be
constructed with an overall width of All the components of structures
(iv) shall
12 m between the outermost faces of be designed for a service life of 100
the crash barriers or railings. Raised
years except appurtenances like crash
footpaths shall be provided.
barriers, wearing surface and rubberized
components in expansion joints and
(iv) All bridges shall be high level bridges, elastomeric bearings. All the
unless specified otherwise in the requirements to achieve durability and
Concession Agreement. serviceability shall be implemented.

(v) All structures shall be designed in (v) For bridges in marine environment,
accordance with the relevant IRC special precautions as specified in
Codes, Standards and Specifications. Schedule-B of the Concession
Agreement shall be taken. (Refer para
(vi) All railway level crossings (except 7.22)
railway sidings) shall be replaced with
ROBs/RUBs, unless specified 7.3 Widening / Reconstruction of
otherwise in Schedule-B of the Existing Structures
Concession Agreement.
7.3.1 Existing Culverts

(vii) Typical cross sections of the new

(i) All culverts which are structurally
culverts and bridges for a 2-lane
highway are given in Figs. 7.1 to 7.4.
distressed shall be specified in

55
IRC:SP:73-2007

Schedule-B of the Concession designed as per the relevant IRC Codes/

Agreement and shall be reconstructed MOSRTH Specifications.
as new structures.
(iv) Innovative structures like continuous
(ii) All existing culverts which are not to bridges, precast pre-tensioned girder
be reconstructed shall be widened equal bridges and segmental bridges may be
to the roadway width of approaches. adopted, where considered appropriate.
The design of continuous bridges shall
73.2 Existing Bridges be governed by IRC:SP:66. Design of
segmental bridges shall be governed by
(i) All the bridges which are structurally IRC:SP:65 and design of pre-cast pre-
distressed shall be specified in
tensioned girder bridges shall be
Schedule-B of the Concession governed by IRC:SP:71.
Agreement and shall be reconstructed
as new structures. 7.5 Hydrology

(ii) The bridges which are sound but All the structures shall have adequate waterway.
narrower than 7.5 m width The design discharge shall be evaluated for
(carriageway) shall be widened where flood of 50-year return period.
specified in Schedule-B of the
Concession Agreement. 7.6 Sub-Surface Investigations

(iii) All existing bridges in sound condition 7.6.1 The Concessionaire shall carry out
with 7.5 m wide carriageway shall be independent sub-surface investigations to
retained. establish the soil parameters required for
detailed design of each foundation separately,
7.4 Structure Types if necessary, in accordance with relevant
provisions of IRC:78 and MOSRTH
(i) Bridge superstructure may be of Specifications.
reinforced concrete, pre-stressed
concrete or steel-concrete composite 7.6.2 For single span structures (bridges,
construction. overpasses, ROBs etc.), bores shall be taken at

each of the abutment locations. For structures

(ii) Wherever box girders are proposed for
having more than one span, at least one bore
superstructure, the minimum clear shall be taken at each of the foundation
depth inside the box shall be 1.50 m locations.
with suitable openings in the
diaphragms and box to facilitate 7.7 Culverts
inspections. Haunches of minimum size
of 300 mm (horizontal) and 150 mm 7.7.1 New Culverts
(vertical) shall be provided at the
extreme corners of the box section. Reinforced concrete pipes for culverts shall be
of NP 4 type, conforming to the requirements
(iii) Bridge foundation and substructure of IS: 458. Minimum diameter of pipes for
shall be of masonry or plain or new pipe culverts shall be 1200 mm (Internal

reinforced concrete. These will be diameter).

56
 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

7.7.2 Existing Culverts (iii) The sheathings shall be either in mild

steel as per clause 3.6.1 or HDPE as
(i) Existing pipe culverts of diameter 900 per clause 3.6.2 of IRC: 18. They shall

mm and above, which are in sound comply with the requirements specified
condition and functioning satisfactorily, inAppendix 1 A/IB of IRC: 18 and the
may be extended using pipes of same Concessionaire shall obtain a test
diameter. certificate of confirmation from the
manufacturer and furnish for review
(ii) All culverts having pipe diameter less and comments of Independent
than 900 mm shall be replaced with Engineer, if any, before bringing the
pipes of minimum 1200 mm diameter. proposed type of sheathing to the site.

(iii) (a) Suitable bedding for pipes shall be (iv) In order to keep the number of joints
provided as per Clause 2904 of in a duct to the minimum possible, the

MOSRTH Specifications sheathings shall be as long as practical

from handling and transportation
(b) Minimum cushion of 600 mm shall considerations without getting
be provided for pipe culverts. damaged. Sheathing damaged during
handling or transportation shall not be
(iv) Floor protection shall be as specified made good and used in the works.
in the relevant IRC Specifications.
(v) The joints of the mild steel sheathings

Prestressing shall be water tight complying with the

7.8
requirements given in Appendix 2 of

(i) The Concessionaire shall engage IRC: 18.

specialized agency in consultation with

(vi) Pull-in or push-in of the prestressing
Independent Engineer for rendering
strands shall be mechanized.
total service contract. The
Concessionaire shall also obtain the
(vii) Temporary tendons shall be inserted in
necessary certificate from the
the sheathing or the sheathing shall be
specialized agency engaged, that the
stiffened by other suitable method
work has been carried out in accordance
during concreting. Cables shall be
with the prescribed standards and
threaded after the concreting. Tendons
specifications.
shall not be placed until immediately
prior to stressing. Tendons shall be
(ii) The Concessionaire shall submit
handled with care to avoid damage or
fabrication drawings, detailing of
contamination, to either tendon or the
prestressing cables, anchorages,
sheathing. Any tendon damaged or
couplers, chairs and supports, templates
contaminated shall be cleaned or
or forms for holding anchorage
replaced.
assemblies, stressing schedule, etc for
review and comments of Independent (viii) Prestressing accessories like jacks,
Engineer, if any, at least 45 days prior anchorages, wedges, block plates,
to the scheduled date of commencement couplers etc being patented items shall
of the prestressing work. be obtained from only authorized

57
IRC:SP:73-2007

manufacturers with in-house testing (xiv) Guidelines for use of external and
facilities. unbonded prestressing tendons in
bridge structures can be considered as
(ix) All prestressing components and per IRC:SP:67, wherever considered
accessories shall be subject to appropriate.
acceptance tests and reviewed prior to

their actual use on the works. Testing 7.9 Form Work

of anchorage cable assemblies shall be
carried out in consultation with The Concessionaire shall be responsible for the
Independent Engineer. Couplers which safe, workable design and methodology for all

connect two tendons to form a temporary or permanent forms, staging and

continuous tendon shall be tested in the centering required for supporting and forming

same way as anchorages formed by the concrete of shape, dimensions and surface
mechanical means. finish as shown on the drawings. The following
guidelines shall be adopted:
(x) Jacks and pumps shall be got calibrated
from any accredited laboratory prior to (i) Only steel formwork shall be permitted.
use and then at intervals not exceeding
(ii) Shuttering oil (release agent) used shall
three months.
be such, which permits easy removal
(xi) Grouting shall be carried out as early of shutters without leaving stains or
as possible, but not later than 10 days other marks on the surface of the
of stressing of a tendon. Grouting of o concrete. Requirements given under

post-tensioned cables shall be carried Clause 3.5 of IRC:87 shall also be

out as per the recommended practice complied with.
specified in Appendix 5 of IRC: 18.
(iii) In case of tubular staging of heights

(xii) Jointing of pre-cast units by application more than 10 m, special attention shall

of cement mortar shall not be permitted. be paid to the structural adequacy of

The Concessionaire shall submit the system, efficacy of the connections

adequate data in support of the (clamps etc), and foundations.

proposed method of jointing the pre- Foundation blocks of adequate
cast units for the review and comments thickness in Ml 5 cement concrete shall

of Independent Engineer, if any. be provided under the base plates to

prevent unequal settlements. All bent
Whatever may be the method of tubular props shall be straightened
jointing, the holes of prestressing steel before re-use and the member with
shall be accurately made to meet one deviation from straightness more than
another in true alignment at ends and 1 in 600 of its length shall not be re-
to ensure even transfer of compression used. For re-used props, suitable
from one unit to another. reduction in the permissible loads shall
be made depending upon their
(xiii) Care shall be taken to ensure that the condition in accordance with
jointing material does not enter the duct recommendations of the manufacturer
or press the sheath against the and as reviewed by Independent
prestressing steel. Engineer.

58
 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

(iv) In case of prestressed concrete (vii) Format for reporting of tests results.

members, the side forms shall be

removed as early as possible and the (b) The Concessionaire shall submit the
soffit forms shall permit movement of following information to Independent Engineer
member without restraint, when for review and comments, if any, regarding
prestress is Form supports and
applied. proposed proprietary system of piling:
forms for cast-in-situ members shall not
be removed until sufficient prestress has (i) Diameter, length and type of pile
been applied to carry all anticipated proposed for the structure;
loads during construction stage.
(ii) General features of the process/system
7.10 Foundations and Sub-structures along with specifications and standards;

7.10.1 The design of foundations and sub- (iii) Authenticated copies of license/
structures shall conform to IRC:78. agreement, if any;

7.10.2 Open Foundations (iv) Details of plant and equipment to be

used along with the names of
The design of open foundations shall conform
manufacturers and name of process/
to IRC:78. Floor protection shall be provided
system;
as per Section 2500 of MOSRTH
Specifications.
(v) Details of projects where the process/
system has been successfully used;
7.10.3 Pile Foundations

(a) The construction of pile foundation in (vi) Limitations, if any;

bridges has been introduced rather recently. The

(vii) Acceptance tests and criteria;
design of pile foundations shall be done as per
specialized literature and IRC:78. The
Concessionaire shall submit a method statement
(viii) Installation & maintenance procedure
and schedule;
to Independent Engineer for review and
comments, if any. The method statement shall
(ix) Performance Warranty
be supported by the following:

7.10.4 Well Foundations

(i) Bore-log details for each foundation;

(ii) Design assumptions; (a) For conventional method of well sinking,

the Concessionaire shall submit a method
(iii) Design calculations both for new pile statement to Independent Engineer for review
or group of piles and for pile type; and comments, if any, including the following :-

(iv) Type of piles- Bored cast-in-situ piles, (i) Design calculations and drawings,
driven piles and girder piles;
(ii) Procedure for sinking and plugging of
(v) Procedure adopted for installation of
well,
piles;

(iii) Format for reporting of test results.

(vi) Arrangements for load testing of piles;

59
IRC:SP:73-2007

(b) If proprietary system of well sinking like 7.12.2 The Concessionaire shall submit the
jack down method is proposed to be used, the Method Statement to Independent Engineer for
Concessionaire shall submit relevant review and comments, if any, indicating the
information to Independent Engineer for review following inter alia:

and comments, if any, covering the following

inter-alia: (i) Sources of materials,

(i) General features of the system along (ii) Design, erection and removal of
with specifications and standards and formwork,
justification for the thickness of steining
(iii) Layout of casting yard together with
proposed to be adopted;
necessary details,

(ii) Authenticated copies of license/

(iv) Production, transportation, laying and
agreement, if any;
curing of concrete,

(iii) Details of plant and equipment to be

(v) Sequence of concreting in cast-in-situ
used along with the names of
construction, side shifting of girders, if
manufacturers and name of process/
applicable and placing of girders on the
system;
bearings,

(iv) Details of projects where the system

(vi) Details of construction joints,
has been successfully used;

(vii) Prestressing system, if required,

(v) Limitations, if any;

(viii) Methodology and equipment for side

(vi) Acceptance tests and criteria;
shifting and launching of pre-cast
girders,
(vii) Installation & maintenance procedure
and schedule; (ix) Key personnel for execution and
supervision,
(viii) Performance Warranty
(x) Testing and sampling procedure,
7.11 Approach Slabs
(xi) Equipment details.
Approach slab shall be provided as per
provision in Clause 217 of IRC: 6 and Section 7.13 Bearings
2700 of MOSRTH Specifications.
7.13.1 All bearings shall be easily accessible
7.12 Superstructures for inspection, maintenance and replacement.
Design and specifications of bearings shall be
7.12.1 The design of reinforced and as per IRC:83 (Part I, II & III). Spherical
prestressed concrete super structures shall be bearings shall conform to the requirements of
as per IRC:21 and IRC: 18 respectively. The BS: 5400. The materials of bearings may,
design of steel and steel-concrete composite however, conform to the relevant BIS codes
super structures shall conform to IRC: 22 and nearest to the specifications specified in BS:
IRC: 24 respectively. 5400. The drawing of bearings shall include

60
 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

the layout plan showing exact location on top manufacturer or to have a major discrepancy
of pier and abutment cap and the type of in material specifications or fail to meet the
bearings i.e. fixed/free/rotational at each acceptance criteria, shall be rejected.
location along with notes for proper installation.
7.14 Expansion Joints
7.13.2 The Concessionaire shall procure
bearings only from the manufacturers approved i) Structures shall have minimum number
by MOSRTH. of expansion joints. This may be
achieved by adopting longer spans,
7.13.3 The Concessionaire shall submit making the superstructure continuous
detailed specifications, designs and drawings or using integrated structures.
including installation drawings and Expansion joints shall conform to IRC:
maintenance manual incorporating the SP:69. The Concessionaire shall furnish
replacement procedure to the Independent guarantee/proprietary indemnity bonds
Engineer for review and comments, if any. from the manufacturers/suppliers of
expansion joints for a period of 10
7.13.4 The Concessionaire shall obtain a years.
complete Quality Assurance Programme (QAP)
from the manufacturer for the review and ii) Rubberized components of expansion
comments, if any, by Independent Engineer. joints of all the existing structures older
The QAP shall give full details of the process than 15 years shall be replaced.
of quality control, raw material testing, various
stages of manufacture, testing on bearing 7.15 Wearing Coat
components as well as testing on complete
bearing in conformity with relevant part of i) The wearing coat shall be cement
IRC:83 prior commencement concrete in case of curved bridges and
to the of
manufacture of the bearings. box girder bridges, in other cases it may
be either bituminous concrete or cement
7.13.5 In addition to the routine testing of the concrete. The wearing coat shall have
materials and bearings at the manufacturer's two directional camber and shall be in
premises, the Concessionaire shall arrange conformity with Section 2700 of
random samples of one per cent
testing of MOSRTH Specifications

(minimum one number of each type) of

bearings from independent agency approved by
ii) Wearing coat in damaged/distressed
Independent Engineer. The bearings shall be condition shall be replaced by
bituminous wearing coat.
selected by Independent Engineer and duly
sealed in his presence for dispatch to the
7.16 Reinforced Earth Retaining
approved independent agency.
Structures

7.13.6 The Concessionaire shall submit a

7.16.1 Reinforced earth retaining structures
certificate of confirmation regarding quality
control measures taken during manufacture of
shall not be provided for height more than 6 m
and near water bodies. Such structures should
the bearings and the material conforming to
be given special attention in design,
the prescribed standards and specifications. Full
construction, maintenance and selection of
lot of bearings of the sample found to have
system/system design.
inferior specifications to those certified by the

61
IRC:SP:73-2007

7.16.2 A qualified and experienced technical specified, in Schedule-B of the Concession

representative of the approved supplier/ Agreement
manufacturer shall be present on site throughout
during the casting and erection phases, to ensure 7.19.2 Road Over Bridge (Road over Railway
that the quality of the works performed by the line)

Concessionaire is in accordance with the

specifications.
(i) In case the bridge is to be provided
over an existing level crossing, 2-lane
7.17 River Training and Protective Works bridges shall be constructed with
overall width as given in sub-para 7.1(i)
River training and protective works shall be of this Section. The horizontal and
provided wherever required, for ensuring the vertical clearances to be provided shall
safety of bridges and their approaches on either be as per requirement of the Railway
side. The special features and design of various authorities.
types of river training and protective works
shall be in accordance with IRC:89. (ii) In general, the Railways require that in

the railway boundary there is no solid

7.18 Safety Barriers embankment, provision is made for
future expansion of railway line,
(i) For bridges without foot paths, concrete
provision of vertical clearances as per
crash barriers shall be provided at the
requirement of electric traction and
edge of the carriageway on all new
excavation for foundations shall be
bridges.
sufficiently away so as not to endanger
the safety of the running tracks.
(ii) The type design for the crash barriers
may be adopted as per IRC:5. The
(iii) The Concessionaire shall be required
design loading for the crash barriers
to obtain approvals of all designs and
shall be as per Clause 209.7 of IRC:6.
drawings from the concerned Railway

(iii) For bridges with foot paths, pedestrian authorities. The design of structure shall

railing shall be provided on the outer be in accordance with relevant IRC

codes.
side of footpath.

(iv) The railings of existing bridges shall (iv) The construction of ROB within the

be replaced by crash barriers, where Railway boundary shall be under the

specified in Schedule-B of the supervision of Railway officers.

Concession Agreement.
(v) Approach gradient shall not be steeper
(v) Parapets/Railings of the existing than 1 in 40.

bridges/culverts to be repaired/replaced
shall be specified in Schedule-B of the 7.19.3 Road under Bridges (Road under
Concession Agreement. Railway line)

7.19 Rail-Road Bridges (i) Full roadway width as in the

approaches shall pass below the bridge
7.19.1 ROB/RUB shall be provided on all structure. The service roads shall be
railway level crossings, unless otherwise continued in the bridge portion also.

62
 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

(ii) The vertical and lateral clearances shall 7.23 Repairs and Strengthening
be as per guidelines given in
Section 2 of this Manual. (i) Repairs and Strengthening of structures to
be carried out shall be specified in Schedule-
(iii) These structures shall be designed to B of the Concession Agreement This shall be

carry railway loads. The Concessionaire based on detailed condition survey of existing
shall be required to obtain approvals of structures and shall bring out the nature and
all designs and drawings from the extent of repairs to be carried out, covering the

concerned railway authorities. The following in addition to other specific

design of structure shall be in requirements:-

accordance with relevant Railway

(a) Repair/replacement of damaged railings
codes.
and parapets, provision of crash
barriers,
(iv) The construction of and RUB its

approaches shall be undertaken in

conformity with the terms specified
the approval granted by the Railway
authorities.
(b) Replacement of wearing coat (old
in
wearing coat shall be removed and
replaced by bituminous wearing coat),

(c) Replacement of expansion joints,

7.20 Grade Separated Road Structures
(d) Replacement of bearings,
7.20.1 The location and type of grade
(e) Structural repairs to substructure/super
separated road structures to be provided on the
structure,
Project Highway shall be as specified in
Schedule-B of the Concession Agreement.
(f) Repair to flooring and protection works.

7.20.2 The vertical and lateral clearances shall

(ii) The Concessionaire shall submit repairs
be as per requirements given in Section 2 of para
and strengthening plan for structures in
this Manual. Design of structures shall conform (i) above to Independent Engineer for review
to the requirements specified in this Manual. and comments, if any. For all other structures
with minor deficiencies, not affecting structural
7.21 Drainage inadequacies, appropriate repair measures may
be proposed and submitted to Independent
An effective drainage system for the bridge
Engineer for review and comments, if any.
deck structure shall be planned and designed
so as to ensure that water from the deck is (iii) work shall be
Strengthening/rehabilitation
taken down to ground level/ drainage courses carried out in accordance with IRC:SP:40 or
by adequate size of drainage spouts and pipes. by any other acceptable method according to
international practice.
7.22 Structures in Marine Environment
(iv) The Concessionaire shall take up repair
Necessary measures/treatments for protecting and widening of existing bridge at a particular

bridges in marine environment shall be as site only after making all arrangement for
specified in Schedule-B of the Concession diversion of traffic so as to ensure that a smooth
Agreement. flow of traffic is maintained. The

63
IRC:SP:73-2007

Concessionaire shall take all precautions to (ii) Hydrological investigation report

guard against any accident of traffic due to including design discharge calculation
such diversion and shall use all necessary road for the bridges, in case of any change
signs, etc. for the purpose. After completion of in the proposed waterway of any bridge
repair and widening of the existing bridge, as specified in para 7.5 above.

temporary works carried out for such diversions

shall be made good by the Concessionaire. (iii) Design and drawings of foundations,
substructure and superstructure of
7.24 Design Report structures.

The Concessionaire shall furnish the design (iv) Detailed report regarding the bridges
report including the following to the whose width is less than the roadway
Independent Engineer for his review and width and the proposal for its

comments, if any. improvement.

(i) Sub surface exploration report as per (v) Any other information relevant to the
IRC:78 as specified in para 7.6 above. design report.

Roadway 12.0

Parapet A r Parapet

Note:
All dimensions are in metres.

Width of culvert at deck level

(Plain/rolling terrain)

2-lane carriageway

Fig. 7.1

64
 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

Roadway 12.0

Crash barrier Crash barrier

Note:
All dimensions are in metres.

Width of bridge (without footpath) at deck level

(Plain/rolling terrain up to 60 m length)

2-lane carriageway

Fig. 7.2

7.5

Carriageway Crash barrier

Crash barrier

Note:
All dimensions are in metres.

Width of bridge at deck level

(Bridges above 60 m length)

2-lane carriageway

Fig. 7.3

65
IRC:SP:73-2007

Total width 12.0

1.5
0.25 1.5 8.5 0.25

Carriageway
Pedestrian Footpath Footpath
Pedestrian
Railing
Railing

Note:
All dimensions are in metres.

Width of bridge at deck level

(Built-up area)

2-lane carriageway with footpath

Fig. 7.4

66
 Section 8

Materials and SpeciHcations

for Structures
 SECTION 8

MATERIALS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR STRUCTURES

8.1 General Engineer for review and comments, if any, the

details pertaining to the product/ process/system

(i) All materials to be used in the structures
covering inter-alia:
shall be in conformity with the IRC/ MOSRTH
Specifications, unless specified otherwise in this (a) General features of the product/process/
Section. If the Concessionaire proposes to use system along with specifications and
any material, which is not covered in IRC/ standards adopted for the product/
MOSRTH Specifications, it shall conform to process/system;
relevant Indian Standards, if there are any, or

to the requirements specified in this Manual. (b) Authenticated copies of license/

Proprietary products proven by international

agreement;

usage in comparable bridge projects, proposed

(c) Name of manufacturer and name of
to be used shall be supported with authenticated
product/process/system;
licensing arrangement with the manufacturer.

(d) Details of projects where the product/

(ii) The Concessionaire shall identify the
process/system has been successfully
proposed sources of materials and submit the
used;
proposal to IE for review and comments, if

any, prior to delivery. If it is found that proposed (e) Limitations, if any;

sources of supply do not produce uniform and

satisfactory products at any time during (f) Acceptance test and criteria;

execution, the Concessionaire shall procure

acceptable materials conforming to the (g) Installation & maintenance procedure
and schedule; and
specifications from other sources.

(h) Performance warranty

(iii) The samples required for review shall be

supplied well in advance, at least 48 hours or

(v) The Concessionaire shall set up a full-
minimum time required for carrying out the
fledged laboratory at site, as per the agreement
relevant tests, whichever is more. Delay in
for testing of all materials and finished
submission of samples shall not be acceptable
products. He shall make arrangements for
as a reason for delay in completion of the
additional/confirmatory testing of any material
works/extension of time for completion.
including imported materials/products for

In case of manufactured items, the which facilities at site laboratory are not
(iv)
available.
Concessionaire shall submit to the Independent

69
 -

IRC:SP:73-2007

8.2 Structural Concrete be duly considered and adopted:

8.2.1 The Concrete for use in structures shall (i) Minimum chloride content in concrete

conform to the provisions in Clauses 302.6 to as specified in IRC:21,

302.9 of IRC:21 and Section 1700 of MOSRTH

(ii) Regular testing of water used for
Specifications. Wherever High Performance
making concrete as per IRC:21,
Concrete (HPC) is proposed to be used, the
same shall conform to the provisions of
(iii) Compatibility testing of admixtures
IRC:SP:70. Sampling and Testing of Concrete
with type of cement,
shall be as per Clause 302.10 of IRC:21.
Acceptance criteria for concrete shall conform (iv) Permeability test for concrete,
to Clause 302.11 of IRC:21. Concrete to be
produced shall conform to the requirements as (v) Testing of aggregates for alkali-sihca

reaction.
specified below.

8.2.2 A dense and well compacted concrete 8.2.4 The mix designs for concrete shall be

provides effective protection against corrosion got reviewed by the Independent Engineer prior

to construction.
of steel in reinforced/prestressed concrete
members. To achieve this, the Concessionaire
8.3 Cement
shall pay special attention to the following

elements, which have a bearing on the Any type of cement specified in IRC:21 may
production of a durable concrete :- be used for the works subject to limitations, if

any, specified therein.

(i) Quality of materials - cement,
aggregate, water and admixtures, both 8.4 Coarse Aggregates
mineral and chemical,
(i) Before the commencement of the works, at

(ii) Mix design, least three samples in accordance with the

procedure laid down in IS: 2430 shall be taken
(iii) Mixing and placing of concrete -
for each quarry source to ascertain the quality,
Concrete shall preferably be produced
suitabihty and fitness of the available material
in a mixing and batching plant,
for use in the works. Fresh tests shall be

(iv) Vibration and compaction, conducted, in case there is any change in the

source or the type of rock being quarried. The

(V) Curing, proposal, along with a copy of test reports,

shall be submitted to the Independent Engineer

(vi) Cover to reinforcement/tendons, and
for review and comments, if any.

(vii) Detailing.
(ii) Aggregate having more than 0.5% of

8.2.3 The following points are also important

sulphate as SO^ with water absorption more

in production of durable concrete, which shall

than 2% of its own weight shall not be used.

70
 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

(iii) In case of doubt, the alkali-aggregate to the Independent Engineer for review and
reactivity shall be tested in accordance with comments, if any.

IS: 2386 (Part 6). Coarse aggregates having

8.7 Chemical Admixtures
positive alkali-silica reaction (ASR) shall not

be used.
8.7.1 Chemical Admixtures are proprietary
items and shall be obtained only from reputed
(iv) The maximum value of flakiness index
manufacturers with proven track record, quality
for coarse aggregates shall not exceed 35
assurance and full-fledged laboratory facilities
percent.
for manufacture and testing.

8.5 Sand/Fine Aggregates

8.7.2 The following guidelines shall be

(i) All fine aggregates shall conform to IS:383 followed in their selection and use of the

and tests for conformity shall be carried out as admixtures :-

per IS:2386 (Part I to VIII). The fineness

(i) The chemical admixtures shall comply
modulus of fine aggregates shall be between
with IS: 9103 and meet the
2.0 and 3.5.
requirements stipulated in Clause 5.5

(ii) Before the commencement of the works, of IS:456.

at least three samples as per IS: 2430 shall be

(ii) The admixtures generating hydrogen or
taken for each quarry source, to ascertain the
nitrogen or containing nitrates,
quality, suitability and fitness of the available
sulphides, sulphates, or any other
material for use in the works and the proposal
material liable to affect the
along with a copy of test reports shall be
reinforcement/embedments or concrete
submitted to the Independent Engineer for
shall not be used.
review and comments, if any.

(iii) Compatibility of admixture with the

(iii) Fine aggregates having positive alkali-
cement being used shall be tested before
silica reaction shall not be used.
actual use in the works. The test shall

be repeated in case of change of type

8.6 Water
or grade or source of cement.

(i) Water for use in the works for mixing and

(iv) Admixtures shall not impair the
curing shall be in conformity with Clause 302.4
durability of concrete. They shall not
of IRC:21.
combine with the ingredients to form

(ii) Water from each source shall be tested harmful compounds or endanger the

before the start of works and thereafter every protection of reinforcement against

three months and after each monsoon, till the corrosion.

completion of the works and proposal along

(v) The packing of admixtures shall clearly
with a copy of test reports shall be submitted
indicate the name of the manufacturer/

71
IRC:SP:73-2007

supplier, brand name (name of the (x) Shelf life, maximum and minimum
product), date of production and expiry, temperature for storage, precautions to

batch/ identification number. be taken while mixing and any other

instructions for use.
8.7.3 The Concessionaire shall obtain a

Certificate from manufacturer/supplier and 8.7.4 In addition to conforming to the

submit to the Independent Engineer for review requirements of IS:9103, the proposed

and comments, if any. The Certificate shall admixture shall also satisfy the following

include the following information concerning conditions;

the proposed admixture;

(i) "Plasticisers" and "Super-Plasticisers"
shall meet the requirements indicated
(i) Normal dosage with permissible range
for "Water reducing Admixtures".
as a percentage of weight of cement
and adverse effects, if any, of over and (ii) The chloride content of the admixture
under dosage. shall not exceed 0.2 per cent by weight
of admixture when tested in accordance
(ii) Chemical names of main ingredients.
with IS:6925.

(iii) Chloride content, if any, expressed as a

(iii) Except where resistance to freezing and
percentage by weight of the admixture.
thawing and to disruptive action of

deicing salts is necessary, the air content

(iv) Values of dry material content with
of freshly mixed concrete in accordance
relative density of the admixture, which
with the pressure method given in
can be used for Uniformity Tests.
IS: 1199 shall not be more than 2
(v) pH value and colour. percent higher than that of the
corresponding control mix and in any
(vi) Whether or not the proposed admixture case, not higher than 3 percent of the
leads to the entrainment of air when test mix.
used as per the manufacturer's
(iv) Uniformity tests on the admixtures are
recommended dosage and if so, to what
essential to compare qualitatively the
extent.
composition of different samples taken
(vii) Where two or more admixtures are from batch to batch or from same batch
proposed to be used in any one mix, at different times. The tests that shall

confirmation as to their compatibility. be performed along with permissible

variations over the values stated by the
(viii) Confirmation that there is no risk of
manufacturer are given below;
corrosion of reinforcement or other
embedments. • Dry within 3 percent and

Material 5 percent of liquid and

(ix) Latest date of test and name of the Content: solid admixture
laboratory. respectively.

72
 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

• Ash within 1 percent of the acceptance tests prior to actual use on works.
Content: value stated by the Guidance may be taken from BS:4447. The
manufacturer. modulus of elasticity value, as per acceptance
tests, shall conform to the design value, which
• Relative within 2 percent shall be within a range not more than 5 per
Density: cent between the maximum and the minimum.
(for liquid admixtures)
8.8.2 Reinforcement/Untensioned Steel
(v) All tests relating to the concrete
(i) All reinforcing steel for use in works, shall
admixtures shall be conducted
be procured from original producers or their
periodically at an independent
authorized agents.
laboratory and compared with the data

furnished by the manufacturer.

(ii) Only new steel shall be brought to the site.

Every bar shall be inspected before assembling

8.8 Steel
on the work and defective, brittle or burnt bars

8.8.1 Steel for Pre stressing shall be discarded. Cracked ends of bars shall
be cut before use.
(i) The prestressing steel shall be of any of the
(iii) All reinforcement shall be free from loose
following types:
rust and coats of paints, oil, mud or any other

(a) Plain hard drawn steel wire confonning substances, which may destroy or reduce bond.

to IS:1785 (Part-I) and IS:1785 The reinforcement bars bent and fixed in

(Part- II), position shall be free from loose rust or scales,

coats of paints, oil, mud or chloride

(b) Cold drawn indented wire conforming contamination and other corrosion products.
to IS:6003, Where cleaning of corroded portions is

required, effective method of cleaning such as

(c) High tensile steel bar conforming to
sand blasting or other method shall be
IS:2090,
submitted to the Independent Engineer for prior
review and comments, if any.
(d) Uncoated stress relieved strand
conforming to IS: 6006, and 8.8.3 Steel for Bearings

(e) Uncoated stress relieved low relaxation Mild steel, high tensile steel, cast steel, steel

steel conforming to IS: 14268. forgings, and stainless steel shall conform to

the provisions contained in clause 925.1 of

(ii) Data in respect of modulus of elasticity,
IRC:83 (Part III).
relaxation loss at 1000 hours, minimum
ultimate tensile strength, stress-strain curve etc. 8.8.4 Structural Steel

shall be obtained from the manufacturers.

All structural steel, castings and forgings,
Prestressing steel shall be subjected to
fasteners (bolts, nuts, washers and rivets),

73
IRC:SP:73-2007

welding consumables, wire ropes and cables after review by the Independent Engineer shall
shall conform to the provisions of Clauses not be used in the works and shall be removed
505.1.2, 505.2, 505.3, 505.4 and 505.6 of from site by the Concessionaire at his cost.

IRC: 24 respectively. Such materials shall not be made acceptable

by any modifications.
8.9 Storage of Materials
8.10 Reports to be submitted
All materials shall be stored at proper places
so as to prevent their deterioration or intrusion The Concessionaire shall submit test results of

of foreign matter and to ensure the preservation all materials and finished products proposed to

of their quality and fitness for the work. Any be used in the Project Highway, as specified in

material which has deteriorated or has been the QC documents, to the Independent Engineer
damaged or is otherwise considered defective for review and comments, if any.

74
 Section 9

Traffic Control Devices and

Road Safety Works
 SECTION 9

TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND

ROAD SAFETY WORKS

9.1 General a semi-permanent marking and provide

improved visibility during night time and wet-
(i) Traffic control devices shall comprise
weather conditions. These shall be either reflex
of traffic signs, road markings, safety
lens type or solid white beads. These shall be
barriers, pedestrian railings, etc.
provided at hazardous locations and while
Guidelines given in IRC:35, IRC:67
approaching important intersections, to
and Section 800 of the MOSRTH
supplement the paint or thermoplastic line
Specifications shall be followed in
markings and road stretches passing through
adopting appropriate road markings and
municipal areas or village settlements and
traffic signs, unless otherwise specified
habitations.
in this Section.

9.3 Road Signs

(ii) The Concessionaire shall also follow
the guidelines and suggestions
There are three types of road signs viz.,
stipulated in the MOSRTH "Manual for
mandatory/regulatory signs, cautionary/
Safety in Road Design", while
warning signs, and informatory signs. Locations
designing, constructing, operating and
of signs shall conform to IRC: 67 and Section
maintaining the two-lane highway.
800 of MOSRTH Specifications.

9.2 Road Markings

9.3.1 Sheeting
All road markings shall conform to IRC: 35.
Road markings shall comprise of carriageway The retro-reflective sheeting shall be used on
markings such as longitudinal markings on the signs. The sheeting shall be weather-
intersections, hazardous locations, parking, etc. resistant and show colourfastness. It shall be

and object markings such as object within the new and unused and shall show no evidence of
carriageway, adjacent to carriageway and cracking, scaling, pitting, blistering, edge lifting

marking on kerbs. or curling and shall have negligible shrinkage

or expansion. A certificate of having tested the
9.2.1 Material sheeting for these properties in an unprotected
outdoor exposure facing the sun for two years
(i) Hot applied thermoplastic paint with
and its having passed these tests shall be
glass beads shall be used as carriageway
obtained from a reputed laboratory by the
marking materials.
manufacturer of the sheeting and shall be
(ii) Road marking paint conforming to provided for review and comments, if any, of

IS: 164 shall be used for object the Independent Engineer. The reflective
markings. sheeting shall be of High Intensity Grade with
encapsulated lens or with micro prismatic retro-
9.2.2 Raised Pavement Markers ( Cat's Eyes): reflective element material as specified by the
Government. The retro-reflective surface after
The cat's eyes or road studs are used to form

77
IRC:SP:73-2007

cleaning with soap and water and in dry cut-outs. Screen-printing shall be processed and
condition shall have the minimum co-efficient finished with materials and in a manner
of retro-reflection (determined in accordance specified by the sheeting manufacturers.
with ASTM Standard D 4956-04) as indicated
m Tables 9.1 and 9.2. For screen-printed transparent coloured areas
on white sheeting, the co-efficient of retro-

9.3.2 Messages/Borders reflection shall not be less than 50% of the

values of corresponding colour in Tables 9.1
The messages (legends, letters, numerals etc.) and 9.2.
and borders shall either be screen-printed or of

Table 9.1: Acceptable Minimum High Intensity Grade

Coefficient of Retro-Reflection for
Sheeting (Encapsulated Lens Type) (Candelas Per Lux Per Square Metre)

Observation Entrance White^ Yellow* Green'^ Red* Blue*

Angle Angle

0.1°"^ -4° 300 200 54 54 24

0.1°^ -h30° 180 120 32 32 14

0.2° -4° 250 170 45 45 20

0.2° -f-30° 150 100 25 25 11

0.5° -4° 95 62 15 15 7.5

1
0.5° +30° 65 45 10 10 5.0

Minimum Coefficient of Retro-reflection (RJ (cd-lx 'm ')

^ Value for 0.1° observation angles are supplementary requirements that shall apply only when specified by the purchaser
in the contract or order.

Table 9.2: Acceptable Minimum High Intensity Micro-

Coefficient of Retro- Reflection for
Prismatic Grade Sheeting (Candelas Per Lux Per Square Metre)

Observation Entrance White* Yellow* Green* Red* Blue* Fluorescent Fluorescent Fluorescent
Angle Angle Yellow- Yellow* Orange*
Green*

0.1°B -4° 70 42 400 300 150

500 380 90

0.1°"^ -h30° 240 175 32 42 20 185 140 70

0.2° -4° 360 270 50 65 30 290 220 105

0.2° +30° 170 135 25 30 14 135 100 50

0.5° -4° 150 110 21 27 13 120 90 45

0.5° +30° 72 54 10 13 6 55 40 22

Minimum Coefficient of Retro-reflection {RJ (cd-lx 'm -)

" Value for 0. 1 obserx'ation angles are supplementary requirements that shall apply only when specified by the purchaser in
the contract or order

78
 TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND ROAD SAFETY WORKS

Cut out messages and borders, wherever used, tack free adhesive activated by heat applied in
shall be made out of retro-reflective sheeting a heat-vacuum applicator, in a manner
(as per para 9.3.1), except those in black, which recommended by the sheeting manufacturer.
shall be non-reflective as specified by the The adhesive shall be protected by an easily
manufacturer. The cutouts shall be bonded removable liner (removable by peeling without
properly with the base sheeting in the manner soaking in water or other solvent) and shall be
specified by the manufacturer. suitable for the type of material of the base
plate used for the sign. The adhesive shall form
9.3.3 Colour Scheme a durable bond to smooth corrosion and weather
resistant surface of the base plate such that it

(i) Unless specified otherwise, the general shall not be possible to remove the sheeting
colour scheme shall be in accordance from the sign base in one piece by use of sharp
with IRC:67, the colours shall be as instrument. In case of pressure sensitive
stipulated in IS:5 "Colour for Ready adhesive sheeting, the sheeting shall be applied
Mixed Paints". in accordance with the manufacturer's
specifications. Sheeting with adhesives
(ii) The colours shall be durable and requiring use of solvents or other preparation
uniform when seen in daylight or under for adhesive shall be applied strictly in
normal headlights at night. accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

(iii) Direction, destination and plate 9.3.5 Installation

identification signs shall have green
background and white messages The sign posts, their foundations and sign
(legends, letters, numerals, etc.) and mountings shall be so constructed as to hold
borders. them in a proper and permanent position against
the normal storm wind loads. Normally, signs
(iv) Colour scheme for facility information with an area upto 0.9 sqm shall be mounted on
signs, other useful information signs a single post, and for greater area two or more
and parking signs shall conform to the supports shall be provided. Sign supports may
provisions contained in IRC:67. In be of mild steel (MS), reinforced concrete or
respect of informatory signs, the Galvanized Iron (GI). Post end(s) shall be
messages/borders shall either be screen- means of properly
firmly fixed to the ground by
printed or of cutouts, while for warning designed foundation. The work of foundation
and regulatory signs, these shall be shall conform to relevant IRC/CPWD/PWD

screen-printed. Specifications.

(v) Clustering and proliferation of road All components of signs and supports, other

signs shall be avoided for enhancing than the reflective portion and GI posts shall

their effectiveness. be thoroughly descaled, cleaned, primed and

painted with two coats of epoxy paint. Any
9.3.4 Adhesives part of MS post below ground shall be painted
with three coats of red lead paint.
The sheeting shall either have a pressure-
sensitive adhesive of the aggressive tack The signs shall be fixed to the posts by welding
requiring no heat, solvent or other preparation in the case of steel posts and by bolts and
for adhesion to a smooth clean surface, or a washers of suitable size in the case of reinforced

79
IRC:SP:73-2007

concrete or GI posts. After the nuts have culverts, pipes and headwalls, cut slopes,
been tightened, the tails of the bolts shall be retaining walls, lighting supports, traffic signs
furred over with a hammer to prevent and signal supports, trees and utility poles.

removal.
9.4.2 Types of Roadside Safety Barriers
Important informatory signs such as
approaching important locations, like Toll There are broadly three types of longitudinal
Plaza, major town shall be mounted on gantries, roadside safety barriers:
in the form of overhead signs.

(a) Flexible type (like wire-rope fencing)

9.3.6 Warranty and Durability

(b) Semi Rigid type, hke

The Concessionaire shall obtain from the
manufacturer a seven year warranty for
(i) "W beam type steel barriers
satisfactory field performance including
stipulated retro-reflectance of the retro-
(ii) Thrie beam type steel barriers
reflective sheeting of high intensity grade and
submit the same to the Independent Engineer
These steel barriers are of strong post type and
for review and comments, if any.
usually remain functional after moderate
collisions, thereby eliminating the need for
9.4. Roadside Safety Barriers
immediate repair.

There are two types of safety barriers viz.,

longitudinal roadside safety barriers and median (c) Rigid type (like concrete crash barriers)

safety barriers.
9.4.3 Roadside Steel Barriers
9.4.1 Warrants
(i) Design Aspects: The "W" beam type
The longitudinal roadside barriers are basically safety barrier consists of a steel post
meant two types of roadside hazards
to shield and 3 mm thick
"W" beam rail element
i.e. embankments and roadside obstacles and which is spaced away from the posts.
also for preventing the vehicles veering off the The spacer minimizes vehicular
sharp curves. The warrants for a fill section in snagging and reduces the likelihood of
terms of the height and slope needing protection a vehicle vaulting over the barrier. The
with roadside barriers are shown in Fig.9.1. steel posts and the blocking out spacer
The barrier is not warranted for embankment shall both be channel section of 75 mm
having a fill slope of 3: 1 or flatter. The warrants X 150 mm size and 5mm thick. The
for roadside objects are mainly dependent upon rail shall be 700 mm above ground level
the type of obstacle and the probability of their and posts shall be spaced 2 m center to
being hit. A barrier shall be installed only if center. Typical details are shown in Fig.

the result of vehicle striking the barrier is likely 9.2.

to be less severe than the severity of accident

resulting from the vehicle impacting the The thrie beam safety barrier shall have
unshielded obstacle. Some of the commonly posts and spacers similar to the ones
encountered roadside obstacles are bridge piers, mentioned above for "W" beam type.
abutments and railing ends, roadside rock mass. The rail shall be placed 850 mm above

80
 TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND ROAD SAFETY WORKS

the ground level. This barrier has higher Table 9.3 : Flare Rates
initial cost than the "W" beam type but
is less prone to damages due to vehicle Flare Rates
collisions especially for shallow angle
Design speed Rigid Semi-rigid
impacts. Typical details of thrie beam km barriers
in barriers
barrier are shown in Fig. 9.3.
npr hour

The "W" beam, the thrie beam, the 100 17-1 1^.1
posts spacers and fasteners for steel
80 1 1 111
barriers shall be galvanized by hot dip
process. 11:1 9:1

50 8:1 7:1
End treatment for steel barrier: An
untreated end of the roadside barrier 40 8:1 7:1
can be hazardous, if hit, because the
30 8:1 7:1
barrier beam can penetrate the
passenger compartment and cause the
The posts in the end treatment should
impact vehicle to stop abruptly. End
have the same cross sections as
treatments should therefore form an
provided in the main barrier.
integral part of safety barriers. End
treatment should not spear vault or roll
At road cross-sections in cutting or if
a vehicle for head-on or angled impacts.
the road transitions from cut to fill, the
The two end treatments recommended
safety barriers can be anchored in back
for steel barriers are "Turned down
slopes. The back slope covering the
guardrail and Anchored in back slope".
anchored portion of the barrier should
be graded flat wi-th side slopes
Turned down guardrails have the "W"
preferably not steeper than 10:1. The
or thrie sections, reduced from full
anchored portion should develop a
height to ground level, with a gentle
tensile strength in the rail element to
slope over a distance of 8 to 9 m. The
prevent the rail from pulling out of the
turned down rail is intended to collapse
anchorage. The barrier can also be
on impact, allowing the vehicle to pass
anchored in an earth berm specially
over it without becoming airborne or
constructed for this purpose, provided
unstable. In order to locate the barrier
the new berm itself is not a hazard to
terminal away from the travelled way
The earth berm should be
the traffic.
and to minimize driver's reaction to a
made impervious to erosion.
hazard near the road, by gradually
introducing a parallel barrier installation
(iii) Placement: Placement recommend-
or to transition a roadside barrier nearer
ations determine the exact layout of the
the roadway, such as a bridge parapet
barrier and should be made keeping in
or a railing, the turned down rail should
view the lateral offset of the barrier
be flared away from the roadway.
and flare rate. The final layout shall be
Suggested flare rates depend upon the
a site-specific combination of these
design speed and the type of barrier
factors. The barriers should be as far
(Table 9.3).
away from the traffic as possible and

81
IRC:SP:73-2007

should preferably have uniform overturning of the vehicles.

clearance between the traffic and the
hazard. The concrete barrier may be pre-cast
in lengths up to 6 m, depending upon
As far as possible, the safety barrier the feasibility of transport and lifting
should be placed beyond 2.5 m of the arrangements. Concrete grade for the
travelled way. For long and continuous be leaner than M30.
barriers should not

stretches, this offset is not critical. The The minimum thickness of foundations
distance between the barrier and the shall be 25 mm cement concrete or hot
hazard should not be less than the mix asphalt placed at the base of barrier,
deflection of the barrier by an impact to provide lateral restraint. Where more
of a full sized vehicle. In case of than 75 mm thick overlay on the road
embankments, a minimum distance of pavement is anticipated, the foundation
600 mm should be maintained between step may be increased to 125 mm.
the barrier and the start of embankment However, longitudinal roadside
slope of a hazard to prevent the wheels concrete barrier should have elaborate
from dropping over the edge. Typical footing design which is structurally
details are shown in Fig. 9.4. safe, unless sufficient earth support is

available.
Flatter flare rates may be used,
particularly where extensive grading (ii) End Treatment: Safety barrier shall be
would be required to ensure a flat provided with an end treatment, which
approach from the travelled way, shall be obtained by tapering the height
subject to the availability of right of of terminating end of the median barrier
way. within a length of 8 m to 9 m.

9.4.4 Roadside Concrete Barriers (iii) Placement: Placement recommend-

ations for roadside steel barriers, given
(i) Design Aspects: Roadside concrete in para 9.4.3 above, are applicable to
safety barriers are rigid barriers having concrete barriers as well.
a sloped front face and a vertical back
face. The recommended designs of the 9.4.5 General
cast in-situ and pre-cast barriers are
shown in Figs. 9.5 and 9.6 respectively. (i) Raised curbs or drains shall not be
Based on evaluation of vehicle provided between the travelled way and
direction, sight distance, structural the barriers. These destabilize the
stability and the psychological effect vehicle balance and disturb its
of barrier height on driver reaction, the equilibrium before it strikes the barrier,

most desirable height of the median thus defeating the essential purpose of

barrier is 800 mm. Variations upto 50 safety and redirection of the impacting
mm in height of barrier can be made in vehicle.

the total height of the barrier to meet

the site requirements. (ii) In rural situations, both the roadside
It is, however,
important to maintain the height of and the median barriers shall preferably

be Concrete barriers shall

lower slope between 200 mm and 350 steel barriers.

mm so as to reduce the chances of be preferred in urban situations.

82
 TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND ROAD SAFETY WORKS

9.5 Safety during Construction (ii) The crust composition shall be of 150
mm GSB + 150 mm WBM + 20 mm
Widening of an existing road requires special Mixed Seal Surfacing.
attention to traffic diversion, traffic
management and road safety. A proper Traffic 9.6 Design Report
Management Plan during construction shall be
The Concessionaire shall submit proposals for
formulated by the Concessionaire as per
traffic control devices and road safety works
guidelines given in IRC:SP:55 and submitted
together with drawings and details to the
to the Independent Engineer for review and
Independent Engineer for review and
comments, if any. The Traffic Management Plan
comments, if any. The proposals shall include:
during construction shall be put in place before
the start of any construction activity. (i) Details covering type, location, material
specifications, installation details and
The execution of work shall be so planned that the requisite warranties for satisfactory
the inconvenience to the traffic is minimal. The field performance (as applicable) in
temporary diversion, where constructed, shall respect of road signs, road markings
conform to the following minimum standards: and roadside safety barriers;

(i) Width of diversion road shall be equal (ii) Traffic Management Plan during
to the width of the existing carriageway construction in accordance with the

but not less than 5.5 m. requirement specified in para 9.5 above.

83
 IRC:SP:73-2007

Fill section

Fill section height (m)

Fig. 9.1 : Warrants for roadside barriers on embankments

84
 TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND ROAD SAFETY WORKS

75x150x5 Channel section

io

3
y
J
J
CT)

o
o

^ 3 mm Thick

o
o
oo

Note:
All dimensions are in mm.

Fig. 9.2 : Typical details of "W" beam section

85
 Thrie beam back-up
plate (At posts where
thrie-beam splice
does not occur)

Post and block

75x150x5
channel section

-1

Note:
All dimensions are in mm.

Fig. 9.3 : Typical details of thrie beam section

 TRAFHC CONTROL DEVICES AND ROAD SAFETY WORKS

600 mm minimum
desirable

< wJA^JA^JWJWJl
ry ^ ,v iv,Viiy I I I I I I I I I I I I
|

Fig. 9.4 : Recommended barrier placement

87
IRC:SP:73-2007

oo ir:

098 01 018

88
 TRAFHC CONTROL DEVICES AND ROAD SAFETY WORKS

t3

1
< T3
(U
s

3
O

CO
S in 73
CM

o o Q .S

03
c ^
Q O
Z -H (T-j

o
o
o pa

-N-
't

U
U CZ5
o c

E
—N-

Q
00
c
in
X 'o
CI,

.S >

H
o

89
 Section 10

Toll Plazas
 SECTION 10

TOLL PLAZAS

10.1 General Concessionaire to procure the same on behalf

of the Government.
The Concessionaire shall provide required
number of Toll Plazas for collection of toll as 10.4 Lay out and design of Toll Plaza
per the Concession Agreement. The fee
collection system shall be speedy, efficient and 10.4.1 Stage construction of Toll Plaza in

user friendly. The design of the Toll Plazas

respect of number of toll lanes shall be allowed.

should be such that they are aesthetically However, other structures as envisaged in the

pleasing and efficient and the fee collection Concession Agreement shall be provided at the

staff should be quick, courteous and adequately initial stage itself

trained before deployment.

10.4.2 General Lay Out

10.2 Location of Toll Plaza

(i) Lane width = 3.2 m in general and 4.1

The location of Toll Plaza shall be indicated in

m for oversize vehicles.

Schedule-C of the Concession Agreement.

(ii) Median (a) Width = 1.8 m (b) Length
Their locations shall be decided keeping in view
= 50 m
the following factors:

(iii) Transition - 1 in 10 may be provided

(i) Land availability,
from two-lane section to the widened
width at Toll Plaza on either side.
(ii) Stream of traffic on Toll Plaza,
(iv) Provision for future expansion: The
(iii) Visibility for the approaching traffic,
office building shall be located taking
into consideration the future expansion.
(iv) Reasonably away from road
intersections and/or rail crossings, Typical layout plan of 2+2 Toll Plaza is given
in Fig. 10.1.
(v) Free from risk of flooding and
submergence, etc. 10.4.3 Number of Lanes at Toll Plaza

10.3 Land for Toll Plaza The number of lanes at the Toll Plaza in initial
stage should be corresponding to the forecast
Adequate land for Toll Plaza shall be acquired traffic for at least 5 years.
to permit the provision of a minimum number
of 8 toll lanes including all other buildings and Forecast traffic - Forecast traffic in terms of
structures to be accommodated at the Toll Plaza vehicles/day for the
location. Land shall be acquired by the vehicles classified under
Government at its own cost. However, the tollable category. Non-
Government may, if so specified, require the tollable vehicles need not

93
IRC:SP:73-2007

be considered for facilities shall be provided:

calculation of number of
toll lanes, as they would (i) The staff posted at the counters shall

be allowed to pass through be provided with sufficient equipment

a separate lane. and small denomination notes/coins at

the start of each shift.

Peak hour factor - Percentage of traffic
travelling during peak (ii) Intercom facility shall be provided
hour to average daily between booths and the office of the
traffic. Supervisors.

The number of toll lanes for the Toll Plaza (iii) If any booth is closed for any reason,
may be derived using Table 10.1. incoming traffic shall be guided into

Table 10.1 : Number of toll lanes in each direction

(Semi Automatic toll gates)

Forecast Traffic Peak Hour Factor

(in vehicles/day) total
of both directions 6% 7% 8% 9%
Less than 7,000 2 2 2 2

7,000-12,000 2 2 3 3

More than 12,000 3 3 4 4

10.4.4 If at any time, the queue of vehicles the adjoining working booth with the
becomes so large that the waiting time of the help of appropriate signs.
user exceeds three minutes, the number of toll

lanes shall be increased so that the maximum (iv) The entire fee collection complex shall

waiting time is brought down to less than three be adequately guarded.

minutes.
10.4.6 Vehicle Counting Classifier (VCS) Unit
10.4.5 Toll Collection System
Each lane shall be equipped with micro-
A minimum semi-automatic system for toll controller based vehicle counting and classifier

collection shall be adopted. In this system, the and battery backup to collect data in the case

collection of tolls and recording data would be of power failure.

made through electronic equipment. Within a
period of 5 years from COD, 10.5 Toll Booths
at least one booth
for either side traffic shall be upgraded to toll
Toll booths may be provided of prefabricated
collection with the help of smart card.
materials or of brick masonry. The toll booths

For smooth and efficient functioning of toll

shall have adequate space for seating of toll

collector, computer, printer, cash box, etc. It

collection, the following arrangements/

94
 TOLL PLAZAS

should have provision for Hght, fan and air road markings for the Toll Plaza area shall
conditioning. The typical details of toll booth consist of lane markings, diagonals, chevron
are given in Fig. 10.2. markings. Single centre line is provided at the

centre of carriageway at toll gate to demarcate

10.6 Road works each service lane. Diagonal markings for central
traffic island and chevron markings at side
Vehicles are required to decelerate while
traffic island shall be provided to guide the
entering the toll lane, stop for payment and
approaching and separating traffic.
then accelerate and merge in the main line
traffic of the highway. All these operations of
10.8.2 The road markings shall be in
vehicles at Toll Plaza are prone to oil/POL
accordance with provision of IRC:35.
spillage on the surface, which may have cut-
Thermoplastic paint with reflective glass beads
back action on bituminous surface. Therefore,
shall be used as road marking material. Typical
concrete pavement would be preferred in the
details of road markings at Toll Plaza are given
Toll Plaza area including tapering zone, from in Fig 10.9.
durability and long term serviceability
consideration. The rigid pavement shall be 10.9 Toll Plaza Complex
designed as per IRC:58. For this work, use of
paver shall not be insisted. 10.9.1 The size of the office complex depertds
on the minimum requirement of facilities such
10.7 Traffic Signs as toilet, bathroom, store, rest room, traffic aid

post, medical aid post, etc. All these depend on

10.7.1 A well thought out strategy should be
the size of Toll Plaza and may vary as per the
evolved for providing traffic signs at the Toll
need of a particular location/ area.
Plaza, in accordance with IRC: 67.

10.9.2 The following facilities shall be

10.7.2 Signs should be placed along the
provided at Toll Plaza complex :-
Project Highway, roadway of Toll Plaza to
guide and render assistance to the drivers
(i) Office complex with toilet, bathroom
approaching Toll Plaza. It is necessary to
and rest room.
remind the driver about the existence of Toll
Plaza one km ahead with a repeater sign (ii) Traffic aid post (refer Section- 13)
500 m ahead. Stop sign shall always be used in
combination with certain road markings such (iii) Medical aid post (refer Section- 13)
as stop line and the word 'STOP' marked on
the pavement. 10.10 Check/Barrier Gate

10.7.3 The Toll Plaza sign should be A boom barrier is generally placed at the exit
supplemented by the sign advising the users of of each lane to avoid passing of any vehicle
the notified toll rates for various types of without payment of toll. Electrically operated

vehicles. Typical details of road signs required barrier gates shall be used.

for toll purpose are given in Figs. 10.3 to 10.8.

10.11 Lighting
10.8 Road Markings
10.11.1 The Toll Plaza complex shall have
10.8.1 The road markings shall be in continuous and reliable electric supply system
accordance with Section 9 of this Manual. The for efficient functioning.

95
IRC;SP:73-2007

10.11.2 Interior Lighting movement of vehicles.

The toll booths and facility building office shall 10.11.5 Highway Lighting
be illuminated adequately. Indoor lighting
should be with fluorescent lamps. Lighting Lighting in 100 m length on both side
should be provided in such a manner that glare approaches of Toll Plaza shall be provided to
is avoided or minimised. The level of enhance the safety on highway and to make
illumination shall be 200 to 300 Lux as per the drivers conscious of their approaching the

IS:3646 (Part II). toll gate.

10.11.3 Exterior Lighting 10.11.6 Canopy Lighting

Lighting of the Toll Plaza is important for A higher level of illumination upto 100 Lux by
enhancing the night visibility. The lighting providing 150-watt metal halide lamps shall
system shall consist of the following major be provided at the toll gate and at toll booth
components: locations. 1000-watt halogen lamps shall be
provided at the selected nodes of space frame
(i) High Mast lighting. of the canopy to ensure uniform illumination
of the area.
(ii) Lighting on both side approaches to the
Toll Plaza. 10.12 Water Supply

(iii) Canopy lighting of complex. Adequate water supply shall be provided. For
working out water requirement and internal
(iv) Back up arrangement in case of power drainage system, reference may be made to
failure. IS: 1172, IS:5339 and IS: 1742.

(v) Highway lighting around Toll Plaza. 10.13 Fire Fighting System

10.11.4 High Mast Lighting For protection of the Toll Plaza complex against
fire hazards, adequate fire protection
IS: 1944 (Part I & II) recommends 30 Lux of arrangements shall be made.
average illumination on road surface and ratio
of minimum to average illumination as' 0.4. 10.14 Report to be submitted
Normal low light poles are not able to give the

required lighting conditions. It is, therefore, The design and layout of Toll Plaza complex,
necessary to install high mast. The 30 m height including all facilities shall be submitted to the
of the mast is considered suitable to have Independent Engineer for review and
uniform spread of desired level of illumination comments, if any.
in the Toll Plaza area for frequent and safe

96
TOLL PLAZAS

97
IRC:SP:73-2007

98
 2 -

TOLL PLAZAS

X)
^

E
o C/2

a 2 ^
OJ
oc c -o
o c aj 03
O O > o
- (/3

c
t2 IS-
'-5 ii;
,o ,o
dj
S
« — ±3 c c <u
Q. c o —
E ii
o
a
Q.
.o ,o o o OX) "O Of

c c c _ J-
C3
(U
OJ) 00 oo
g >
^y: yj
'•5 '-5 -o XI X) o
U. 1^ CD
(U
00 > U

5/5

c
O
-a

e2

99
IRC:SP:73-2007

100
TOLL PLAZAS
IRC:SP:73-2007

102
TOLL PLAZAS

103
IRC:SP:73-2007

in/

Note:
All dimensions are in mm.

Fig. 10.8 : Recommended sign layout for toll rates (side mounted)

104
TOLL PLAZAS

105
 Section 11

Roadside Furniture
 SECTION 11

ROADSIDE FURNITURE

11.1 General 11.4 Roadside Railings / Pedestrian

Guard Rails
Roadside furniture shall be provided as per
details given in this Section. 11.4.1 Pedestrian Guard Rails

11.2 Road Boundary Stones (RBS) (i) Pedestrian guardrails are an important
design element to prevent
Road boundary stones shall be provided at the indiscriminate crossing and spilling

boundary on both sides of the right of way over of pedestrians on to the

available under the control of the Government. carriageway. Their judicious use can

These shall be spaced at 200 m. The boundary help to ensure that pedestrians cross

stones shall be of cement concrete as per Type the highway at predetermined and safe

Design given in IRC:25. The boundary stones locations.

shall be painted with cement primer and enamel

paint and marked 'RBS' by paint.
As the guardrails would confine the
movement of pedestrians to the
footpath, obligatory that sufficient
11.3 Kilometre and 200 m Stones
it is

width of footpath be made available

for the use of pedestrians.
(i) The Km and 200 m stones shall be
provided on one side of the Project
(ii) Design: The design shall be such that
Highway. The side of the road on which
the guardrails are neat and simple in
such stones will be provided, shall be
appearance. The height of guardrail
decided by the Government.
shall be 1.2 m from footpath level. The
visibility of the approaching vehicles
(ii) The design and specifications of by the pedestrians as well as the
Kilometre stone shall conform to visibility of the pedestrians by the
IRC:8. The matter to be written on drivers of the approaching vehicles
various Kilometre stones and the shall be adequate. The railings shall not
pattern thereof, shall be as specified in
have any thick horizontal member,
IRC:8. other than the baluster to achieve the
desired objective.
(iii) 200 m stones shall be provided at every
200 m distance. The design and Pedestrian guardrails may be of
specification of 200 m stone shall reinforced cement concrete, iron tubes,
conform to IRC: 26. The matter to be steel channeled sections and pipes, or
written on various 200 m stones shall steel sections appropriate for the
be as specified in IRC: 26. environment. Refer to IRC: 103.

109
IRC:SP:73-2007

(iii) Application: Pedestrian guardrails shall (f) Central reserves: Where there is a
be provided at the following locations/ central reserve or a median, guardrails

situations: shall be erected within it to deter the

pedestrians from attempting a crossing.

(a) Hazardous locations on straight
stretches: In particularly busy reaches, (iv) Gaps/Setback Distance: The guardrails
where the road is congested and shall be set back from edge of the
vehicles move at a fast pace, guardrails carriageway by at least 150 mm.
shall be provided on both sides of the
carriageway so as to channelize the 11.5 Overhead Traffic Signs
pedestrians on to the planned crossing
locations. 11.5.1 Overhead road signs shall be provided
in lieu of, or as an adjunct to ground signs
(b) At Junctions/Intersections: Railing where the situation so warrants, for providing

barriers shall be provided to prevent warning of hazardous situations, help in

people from crossing the junctions regulating traffic, for proper information and
diagonally at signalized intersections. guidance of the road users. The following
The barrier shall open only at planned conditions may be considered while deciding
crossing facility (at the Zebra Crossing). about the provision of overhead signs:
At unsignalized junctions they shall be
provided for sufficient length to guide (i) Traffic volume at or near capacity,
the pedestrians to the nearest planned
pedestrian crossing. (ii) Restricted sight distance,

(c) Schools: Provision of guardrails (iii) Built up stretches,

near schools, where children would

otherwise run straight into the road, is (iv) Insufficient space for ground mounted
essential. If there is a pedestrian signs,

crossing or a school crossing patrol

nearby, the guardrails shall be extended (v) Distances of important places and route
up to it. highways at suitable intervals.

(d) Bus stops. Railway stations, etc.: 11.5.2 The overhead signs shall be
Guardrails shall be provided along reflectorized type, with high intensity retro-
sidewalks with suitable access at bus retlective sheeting preferably of encapsulated
stops, railway stations and other areas lens type.
of heavy pedestrian activity such as
cinema houses, stadia, etc. for guiding 11.5.3 Design, location, application, height,
pedestrians safely in such areas. vertical and lateral clearances of overhead road
signs shall be as specified in Section 800 of
(e) Overpass, Subway, etc.: Guardrails MOSRTH Specifications.
shall be provided at these locations in
order to compel the pedestrians to use 11.5.4 Materials for overhead signs support
the facilities provided for them. structure and installation shall be in accordance
with Section 802 of MOSRTH Specifications.

110
 ROADSIDE FURNITURE

11.5.5 Location and size of overhead traffic These include pavement markings and post type
signs shall be specified in Schedule-B of the delineators.
Concession Agreement.
11.7.2 Dehneators will include:
11.6 Traffic Impact Attenuators
(i) Roadway Indicators - They shall be
11.6.1 These are protective systems which provided to delineate the edges of the
prevent errant vehicles from impacting fixed roadway so as to guide drivers about
objects like the following: the alignment and particularly, where
it might be confusing to drivers.
(i) Bridge abutments.
(ii) Hazard Markers - They shall be used
(ii) Structural columns of large direction to define obstructions like guardrails

signs. and abutments adjacent to the

carriageway and bridges which are
(iii) Illumination lamp posts. narrower than the roadway width.

11.6.2 In case of two-lane highway, they may (iii) Object Markers - They shall be
be provided where Guard Rail is not provided to indicate hazards and
appropriate. Necessary safety devices like an obstructions within the vehicle flow
assembly of old tyres or steel drums filled with path like channelizing islands close to
sand can be adopted at suitable location. the intersections.

11.7 Road Delineators 11.7.3 Delineator by pavement markings shall

be provided as per IRC:35. Guidepost side
11.7.1 They provide visual assistance to delineators shall be provided as per IRC:79
drivers about the road ahead especially at night. and Section 800 of MOSRTH Specifications.

111
 Section 12

Landscaping and
Tree Plantation
 SECTION 12

LANDSCAPING AND TREE PLANTATION

12.1 General The distances for alternative rows of trees shall

be reckoned from the nearest edge of the
The Concessionaire shall plant trees and shrubs pavement. No plantation shall be allowed on
of required number and type at the appropriate the embankment slopes.
locations within the Right of Way and in the

land earmarked by the Government for 12.2.2 Set-back of Trees on Curves

The Government shall specify the
afforestation.
number of trees which are required to be In plain terrain, a stopping sight distance of
planted by the Concessionaire as compensatory 180 m corresponding to the design speed of
afforestation. The Concessionaire shall also 100 km per hour shall be ensured on all curved
maintain the trees and shrubs in good condition sections of state highways along the innermost
during the Operation Period as per the lane. However, where there are site restrictions,

maintenance schedule. The guidelines given in their requirement may be reduced to 120 m
this Section shall be followed in plantation of corresponding to the design speed of 80 km
trees and shrubs. per hour as a special case. The existing trees
and vegetation on the sides have to be suitably
12.2 Design Considerations in various thinned/trimmed or even removed, if necessary,
locations and a regular programme of pruning of the
offending trees shall be undertaken as part of
12.2.1 Set-back Distance of Trees and Other the maintenance operations.
Plantation
In the urban section of the Project Highway,
Trees on the roadside shall be sufficiently away trees can be planted on the raised footpaths,
from the roadway so that they are not a hazard provided the distance between the edge of kerb
to road traffic or restrict the visibility. Most and the nearest edge of tree is not less than

vulnerable locations in this regard are the inside 2 m.

of curves, junction comers and cut slopes. Trees
shall be placed at a minimum distance of 10- In all cases, location of trees shall be checked
12 m from the centre line of the extreme traffic to ensure that to the motorists, clear visibility

lane, to provide recovery area for the vehicle of all highway signs/signals is available at all

that runs off the road. A second row of trees 6 times. Also, the foliage or trees shall not come
m further away will also be desirable and in the way of roadway lighting.

planted, wherever possible. Preferably, the first

row of trees shall consist of species with thick 12.2.3 Vertical Clearance of Trees and Other
shade and other rows of vertical growth type Plantations
providing thin shade. Expansion of the Project
Highway to 4-lanes shall be taken into For safe traffic operation, the vertical clearance

consideration while locating the trees so that available across the roadway shall be minimum
land is free of trees when widening takes place. 5 m. From this angle, the probable size of all

115
IRC:SP:73-2007

plants shall be anticipated in advance, at the be avoided as their maintenance would

time of initial planting. cause interference with traffic flow.

To allow for the effects of growth, wind and (iii) The species must be capable of
rain, trees shall be trimmed to 6 m and 6.5 m developing a straight and clean bole
above the pavement in rural and urban areas upto a height of 2.5 to 3.5 m from the
respectively. ground level.

12.2.4 Spacing of Avenue Trees (iv) The selected trees shall, preferably, be
fast growing and wind-firm. These shall

The spacing of avenue trees will depend on not be thorny or drop too many leaves.
the type and growth characteristics of trees,
requirement of maintenance, penetration of (v) The trees shall be deep rooted as
distant views, etc. A range of 10-15 m would shallow roots injure pavements.
meet the requirement for most varieties.

(vi) In urban areas, the species selected shall

12.2.5 Choice of Trees be of less spreading type, so that these

do not interfere with overhead services,
The following guidelines shall be kept in view clear view of signs and efficiency of
while selecting the species of trees to be roadway lighting.

planted:
12.3 Maintenance of Plants
(i) Trees shall be selected with due regard
to soil, rainfall, temperature and water The Concessionaire shall submit scheme for
level. plantation and maintenance of plants and trees
to the Independent Engineer for review and
(ii) Trees which become very wide shall comments, if any.

116
 Section 13

Project Facilities
 SECTION 13

PROJECT FACILITIES

13.1 General 13.2.4 Pedestrian Crossing

The requirement of the project facilities to be Where complete segregation of pedestrians

provided shall be indicated in Schedule-C of from vehicular traffic is not provided, some
the Concession Agreement. This shall include form of planned road sharing principle shall
information regarding location and size of the be applied. Pedestrian crossings shall be
facilities. Land required for provision of provided where they will be well used.
facilities shall be acquired by the Government Pedestrian crossings shall be suitably integrated
and the date of handing over of the land to the with the overall design of the intersection.
Concessionaire shall be indicated in the
Concession Agreement. The following criteria shall be followed
regarding selection of pedestrian crossing:
13.2 Pedestrian Facilities

(i) At-Grade Pedestrian Crossing

13.2.1 General
(Pedestrian Crosswalk): Pedestrian
crosswalks shall be provided at all
Pedestrians are vulnerable to being involved in
important intersections and such other
accidents. Therefore, adequate consideration
locations where substantial conflict
shall be given to their safety through provision
exists between vehicular and pedestrian
of facilities. The facilities for pedestrians given
movements. Wherever possible, the
in this Section shall be provided on the Project
crosswalks shall be at right angles to
Highway.
the carriageway and properly marked
13.2.2 Footpath (Sidewalk) so that the pedestrians are subjected to
minimum inconvenience. Crosswalks
(i) The sidewalks shall be provided in the shall not substantially increase the walk
built-up sections, on both sides, by distance of pedestrians. Adequate
barrier type (non-mountable) kerbs of visibility, freedom from obstructions
height 200 mm above the adjacent road and sufficient space for waiting are the

surface. other important requirements for

location of crosswalks.
(ii) The width of sidewalks depends upon
the expected pedestrian flow and shall At-grade pedestrian crossings can be
be fixed subject to land availability, but uncontrolled or controlled.
shall not be less than 1.5 m. Uncontrolled pedestrian crossings shall
be provided only where the intersection
13.2.3 Pedestrian Guard Rails itself is left uncontrolled because of low
volumes of both vehicular and
Pedestrian guardrails shall be as specified in pedestrian traffic even during peak
Section II of this Manual. hours and where accident records do

119
IRC:SP:73-2007

not indicate any need to segregate 13.3 Street Lighting

vehicular traffic from cross pedestrian
traffic. Uncontrolled pedestrian 13.3.1 General
crosswalk shall be marked by studs or
paint hne. (i) The Concessionaire shall provide
lighting at specified locations of the
Controlled form of crossing shall be Project Highway, using appropriate
achieved through provision of Zebra system and source of electric power as
Crossings, whether at an unsignalized per the requirements of this Section.
or signalized intersection.
(ii) The Concessionaire shall make suitable
(ii) Zebra Crossing: A Zebra Crossing shall arrangements for procuring Power
not be sited within 150 m of another Supply to ensure uninterrupted lighting
such crossing. The Zebra Crossing shall during night and when visibility is low,

be somewhat set back from the including provision of DG sets as

carriageway line. However, the set back standby arrangements.
distance shall not be so much as to
cause an appreciable increase in (iii) The Concessionaire shall bear all costs

walking distance for the pedestrians. of procurement, installation, running

Pedestrian guardrails may be necessary and operation cost of all lighting,
where the setback distance is including cost of energy consumption
appreciable or at the skew crossings. specified in this Section.

The width of the Zebra Crossing shall 13.3.2 Specifications

be adequate and shall generally lie

within a range of 2.0 m to 4.0 m. The (i) Unless stated otherwise elsewhere in
crossing shall, as far as possible, this Manual, the minimum average
proceed uninterrupted through the level of illumination on the stretches
median strip. In the event of the median of Project Highway including Toll
strip being used as pedestrian refuge, Plazas, truck lay-byes, bus bays, etc
adequate width of median shall be shall be 30 Lux.
provided. In case of raised medians,
such portion could be suitably (ii) The layout of the lighting system
depressed with kerb height not together with type of luminaries for
exceeding 150 mm. different locations shall be prepared by
the Concessionaire in such a manner
In the vicinity of Zebra crossing, that the minimum illumination level
guardrails of sufficient length shall be prescribed in para 13.3.2(i) can be
provided to deter pedestrians from achieved and shall be submitted to the
crossing the road at any arbitrary point Independent Engineer for review and
along the road. Fig. 13.1 gives a typical comments, if any.
layout of Zebra Crossing at an
intersection controlled by (iii) Overhead electrical power and
channelization only. telecommunication lines erected within
the ROW by the Concessionaire shall

120
 PROJECT FACILITIES

be provided with adequate clearance so and facilities to be provided at the truck lay-
that safe use of the highway is not byes.
affected.
13.4.2 Location and Size
(iv) Vertical and horizontal clearances for
electrical installations shall conform to Truck lay-byes shall, in general, be located near
IRC:32. check barriers, interstate borders, places of
conventional stops of the truck operators, etc.

(v) All the fixtures, wires/cables, lights The places be identified on the basis of field
shall conform to relevant BIS survey and shall have adequate space for
specifications as a minimum. The facilities as specified in subsequent para 13.4.3
Concessionaire, may, with the prior and future growth.
review and comments, if any, of the
Independent Engineer use fixtures with 13.4.3 Facilities
better specifications.
The truck lay-byes shall have the following
13.3.3 Locations where Lighting is to be facilities:

Provided
(i) Paved parking,
Unless specified otherwise in Schedule-C of
the Concession Agreement and elsewhere in (ii) Rest areas with toilets, drinking water,
this Manual, the Concessionaire shall provide
lighting at the following locations of the Project (iii) Telephone.
Highway:
13.4.4 Lighting
(i) Toll Plaza Area: The lighting in and
around Toll Plaza, toll booths, office The truck lay-byes and 50 m length of the
building, on the approach road, etc. Project Highway on its either side shall be
shall be as per Section 10 of this illuminated at night to provide an average
Manual. illumination of 30 Lux. Suitably designed
electric poles having aesthetic appeal and
(ii) Truck lay byes: Lighting at the truck energy saving bulbs may be used to provide

lay byes shall be as per para 13.4 of required illumination. Alternatively, photo
this Manual. voltaic lamps may be used.

13.4 Truck Lay-byes 13.5 Bus Bays and Bus Shelters

13.4.1 General 13.5.1 General

The Concessionaire shall construct and The buses shall be allowed to stop for dropping
maintain adequate number and size of truck and picking up passengers only at the bus bays.
lay-byes for parking of trucks by the side of The Government shall indicate in Schedule-C
the Project Highway as indicated by the of the Concession Agreement, the number and
Government. The guidelines, as given here, broad location of bus bays to be provided by
shall be followed in regard to location, size the Concessionaire. The bus bays shall conform

121
IRC:SP:73-2007

to the specifications and standards given in this number of passengers from one pick-
Section. In cases where bus stands are provided up stop to the other, it might be
by the concerned State Government Transport desirable to construct a single,
Authorities, the Concessionaire shall provide composite bus stop of suitable design
only access road within the right of way. to cater to all the bus routes collectively.

13.5.2 Location (vi) In hilly areas, the bus bays shall be

located, preferably, where the road is

The location of the bus bays shall be fixed on straight on both sides, gradients are flat
the basis of following principles: and the visibility is reasonably good
(usually not less than 50 m). Subject to
(i) The bus stops shall be sited away from these requirements, it will be advisable
bridges and other important structures
to choose locativ.iis where it is possible
and embankment sections more than 3 to widen the roadway economically for
m high.
accommodating bus bays.

(ii) As far as possible, bus bays shall not 13.5.3 Layout and Design
be located on horizontal curves or at

the summit of vertical curves. (i) For plain area, typical layouts of bus
bays given in Fig. 13.2 shall be adopted.
(iii) The location shall have good visibihty,
The length "L" shown in Fig. 13.2 shall
not less than the safe stopping sight
be 15 m, which shall be increased in
distance.
multiples of 15 m if more than one bus
is likely to halt at the bus bay at one
(iv) The bus bays shall not be located too
time.
close to the road intersections. A gap
of 300 m from the tangent point of (ii) For hilly areas, where there is a general
intersections to start/end of the bus bay
constraint on space, the layout indicated
shall be desirable. At minor in Fig. 13.3 may be adopted.
intersections (e.g. junctions with village
roads), distance of 60 m may be (iii) Bus bays shall be provided on both
adopted. However, if a substantial sides of the Project Highway for each
volume of buses is to turn right at the direction of travel independendy, so that
intersection, it is necessary that the bus the buses do not have to cut across the
bay shall be located sufficiently ahead road. Bus bays on opposite sides shall
of the intersection so that the buses can be staggered to a certain extent to avoid
be manoeuvred easily from the pick- undue congestion on the highway. At
up stop on the hand side to the
left intersections, the bus bays for up and
extreme right lane for turning. The down direction shall be located on
location of the bus bays may be fixed farther sides of the intersection.
after due consultation with the local
communities expected to use such (iv) The bus bay shall be provided with a
facilities., shelter for passengers. The shelter shall

be structurally safe and aesthetic in

(v) At major four-way intersections appearance, while also being functional
involving transfer of a substantial so as to protect the waiting passengers

122
 PROJECT FACILITIES

adequately from sun, wind and rain. If '13.5.6 Road Markings

the shelter is constructed on the hillside,
slopes shall be properly dressed and Pavement markings with thermoplastic paint
suitably protected to avoid slips. The having glass beads shall be provided at the bus
shelter shall be set back from the kerb stops asshown in Figs. 13.2 and 13.3 with the
line by at least 500 mm. word 'BUS' written prominently on the
pavement. Pedestrian crossings shall be marked
13.5.4 Pavement slightly behind the standing position of the
buses in order to reduce pedestrian conflicts.
The pavement in the bus bays shall have
The kerbs shall be marked with continuous
adequate crust with respect to the wheel loads yellow line to indicate "No Parking".
expected. Also, the surfacing shall be strong
enough to withstand forces due to frequent
13.6 Cattle Crossings
braking and acceleration by the buses. The
colour and texture of the bus bay surfacing Facility for cattle crossings shall be provided
shall be preferably distinctive from that of the as specified in para 2.14.3 of this Manual.
main carriageway.
13.7 Traffic Aid Posts
13.5.5 Drainage

Traffic Aid Posts shall be established at Toll

(i) The bus bays shall have proper cross
Plaza locations in accordance with the
slope to drain off the excess water. No
provisions of the Concession Agreement.
water, which is likely to splash on the
waiting passengers, shall be allowed to
13.8 Medical Aid Posts
collect near the bus shelters.

Medical Aid Posts shall be established at Toll

(ii) Suitable kerb gutter section with
requisite longitudinal slope and outlets Plaza locations in accordance with the
provisions of the Concession Agreement.
at intervals to ensure quick disposal of
water shall be provided.

123
IRC:SP:73-2007

Fig, 13.1 : Arrangement of zebra crossing

(4-lane) in built up area

124
 PROJECT FACILITIES

(U

C
o
415

.Q
a
s

T3

131)

B 2
on
^ O
13

O
X

2
t«
3
XJ

a -
o S
"5 "
Pedestrian
crossing sign

125
IRC:SP:73-2007

126
 Section 14

Special Requirements for

Hill Roads
 SECTION 14

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HILL ROADS

14.1 General protect ecology sensitive areas like wild life

and bird sanctuaries, reserve forests, national
14.1.1 The Concessionaire shall pay due parks, etc.
attention to geo-technical, environmental and
social aspects of hill roads and take appropriate 14.1.6 Provision of protective structures for
measures to ensure the following: (The traffic such as parapets, railings, roadside safety

guidelines given in IRC:SP: 48 may be referred barriers, boulder nets, etc. shall be provided,
to, for details). where necessary.

(i) Stability against geological 14.2 Set back distance at horizontal

disturbances. curves

(ii) Prevention of soil erosion. Requisite sight distance should be available

across the inside of horizontal curves. Lack of
(iii) Provision of efficient drainage and visibility in the lateral direction may arise due
preservation of natural drainage system. to obstructions like walls, cut-slopes, wooded
areas, etc. Set back distance from the central
14.1.2 If there are any landslide prone areas line of the carriageway, within which the
along the road alignment, adequate offending obstructions should be cleared to
investigation shall be undertaken and ensure the needed visibility, can be determined
appropriate remedial measures shall be using the Equation given in IRC:52.
provided as per guidelines given in IRC:SP:
48. 14.3 Grade compensation at curves

14.1.3 Where any new construction/ At horizontal curves, the gradient shall be eased
realignment is involved, the alignment shall by applying the grade compensation correction
avoid large scale cuttings and fillings and for gradients steeper than 4% in accordance
follow the profile of land, as far as possible. with IRC:52.

Areas having potential landslide or settlement 14.4 Hairpin Bends

problems shall be avoided. Adverse impact on
the environment shall be reduced by adopting Hairpin bends, where unavoidable, may be
proper mitigation measures. Refer to guidelines designed either as a circular curve with
given in IRC:SP: 48. transition curves at each end or as a compound
circular curve.
14.1.4 Unstable hill slopes shall be adequately
addressed by providing appropriate bio- Design criteria given in IRC:52 shall be adopted
engineering and stabilization measures. for the design of hairpin bends. At hairpin bends
the full roadway width should be surfaced.
14.1.5 Necessary safeguard shall be taken to

129
IRC:SP:73-2007

14.5 Climbing Lane land. Location of cross drains and culverts

should be so chosen as to avoid erosion of the
Climbing lane shall be provided, where outlet. Erosion control works like drop walls,
specified in Schedule-B of the Concession apron at out-fall points along with pitching/
Agreement, in order to address the necessity paving of the channel shall be provided where
of making available separate lane for safe required.
overtaking for vehicle travelling uphill.
14.10 Retaining Walls
Proper signing and road markings shall be
provided to ensure that the absolute right of 14.10.1 Retaining walls shall be provided:
way for climbing vehicles is available.
(i) To support the down hill side unstable
14.6 Heavy rock blasting should be avoided. strata or fills,

Controlled blasting shall be resorted to. Blasting

shall be supervised by experienced personnel. (ii) To achieve width of roadway, where
Blasting and related operations shall be carried cutting into hill is restricted,

out in accordance with Clause 302 of MOSRTH

Specifications.
(iii) To arrest damage caused to the valley
side and the road, by under cutting by
14.7 Cut slopes shall be rendered stable in a stream or other water course,

the construction stage itself, by cutting at the

correct angle and benching etc. including slope

(iv) At valley points, where water flows
stabilizing structures like drains, breast walls,
over the road,

pitching, etc.
(v) At places where the valley side gets

14.8 Where it is necessary to cross hills or

saturated in the monsoons and is likely
to result in slips and damage to the
high ridges, the various alternatives including
road,
construction of tunnel to avoid deep cuts shall
be considered and the most preferred alternative
(vi) At any other locations warranting
shall be chosen. The alternative to be followed
provision of retaining walls.
shallbe indicated by the Government in
Schedule-B of the Concession Agreement.
14.10.2 For general features, arrangement and
Where road is to be taken through tunnel, its
design, guidelines given in IRC:SP: 48 may be
salient details shall be indicated in Schedule-B
referred to.
of the Concession Agreement.

14.11 Construction of apron, pitching,

14.9 For drainage of water from roadside,
flooring shall conform to Clauses 2503 to 2507
an effective system of drainage shall be
of MOSRTH Specifications.
constructed to lead the run-off to natural water
courses. In particular, catch water drains (Refer
14.12 Disposal sites shall be identified for
to para 6.5 of this Manual) shall be provided disposal of waste, debris, etc. Tipping of waste
above the cut slopes. It shall be ensured that into valley sides, stream channels, water bodies,
water is not drained into villages and cultivated
and forest areas shall not be resorted to.

130
Appendices
 1

APPENDIX-
(Reference Para 1.12)

List of paras for preparing Schedules of the Concession Agreement

Section Para Particulars to be specified

Section 1 1.14 (i), (ii), (iii) Two laning or Two laning Plus option

Section 2 2.1 (ii) (a) Requirement of 4 laning in stretches passing through built
up areas, and such stretches.

2.1 (ii) (b) Construction of bypass, alignment and land for the bypass.

2.1 (V) Land for geometric improvements, and such stretches

2.2.3 Land for geometric improvements and such stretches for

ruling design speed

2.3 Right of way

2.5.2 (i) Provision of foot paths in built up sections

2.6.1 Width of Roadway if different from that given in Para

Z.O.I

2.13.1 Provision of Service Roads and Stretches

2.14.1 Location and other features or grade separated structures

2.14.2 Type of Structures for Vehicular under/over passes

2.14.3 (i) Location of Cattle and Pedestrian Underpasses/ overpasses

Section 3 3.1 and 3.2 Type of Intersection and land for intersection

3.3.1 (ii) Location and other features of grade separated intersections

WllllUUl lallips.
O O O
3.3.3 Length of viaduct at grade separated structures

3.4.1 (iii) Location and other features of interchanges

4 S T pnath nf vinrliift at crraHp <ipr>aratprl stniPtiirps TTntpr

changes with ramps)

Section 4 4.2.2 (i) Sections of existing road to be raised

Section 5 5.1.2 Requirement of CC Pavement, and design and maintenance

requirements

5.9.7 Stretches to be reconstructed

5.9.9 Width of Paved Shoulder if different from 1.5 m

Section 7 7.1 (ii) Width of structures of more than 60 m length

7.1 (iii) Requirement of bridge with foot paths

7.1 (iv) Bridge which may not to be high level

133
 1

IRC:SP:73-2007

Section Para Particulars to be specified

7.1 (VI) Railway level Crossings not to be replaced by ROB/RUB

7.1 (viii) Utility services to be carried over the structures

7.3.1 (i) Distressed culverts to be reconstructed

7.3.2 (i) Distressed bridges to be reconstructed

7.3.2 (ii) Existing bridges to be widened

7.18 (iv) Requirement of Crash barriers for existing bridges

7.18 (V) Parapets/Railings of existing bridges to be repaired/

replaced.

7.22 Measures for protecting bridges in marine environment

7.23 (i) Structures to be repaired/strengthened, nature and extent of
repairs

Section 9 9.3.1 Specifications of reflecting sheeting

Section 10 10.2 & 10.3 Location of Toll Plaza and land for Toll Plaza

Section 1 11.5.5 Location and size of overhead traffic signs

Section 12 12.1 Number of trees to be planted

Section 13 13.1 Project facilities and land for providing project facilities

13.3.3 Situations/locations where lighting to be provided

13.4 Location and number of truck lay-byes to be provided.

13.5.1 Location and number of bus bays to be provided

Section 14 14.5 Requirement of Climbing lane

14.8 Alignment/Construction of tunnel and its salient details

134
 APPENDIX-2
(Reference Para 1.5}

List of IRC Publications

S. Code/ Title of the Publication

No. Document No.

1. ROADS

1 (A) Transport Planning, Traffic Assessment & Policies

1. IRC:3-1983 "
Dimensions & Weights of Road Design Vehicles (First Revision)

2. IRC:9-1972 Traffic Census on Non-Urban Roads (First Revision)

1 (B) Road Geometric & Design Features

1. IRC::12- 1983 Recommended Practice for Location and Layout of Roadside

Motor-Fuel Filhne and Motor-Fuel Filling-cum-Service Stations
(Second Revision)

2. IRC::32- 1969 Standard for Vertical and Horizontal Clearances of Overhead

Electric Power and Telecommunication Lines as Related to Roads

3. IRC::38- 1988 Guidelines for Design of Horizontal Curves for Highways and
Design Tables (First Revision)

4. IRC::39- 1986 Standards for Road-Rail Level Crossings (First Revision)

5. IRC::54- 1974 Lateral and Vertical Clearances at Underpasses for Vehicular

Traffic

6. IRC::64- 1990 Guidelines for Capacity of Roads in Rural Areas (First Revision)

7. IRC::66- 1976 Recommended Practice for Sight Distance on Rural Highways

8. IRC::70- 1977 Guidelines on Regulation and Control of Mixed Traffic in Urban

Areas

9. IRC::73- 1980 Geometric Design Standards for Rural (Non-Urban Highways)

10. IRC::80- 1981 Type Designs for Pick-up Bus Stops on Rural (i.e. Non-Urban)
Highways

11. IRC::86- 1983 Geometric Design Standards for Urban Roads in Plains

12. IRC::98- 1997 Guidelines on Accommodation of Utility Services on Roads in

Urban Areas (First Revision)

13. IRC::99- 1988 Tentative Guidelines on the Provision of Speed Breakers for
Control of Vehicular Speeds on Minor Roads

14. IRC :103-1988 Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities

15. IRC :106-1990 Guidelines for Capacity of Urban Roads in Plain Areas

135
IRC:SP:73-2007

S. Code/ Title of the Publication

No. Document No.

16. IRC:SP: 23-1983 Vertical Curves for Highways

17. IRC:SP: 41-1994 Guidelines on Design of At-Grade Intersections in Rural & Urban
Areas

1 (C) Road Markings

1. IRC:30-1968 Standard Letters and Numerals of Different Heights for Use on
Highway Signs
2. IRC:35-1997 Code of Practice for Road Markings (With Paints) (First Revision)

1 (D) Road Furniture & Signage

1. IRC: 8- 1980 Type Designs for Highway Kilometer Stones (Second Revision)
2. IRC:25-1967 Type Designs for Boundary Stones

3. IRC: 26- 1967 Type Design for 200-Metre Stones

4. IRC:31-1969 Route Marker Signs for State Routes

5. IRC:67-2001 Code of Practice for Road Signs (First Revision)

6. IRC:79-1981 Recommended Practice for Road Delineators

7. IRC:SP:31-1992 New Traffic Signs

1 (E) Road Safety & Traffic Management

1. IRC:53-1982 Road Accident Forms A-1 and 4 (First Revision)

2. IRC:SP:27-1984 Report Containing Recommendations of IRC Regional Workshops

on Highway Safety

3. IRC:SP:32-1988 Road Safety for Children (5-12 Years old)

4. IRC:SP:44-1994 Highway Safety Code

5. IRC:SP:55-2001 Guidelines for Safety in Construction Zones

1 (F) Embankment Construction & Erosion Control

1. IRC: 10- 1961 Recommended Practice for Borrow pits for Road Embankments
Constructed by Manual Operation

2. IRC:28-1967 Tentative Specifications for the Construction of Stabilised Soil

Roads with Soft Aggregate in Areas of Moderate and High Rainfall

3. IRC:33-1969 Standard Procedure for Evaluation and Condition Surveys of

Stabilised Soil Roads

4. IRC:36-1970 Recommended Practice for Construction of Earth Embankments

for Road Works

136
 APPENDIX-2

S. Code/ Title of the Publication

No. Document No.

5. IRC:56-1974 Recommended Practice for Treatment of Embankment Slopes for

Erosion Control

6. IRC:75-1979 Guidelines for the Design of High Embankments

7. IRC :SP: 5 8-2001 Guidelines for Use of Fly ash in Road Embankments

1 (G) Non-Bituminous Base and Sub-Base

1. IRC: 19-2005 Standard Specification and Code of Practice for Water Bound
Macadam (Third Revision)

2. IRC:49-1973 Recommended Practice for the Pulverization of Black Cotton Soils

for Lime Stabilisation

3. IRC:50-1973 Recommended Design Criteria for the Use of Cement Modified

Soil in Road Construction

4. IRC:5 1-1992 Guidelines for the Use of Soil Lime Mixes in Road Construction
(First Revision)

5. IRC:60-1976 Tentative Guidelines for the Use of Lime- Flyash Concrete as

Pavement Base or Sub-Base

6. IRC:63-1976 Tentative Guidelines for the Use of Low Grade Aggregates and Soil
Aggregates Mixtures in Road Pavement Construction

7. IRC:74-1979 Tentative Guidehnes for Lean-Cement Concrete and Lean-Cement

Flyash Concrete as a Pavement Base or Sub-Base

8. IRC:88-1984 Recommended Practice for Lime Flyash Stabilised Soil Base/Sub-

Base in Pavement Construction

9. IRC: 109-1997 Guidelines for Wet Mix Macadam

10. IRC:SP:59-2002 Guidelines for Use of Geotextiles in Road Pavements and Associated
Works

1 (H) Design, Construction and Maintenance of Flexible Pavements

1. IRC: 14-2004 Recommended Practice for Open Graded Premix Carpet

(Third Revision)

2. IRC: 16-1989 Specification for Priming of Base Course with Bituminous Primers
(First Revision)

3. IRC: 19-2005 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice of Water Bound

Macadam (Third Revision)

4. IRC:20-1966 Recommended Practice for Bituminous Penetration Macadam (Full

Grout)

137
IRC:SP:73-2007

S. Code/ Title of the Publication

No. Document No.

5. IRC:27-1967 Tentative Specifications for Bituminous Macadam (Base & Binder

Course)

6. IRC:34-1970 Recommendations for Road Construction in Waterlogged Areas

7. IRC:37-2001 Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavements (Second Revision)

8. IRC :47- 1972 Tentative Specification for Built-up Spray Grout

9. IRC:55-1974 Recommended Practice for Sand-Bitumen Base Courses

10. IRC:8 1-1997 Tentative Guidelines for Strengthening of Flexible Road Pavements
Using Benkelman Beam Deflection Technique (First Revision)

11. IRC:82-1982 Code of Practice for Maintenance of Bituminous Surfaces of

Highways

12. IRC:95-1987 Specification for Semi-Dense Bituminous Concrete

13. IRC: 110-2005 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Design and
Construction of Surface Dressing

14. - IRC:SP:53-2002 Guidehnes on Use of Polymer and Rubber Modified Bitumen in

Road Construction (First Revision)

1 (I) Design, Construction and Maintenance of Cement Concrete Pavements

1. IRC: 15-2002 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Construction of

Concrete Roads (Third Revision)

2. IRC:44- 1976 Tentative Guidelines for Cement Concrete Mix Design for Pavements
(for Non-Air Entrained and Continuously Graded Concrete) (First
Revision)

3. IRC:57-1974 Recommended Practice for Sealing of Joints in Concrete Pavements

4. IRC:58-2002 Guidelines for the Design of Plain Jointed Rigid Pavements for
Highways (Second Revision)

5. IRC:61-1976 Tentative Guidehnes for the Construction of Cement Concrete

Pavements in Hot Weather

6. IRC:68- 1976 Tentative Guidelines on Cement-Flyash Concrete for Rigid Pavement

Construction

7. IRC:77-1979 Tentative Guidelines for Repair of Concrete Pavements Using

Synthetic Resins

IRC:84-1983 Code of Practice for Curing of Cement Concrete Pavements

9. IRC:91-1985 Tentative Guidelines for Construction of Cement Concrete

Pavements in Cold Weather

138
 APPENDIX-2

S. Code/ Title of the Publication

No. Document No.

10. IRC:SP:49-1998 Guidelines for the Use of Dry Lean Concrete as Sub-base for Rigid
Pavement

11. IRC:SP:62-2004 Guidelines for the Design and Construction of Cement Concrete
Pavement for Rural Roads

12. IRC:SP:63-2004 Guidelines for the Use of Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement

13. IRC:SP-68-2005 Guidelines for Construction of Roller Compacted Concrete

Pavements

1 (J) Project Preparation, Contract Management and Quality Control

1. IRC:42-1972 Proforma for Record of Test Values of Locally Available Pavement
Construction Materials

2. IRC:SP: 16-2004 Guidelines for Surface Evenness of Highway Pavements (First

Revision)

3. IRC:SP: 19-2001 Manual for Survey, Investigation and Preparation of Road Projects
(Second Revision)

4. IRC:SP:57-2000 Guidelines for Quality Systems for Road Construction

5. IRC:SP:68-2005 Guidelines for Construction of Roller Compacted Concrete

Pavements

1 (K) Hill Roads

1. IRC:52-2001 Recommendations about the Alignment Survey and Geometric

Design of Hill Roads (Second Revision)

2. IRC:SP:48-1998 Hill Road Manual

1 (L) Road Drainage

1. IRC:SP:42-1994 Guidelines on Road Drainage

2. IRC:SP:50-1999 Guidelines on Urban Drainage

1 (M) Road Machinery

1. IRC:43-1972 Recommended Practice for Tools, Equipment and Appliances for
Concrete Pavement Construction

2. IRC:72-1978 Recommended Practice forUse and Upkeep of Equipment, Tools

and Appliances for Bituminous Pavement Construction

3. IRC:90-1985 Guidelines of Selection, Operation and Maintenance of Bituminous

Hot Mix Plant

4. IRC:SP:22-1980 Recommendation for the Sizes for each Type of Road Making
Machinery to cater to the General Demand of Road Works

139
IRC:SP:73-2007

S. Code/ Title of the Publication

No. Document No.

5. IRC:SP:25-1984 Gopi and his Road Roller-Guidelines on Maintenance of Road

Rollers

6. IRC:SP:29-1994 Directory of Indigenous Manufacturers of Road/ Bridge Construction

Machinery & Important Bridge Components (First Revision)

7. IRC:SP:34-1989 General Guidelines about the Equipment for Bituminous Surface

Dressing

2. BRIDGES
2 (A) Codes of Practice

1. IRC:5-1998 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,

Section I - General Features of Design (Seventh Revision)

2. IRC:6-2000 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,

Section II - Loads and Stresses (Fourth Revision)

3. IRC: 18-2000 Design Criteria for Prestressed Concrete Bridges (Post Tensioned
Concrete) Third Revision)

4. IRC:21-2000 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,

Section III - Cement Concrete (Plain and Reinforced) (Third
Revision)

5. IRC:22-1986 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,

Section VI - Composite Construction (First Revision)

6. IRC:24-2001 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,

Section V - Steel Road Bridges (Second Revision)

7. IRC:40-2002 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,

Section IV - Brick, Stone and Block Masonry (Second Revision)

8. IRC:45-1972 Recommendation for Estimating the Resistance of Soil below

Maximum Scour level in the Design of Well Foundation of Bridges

9. IRC:78-2000 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,

Section VII - Foundations and Substructures (Second Revision)

10. IRC:83-1999 (Part-I) Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,
Section IX - Bearings, Part I : Metallic Bearings (First Revision)

11. IRC:83-1987 (Part II) Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,
Section IX - Bearings, Part II: Elastomeric Bearings

12. IRC:83-2002 (Part III) Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,
Section IX - Bearings, Part III: Pot, Pot-cum-PTFE, Pin and
Metallic Guide Bearings

140
 APPENDIX-2

S. Code/ Title of the Publication

No. Document No.

13. IRC:87-1984 Guidelines for the Design and Erection of False work for Road
Bridges

14. IRC: 89-1997 Guidelines for Design and Construction of River Training &
Control Works for Road Bridges (First Revision)

15. IRC :SP: 69-2005 Guidelines & Specifications for Expansion Joints.

16. IRC :SP: 70-2005 Guidelines for the Use of High Performance Concrete in Bridges.

17. IRC:SP:7 1-2006 Guidelines for Design and Construction of Precast

Pre-Tensioned Girders for Bridges.

2 (B) Inspection, Maintenance & Rehabilitation

1. IRC:SP:35-1990 Guidelines for Inspection and Maintenance of Bridges

2. IRC:SP:40-1993 Guidehnes on Techniques for Strengthening and Rehabilitation of

Bridges

3. IRC:SP:52-1999 Bridge Inspector's Reference Manual

2 (C) Project Preparation, Contract Management & Quality Control

1. IRC :SP:47- 1998 Guidelines on Quality Systems for Road Bridges (Plain, Reinforced,
Prestressed and Composite Concrete)

2. IRC:SP:54-2000 Project Preparation Manual for Bridges

2 (D) Other Important Publications

1. IRC: 7- 1971 Recommended Practice for Numbering Bridges and Culverts (First
Revision)

2. IRC:SP: 13-2004 Guidehnes for the Design of Small Bridges and Culverts (First

Revision)

3. IRC:SP:5 1-1999 Guidelines for Load Testing of Bridges

3. MOSRTH Publications

1. MOSRTH Specifications for Road and Bridge Works, 2001 (Fourth Revision)

2. MOSRTH Standard Plans for Single, Double and Triple Cell Box Culverts with and without
Earth cushion

3. MOSRTH Type Designs for Intersections on National Highways. 1992

4. Manual for Safety in Road Design

141
14
I

1
(The official amendments to this document would be published by the IRC
in its periodical, 'Indian Highways', which shall be considered as
effective and as part of the code/guidelines/manual, etc. from the
Date specified therein)