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Introduction
The best way to prepare for an exam like GATE is through comprehensive study of previous year question papers. It
take less time to cover most part of the syllabus. Solving the previous year‟s GATE questions help aspirants to
understand the exam pattern, knowing the level of questions and predict the pattern. At the same time you may be
aware that just knowing the answers of previous year question paper is just not enough.
For example if the question is: The teahouse is a feature of which type of landscape architecture? And you learnt that
the answer „Japanese Garden‟. It is best to support the answer with addition notes & figures about different types of
gardens i.e. French, English, and Chinese etc. One reason for providing such notes is that it is rarely possible that in the
next few years, the same question will be repeated. But it is quite possible that if a question is asked form related topic,
you should answer it if you have gone through addition studies or notes.
Providing answer with essential notes & explanation is the main features of this Question Bank. It‟s been tried to cover
the maximum part of the syllabus through providing supportive notes.
For further reading on particular topics, we have also provided QR codes & short links. Just scan or type the links to
reach the web resources.
All illustrations are color printed. Paper published by National Center for Biotechnology Information, US suggests that
there is positive effects of color illustration on cognitive process.
This question bank contains question papers of last 24 years from 1994 to 2017. All it makes it the complete question
bank. When you go through all these, you will get an idea how question pattern and trend has changed over time. This
will greatly help you to focus on the part of the syllabus which are frequently asked in exams.
This book should provide an edge to your study. Hopeful that it will make you confident and feel easy on question
pattern. Best wishes for your preparation.
Quote”
“The interesting observation is to try to work with people but even more than that to try to make them successful. If
you try to make others successful, they, in turn, will try to make you successful. No matter how brilliant you are, no
matter how good you are, no matter how hard you work, if you rely only on yourself and believe you don‟t need the
help of others, you are sadly mistaken. If you engage everybody around you by helping them, they will help you, in
turn. And you will be more successful than you ever dreamed of.” – former director Goldman Sachs
Tips & Tricks: Taking Multiple Choice Exams
Studying for a multiple choice exam requires a special method of preparation distinctly different from an essay exam.
Multiple choice exams ask a student to recognize a correct answer among a set of options that include 3 wrong answers
(called distracters ), rather than asking the student to produce a correct answer entirely from his/her own mind.
For many reasons, students commonly consider multiple choice exams easier than essay exams. Perhaps the most
obvious reasons are that:
 The correct answer is guaranteed to be among the possible responses. A student can score points with a lucky
guess.
 Many multiple choice exams tend to emphasize basic definitions or simple comparisons, rather than asking
students to analyze new information or apply theories to new situations.
 Because multiple choice exams usually contain many more questions than essay exams, each question has a
lower point value and thus offers less risk.
Despite these factors, however, multiple choice exams can actually be very difficult and are in this course.
Consider that:
 Because multiple choice exams contain many questions, they force students to be familiar with a much broader
range of material than essay exams do.
 Multiple choice exams also usually expect students to have a greater familiarity with details such as specific
dates, names, or vocabulary than most essay exams do. Students cannot easily "bluff" on a multiple choice
exam.
 Finally, because it is much more difficult for a teacher to write good multiple choice questions than to design
essay questions, students often face higher risks due to unintended ambiguity.
Answering Multiple Choice Questions

There are many strategies for maximizing your success on multiple choice exams. The best way to improve your
chances, of course, is to study carefully before the exam. There is no good substitute for knowing the right answer.
Even a well-prepared student can make silly mistakes on a multiple choice exam, however, or can fall prey to
distracters that look very similar to the correct answer.
Here are a few tips to help reduce these perils:
 Always cover up the possible responses with a piece of paper or with your hand while you read the stem, or
body of the question.
Try to anticipate the correct response before you are distracted by seeing the options that your instructor has provided.
Then, uncover the responses.
 If you see the response that you anticipated, circle it and then check to be sure that none of the other responses
is better.
 If you do not see a response that you expected, then consider some of the following strategies to eliminate
responses that are probably wrong.
None of these strategies is infallible. A smart instructor will avoid writing questions for which these strategies work,
but you can always hope for a lapse of attention.
1. Responses that use absolute words, such as "always" or "never" are less likely to be correct than ones that use
conditional words like "usually" or "probably."
2. "Funny" responses are usually wrong.

3. "All of the above" is often a correct response. If you can verify that more than one of the other responses is
probably correct, then choose "all of the above."
4. "None of the above" is usually an incorrect response, but this is less reliable than the "all of the above" rule. Be
very careful not to be trapped by double negatives.
5. Look for grammatical clues. If the stem ends with the indefinite article "an," for example, then the correct
response probably begins with a vowel.
6. The longest response is often the correct one, because the instructor tends to load it with qualifying adjectives
or phrases.
7. Look for verbal associations. A response that repeats key words that are in the stem is likely to be correct.
8. If all else fails, choose response (b) or (c). Many instructors subconsciously feel that the correct answer is
"hidden" better if it is surrounded by distracters. Response (a) is usually least likely to be the correct one.
How to solve Numerical Questions:
Tips for solving numerical problems:
 Drawing the picture of the problem is very important! The correct picture of a
numerical problem is more than 80 % of success.
Example(GATE 2013): 42 If the slope of a hipped roof is 60 degrees and height

of the roof is 3 m, span
of the room, in m, would be _____
Solution: Span of the room = 2 * (3/tan60) = 3.46 answer.
 Having the same units for all variables in the problem. You must ensure that you solve the problem in the
same unit. For example, in a given question, force may be given 40 Newton (N) and length of the beam
would be l= 50 centimetre. For easy and correct solution, you should change the length in meter (l= 0.5m).
Tip: If the option is given as follows: (A) 50Pa (B) 5Pa (C) 10Pa (D) 100Pa. For this type of question, you
must recheck your solution before you choose an answer.
 Checking the dimensionality of analytical expressions. To arrive at correct answer, you should always
write the numerical value with it’s unit.
One more example: Area of tense steel per meter width of a reinforced concrete slab is 335 sq mm. If 8
mm rods are used as reinforcement, then centre to centre spacing of the reinforcement in mm is
Solution: Total area of steel is 335 sq mm. (which is spread in 1m of width)

Area of 8 mm rod = Πr2 = 3.14 x 4mm x 4mm = 50.24 sq mm { 8mm rod means it has diameter of 8mm
335sqmm
So, total no. of rods spread in 1m of width = = 335 /50.24 = 6.67 { When‟ sqmm‟ is divided
50.24sqmm
by „sqmm‟, it becomes a dimensionless quantity. So, the result is a just number without any unit. Here, we
want to calculate „no. of rods‟, which does not have any dimension. So, our calculation is in right
direction.
So, distance between two rods will be 1m/6.67 = 1000 mm/6.67 = 150 mm Answer { Here, please note
that we are dividing 1000mm /6.67 and not 1m/6.67. In the question “per meter” is mentioned. But for
correct answer we need to convert 1m to 1000mm.
Courtesy: Center for Teaching Excellence

Contents
1. Question Paper GATE 2017 ………………………………………………………(Page 11017 – 182017)
3. Question Paper GATE 2015……………………………………………………… (Page 12015 - 582015)
4. Question Paper GATE 2014 ………………………………………………………(Page 12014 - 422014)
5. Question Paper GATE 2013………………………………………………………. (Page 12013 - 422013)
8. Question Paper GATE 2010……………………………………………………... (Page 12010 - 382010)
9. Question Paper GATE 2009 ……………………………………………………….(Page 12009 - 362009)
12. Question Paper GATE 2006 ………………………………………………………. (Page 12006 - 462006)
25. References …………………………………………………………………………(x1)

Contents
3. Question Paper GATE 2015……………………………………………………… (Page 12015 - 582015)
5. Question Paper GATE 2013………………………………………………………. (Page 12013 - 422013)
8. Question Paper GATE 2010……………………………………………………... (Page 12010 - 382010)
12. Question Paper GATE 2006 ………………………………………………………. (Page 12006 - 462006)
25. References …………………………………………………………………………(x1)

GATE 2017
GATE SYLLABUS QUESTION PAPER 2017
Section 1: Architecture and Design Visual composition in 2D and 3D; Principles of Art and Architecture; Organization of space;
Architectural Graphics; Computer Graphics– concepts of CAD, BIM, 3D modeling and Architectural rendition; Programming
languages and automation. Anthropometrics; Planning and design considerations for different building types; Site planning;
Circulation- horizontal and vertical; Barrier free design; Space Standards; Building Codes; National Building Code.
Elements, construction, architectural styles and examples of different periods of Indian and Western History of Architecture;
Oriental, Vernacular and Traditional architecture; Architectural developments since Industrial Revolution; Influence of modern art
on architecture; Art nouveau, Eclecticism, International styles, Post Modernism, Deconstruction in architecture; Recent trends in
Contemporary Architecture; Works of renowned national and international architects.
Section 2: Building Materials, Construction and Management Behavioral characteristics and applications of different building
materials viz. mud, timber, bamboo, brick, concrete, steel, glass, FRP, AAC, different polymers, composites.
Building construction techniques, methods and details; Building systems and prefabrication of building elements; Principles of
Modular Coordination; Estimation, specification, valuation, professional practice; Construction planning and equipments; Project
management techniques e.g. PERT, CPM etc.
Section 3: Building and Structures Principles of strength of materials; Design of structural elements in wood, steel and RCC;
Elastic and Limit State design; Structural systems in RCC and Steel; Form and Structure; Principles of Pre-stressing; High Rise and
Long Span structures, gravity and lateral load resisting systems; Principles and design of disaster resistant structures.
Section 4: Environmental Planning and Design Ecosystem- natural and man-made ecosystem; Ecological principles; Concepts
of Environmental Impact Analysis; Environmental considerations in planning and design; Thermal comfort, ventilation and air
movement; Principles of lighting and illumination; Climate responsive design; Solar architecture; Principles of architectural
acoustics; Green Building- Concepts and Rating; ECBC; Building Performance Simulation and Evaluation; Environmental
pollution- types, causes, controls and abatement strategies.
Section 5: Urban Design Concepts and theories of urban design; Public Perception; Townscape; Public Realm; Urban design
interventions for sustainable development and transportation; Historical and modern examples of urban design; Public spaces,
character, spatial qualities and Sense of Place; Elements of urban built environment – urban form, spaces, structure, pattern, fabric,
texture, grain etc; Principles, tools and techniques of urban design; Urban renewal and conservation; Site planning; Landscape
design; Development controls – FAR, densities and building byelaws.
Section 6: Urban Planning and Housing Planning process; Types of plans - Master Plan, City Development Plan, Structure Plan,
Zonal Plan, Action Area Plan, Town Planning Scheme, Regional Plan; Salient concepts, theories and principles of urban planning;
Sustainable urban development; Emerging concepts of cities - Eco-City, Smart City, Transit Oriented Development (TOD), SEZ,
SRZ etc.
Housing; Concepts, principles and examples of neighbourhood; Housing typologies; Slums; Affordable Housing; Housing for
special areas and needs; Residential densities; Standards for housing and community facilities; National Housing Policies,
Programs and Schemes.
Section 7: Planning Techniques and Management Tools and techniques of Surveys – Physical, Topographical, Landuse and
Socio-economic Surveys; Methods of non-spatial and spatial data analysis; Graphic presentation of spatial data; Application of
G.I.S and Remote Sensing techniques in urban and regional planning; Decision support system and Land Information System.
Urban Economics; Law of demand and supply of land and its use in planning; Social, Economical and environmental cost benefit
analysis; Techniques of financial appraisal; Management of Infrastructure Projects; Development guidelines such as URDPFI;
Planning Legislation and implementation – Land Acquisition Act, PPP etc.; Local self-governance.
Section 8: Services, Infrastructure and Transportation Building Services: Water supply; Sewerage and drainage systems;
Sanitary fittings and fixtures; Plumbing systems; Principles of internal and external drainage system; Principles of electrification of
buildings; Intelligent Buildings; Elevators and Escalators - standards and uses; Air-Conditioning systems; Firefighting Systems;
Building Safety and Security systems.
Urban Infrastructure – Transportation, Water Supply, Sewerage, Drainage, Solid Waste Management, Electricity and
Communications.
Process and Principles of Transportation Planning and Traffic Engineering; Road capacity; Traffic survey methods; Traffic flow
characteristics; Traffic analyses and design considerations; Travel demand forecasting; Land-use – transportation - urban form
inter-relationships; Design of roads, intersections, grade separators and parking areas; Hierarchy of roads and level of service;
Traffic and transport management and control in urban areas,; Mass transportation planning; Para-transits and other modes of
transportation, Pedestrian and slow moving traffic planning; Intelligent Transportation Systems.
Principles of water supply and sanitation systems; water treatment; Water supply and distribution system; Water harvesting
systems; Principles, Planning and Design of storm water drainage system; Sewage disposal methods; Methods of solid waste
management - collection, transportation and disposal; Recycling and Reuse of solid waste; Power Supply and Communication
Systems, network, design and guidelines. General Aptitude
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GATE 2017
Q.1 Match the architectural movements in Group-I with their proponents in Group-II.
GROUP I GROUP II
P. Deconstruction 1. Joseph Paxton
Q. Historicism 2. Kenzo Tange
R. Metabolism 3. Walter Gropius
S. Art Nouveau 4. Victor Horta
5. Frank O. Gehry
(A) P-5, Q-1, R-2, S-4 (B) P-5, Q-4, R-2, S-3 (C) P-5, Q-2, R-3, S-3 (D) P-2, Q-4, R-1, 5-5
Answer: (A) If you knew Victor Horta, the question could have been so easy.
Art Nouveau is a French word meaning ―New Art‖. Belgium was an early center of the art nouveau, thanks largely to
the architecture of Victor Horta, who designed the first art nouveau houses, the Hôtel Tassel in 1893, and the Hôtel
Solvay in 1894.
Q.2 The Pritzker Architecture prize for the year 2016 has been awarded to
(A) Alejandro Aravena (B) Frei Otto (C) Stephen Breyer (D) Yung Ho Chang
Figure: There are two photographs here. Aravena provided a

concrete frame, with kitchen, bathroom and a roof (left), which were
designed to allow families to fill in the gaps (right). So, the architect Figure: Pritzker Architecture Prize 2016
provided a basic concrete frame, complete with kitchen, bathroom Alejandro Aravena
and a roof, allowing families to fill in the gaps, and stamp their own
identity on their homes in the process. Photograph: Cristobal Palma,
Source: www.theguardian.com
Answer: (A) Alejandro Aravena
The architect Alejandro Aravena is from Chile. Runs a design firm ELEMENTAL. He is known his pioneering social
housing projects in Latin America.
Q.3 The unit for measuring sound absorption in a room is
(A) Sabin (B) Phon (C) Decibel (3) Hertz
The term ―sound absorption‖ very common to acoustics and question is asked very frequently in GATE for
calculating Reverberation time = 0.016x(V/a), where a = sound absorption coefficient in Sabin.
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GATE 2017
The unit is named in honor of Wallace Clement Sabine. So, Sabin is a unit of Sound Absorption of a surface. A square
metre of 100% absorbing material has a value of 1 metric sabin. An example of this would be a 1 m² open window.
One square foot of 100% absorbing material has a value of 1 imperial sabin.
Decibels, Phons, and Sones:
The rate at which sound energy reaches a given cross-sectional area is known as the sound intensity. It is common to
express the sound intensity using a logarithmic scale known as the decibel scale.
Sound loudness varies from person to person. Furthermore, sounds with equal intensities but different frequencies are
perceived by the same person to have unequal loudness. For instance, a 60 dB sound with a frequency of 1000 Hz
sounds louder than a 60 dB sound with a frequency of 500 Hz. The unit phon is used to indicate an individual‘s
perception of loudness. By definition, 1 phon is equivalent to 1 deciBel at 1000 Hz (1 kHz).
The sone scale is a third scale associated with the

loudness of a sound. The sone scale is based on the
observation that a 10 phon increase in a sound level is
most often perceived as a doubling of loudness.
According to the sone scale, a 1 sone sound is defined Figure: Relationship between Phon & Sone. Thumb rule.
as a sound whose loudness is equal to 40 phons.
Answer: (A)
Q.4 A drainage basin of 180 hectares comprises 40% wooded area, 45% grassed area and 15% paved area.
Runoff coefficients for wooded, grassed and paved areas are 0.01, 0.2 and 0.95 respectively. The composite
runoff coefficient for the drainage basin is
Answer: 0.24
C = [(0.01x 40% of 180)+ (0.2 x 40% of 180) + (0.95 x 15% of 180)] / 180 = (0.72 + 16.2 + 25.65)/180 = 0.236 = 0.24
Solution: Composite runoff coefficient, C = (A1.C1+ A2.C2 + …) / (A1+A2 + …)
Q.5 Match the classical urban planning theories in Group-I with their proponents in Group-II
GROUP I GROUP II
P. Concentric Zone Model 1. Beny and Horton
Q. Sector Model 2. Homer Hoyt
R. Multiple Nuclei Model 3. Ernest Burgess
S. Factorial Ecology 4. Shevky and Bell
5. Harris and Ullman
(A) P-4, Q-1, R-3, S-5 (B) P-3, Q-2, R-3, S-5 (C) P-2, Q-4, R-5, S-1 (D) P-3, Q-2, R-5, S-1
Factorial cology techniques, which permit a large number of variables to be condensed into a small number
of independent factors. Such factors, as result, can be similarly identified in studies carried out throughout
the world, particularly in studies of the social geography of British cities. The results are useful to
identify areas of similarity and dis- similarity throughout the urban area, and indicate that the city can
be divided up in terms of housing conditions, socio-economic status, family status (or stage in the life
cycle) and residual communities (in both a physical and social sense).
The Concentric zone model, or Burgess model is a model to explain how a settlement, such as a city, will grow. It
was developed by Ernest W. Burgess.
The model was the first to explain why certain groups of people lived in certain areas of the city. Burgess said that
there were circles around the center of the city. The circle a piece of land was in determined how it was used. Burgess
saw different zones, starting at the center:
1. The Central Business District - the center of the city

2. A zone of mixed use with both commercial buildings and residential ones.
3. Low-class residential homes; these were later called inner suburbs - housing is cheap, standard of living is low.
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GATE 2017
4. Higher-class residential zone; later called outer suburbs. Better quality of life, more expensive to live there.
5. Commuter zone
The model also has some problems, for

example:
 It assumes that the city can grow in

every direction; physical features
often limit city growth, though.
 Commuter villages cannot be
explained with the model; they are
far from the city, but often have
cheap housing. Figure: In Concentric zone model , Burgess saw that richer people
tended to live farther away from the city center. When the city grew,
Sector model- a model of the internal the city center would grow; the rings would also shift outwards.
structure of cities in which social groups are
arranged around a series of sectors, or
wedges radiating out from the central
business district (CBD) and centered on
major transportation lines.
• Also known as the Hoyt Model.

Developed in 1939 by land economist
Homer Hoyt.
• He said that a city develops in a series of
sectors, not rings.
• Different areas attract different activities
by chance or by environmental factors.
• As the city grows, activities within it grow
outward in a wedge shape from the CBD.
Figure: According to Sector Model by Homer Hoyt, city develops in a
CBD- central business district, the area of a
city where retail and office activities are series of sectors, not rings
clustered. It is also called the central
activities district. In North America, it is
called ―downtown.‖
Answer: (D)
Q.6 Find the „Lux‟ at a distance of 3 m

from the light source. The light source has
power of 40 Watts and Efficacy of 40
lm/W.
Answer: (40Watt x 40 Efficacy) / (Square

of 3m) = 1600/9 = 178 lux
Figure: According to Multiple-Nuclei model which is for urban
Solution: First find, how much lumen the land use in which a city grows from several independent points
light source emits. Luminous Efficacy helps rather than from one central business district. Each point acts as a
out to find that. growth center from a particular kind of land use, such as industry,
Luminous efficacy is a measure of how well retail, or high-quality housing. It was proposed by Harris and
a light source produces visible light. It is the Ullman.
ratio of luminous flux to power, measured in
lumens per watt in SI.
So, Luminous efficacy = (Lumen)/(Power in Watt)
Here, 40 = Lumen/ 40
Therefore, lumen = 40 X 40 = 1600
Now apply ―Inverse square law‖ which says; The intensity of illumination is proportional to the inverse square of the
distance from the light source.
Lux found = (lumen of light source)/(square of distance) = 1600/9 = 178 lux Answer
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GATE 2017
Q.7 For GRIHA certification, minimum points required to obtain is
(A) 35 (B) 50 (C) 60 (D)100
Answer: (B) 50 points
GRIHA rating system consists of 34 criteria categorized under

various sections such as Site Selection and Site Planning,
Conservation and Efficient Utilization of Resources, Building
Operation and Maintenance, and Innovation points.
Eight of these 34 criteria are mandatory, four are partly

mandatory, while the rest are optional. Each criterion has a number of points assigned to it. It means that a project
intending to meet the criterion would qualify for the points. Different levels of certification (one star to five stars) are
awarded based on the number of points earned. The minimum points required for certification is 50.
Q8. A pointed arch having two centres and radii greater than the span is known as
(A) Lancet arch

(B) Gothic arch
(C) Roman arch
(D) Drop arch
Answer: (A) Lancet arch
Q9. As per the CPWD Handbook on

Barrier Free and Accessibility, 2014,
Government of India, the minimum
length of a straight ramp in metre to
raise a wheelchair to the plinth level
of 600 in m is
Answer: 7.2 1:12 is the recommended

slope by CPWD
So, for 1mm rise, the length would be Figure: Lancet arch
12mm.
Therefore, for 600mm rise, the length would be 12x600mm = 7.2 meter
Q10. For a project to complete, the Optimistic time is set to 12 months, the Most likely time is set to 14 months
& the Pessimistic time is 18 months. What would be the expected time for completion?
Answer:15 Completion time = [(Optimistic time) + 4*(Most likely time) + (Optimistic time)] / 6
So, [12+ 4*14+18]/6 = 86/6 = 15 Months
Q11. In 2011, the population of a town was 5,00,000 and the number of housing units were 1,00,000.
Calculate the additional number of dwelling units (DU) required by 2031 so that there is no housing shortage. The
assumptions are:
1. 5% decadal increase in population

2. New DU to be completed by 2021 is 10,0003.
3. Number of DU which will become non habitable by 2031 is 5,000
4. Average household size is 4.5
Answer: 17500
122500-105000=1750
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GATE 2017
Q12. ArchiCAD, AutoDesk Revit, Digital Project Designer (CATIA) and Vector Works Architect are examples
of
(A) Statistical Analysis software (B) GIS software (C) BIM software (D) Image processing software
Answer: (C) BIM (Building Information Modeling) is an intelligent 3D model-based process that gives architecture,
engineering, and construction (AEC) professionals the insight and tools to more efficiently plan, design, construct, and
manage buildings and infrastructure.
Q13. Find the velocity of “Constricted end” if non-constricted end had velocity 2m/s and diameter of
constricted end was half of that
of the non constricted.
Answer: 8 This question is related

to water supply (fluid dynamics)
V1*A1 = V2*A2
That way,
V2 = V1 * A1/A2
= V1 x (r1)^2/(r2)^2
= 2 x 4 = 8 m/s Figure: Law of continuity, V1*A1 = V2*A2
Q14. Fee of contractor for a

project has the following provisions
 Basic fee = 15% of actual cost of work incurred

 Bonus = 20% of savings from estimated cost of work
 Penalty = 20% of cost overrun
If the estimated cost of the project is Rs. 60,000, and the actual cost is Rs. 70,000, then the total fee of contractor in
Rupees is
Answer: 8500 His fees 15% of total project cost 70k was 10500 – 20% penalty for overrun cost 2000= 8500
Q15. Which of the following road elements are used to design speed limits at turns to ensure safety of a vehicle
travelling ?
Figure: Super elevation is tilting the roadway to help offset centripetal forces developed as the vehicle goes around
a curve. Along with friction they are what keeps a vehicle from going off the road.
(A) Footpath (B) Median (C) Super elevation (D) Shoulder
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GATE 2017
Answer (C): Super elevation
Q16. A site has a unidirectional slope of 30° with horizontal along its longer side. The projected dimensions of
the site on the horizontal plane measures 30 m x 40 in. Using cut and fill method the site has to be levelled
parallel to the horizontal plane. The minimum amount of earth to be excavated in cubic metre is
Answer: 3464
Solution: Let us, first find x.

Tan30° = x/40, x= 40*Tan30° = 40*(1/√3) = 23.09m
So, Area of triangle = 1/2*(Base)*(Height) = 0.5*40*23.09 = 461.8
square meter
Figure: Volume = Area of triangle x 30m
So, Volume of earth = (Area of triangle)*(length of plot) =
(462.42 square meter)*(30meter) = 13854cubic meter
For minimum cut, answer = 13854/4 = 3364 Answer
Q17. For a symmetrical two dimensional truss as shown in the

given figure, vertical force in kN acting on the member PQ is
Figure: Area of triangle A = B = C = D. So,
minimum cut = 13854/4
Answer: 0 (Answer provided by GATE official, however the answer may be reviewed)
Q18. Value of bending moment in kN-m at point C for a beam as shown in the
given figure is
Answer: 28
Solution: Let, force acting at point D be F.

Now, consider point B.
Bending moment due to force on left side of point B = Bending moment due to
force on right side of point B
So, 20kN*2.5m = 40kN*3m + F*5m
⇒ F = 14kN
Therefore, bending moment at C = Force x distance =
14kN*2m = 28 kN-m Answer
Q19. Which tree is in columnar form

(A) Tamariudus indica
(B) Delonix regia
(C) Polyalthia Longifolia
(D) Callistemon lanceolatus
Answer (C) Polyalthia Longifolia
Q20. As per National Building Code of India, 2005, the

maximum number of occupants per unit exit width of a
doorway is 60, where unit exit width is 500 mm. The
maximum permissible occupants in a theatre having four
number of 2.2m wide doors will be_________
Figure: Polyalthia Longifolia. It‘s native name is
Ashok 7
GATE 2017
Answer: 960
Solution: The given door width of 2.2 m will be treat as 2.0 m as the least-count given is 0.5m
So, exit capacity for 2m width door = 4*60 = 240
There are four such doors. So, the exit capacity of the theatre = 4*240 = 960 Answer.
Q21.In year 2001, a district with 4,000 manufacturing jobs

had a 10% share of total manufacturing jobs within the
state. In year 2011, the state recorded 15% drop in
manufacturing jobs whereas, share of the district in total
manufacturing jobs within the state increased to 15%.
Additional manufacturing jobs created in the district
between year 2001 and 2011 is
Answer: 1100
Figure: In 2011,
In 2011, Figure: In 2001, Total
Total Job = 34000
State Job = 40000-6000 = 34000 (15 % declined) Job = 40000 District Job
District job share = 15% = 5100 = 4000 (10% of state)
So, Net District job growth = 5100-4000 = 1100 Jobs
Q22. Match the development schemes by Government of India in Group-I with their objectives in Group-II.
GROUP I GROUP II
P. PMAY 1. Housing for All
Q. AMRUT 2. Rural cluster development
R. NRuM 3. Heritage city development
S. HRIDAY 4. Urban mobility improvement
5. Urban rejuvenation
(A) P-1, Q-5. R-4, 5-3 (B) P-1, Q-5, R-2, S-3 (C) P-3, Q-5, R-1, S-2 (D) P-4, Q-2, R-1, S-5
Answer: (B)
PMAY: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
AMRUT: Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
NRuM: National Rurban Mission
HRIDAY: National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana
Q23. The grade-separated interchange suitable for 3-legged road intersection is:
(A) Trumpet (B) Full Clover leaf (C) Diamond (D) Partial Clover leaf Answer: (A)
Figure: Trumpet interchange is a popular form of

three leg interchange. If one of the legs of the
interchange meets a highway at some angle but does
not cross it, then the interchange is called trumpet Figure: Diamond type intersection.
interchange. Source: nptel.ac.in
8
GATE 2015
GATE 2015
Today, the fire house has been converted into a museum that showcases Vitra‘s chair designs after the fire district lines
had been redrawn.
Answer : A
25. A combination of colours forming an equilateral triangle in a Colour Wheel is called
(A) Analogous Scheme

(B) Triad Scheme
(C) Split Complementary Scheme
(D)Double Complementary Scheme
Notes:
Below are shown the basic color chords based on the color wheel.
Complementary
Colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel are considered to be
complementary colors (example: red and green).
The high contrast of complementary colors creates a vibrant
look especially when used at full saturation. This color scheme
must be managed well so it is not jarring.
Complementary colors are tricky to use in large doses, but
work well when you want something to stand out.
Complementary colors are really bad for text.
Analogous
Analogous color schemes use colors that are next to each
other on the color wheel. They usually match well and create
serene and comfortable designs.
Analogous color schemes are often found in nature and are
harmonious and pleasing to the eye.
Make sure you have enough contrast when choosing an
analogous color scheme.
Choose one color to dominate, a second to support. The third color is used (along with
black, white or gray) as an accent.
Triad
A triadic color scheme uses colors that are evenly spaced
around the color wheel.
Triadic color harmonies tend to be quite vibrant, even if you
use pale or unsaturated versions of your hues.
To use a triadic harmony successfully, the colors should be
carefully balanced - let one color dominate and use the two
others for accent.
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GATE 2015
Split-Complementary
The split-complementary color scheme is a variation of the
complementary color scheme. In addition to the base color,
it uses the two colors adjacent to its complement.
This color scheme has the same strong visual contrast as the
complementary color scheme, but has less tension.
The split-complimentary color scheme is often a good
choice for beginners, because it is difficult to mess up.
Rectangle (tetradic)
The rectangle or tetradic color scheme uses four colors
arranged into two complementary pairs.
This rich color scheme offers plenty of possibilities for
variation.
The tetradic color scheme works best if you let one color
be dominant.
You should also pay attention to the balance between warm and cool colors in your
design.
Square
The square color scheme is similar to the rectangle, but with
all four colors spaced evenly around the color circle.
The square color scheme works best if you let one color be
dominant.
You should also pay attention to the balance between warm
and cool colors in your design.
Answer : B
26. Desire Line diagram helps in
(A) completion of a project by a desired date

(B) meeting demand and supply in desired category of housing
(C) determining income versus expenditure pattern of individuals
(D) Origin-Destination analysis in transport planning
Notes:
Definition:
Origin‐destination (O‐D) surveys provide a detailed picture of the trip patterns and travel choices of a city‘s or region‘s
residents.
These surveys collect valuable data related to households, individuals and trips. This information allows stakeholders to
understand :
>Travel patterns and characteristics
>Measure trends
>Provide input to travel demand model development
>Forecasting, and planning for area‐wide transportation needs and services
>Progress in implementing transportation policies.
16
GATE 2011
GATE 2011
structures.
A piazza is a city square in Italy. Back

during the renaissance the piazza was the
center of town where people gathered to
talk, share etc.
COMMENT: The subject of streets

meeting at rond-points, and of vistas
being terminated by some architectural
feature, are very interesting. Rond-points
in themselves can hardly be criticized, as
they often furnish an attractive and
suitable location for some architectural Figure: Piazza: an example
feature; if, however, so many streets lead
into one rond-point that a congestion of traffic is caused, or if a rond-point is so bulky that it seems a great hardship for
through traffic to be made to slow up to go around it, or if the streets are so numerous that they cause a great
interruption to traffic, then the rond-points may well be criticized. Answer: (B)
Q41. Match the instruments in Group I with their corresponding functions in Group II.
Group I Group II
P. Hygrometer 1. Precipitation
Q. Disdrometer 2. Vapor Pressure
R. Anemometer 3. Solar Radiation
S. Manometer 4. Relative Humidity
5. Velocity of Air
(A) P-4, Q-1, R-2, S-3 (B) P-4, Q-3, R-2, S-5 (C) P-1, Q-2, R-5, S-4 (D) P-4, Q-1, R-5. S-2
Answer: (D)
Q42. Match the features in Group I with the corresponding type of garden in Group II.
Group I Group II
P. Symmetrical layout, water cascades, entombment 1. French gardens
Q. Radial layout, symmetrical sculpture, boulevards 2. English gardens
R. Occult Symmetry, pontoon bridges, stepping stones 3. Chinese gardens
S. Hierarchy of courts, hierarchy of gates, zoomorphic forms 4. Mughal gardens
5. Japanese gardens
(A) P-2, Q-1, R-4, S-3 (B) P-4, Q-1, R-5, S-3 (C) P-4, Q-3, R-5, S-1 (D) P-5, Q-1, R-2, S-3
Notes: FRENCH GARDEN:
36
GATE 2011
Think of French Garden Design and you immediately think of beautiful, intricate knot gardens or long avenues of trees
interspaced with large ponds and fountains. French Garden Design, also called Jardin à la Française, is a very formal,
very ordered gardening style with lots of straight lines and symmetry. It is above all a style created to impress however
we can take ideas from this style and use it to great effect in a domestic garden.
KEY FEATURES OF A FRENCH GARDEN DESIGN
 The focus of the garden tends to be the house, usually a palace or chateau and paths radiate out of this creating
long axial views.
 A geometric plan is used and symmetry is very important.
 A central axis leads away from the house - perpendicular to the house.
 Paths tend to be gravel and edged with clipped hedges and topiary laid out in symmetrical patterns.
 Water is often a key feature of French garden design and lots of round pools and long rectangles of water will
be incorporated, the reflection of the water adding to the symmetry and tranquillity of the scene. Fountains and
cascades are also very common features.
 Close to the house planting is kept low (no trees) and tends to consist of parterres. Parterres close to the house
can be quite intricately patterened and will tend to become more simple further from the house.
 Further from the house paths are often edged with trees, these are almost almost always manipulated in some
way (see below). Trees are always planted in straight lines adding perspective and reinforcing the symmetry of
the garden.
 Statuary is often used in French Garden Design. Pavilions and 'follies' are often incorporated too.
 In the great French formal gardens there is almost always a terrace from where the garden and its symmetry
can be seen from above
ENGLISH GARDEN:
The English
garden or English
landscape park is a style of
landscape garden which
emerged in England in the
early 18th century, and
spread across Europe,
replacing the more formal,
symmetrical Spanish
Gardening Style of the 17th
century as the principal
gardening style of Europe.
Figure: English Garden
Rotunda at Stowe Garden (1730-38)
The English gardens presented an idealized view of nature.
It usually included a lake, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical
temples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape. By
the end of the eighteenth century the English garden was being imitated by the French Gardening Style.
JAPANESE GARDEN:
Every form of art has its own elements. The same is the case when it comes to crafting a Japanese garden. A typical
Japanese garden has various elements such as rocks, water, islands, ponds, bridges, lanterns, plants, a teahouse and
borrowed scenery.
The way in which these different elements are used in combination with each other is what brings a Japanese garden to
life. Stones are amongst the most important elements of a Japanese garden. When constructing a Japanese garden the
designer usually starts off with the stones. The grouping of the stones can either be done randomly or even in triangular
shapes. According to Japanese tradition the stones are always positioned in odd numbers.
37
0
GATE 2006
Q28. The fire rating of reinforced glass doors is expressed in
(A) kcl (B) hour (C) watt (D) lux

Answer: (B) HOUR
It is measured in hour, for how much time the glass door can withstand the fire in emergrncy.
kCl (kilo Calorie) is unit of Energy.
Watt is also a unit of energy. Lux is the SI unit of illuminance, equal to one lumen per square metre.
Q.29 The “Hall of Nations” in Pragati Maidan at New Delhi is essentially a three dimensional space with basic
unit of
(A) A spheroid
(B) A decahedron
(C) An octahedron
(D) A tetrahedron
Answer: (C) Octahedron

Designed as space frame in reinforced concrete; the first of
its kind in India, and perhaps in the world; the 'Hall of
Nations' provides an uninterrupted exhibition area of
approximately 6,700 sqm in a 82m x 82m x 27m high
truncated pyramid supported on eight points.
Each of the four 'Halls of Industries' is similar in design
and is 44m x 44 m x 16m high.
Figure: Octahedron structure of “Hall of Nations” in
Free standing coffered mezzanine floors cantilevering out New Delhi
of cylindrical shafts provide additional exhibition area in each hall. (Source: http://www.mrc.co.in/sd_2.html)
14
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GATE 2006
In the news: Hall of Nations to be history (Apr 13, 2016)
NEW DELHI: Despite a robust international campaign to save Pragati Maidan's Hall of Nations as part of a movement
to protect post-1947 heritage structures in Delhi, the iconic structure in the trade fair complex is unlikely to be spared
demolition. It is slated to be razed down later this year. However, to pacify outraged architects and conservationists, the
National Building Construction Corporation (NBCC), tasked with redeveloping the fairgrounds into a modern
exhibition arena, has suggested that the pyramidal, criss-crossed design of the exhibition hall can be replicated in the
new edifices to be constructed there.
Architect Raj Rewal designed the Hall of Nations, which came up in 1972, to represent "symbolically and
technologically, India's intermediate technology in the 25th year of its independence". Conceived as a utilitarian sun
breaker, the design was inspired by the traditional 'jali', a geometrical pattern of perforation that serves to obstruct the
harsh rays of the sun while permitting air circulation. As significant as its design was, NBCC officials said that over
four decades, the building had begun to fall apart, and was, therefore, one of the structures at Pragati Maidan identified
for demolition.
Q30. In a pitched truss, the two vertical web members set at equal distances from the apex are called
(A) Joggle post (B) Queen post (C) King post (D) Jack post
15
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GATE 2006
Figure: Details of the Queen post
Q31. The international Charter guiding conservation of historic buildings and area is the
(A)Kyoto Protocol (B) Chicago Declaration (C) Agenda 21 (D) Venice Charter
The Kyoto protocol was the first agreement between nations to mandate country-by-country reductions in greenhouse-
gas emissions. Kyoto emerged from the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was signed
by nearly all nations at the 1992 mega-meeting popularly known as the Earth Summit. The framework pledges to
stabilize greenhouse-gas concentrations "at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
climate system". To put teeth into that pledge, a new treaty was needed, one with binding targets for greenhouse-gas
reductions. That treaty was finalized in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997, after years of negotiations, and it went into force in
2005. Nearly all nations have now ratified the treaty, with the notable exception of the United States. Developing
countries, including China and India, weren't mandated to reduce emissions, given that they'd contributed a relatively
small share of the current century-plus build-up of CO2.
................................................................................................
The Architects‟ Chicago Declaration
What follows is the text of the UIA (Union Internationale des Architects)/AIA (American Institute of Architects)
―Declaration of Interdependence for a Sustainable Future,‖ created at the World Congress of Architects, June 1993.
The Congress was attended by more than 10,000 design professionals from around the world and had the theme of
―Architecture at the Crossroads: Designing for a Sustainable Future.‖
Source: http://www.context.org/about/definitions/#uia-aia-declaration
………………………………………………………………
Agenda 21 is a non-binding, voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable
development. It is a product of the Earth Summit (UN Conference on Environment and Development) held in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. It is an action agenda for the UN, other multilateral organizations, and individual governments
around the world that can be executed at local, national, and global levels. The "21" in Agenda 21 refers to the
21st Century. Although it is also the area code for Greater Rio de Janeiro. (Source: wikipedia.org)
………………………………………………………………
The Second International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historical Monuments, in Venice, May 25-
31, 1964, adopted 13 resolutions, the first one being the International Restoration Charter, better known as the Venice
Charter, and the second one, put forward by UNESCO, provided for the creation of the International Council on
Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). http://www.icomos.org/venicecharter2004/
The Venice Charter codifies internationally accepted standards of conservation practice relating to architecture and
sites. It sets forth principles of conservation based on the concept of authenticity and the importance of maintaining the
historical and physical context of a site or building. The Venice Charter continues to be the most influential
international conservation document. The Venice Charter states that monuments are to be conserved not only as works
of art but also as historical evidence. It also sets down the principles of preservation, which relate to restoration of
buildings with work from different periods.
Source: http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/research_resources/charters/charter12.html
................................................................................................
16
0
GATE 2006
Q32. The command of reading inputs in C programming language is:
(A)scanc (B) scanf (C) readf (D) input
Answer: (B) scanf

Example: C Floats Input/Output
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
float f;
printf("Enter a number: ");
// %f format string is used in case of floats
scanf("%f",&f);
printf("Value = %f", f);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter a number: 23.45
Value = 23.450000
The format string "%f" is used to read and display
formatted in case of floats.
Source: https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/c-input-
output
Q33. The Pritzker Award recipient for the year

2005 is
(A)Thom Mayne (B) Glenn Muurcutt Figure: Thom Mayne (born January 19, 1944) was the
(C) Rem Koolass (D) Zaha Hadid recipient of the 2005 Pritzker Prize
Thom Mayne (born January 19, 1944) was the recipient of the 2005 Pritzker Prize and the 2013 AIA Gold Medal, and
is known for his experimental architectural forms, often applying them to significant institutional buildings such as
the New York's Cooper Union building, the Emerson College in Los Angeles and the Caltrans District 7 Headquarters.
....................................................................................
As an architect, critic and winner of the

2002 Pritzker Prize, Glenn Murcutt (born 25 July
1936) has designed some of Australia's most
innovative and environmentally sensitive buildings
over a long career - and yet he still remains a one
man office. Despite working on his own, primarily
on private residences and exclusively in Australia,
his buildings have had a huge influence across the
world and his motto of "touch the earth lightly" is
internationally recognized as a way to foster
harmonious, adaptable structures that work with the
surrounding landscape instead of competing with it.
Figure: Winner of the 2002 Pritzker Prize, Glenn Murcutt
17
0
GATE 2006
Rem Koolhaas
Known for his striking, often gravity-defying structures, Rem Koolhaas has built a reputation as one of the top
architects of the 21st century. Born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Koolhaas worked as a journalist and screenwriter
before attending the Architecture Association School in London. After graduating in 1972, he conducted research in the
United States, during which time he wrote Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan. In 1975 he
founded the Office for Metropolitan Architecture, or OMA, along with fellow architects.
Koolhaas reinvented the skyscraper with his Beijing

The De Rotterdam complex, located in the Dutch city headquarters for CCTV. The building‘s two towers
of the same name, was devised as a vertical city and are connected by a 246-foot cantilevered section
is composed of three towers that house apartments, known as the Overhang. The exterior is sheathed in
offices, shops, restaurants, and a hotel. At nearly 500 sun-shaded glass with a striking pattern of
feet tall and with 1.7 million square feet of floor space triangulated steel tubes, which form part of the
across the towers, the building is the largest in the support structure. Designed by Rem Koolhaas
country. Designed by Rem Koolhaas
Zaha Hadid's projects are characterized by their

dynamic formal qualities of sinuously, curving
shapes, or crystallized strata. This sums up as a kind
of new Baroque, a sensuous, more vibrant and
Figure: Rem Koolhaas engaging type of architecture.
18
0
GATE 2006
Zaha Hadid, (born October 31, 1950, Baghdad, Iraq—

died March 31, 2016, Miami, Florida, U.S.), Iraqi-born
British architect known for her radical deconstructivist
designs. In 2004 she became the first woman to be
awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize.
Hadid began her studies at the American University in

Beirut, Lebanon, receiving a bachelor‘s degree in
mathematics. In 1972 she traveled to London to study at
the Architectural Association, a major centre of
progressive architectural thought during the 1970s. There
she met the architects Elia Zenghelis and Rem Koolhaas,
with whom she would collaborate as a partner at the
Office of Metropolitan Architecture. Hadid established
Heydar Aliyev Center, Baku, Azerbaijan
her own London-based firm in 1979.
Zaha Hadid Architects‘ New Cultural Center in
Q34. For comfort air-conditioning in summer, the Azerbaijan Hovers on a Platform of Light, Like a
optimum wet bulb temperature is Beacon of Advanced Design that Spans East and West.
(A) Equal to dry bulb temperature

(B) Less than dry bulb temperature
(C) More than dry bulb temperature
(D) Irrespective of dry bulb temperature
Answer: (B) Less than dry bulb temperature
Notes: Temperature:To test the effectiveness of air-conditioning equipment and to check the humidity of a
space, you must consider two different temperatures-the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature.
Measurement of Temperatures
The DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE is the temperature of sensible heat of the air, as measured by an ordinary
thermometer. In air conditioning, such a thermometer is known as a dry-bulb thermometer because its sensing bulb is
dry.
The WET-BULB TEMPERATURE is best explained by a description of a wet-bulb thermometer. It is an ordinary

thermometer with a loosely woven cloth sleeve or wick placed around its bulb and which is then wet with distilled
water. The water in the sleeve or wick is evaporated by a current of air at high velocity. This evaporation withdraws
heat from the thermometer bulb, lowering the temperature by several degrees. The difference between the dry-bulb and
the wet-bulb temperatures is called the wet-bulb depression. when the wet-bulb temperature is the same as the dry-
bulb, the air is said to be saturated; that is, evaporation cannot take place. The condition of saturation is unusual,
however, and a wet-bulb depression is normally expected.
Relationships Between Temperatures
You should clearly understand the definite relationships of the three temperatures-dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and dew-point.
When air contains some moisture but is not saturated, the dewpoint temperature is lower than the dry-bulb temperature;
the wet-bulb temperature lies between them. As the amount of moisture in the air increases, the difference between the
dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature becomes less. When the air is saturated, all three temperatures are
the same.
By using both the wet-bulb and the dry-bulb temperature readings, you can find the relative humidity and the dew-
point temperature on a psychometric chart.
DEW-POINT TEMPERATURE.- The wet-bulb temperature lines are angled across the chart. The dew-point
temperature lines are straight across the chart (indicated by the arrows for wet bulb and dew point). Find where the
wet-bulb and dry-bulb lines cross, interpolate the relative humidity from the nearest humidity lines to the temperature-
19
0
GATE 2006
line crossing point. Then, to find the dew point, follow the straight dew-point line closest to the intersection across to
the right of the chart and read the dew-point temperature. For example, find the wet-bulb temperature of 70°F. Next,
trace the line angling down to the right to the dry-bulb temperature of 95°F. Finally, to find the dew-point temperature,
follow the dew-point temperature lines nearest the intersection straight across to the right of the chart. The dew-point
line falls about one-third of the way between the 55°F mark and the 60° mark. You can see that the dew-point
temperature is about 57°F.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY.- To find the relative humidity, first find the dry-bulb temperature. Read across the bottom,
find 95°F and follow straight up to the intersection of the wet- and dry-bulb readings. The relative humidity arc nearest
the intersection is 30 percent. However, the intersecting line is below 30 percent and higher than 20 percent. You can
see that the relative humidity is about 28 percent.
Q35. The Neo-classical movement in the 18th century began as a reaction against
(A)Baroque style (B) Renaissance style (C) Gothic style (D) Romanesque style
Answer is (A)
Neoclassical buildings
have few defining
characteristics:
 Clean, elegant
lines
 Uncluttered
appearance
 Free standing
columns
 Massive
buildings
The ideal form that

Neoclassical
architecture looks at
was the temple. Neoclassical architecture was a reaction to Rococo and Baroque architectural styles. New
Which was discoveries of Greek and Roman architecture led Neoclassical period, which lasted 1850-
represented classical 1900.
architecture in its
purest form.
Columns were used to carry the weight

Heydar of Center,
Aliyev the building's structure. But later they became used as a graphical element.
Baku, Azerbaijan
Roof is usually flat and horizontal and often is visible from the ground.
Newoclassical architectureZaha
styleHadid
had noArchitects‘ New Cultural Center in Azerbaijan Hovers on a Platform of Light,
domes or towers.
Building's facade is flat and
Like a Beaconhaving
long. Often a screenDesign
of Advanced of free-standing
that Spanscolumns.
East and West.
Exterior was built in such ways as to represent classical perfection. Doors and windows were built to represent that
perfection. Decorations were reduced to a minimum on outside.
There were often gardens around buildings completed in geometric patterns.
(Source: http://www.worldofleveldesign.com/categories/architecture/neoclassical/neoclassical_architecture.php)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Further notes: In architecture, Neoclassicism (or merely classicism) signalled a return to order and rationality after the
flamboyant Baroque, and the decorative frivolity of the Rococo. As a style composed of many elements, based to a
varying extent on the antique forms of Greek architecture and Roman architecture, neoclassical architecture can be
imitated to a greater or lesser extent. For this reason, building designers have continued to borrow from Greek and
Roman models ever since the mid-17th century - one might even say, since the fall of Rome in the fifth century! -
which makes neoclassicism the world's most popular style of building.
Note: Romanesque architecture (c.800-1200) is probably the earliest example of Neoclassicism, being an attempt to
recreate some of the forms and features of buildings from ancient Rome.
20
GATE 2005
GATE 2005
Year: 2005
Q1. A sector has a gross area of 65 hectares and a residential area of 50 hectares. If net residential density is 325
pph, what is the gross density of the sector
(A) 275 pph (B) 225 pph (C) 300 pph (D) 250 pph
Answer: (D) 250 pph
Solution: Net density = population / Residential area

 325 = x / 50
 x = (50 * 325).................................. population
Gross density = population / Gross area
 y = 50*325 / 65 = 250
Q2. A plot of land measuring 25 m x 40 m has a Ground +4 storeyed building with uniform floor areas. If the
land has been utilised to its fullest and FAR is 2.5, calculate the permissible ground coverage?
(A) 50% (B) 5% (C) 25% (D) 40%
Answer: (A) 50%

Solution: FAR = total built up area / plot area
 2.5 = x / 25 * 40
 X = 2500
Now, Ground +4 storeyed building = 5 storeyed building
So, ground coverage = total built up area / no. of storey = 2500 / 5 = 500
So, % ground coverage = (ground coverage / plot area) x 100% = (500/1000)x 100% = 50% Answer.
Q3. If 1750 square meter of a water body having as total surface area of 14,000 square meters is covered with
water hyacinth. Assuming the weed grows at GP rate every 24 hours, in how many days the water body will
totally covered?
(A) 16 days (B) 8 days (C) 3 days (D) 1 day
Answer: (C) 3 days

Solution: Example of GP = 2, 4, 8, 16, 32...
Area covered at the end of day1 = 1750 x 2 = 3500
Area covered at the end of day 2 = 3500 x 2 = 7000
Area covered at the end of day 3 = 7000 x 2 = 14000
Q4a. The density of sector is 50 DU per ha and household size is 5 persons per DU. Find out the population of a
sector having an area of 300 ha.
(A) 15,000 (B) 1,50,000 (C) 75,000 (D) 30,000
Answer: (C) 75,000

Solution:
Population in 1 ha = 5 x 50 = 250
Population in 300 ha = 250 x 300 = 75000 Answer.
1
GATE 2005
Q4b. If per capita demand of water for various population sizes is
1. Upto 20,000: 100lit/capacity/day

2. 20,000 – 50,000: 110lit/capacity/day
3. 50,000 – 200,000: 120lit/capacity/day
4. 200,000 and above: 140lit/capacity/day
Calculate the daily water demand for the sector:

(A) 75 lakhs litres (B) 90 lakhs litres (C) 82.5 lakhs litres (D) 105 lakhs litres
Answer: (B) 90 lakhs litres

Solution: Daily water demand = (120lit/capacity/day) x (75000) = 90 lakhs litres Answer.
Q5a. The flying height of the plane is 2500 m above MSL and the elevation of the terrain is 500m. Assuming a
camera lens of 210 mm focal length, calculate the scale of the photograph (to the nearest ten)
(A) 1: 11900 (B) 1: 9520 (C) 1: 14290 (D) 1: 2380
Answer: (B) 1: 9520

Solution: Effective height of the plane = 2500 -500 = 2000m
So, scale of the photograph = 210mm / 2000m = 210 / 2000000 = 1 / 9524
 So, scale = 1: 9524
Q5b. If a tract of land measures 2.5 cm x 4.5 cm in the photograph, calculate its area in acres.
(A) 27 (B) 10 (C) 25 (D) 18
Answer: (C) 25
Solution: 2.5 cm x 4.5 cm in the photograph
= 2.5*9520 cm x 4.5*9520 cm in the ground
= 2.5*95.20 m x 4.5*95.20 m in the ground
= 101959 sq.m.
= 101959 sq.m. / 4047
= 25.2 Acres Answer.
Q6a. An auditorium of size 30m x 20m is 8m high. Assuming optimum reverberation time of 1.2 seconds and
existing absorption power of the hall as 300m2.sabines. calculate the extra absorption unit required.
(A) 240m2.sabines (B) 340m2.sabines (C) 380m2.sabines (D) 450m2.sabines
Answer: (B) 340m2.sabines

Solution: T = 0.16V / A
 1.2 = 0.16*(30x20x8) / (300 + x)
 1.2 = 768 / (300 + x)
 x = 340 Answer
Q6b. Extra absorption units in the auditorium can be achieved by using indigenous acoustical materials. If the
area available for fixing acoustical materials is 580 sq.m, of which 40 sq.m. are openings covered heavy curtains.
The absorption coefficient of curtains is 0.50. Identify a single acoustical material for the remaining area.
(A) Compressed wood particle board-perforated (coefficient of absorption 0.36)
(B) 18 mm thick compounded wood particle board (coefficient of absorption 0.60)
(C) Wood wool board (coefficient of absorption 0.20)
(D) Straw board (coefficient of absorption 0.30)
2
GATE 2005
Answer: (B)
Solution: Extra absorption = 340 (found from last question)
So, 340 = (40*0.5 + 580*x)
 X = 0.55 = 0.6 Answer
Q7a. A city has a population of 2,50,000 persons in 2001 with a growth rate of 2% p.a. and occupied area of
1500 ha. Estimate the projected population for the year 2010. Estimate the additional land requirement for the
year 2010 assuming an average town density of 100ppha.
(A) 300,000 pop, 1500 ha (B) 310,000 pop, 1600 ha (C) 350,000 pop, 1735 ha (D) 375,000 pop, 1825 ha
P = Po (1 + r/n) nt
P = 2,50,000 (1 + 0.02/1) 1*9
P = 300,000
Land requirement for 300,000 population :

Population density = population / area
 100 = 300,000 / area
 Area = 300,000 / 100
 Area = 3000 ha
Additional area required = Total area – available area

 Additional area required = 3000 -1500 = 1500 Answer.
Q7b. If the existing land use under residential and commercial are 970 ha and 105 ha respectively, and the
proposed land use under residential and commercial are 52%and 4.5%, calculate the additional land
requirements under these.
(A) 712 ha, 40.5 ha (B) 590 ha, 30 ha (C) 759 ha, 45 ha (D) 642 ha, 34.5 ha
Answer: (B) 590 ha, 30 ha

Solution: From previous question, Total available land area = 3000 ha
New proposed residential area = 52% of 3000 ha = 1560 ha

New proposed commercial area = 4.5 % of 3000 ha = 135 ha
Existing residential area = 970 ha (given)

Existing commercial area = 105 ha (given)
Additional residential area = 1560 – 970 = 590 ha

Additional commercial area = 135 – 105 = 30 ha Answer.
Q8a. The pin-joint truss shown in the figure is
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GATE 2005
(A) Stable and statically determinate (B) Stable and statically indeterminate
(C) Unstable and statically indeterminate (D) Unstable and statically determinate
Q8b. Calculate the force in the member in the middle
(A) 14 kN tensile (B) 28 kN tensile (C) 28 kN compression (D) zero
Q.9 Early Aryan civilization is characterized by

(A) Introduction of arches and domes
(B) Wooden construction
(C) Rock cut architecture
(D) Flat brick masonry
Q.10 Indus Valley development is specially known as
(A) Vaulted roofing in masonry

(B) Underground drainage system
(C) Great palaces
(D) Stone carvings of idols
Q.11 Housing backlog means
(A) Dwelling units back to back

(B) Dwelling units built up to last year
(C) Dwelling units arranged with their backs towards a large courtyard
(D) Accumulated substandard dwelling units to be replaced
immediately
Q.12 Buckling of steel column is associated with the stresses due to
(A) Shear force and Axial force

(B) Axial force and bending moment
(C) Shear force and Torsion
(D) Torsion
Q.13 The prefabricated housing project „Habitat‟ was designed by

(A) Le Corbusier
(B) Kenzo Tange
(C) VB Doshi
(D) Moshe Safdie
Q.14 Belt truss is used in High Rise buildings with a view to provide
(A) Aesthetic appearance
(B) Rigid connection between the columns
(C) Escalators
(D) Support to large span floors
Notes: The outrigger and belt truss system is commonly used as one of the
structural system to effectively control the excessive drift due to lateral load,
so that, during small or medium lateral load due to either wind or earthquake
load, the risk of structural and non-structural damage can be minimized. For Figure: Shanghai Tower has belt
high-rise buildings, particularly in seismic active zone or wind load truss system
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GATE 2005
dominant, this system can be chosen as an appropriate structure.
Figure: Structure of belt truss system
Q.15 The sampling rate for household survey of a town with 2 lakhs population is
(A) 1 in 10
(B) 1 in 5
(C) 1 in 8
(D) 1 in 15
Q.16 Indentify the most appropriate set that relates to Physical Infrastructure
(A) Water supply, solid waste management, electricity

(B) Housing, education, health
(C) Petrol pumps, milk booths, LPG
(D) Communication, postal services, fire protection services
Physical infrastructure refers to the basic physical structures

required for an economy to function and survive, such as
transportation networks, a power grid and sewerage and
waste disposal systems. Viewed by some developmental
economists as part of a three-pillar system, along with human
capital and good governance, physical infrastructure is a
prerequisite for trade and other productive activities. In a
functional sense, a society's physical infrastructure facilitates the
production of goods and services.
Q.16 Urban design theory that deals with analysis of

relationship between building mass and open space is
(A) Open space theory

(B) Figure-ground theory
(C) Linkage theory
(D) Place theory Figure: Three major approaches to urban design:
1. Figure-ground theory- relation between
Notes: Figure-Ground Theory building mass and open space ; 2. Linkage
The figure-ground theory is founded on the study of the relative theory- dynamics of circulation 3. P lace theory-
land coverage of Importance of historic, cultural and social
Solid masses > (“figure”) (buildings) values.
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GATE 2005
Open voids > (”ground”) (parks, streets, squares)
A predominant “field” of solids and voids creates the urban fabric.
The figure-ground approach to spatial design is an attempt to manipulate the solid-void relationships by adding to,
subtracting from, or changing the physical geometry of the pattern. The figure-ground drawing is a graphic tool for
illustrating mass-void relationships; a two-dimensional abstraction in plan view that clarifies the structure and order of
urban spaces.
Urban Solids:
Public Monuments or institutions (Ziggurat, Pyramid, Gothic or Baroque Churches etc.)
Urban Blocks (urban block as the definer of streets and square)
Edge-defining Buildings -establish an edge of the district
Urban Voids:
Entry foyer space –establishes the important transition from personal domain to common territory- (fore court, mews
, niche, lobby, front yard)
Inner block void –a semi private residential space for leisure or utility- (courtyard and covered
passage)
Network of streets and squares –places to spend time in and corridors through which to move-
Public parks and gardens –nodes for the preservation of nature in the city, places for recreation-
Linear open-space system commonly related to major water features such
as rivers, waterfronts,
and wetland zones.
Linkage Theory
Linkage theory is derived from “lines” connecting one element to another. These lines are formed by streets, pedestrian
ways, linear open spaces, or other linking elements that psychically connect the parts of a city.
The designer applying the linkage theory tries to organize a system of connections, or a network, that establishes a
structure for ordering spaces. Emphasis is placed on circulation diagram rather than the spatial diagram of the figure-
ground theory. Movement systems and the efficiency of infrastructure take precedence over patterns of defined outdoor
space.
3. Place Theory
The place theory adds the components of human needs and cultural, historical, and natural contexts. Advocates of the
place theory give physical space additional richness by incorporating unique forms and details indigenous to its setting.
In place theory social and cultural values, visual perceptions, of users and an individual‟s control over public
environment are as important as principles of enclosure and linkage.
[Source: Urban Spatial Design Theories (R.Trancik, Finding Lost Space, 1988)]
Q.17 Albido refers to
(A) Thermal properties of external surface material

(B) Roughness
(C) Height of a frame allow creepers to grow
(D) Noising of steps made in marble
Albedo
The proportion of solar radiation which is
reflected by a non-luminous body is known as
albedo. It is the measure of how reflective a body
is. Dark colored objects absorb most of the solar
radiation which is incident on them and hence
have a low albedo, whereas light-colored ones
Figure: Albedo is the fraction of solar energy reflected from
have a high albedo, as they reflect most of the
the Earth back into space. Dark surface has low albido.
radiation incident upon them.
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GATE 2005
To find the albedo of any object, the amount of electromagnetic radiation incident upon it is measured first, then the
amount of radiation diffusely reflected is measured. The ratio of the latter to the former gives the albedo of that object.
It has no dimensions. Albedo is one for a perfectly white object and is zero for a perfectly black object; all objects have
an albedo between this range. (Source: http://www.brighthub.com/science/space/articles/56138.aspx )
Q.18 Origin and destination survey helps in identifying
(A) Desire lines of vehicular traffic

flow
(B) Location of main traffic flow
(C) Peak capacity of road
(D) Peak capacity of road junctions
Q.19 Water harvesting is
(A) A new method of water purification

(B) Collection of water in paddy fields
(C) Device to allow quick flow of storm
water run off into rivers
(D) Device to redirect storm water
Figure: OD survey is being conducted. In order to determine the
run off into under ground aquifers
transportation needs and appropriate solutions for an area it is important
to have an understanding of the underlying characteristics of travel. The
Notes: Watering harvesting means
origins and destinations of traffic are among the most important of these
capturing rain water, where it falls and
characteristics.
capture the runoff from, catchment and
streams etc. Generally, water harvesting is direct rainwater collection. This collected water could be stored for later use
and recharged into the ground water again.
Rainwater harvesting is a technique of collection

and storage of rainwater into natural reservoirs or
tanks, or the infiltration of surface water into
subsurface aquifers (before it is lost as surface
runoff). One method of rainwater harvesting is
rooftop harvesting.
Methods of Rainwater Harvesting

Figure: Advertisement for encouraging rain water harvesting
Roof top water collection and recharge:
Commonly runoff water from roof tops are let off

into the drains. Instead of this the outlets can be
connected through a pipe to storage tank and let into
filter media filled trenches, pits or existing open
wells, borewells etc.
Design of Pit
The trench/ Pit is to be partially filled with

permeable material like well rounded pebbles,
gravel and topped with river sand for better
percolation.
Figure: Design of Pit for rain water harvesting

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GATE 2005
Q.20 Millowner‟s Association Building in Ahmadabad was designed by
(A) Charles Correa

(B) Bernard Kohn
(C) Le Corbusier
(D) Louis Kahn
Figure: Le Corbusier, author of Figure: Millowner‟s Association Building in Ahmadabad designed by Le

'Towards a new architecture' Corbusier
Q.21 Bahai Temple in Delhi is a

(A) Tensile structure
(B) Shell structure
(C) Pneumatic structure
(D) Space structure
Figure: Bahai Temple in Delhi id designed by architect Fariborz

Sahba
The lotus as seen from the outside, has three sets of leaves or
petals, all of which are made out of thin concrete shells. The outer-
most set of nine petals, called the entrance leaves, open outwards
and form the nine entrances all around the outer annular hall. The
next set of nine petals, called the outer leaves, point inwards. The
entrance and the outer leaves together cover the outer hall. The
Figure: Inside view of Lotus Temple. No third set of
freestanding column inside. nine petals,
called the
inner leaves, appear to be partly closed. Only the tips open out,
somewhat like a partly open bud. This portion, which rises above
the rest, forms the main structure housing the central hall. Since
the lotus is open at the top, a glass and steel roof at the level of the
radial beams provides protection from the rain and facilitates entry
of natural light into the auditorium.
The finishing is in the form of exposed concrete on the interiors
and white marble cladding on the outer surface of the shells as
well as the inner surface of the arches. For the walls, columns, and
soffits of slabs in the basement, the grey concrete surface shows an
exquisite pattern of joints of planks and the grains of wood. Above
the basement, the inner surfaces of of white concrete of all the
shells have a uniform bush hammered surface with architectural Figure: Lotus Temple during construction.
patterns. Casting of concrete structure.
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GATE 2004
GATE 2000
AR 19. Highlight the structure significance of Flying Buttress with reference to historic architectural evolution.
AR 20. Indicate a criteria for selection of an Elevator System in a building.
AR 21. Draw a neat sketch of a domestic kitchen, 3.0 m x 2.4 m, showing arrangement of different functional areas as
well as the necessary services layout.
AR 22. Discuss the significance of air changes in a given room and mention the factors governing the air-change
requirements.
AR 23. List the various forms of plants used generally in planting design.
Section B (75 marks)
Parts II
Answer any FIFTEEN questions. All questions carry equal marks.
AR 4. Explain with the help of sketches the Hippodamian planning concept.
Advocated the GRID IRON pattern of road layout.. This system

was introduced to rebuild the Greek cities, which were destructed
by the Persian invasion. For laying out the perpendicular roads,
individual buildings were made the common denominator and the
functions of the buildings were given importance.
AR 5. Mention the key elements used for interpretation of Aerial

Photographs.
Figure: Planning of Hippodamian
 Aerial photographs cannot give details of inside the buildings; the true nature of activities carried out
within cannot be ascertained.
 Such information has to be obtained only through perception and inter-relation with the shape, size and
environmental factors of the building structures.
 This difficulty is particularly encountered in mixed land use area and hence, in such
instances remotely sensed information has to be intensively cross checked with ground information
 Certain types of information such as about the health status, and age and sex structure of population and
similar other details have to be obtained through a detailed socio-economic survey in the field.
AR 6. Outline the concept of „Vermiculture‟ in Solid Waste Management.
AR 7. What do yoy understand by „Sight Distance‟ in a traffic flow? Write the expression for “ braking distance” of a
vehicle on a roadway
Sight distance from a point is the actual distance along the road surface, which a driver from a specified height
above the carriageway has visibility of stationary or moving objects. In other words, sight distance is the length
of road visible ahead to the driver at any instance
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GATE 2000
Braking distance of a vehicle is the distance travelled by the vehicle after the application of the brakes, to a dead
stop position
l = v2 / 2gf where
l = braking distance in metres v=speed of vehicle in
metres / sec
f = design coefficient of friction = 0.4 to 0.35 dpending on speed, from 30 to 80 kmph g = acceleration due to
gravity = 9.8 metres / sec2
AR8. Explain the concept of “Eminent Domain” and “Police power” in relation to town planning?
 Eminent domain - by which the government can acquire any private property for the sake of public welfare,
public health and public safety
 Police power - by which the developmental authorities can control the nuisances and the
undue developments. Most of the developmental controls like building bye-laws and planning laws
emanate from this police power.
AR 9. An urban area is expected to accommodate during the next decade an additional population of 65,000 to the
existing population of 2,25,000. Estimate the existing housing need and also the need at the end of the next decade on
the following information.
Present household size - 4.75 persons

Future household size - 4.50 persons
Housing stock to be replaced at the end of the decade - 4,500 units
AR 10. A residential neighbourhood with a population of 15,000 has to be serviced by a water supply pipe 700 m in
length. Assuming average rate of supply of water at 175 litres per capita per day, maximum permissible velocity of
flow of 1.5 m/sec and head loss across the pipe length not exceed 8 m, design the diameter of the pipe using Hazen‟s-
William‟s Nomogram for C.I. pipes.
AR11 Explain the „Backwash Effect‟ in development process.
AR 12. State the administrative procedure under the Land Acquision Act, 1894 and the recent amendments to
expedite the process of land acquision.
Answer: Whenever any government department or a public authority want to acquire any land, they must send their
requisition proposal to the appropriate office of the government (normally designated as land acquisition collector –
who is in every district and big cities) who will on behalf of the department or public authority, which needs the
land, go through the various stages of the land acquisition procedure until he takes possession of the land and hands
it over to the concerned department or the public authority.
AR 13. Briefly outline the main recommendations of the National Houseing Policy.
 To encourage investment in housing and thereby achieve a sustained growth of the nation‟s overall
housing stock
 To provide housing as part of the strategy for augmenting employment and upgrading skills
 To motivate and assist the houseless households, to secure for itself, affordable shelter in the shortest
possible time span
 To reorient and strengthen public housing agencies, so that they could concentrate on provision of
developed land with water supply, sanitation, roads, lighting, and other infrastructure facilities and
leaving construction of houses to the people
 To divert the attention of the housing agencies towards improving the housing conditions of the absolutely
houseless and other disadvantageous groups in dire need of assistance
 To endeavour to bring about an equitable distribution of land for housing through legal and fiscal measures
and secure access to the poor households, to land
 To attract more public investments in the housing sector by monetary and legal measures
 To utilize science and technology to the needs of the shelter sector, both for optimizing the use of scarce,
conventional building resources and for achieving cost reduction to levels affordable to various income
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GATE 2000
groups
 To promote repair, renovation and up gradation of existing housing stock
 To curb speculation and profiteering in land and to arrest spiraling rents and lane values
 To enhance housing stock by, promotion of research and development in available building materials,
by imparting training for upgrading construction skills; by adopting appropriate and improved
technology, by encourageang co-operative and group housing, by reviewing and modifying related
laws and regulations which at present function as disincentives for housing development etc.
AR 14. Explain the hierarchy of recreational open spaces in urban areas in terms of physical size and facility
standards.
Category Population Area in Facility standards
per unit hectares
Totlot 500 0.05 Paved area, playground apparatus area
for small children
Children‟s park 2000 0.2
Neighbourhoo 1000 0.2
d playground
Neighbourhood park 5000 0.8 Playground apparatus areas,
landscaped areas, multiple-use
paved
District park 25,000 5.0 areas
Facilities of neighbourhood park,
tennis courts, football and lighting for
evening use, community center /
recreation
Regional park 1,00,000 40.0 buildings
Water and camping,
resource, swimmingnature
pool
study picnicking
AR 15. What do you understand by the term parking Accommodation, Parking Index and Parkinng Turnover?
Parking accumulation:
The total number of vehicles parked in an area at a specified time.
Parking Index:
Percentage of the theoretically available number of parking bays actually occupied by parked vehicles.
Parking turnover:
Rate of the usage of available parking space.
AR 16. Enumerate the factors which affect runoff from a catchment basin.
AR 17. Describe the salient features of the 73rd Constitutinal Amendment Act of India, and its role in
empowering grass-roots level organisations.
 There shall be constituted in every state panchayats at avillage, intermediate and district level
 To have proper representation of population in all areas, the ratio between the population of a territorial area
of a panchayat and the number of seats, which are filled by election, shall be same throughout the state
 Normally duration of panchayat is five years
 The legislature of a state may endow the panchayat with such powers to enable them to function as
institutions of self government, subject to conditions, with respect to prepaation and implementation of plans
for economic development and social justice
 Panchayats may be given powers to impose taxes, duties, tolls and fees subject to limits
 A finance commission may be constituted to review financial position of the panchayat
AR 18. Explain with examples of difference between formal and functional regions.
A Formal region is geographical area which is uniform or homogeneous in terms of selected
criteria. A formal region can be further defined as natural or economic formal region depending upon the criteria
used. A Natural formal region is a formal region based on the criteria of topography, climate or vegetation. Criteria
used are predominantly physical, linked with the concept of geographical determinism. Economic formal regions are
generally based on types of industry or agriculture ( such as coal mining region, tea plantation region ) although
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GATE 1994
GATE 1994
Year 1994
Duration: 3 hours
Maximum marks: 150
Instruction: Choose either part I or part II from Section B. Section B has TWENTY questions. Answer any TEN
questions in this section.
Special instruction would be provided at the beginning of the question if any. No negative marking.
SECTION A (100 marks)
SUBSECTION A1 (75 marks)
SECTION A (100 Marks)
1. Write in your answer book the correct or the most appropriate answer to the following questions. (20 x 1 = 20
marks)
1.1 The visual principle of optical correctness was invented and used in
(A) Byzantine Architecture (B) Islamic Architecture (C) Gracco Roman Architecture (D) Greek Architecture
1.2 Interface of two ecological zones is termed as

(A) Ecosystem (B) Ecotone (C) Profile (D) Promontories
Ecology
 Ecology may be defined as the scientific study of the relationship of living organisms with each other and with
their environment
 The emphasis is on relationships between organisms and the components of the environment namely abiotic
(non-living) and biotic (living).
 Ecology is derived from 2 Greek words
 Oikos >> Home or place to live in
 Logos >> Study
 Literally, it means study of home or nature
 Ecology not only deals with the study of the relationship of individual organisms with their environment, but
also with the study of populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes and biosphere as a whole
Biome
 a large community unit, characterized by a major vegetation type and associated fauna, found in a specific
climatic region
 No two biomes are alike
Ecotone
 Transitional area between two biomes
or diverse ecosystems (where two
communities meet & integrate)
 Examples : between a field and forest,
between forest and grassland
 may appear as a gradual blending of
the two communities across a broad
area, or may manifest itself as a sharp
boundary line
 May contains some organisms which
are entirely different from that of
adjoining communities
 Sometimes the number of species & Figure: formation of Biome
population density of some of the
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GATE 1994
species is much greater in this zone than either community, Known as edge effect
 Organisms which occur primarily or most abundantly in this zone are known as edge species
Niche
 Description of all the biological, physical & chemical factors that a species needs – to survive, stay healthy &
reproduce
 Niche is unique for every species which means no 2 species can have exact identical niche
Ecosystem
 A functional unit of nature encompassing complex interaction between its biotic (living) and abiotic (non-
living) components.
 For example- a pond is a good example of ecosystem; (it can also be as small as a single tree)
 Components of ecosystem: They are broadly grouped into:-
 Abiotic
 Biotic components
Biosphere
 Represents a highly integrated & interacting zone comprising of atmosphere, hydrosphere & lithosphere
 abundant life between 200 meters below oceans surfaces till approx. 6000 meters above sea surfaces
 absent at extremes of north & south poles, the highest mountains & at the deepest oceans majorly due to hostile
conditions
 Occasionally spores of fungi & bacteria do occur at great height beyond 8000 meters but they are not
metabolically active & hence represent only dormant life
(Source: https://iasmania.com/ecology-biome-ecotone-niche-ecosystem-biosphere/ )
1.3 Greater London Plan, 1941, was prepared by

(A) Christopher Wren (B) Ebenezer Howard (C) Prince Charles (D) Patrick Abercrombie
1.4 Density control of residential area is expressed in terms of

(A) Dwelling units per floor
(B) Dwelling units per plot
(C) Age-sex ratio
(D) Floor area ratio
F.A.R. Perhaps the best way to define an FAR is to give an example. An FAR of 1.0 means that the developer is
allowed to build the equivalent of a one-story building over her entire lot, or a 2-story over half the lot. An FAR of 2.0
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GATE 1994
means the developer is allowed to build the equivalent of a two-story building over her entire lot, or a 4-story over half
the lot.
F.A.R. is the ratio of total building floor area to the area of the plot.
Why FAR is used:

 Various tools are used by for regulating or guiding the development of our urban areas. The primary
objective of using such tools is the optimal utilisation of precious land considering its use, reuse,
misuse, disuse and abuse . Among various development regulations adopted, Floor Area Ratio (F.A.R.) is
one of the most important one, which regulates t he bulk of the built space. Higher the F.A.R. value, more will
be floor area within the same plot, and higher the pressure on land for infrastructure. Carrying capacity
and development priorities assigned by the plan to each locality are the major factors which decide F.A.R.
that can be permitted i n an area.
 F.A.R. values mainly determine the density or intensity of development of an area. Hence different F.A.R.
values are prescribed for different locations in development plans.
 In brief; the permissible F.A.R. values are decided in relation to different inter-related aspects such as
adequacy of water supply, sewerage system, solid waste disposal, road capacity, land availability,
harmony with surrounding developments and other facilities, amenities and services.
1.5 Write (17, *) A is a write statement with

(A) Free format (B) Open format (C) F 17.0 format (D) A 17 format
1.6 Grey value of colour refers to

(A) Wave length (B) Reflectivity (C) Lightness (D) None of these
Grey is an intermediate color between black and white. It is a neutral or achromatic color, meaning literally that it is a
color "without color." This means that there are equal components of red, green, and blue. The variations in intensity of
these colors uniformly produce different shades of grey.
1.7 Coarse textured plants are characterised by

(A) Dense small leaves with many branches and full growth habits
(B) Large leaves with massive branches and loose growth habits
(C) Sharp edged long leaves with thin branches and restricted growth habits
(D) Uncontrolled growth with sparsely developed leaves and trunk
Notes: Texture: Texture refers to the visual grain or coarseness of a perceived surface. It is influenced by leaf size and
edge character, twig and branch size, bark articulation, growth habit and viewing distance.
Coarse-textured plants are characterized by large leaves, massive branching, few twigs and loose growth habit. They
are dominant plants when used in composition with medium- or fine-textured plants. This dominance makes them
useful as fowl points. When so used they are most effectively displayed against fine-textured backgrounds. Coarse-
textured plants tend to advance toward the viewer and make spaces within which they exist seem smaller. They should
usually not be used in small or tight spaces.
Most plants are of medium texture. Their role in planting is usually that of neutral mass and as back- drop within which
line or coarse materials are displayed as accents.
Fine~textured plants have many small leaves, dense and full growth habit. and many thin branches and fine twigs.
These plants are most effectively viewed at very close range and do not threaten or overpower small spaces.
(Source: from book „Introduction to Landscape Design‟ by John L. Motloch page no. 82)
1.8 In a two dimensional composition spatial depth can be created by the principle of
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GATE 1994
(A) Balance (B) Rhythm (C) Perspective (D) Harmony
1.9 Settlement with ‘mile high’ structure was conceived by

(A) Le Corbusier (B) Antoni Gaudi (C) Frank L Wright (D) Kevin Lynch
The Mile High Illinois is a visionary skyscraper that is over 1 mile (1,600 m) high, conceived and described by noted
American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in his 1957 book, A Testament.
1.10 The permissible height of

a building on a plot is
determined by
(A) Density of the area and floor
space index
(B) Uncovered rear space and
ground coverage
(C) Abutting road width and
floor area ratio
(D) None of these
1.11 AUTOEXE.BAT is a
(A) Data file
(B) ASCII text file
(C) Autocad drawing file
(D) Write protected file
1.12 Photo chemical reaction

in the atmosphere begins with
(A) the act of absorption of Figure: A trickling filter , also called trickling biofilter, biofilter, biological filter
radiation and biological trickling filter , is a fixed-bed, biological reactor that operates
(B) the formation of smog under (mostly) aerobic conditions. Pre-settled wastewater is continuously
(C) the depletion of ozone layer 'trickled' or sprayed over the filter.
(D) none of these
Notes: Photochemical reaction, is that a chemical reaction
initiated by the absorption of energy in the form of light.
1.13 Trickling filter is used for

(A) Treatment of drinking water
(B) Treatment of waste water
(C) Oxidation of water
(D) Air conditioning plant
1.14 Complementary colour of violet is

(A) Red
(B) Yellow
(C) Black Figure: The complementary color of Yellow is
(D) Green Voilet.
1.15 The Radburn pattern of neighbourhood layout was conceived by

(A) Doxiadis (B) Clarence Stein (C) Clarence Perry (D) Soriya Y. Mata
1.16 UCS in Autocad

(A) can not be altered (B) can only be rotated (C) can only be translated (D) can be rotated and translated
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GATE 1994
1.17 The principle of ‘Conservative Survey’ was suggested by
(A) Oscar Neimeyer (B) Patricks Geddes (C) Charles Abraham
(D) Lewis Mumford
1.18 Plant which can block wind and view throughout the year when
branching very near the ground are
(A) Deciduous
(B) Evergreen Conifers
(C) Broad leaf evergreens
(D) Mixed evergreen deciduous
Deciduous means "falling off at maturity" or "tending to fall off", and it

is typically used in order to refer to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves
seasonally (most commonly during autumn) and to the shedding of other
plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe.
Figure: Evergreen Conifers can block

1.19 The Tien An Mein Square in Peking is an example of wind and view throughout the year when
(A) Ornamental Park (B) Shopping Center branching very near the ground.
(C) Large Plaza (D) Exhibition ground
1.20 The National Commission on Urbanisation was chaired by

(A) Rajiv Gandhi
(B) Charles Correa
(C) B. V. Doshi
(D) A. P. Kanvinde
2. What do the following abbreviations stand for: (10 x 1 mark = 10 marks)

(A) BTU (British Thermal Unit)
(B) HVAC (Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning)
5
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Answering Multiple Choice Questions

Here are a few tips to help reduce these perils:

2. "Funny" responses are usually wrong.

How to solve Numerical Questions:

Tips for solving numerical problems:

Example(GATE 2013): 42 If the slope of a hipped roof is 60 degrees and height

Solution: Total area of steel is 335 sq mm. (which is spread in 1m of width)

Courtesy: Center for Teaching Excellence

1. Question Paper GATE 2017 ………………………………………………………(Page 11017 – 182017)

2. Question Paper GATE 2016 ………………………………………………………(Page 11016 – 402016)

3. Question Paper GATE 2015……………………………………………………… (Page 12015 - 582015)

4. Question Paper GATE 2014 ………………………………………………………(Page 12014 - 422014)

5. Question Paper GATE 2013………………………………………………………. (Page 12013 - 422013)

6. Question Paper GATE 2012 ………………………………………………………(Page 12012 - 282012)

7. Question Paper GATE 2011 ………………………………………………………(Page 12011 - 442011)

8. Question Paper GATE 2010……………………………………………………... (Page 12010 - 382010)

9. Question Paper GATE 2009 ……………………………………………………….(Page 12009 - 362009)

10. Question Paper GATE 2008 ……………………………………………………….(Page 12008 - 342008)

11. Question Paper GATE 2007 ……………………………………………………….(Page 12007 - 282007)

12. Question Paper GATE 2006 ………………………………………………………. (Page 12006 - 462006)

13. Question Paper GATE 2005 ……………………………………………………….(Page 12005 - 342005)

14. Question Paper GATE 2004 ………………………………………………………(Page 12004 - 262004)

15. Question Paper GATE 2003 ………………………………………………………(Page 12003 - 182003)

16. Question Paper GATE 2002 ………………………………………………………(Page 12002 - 222002)

17. Question Paper GATE 2001 ………………………………………………………(Page 12001 - 142001)

18. Question Paper GATE 2000 ………………………………………………………(Page 12000 - 122000)

19. Question Paper GATE 1999 ………………………………………………………(Page 11999 – 141999)

20. Question Paper GATE 1998 ………………………………………………………(Page 11998 – 121998)

21. Question Paper GATE 1997 ………………………………………………………(Page 11997 – 081997)

22. Question Paper GATE 1996 ………………………………………………………(Page 11996 – 121996)

23. Question Paper GATE 1995 ………………………………………………………(Page 11995 – 061995)

24. Question Paper GATE 1994 ………………………………………………………(Page 11994 – 101994)

25. References …………………………………………………………………………(x1)

1. Question Paper GATE 2017 ………………………………………………………(Page 11017 – 182017)

2. Question Paper GATE 2016 ………………………………………………………(Page 11016 – 402016)

3. Question Paper GATE 2015……………………………………………………… (Page 12015 - 582015)

4. Question Paper GATE 2014 ………………………………………………………(Page 12014 - 422014)

5. Question Paper GATE 2013………………………………………………………. (Page 12013 - 422013)

6. Question Paper GATE 2012 ………………………………………………………(Page 12012 - 282012)

7. Question Paper GATE 2011 ………………………………………………………(Page 12011 - 442011)

8. Question Paper GATE 2010……………………………………………………... (Page 12010 - 382010)

9. Question Paper GATE 2009 ……………………………………………………….(Page 12009 - 362009)

10. Question Paper GATE 2008 ……………………………………………………….(Page 12008 - 342008)

11. Question Paper GATE 2007 ……………………………………………………….(Page 12007 - 282007)

12. Question Paper GATE 2006 ………………………………………………………. (Page 12006 - 462006)

13. Question Paper GATE 2005 ……………………………………………………….(Page 12005 - 342005)

14. Question Paper GATE 2004 ………………………………………………………(Page 12004 - 262004)

15. Question Paper GATE 2003 ………………………………………………………(Page 12003 - 182003)

16. Question Paper GATE 2002 ………………………………………………………(Page 12002 - 222002)

17. Question Paper GATE 2001 ………………………………………………………(Page 12001 - 142001)

18. Question Paper GATE 2000 ………………………………………………………(Page 12000 - 122000)

19. Question Paper GATE 1999 ………………………………………………………(Page 11999 – 141999)

20. Question Paper GATE 1998 ………………………………………………………(Page 11998 – 121998)

21. Question Paper GATE 1997 ………………………………………………………(Page 11997 – 081997)

22. Question Paper GATE 1996 ………………………………………………………(Page 11996 – 121996)

23. Question Paper GATE 1995 ………………………………………………………(Page 11995 – 061995)

24. Question Paper GATE 1994 ………………………………………………………(Page 11994 – 101994)

25. References …………………………………………………………………………(x1)

Figure: There are two photographs here. Aravena provided a

Answer: (A) Alejandro Aravena

Q.3 The unit for measuring sound absorption in a room is

(A) Sabin (B) Phon (C) Decibel (3) Hertz