2020

2021

TECHNICAL COLLAGE OF ENGINEER-DUHOK

DEPARTMENT OF PETROCHEMICAL
THIRD YEAR

Title: Density & Specific gravity

BY:

Mohammed Adalat Rashid

Group. B
Report No. EXP 5
Subject: petroleum refinery
Date of the lecture 10/11/2020
Delivery date. 24/11/2020

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Objective :
The objective of this experiment is :
● to measure and study density and specific gravity and API gravity of
different liquids by using hydrometer and pycnometer .
● to distinguish between the hydrometer and pycnometer .
● to provide sufficient information between the heavy and light and
heavy crude oil .

Apparatus :
1. Hydrometer
2. Pycnometer
3. Balance
4. Thermometer
5. Graduated cylinder
6. Sample

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Observation :
1- When we measured the weight of filled pycnometer we noticed that some drops
of sample fell in the balance so this effect the weight .
2- During the experiment when we put the hydrometer to the sample in the
cylinder some of them sink to the bottom we changed them many times until one
of them was correct
3- when we put sample in pycnometer should be full the pycnometer of a sample
after that we put in the cap of pycnometer because we don’t let making bubble
in side the pycnometer

Discussion :
1. What is the significance of density and specific gravity test in oil industry field?
Density is one of the most prevalent physical property used to classify and
characterize fluids, not only in the environmental, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and
food and beverage industries, but also in hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI).
Petroleum products are everywhere in today's life, and have become almost natural
parts of the modern world. Numerous products used on a daily basis are derived
from petroleum, such as all kinds of fuels and oils, or the wide range of
petrochemicals (solvents, plastics, synthetic fibers, etc.) The raw material, crude
oil, and its refinery products are complex mixtures of various carbon hydroxides
that are usually characterized through their physical properties, including the
density value. Used in conjunction with the specific- industry API Gravity scale.

2. What are the differences between density and specific gravity?

density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass
per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is p (the lower case Greek
letter rho). Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume:
Density = mass / volume

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 Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density (mass of
the same unit volume) of a reference substance. Apparent specific gravity is the
ratio of the weight of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume
of the reference substance. The reference substance is nearly always water for
liquids or air for gases. Temperature and pressure must be specified for both the
sample and the reference:
Sp.gr = density of substance/ density of water
3. Explain which method is much accurate?
Method two (pycnometer is more accurate than the hydrometer and the reasons
belongs to those factors that affect the hydrometer like temperature, carbon
dioxide, and presence of alcohol.
4.what is the accurate temperature for gravity test?
Accurate determination of the gravity of petroleum and its products is necessary
for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperature of
60 °F (15.56 °C)