CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

The main purpose of this project was to provide the small sector food industry (MSME)
with a platform that they are able to process their food item in safe packets by reducing the cost
of packaging machines. In comparison with the large OEMS who have multi brand packing
system show case their nutritional value of their products and additional information regarding
show case and other information, which provide them a great source and huge marketing
opportunity in business and customer satisfaction. We did it through designing the whole
machine in virtual environment where every component was based on standard available mainly
electronic part for automation (semi automation). Weight checking was removed by adding
volumetric cup filler according to product packaging of particular industry. The design and
simulation were based on the company layout factory area where we took it on virtual
environment and simulated it. The synchronization of machine was done according to the
controller employed in the control of machine for sealing of the packets of food items. Arduino
based automation system was employed for automation.

The schematic diagram below shows that the production of safe, wholesome foods, the
major concern of the food industry, stems from a thorough risk assessment. Indeed, this is now a
legal requirement. The diagram also shows that given specified raw materials, there are four
major ‘building blocks’ that govern the way the factory is operated to ensure that the safe,
wholesome food goal is realized.
 Risk assessment encompasses identifying the hazards that may affect the quality or safety of
the food product and controlling them at all stages of the process such that their risk to product
contamination is minimized. In the food industry this is commonly referred to as Hazard
Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP).

o Processes that return the processing environment to its original condition. These are
usually referred to as cleaning and disinfection or sanitation programmes.
o Practices that keep the building and equipment in efficient operation. These are referred
to as the maintenance Programme.
o Practices that relate to the control of cross-contamination during manufacture, usually
related to people, surfaces, the air and the segregation of raw and cooked product. Such
control is generally referred to as Good Manufacturing Practice.

Food processing equipment that is designed hygienically has three key advantages: -

• Food quality

Good hygienic design maintains product in the main product flow. This ensures that
product is not 'held-up' within the equipment where it could deteriorate and affect product quality
on rejoining the main product flow. Or, for example in flavorings manufacture, one batch could
not cross contaminate a subsequent batch to give sensory problems.

• Food safety
 Good hygienic design prevents the contamination of the product with substances that
would adversely affect the health of the consumer. Such contamination could be microbiological
(e.g. pathogens), chemical (e.g. lubricating fluids, cleaning chemicals) and physical (e.g. glass).

• Cost reduction

Good hygienic design reduces the time required for an item of equipment to be cleaned.
This reduction of cleaning time is significant over the lifetime of the equipment such that
hygienically designed equipment which may initially be more expensive (compared to similarly
performing poorly designed equipment), will be more cost effective in the long term. In addition,
reduced down time for cleaning may lead to the opportunity for increased production. Of these
three factors, safety is the most important to the food consumer. There have been many examples
of product recalls, lost production, and indeed site closure, due to contamination arising from
poorly designed equipment. Physical foreign body contaminants, such as pieces of plastic, affect
the wholesomeness of food but rarely receive media attention. Physical contaminants of a more
serious nature e.g. glass fragments or caustic CIP fluids.

Food Dispensary Machines in India

In India Food Dispensary machines are not very common in India and are usually found
only in major cities or along some national highways. Seaga India, a 100% subsidiary of the
Seaga Group of USA, is the pioneer for bringing the concept of vending machines to India.
Seaga India's machines are being used by the Delhi Metro, the state government, IT parks,
factories, BPO, etc... Vending machines are used to sell snacks, beverages, condoms, public
transit tickets, jewellery, and change for currency notes. Several reasons have been attributed to
the lack of success of vending machines in India. The availability of cheap labour makes
operating stores or kiosks economical; customers lack of technical knowledge and feel uneasy
using vending machines; a lack of machines that accept a wide variety of payment methods;
vandalism, rough use, and poor maintenance of the machines. However, vending machines are
relatively new in India and analysts believe that usage will rise.
Figure: MTR tetra food pocket
CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review

In the nineteenth century, the first vending machine to be successfully commercialized by

Thomas Adams was used for the sale of their chewing gum in underground stations of New
York. Only in 1902 the first company of vending machines emerged, Horn &Hardart Baking
Company in Philadelphia. In turn, the Committee Definitions of the American Marketing
Association define vending machines as “retail sales of products or services by operating
machines that are used by end consumers” (STEIN, 1964).

Market developed via automatic vending machines has grown quickly since it is
convenient, faster and cheaper (KIM, YOO, 2012). According to history, the coffee vending
machines emerged in the 50s since profits decreased and managers needed to reduce costs. They
concluded that could save money by using coffee automatic machines (STEIN 1964). The
vending machine also had an important role in the new economy of America, being a generator
of Employment (WEEK, 1999; Apud LEE, 2003). Yet there is some vulnerability in this kind of
business. When the economy is in recession, sales of this business also decreased (LEE, 2003).
For example, the consumption of products from vending machines decreased by 5% in 2001 due
to the economic downturn (National Automatic Merchandising Association, 2002; Apud LEE,
2003). Nowadays, vending services include a large number of products such as coffee, drinks,
snacks, books, toys and other products located in stations, schools, universities, companies and
hospitals (KIM, YOO 2012). However, STEIN (1964) pointed out a limitation, clearly stating
that is not possible to serve a “full meal” in a vending machine.

Regarding the evolution of the vending machine itself, in the ‘30s, there was the coin
changers’ development. Also in the ‘30s, small refrigerator was placed inside the vending
machine, which allowed the sale of chilled drinks and ice cream at competitive prices compared
to sales in stores. In turn, in the 50s, the automatic coffee machines expanded to several small
businesses. Its clean look and beautiful design would be appropriate in cafeterias or classrooms.
In the ‘60s, two manufacturers have introduced machines with the hypothesis of automatic note
changers (STEIN, 1964).

In 1961, a million and a half of the U.S. population bought at least one product in the
vending machines every day (STEWART, 1961; Apud STEIN, 1964). Vending machines were
developed further, which led to a focus on installation, training and / or existence of effective
instruction, maintenance and repair, being essential to achieve customer needs and satisfaction in
different markets. In turn, the development of new machinery found a wide range of design
requirements in project stage (GOFFIN, 2000). In an advanced perspective, operations strategy is
a set of decisions on the strategic management of competence, skills, processes, technologies,
resources and materials/stocks management in a supply chain in order to create and deliver
products and services according to customers’ requests (BROWN et al., 2005).

Services firms acquired vending machine to self-service businesses (GOFFIN, 2000;

KIM, YOO, 2012). However, these machines are a complex mix of mechanical and electronic
technologies, security and display. Due to the wear and tear of a number of components,
maintenance and repair are required. In these terminals, communication channels (links, machine
to machine) may exist via modem to a central computer showing performance data, sales
activities and stock levels in the chain of vending machines. With the updating of these channels
of communication in services, companies of vending machines had good management practices
reflected in a maintenance management and in an efficient and effective supply planning in
record time (GOFFIN, 2000).

If there is a problem, the customer may contact the vending company and compensation
will be given. In order to achieve a better services quality, vending machine services companies
normally have a department that is responsible for repairing any identified damage. All repairs
are carried out in the place where the machine is located. Technicians make regular visits to
carry out periodic inspections and preventive maintenance during times that do not have to make
repairs (KIM, YOO, 2012). According to the authors, KIM and YOO (2012), vending machines
can be distinguished by two types of failure mechanisms. The mechanism I group which includes
transaction currency, delivery mechanism(s) of product(s) -, and the mechanism II group - which
includes the electronic part.
 According to statistics, most faults relate to this group. The group of mechanisms II is
related with the engine cooler in the case of ice creams or beverages refrigerator vending
machines. This mechanism includes the compressor, control of ice and refrigerant charge. For
this group, the repair mechanisms are necessarily more expensive because of technical resources
as well as heavier equipment needed. According to different breakdowns of the two groups of
mechanisms I and II, it is important to distinguish two types of technicians for the manpower
planning and repair process to be effective. After contact with the technicians, they move to
repair the mechanisms of group I. If the detected failure is part of the mechanisms of group II,
they contact colleagues to conduct the visit and repair.

However, the group I did not leave without first carrying out inspections of the
mechanisms of this group. The optimal preventive maintenance interval was determined to
minimize the total average cost for the maintenance compound, additional expects and capacity
loss (HSU, TAPIERO, 1987; Apud KIM, YOO, 2012). It is true that if they for preventive
maintenance, the probability of failure decreases and vending machines in the near future may
witness a reduction of costs and an increased level of customer satisfaction (KIM, YOO, 2012).
From a design perspective, the following question could be asked: what is the influence of the
design in the vending machines? The design influences both the necessity of handling and the
way of distribution (GARVIN, 1988; Apud GOFFIN, 2000).

The decisions obtained in the phase of design / development machine, affect equipment
reliability and consequently the requirements for maintenance of that machine (LELE, 1986;
Apud GOFFIN, 2000). Some companies develop products / machines with a good assistance
level. They reach this level because they get an excellent grasp and understanding of customer
needs and to support the equipment evaluation. This will be carried out during the project
development stage (GOFFIN, 2000). GOFFIN (2000), a Senior Operations Manager, argues that
machine assistance is the key role of marketing either in technology practiced either in
development of engineering machinery.

Technical assistance was a significant change in many industries over the last ten years.
GOFFIN (2000) considers not only the types of maintenance and repair but also includes other
elements like support via phone or online and contact customers A research study focuses on a
mathematical model of integration and planning of the technical department of the vending
machines. Closely, related to preventive maintenance and failures. Planning determines levels of
technical work (full-time and temporary), preventive maintenance and repairs to minimize the
total cost (KIM, YOO, 2012). However, surprisingly, in practice, many companies maintain
these services to a minimum number of human resources (technical) dedicated to fault repair and
preventive maintenance. This strategy can even keep labor costs lower, but in terms of total
costs, in the long run these are not minimal (KIM, YOO, 2012). The market success of vending
machines depends on the customers’ knowledge of their needs before offering products in the
machines.

It can even exist a disagreement according to the quality of the products but they should
be part of the list of consumer preferences (STEIN, 1964). The stronger the exposure of products
and / or vending machines, the larger image and recognition it will be. This is an open path to
marketing communications.

This strategy is valid in the many countries because of reputable brands of products to
dispose of this type of vending service (LEE, 2003). As people are adapted to use different types
of vending machines, these will expand and represent increasingly different types of services.
Interestingly, STEIN (1964, p.51) stresses that: “to be successful the desire should override the
machine and not vice versa!” In the current services economy, the use of information
technologies increases significantly (WEBSTER, 1992; SHETH, 1994; SHETH,
PARVATIYAR, 1995a; GRONROOS, 2000; GUMMESON, 2002; Apud HUNT, ARNETT,
2006), and therefore it is each time more important to understand customers’ opinions and
feedback (SHETH, PARVATIYAR, 1995b). Vending machine market in India is still at a
nascent stage and is expected to witness dynamic growth in the near future. The market will be
boosted by the increasing consumerism coupled with changing lifestyle, resulting in increased
demand for vending machines.

A market analysis studies the attractiveness and the dynamics of a special market within a
special industry. It is part of the industry analysis and thus in turn of the global environmental
analysis. Through all of these analyses the opportunities, strengths, weaknesses and threats of a
company can be identified. Finally, with the help of a SWOT analysis, adequate business
strategies of a company will be defined. The goal of a market analysis is to determine the
attractiveness of a market, both now and in the future.
 Organizations evaluate the future attractiveness of a market by gaining an understanding
of evolving opportunities and threats as they relate to that organization's own strengths and
weaknesses. In most of the developed countries the vending machines are situated at public
places. These machines dispense the snacks, cold drinks, coffee, tea, etc. to the people. Also, in
developing countries the vending machines are used to provide these things. (Hong Gu, and
Shuang Qiao Jiang Tian, 2006; Bhuvaneswari et al., 2013 and Ana Monga Balwidar Singh,
2012) The invention of coin operated vending machine is done in London. Initially it was used to
dispense the post cards.

As time passes the vending machines become much popular because of its numerous
advantages. Coin operated vending machines are most popular in all the vending machines. The
costumer is able to get required quantity of product by inserting coins in vending machine
through coin discriminator.

The basic idea of proposed system is originated from these existing systems. Majorly we
are developing a system in water tank is set to provide water to customer. Now a day’s water
vending machines are available and operated on only one coin but our aim is to design water
vending machine which is portable within limited amount. In India, there is problem of safe
drinking water therefore we are going to provide hygienic mineral water. Water has become the
most commercial products of the century.

This may sound bizarre, but true. The stress on the multiple water resources is a result of
a multitude of factors. On the one hand, the rapidly rising population and changing lifestyles
have increased the need for fresh water. If opportunity costs were taken into account, it would be
clear that in most rural areas, households are paying far more for water supply than the often -
normal rates charged in urban areas.

Also, if this cost of fetching water which is almost equivalent. To 150 million women
days each year, is covered into a loss for the national exchequer, it translates into a whopping 10
billion rupees per year. In summer, we face the problem of drinking water. So is the panic over
drinking water supply in the city as well as in villages. The reservoir has very low level of water,
which is not even half of the total water level.
 2.2 Public Survey

We had a survey with our project team in some parts of Karnataka, yes government of
Karnataka and some commercial companies have installed these readymade food vending
machines in public places like railway stations, bus stands etc. but we have discovered a lot of
disadvantages and un similarities in these readymade food vending machines they are as follows,

1. Huge machines.

2. Investment is very high (around 3-5 lakhs rupees).

3. Cannot be transported easily.

4. Maintenance is very high.

After observing some of these problems we have decided to overcome these problems
with some of small solution that we could do.
CHAPTER-3

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 Problem Statement

On the basis of our survey it is found that the present readymade food Dispensary/
vending machines are huge and occupy more space and cannot be utilized in all the required
places. Hence, we choose our project and its title as ‘Design and Fabrication of Readymade
Portable Food Dispensary/ Vending Machine’.

3.2 Project Objectives

1. To provide hygienic readymade food, development of portable food dispensary unit in
economical cost.
2. To develop 3D model of FDU (Food Dispensary Unit) by CATIA Software.
3. To design portable machine using simple techniques.
4. To adopt mechanism that can be easily maintained.
5. To fabricate FDU as per the design.
CHAPTER- 4

TYPES OF VENDING MACHINE

4.1 Coffee Vending Machine

FIGURE 4.1: Coffee Vending Machine

Product Description: It’s a unique entity in the industry, actively committed towards
offering an optimum quality range of Automatic Coffee Vending Machine. In accordance
with the set industry standards, this machine is manufactured by skilled professionals using
high grade components and latest technology. Owing to its smooth operation and long
service life, the offered machine is highly demanded among clients. Moreover, to ensure
optimum performance, this machine is stringently tested by quality experts on various quality
parameters. This machine gives coffee when inserted coin.
4.2 Milk Vending Machine

FIGURE 4.2: Milk Vending Machine

Product Description: Automatic Milk Vending Machine, which is developed by

accomplished professionals who employ the industry-accepted material and superior
techniques. These products are existing in the market in numerous specifications that meet on
clientele demand. In addition, quality checkers also examine these products in order to offer
fault-free series to the clientele. Features: Easy installation Hassle free operation
Temperature Resistance Descriptions: SS 304 Construction Refrigerated tank for maintaining
the temperature at 4 C. Single delivery with SS float balance tank 20 liters. Float balance
tank fitted with 3 port valve and 500 ml beaker used as an extension to main tank. Electronic
push button /remote control operated panel with separate buttons for dispensing 250 ml, 500
ml and 1000 ml Optional buttons are available on request for bulk sale of 2000 ml and 4000
ml. Multiple Vending Options Operation: Manual & with Remote Battery Backup 2X16
Character crystal display with light Wheels/fix type arrangement
4.3 Automatic Snack Vending Machine

FIGURE 4.3: Automatic Snack Vending Machine

Product Description: To meet variegated demands of clients, they are engaged in

manufacturing, exporting and supplying an exclusive range of Automatic Snack Vending
Machine. Specifications: Dimensions H XW X D mm): 1845 X 810 X 905 Axial levering
Port at optimum setting) Weight: 275 Kgs. Electrical: 230 V. 50 Hz. 0.12 Amps. Selections:
26 as standard, 42 maximum Factory Configuration: 9 Snacks. 10 small sized Snacks. 7
Candy. 200- 400 ferns Styling: Clam Front Application: Suitable for Potato Chips, Cheese
Puffs and Crackers. Cookies, Cupcakes and Biscuits Features: Electronic Controller with
Digi M1 Display 24VDC Motorized Vending Mechanism Supports 2 Add-on Machines
Adjustable Tray Partition and Height Product Vend Sensor Fast and Easy Product Loading
Price: ₹2.75 lakhs
4.4 Coin Operated Water Vending Machine

FIGURE 4.4: Coin Operated Water Vending Machine

Product description: Item: Water ATM/Purified Water Vending Machine Water Source:
Municipal Tap Water/Raw Water Power Supply: AC220V 50Hz / AC110V 60Hz.
Production Capacity(GPD): 400,600,800,1300,1600 and 3000 Water Tank Capacity: 200L
UV Power: 20w Ozone Capacity: 1000mg Filling Flow Rate: 8L/min Selling
Method(Refundable): IC Card+ Coins + Paper note Size of Filling Bottle:
200ml,500ml,1L,2L,20Ltr(at a time in one tap) Filtration Step: 9 Steps Size:
L80cmxW68cmxH200cm Packing: Carton for FCL or Poly Wood case for LCL LCD Panel:
19inch for advertisement Technology: Pre Filtration (German Technology) + Reverse
Osmosis(RO)+Ultra Violet(UV) Technology +Ozonating Price= ₹5lak
4.5 Soda Vending Machine

FIGURE 4.5: Soda Vending Machine

Product Description: Soda vending Machine with high efficiency. Under the stern
supervision of nimble professionals, the offered machine is developed using quality checked
components and innovative technology. The provided machine is broadly used for making
several types of beverages and cold drinks in bars, restaurants, clubs and many other places.
Moreover, the offered soda machine is obtainable for our patrons at pocket friendly rates.
CHAPTER-5

METHODOLOGY

The Automatic Food Dispensary Unit works under the methodology of the mechatronics
system with the objective to provide automation. Generally, the automation deals with the
elimination of manual work using electronic processing of mechanical work control mechanism.
It consists of three main units which include:
A. Input unit

B. Processing unit

C. Output unit

Input Unit:

The input unit of the Automatic Food Dispensary Unit comprises of the components
required to receive the command from the customer and sensing the genuineness of the
command.
Processing unit:

The processing unit comprises of the components required to ensure the reception of the
genuine command. It further, signals the output unit to deliver the number of ready food packet
to the customer, on insertion of a genuine program inside the Automatic Food Dispensary Unit.

Output unit:

The output unit comprises of the components required to deliver the ready food pocket to
the customer. It works on the instruction from the processing unit.

Fig. 1 a simple representation of the Automatic Food Dispensary Unit The entire system works
based on the application of electronic, mechanical and electrical system.

a. Electronic system:
The electronic part of the system includes the microcontroller with the integrated chips so as
to perform the processing of the system. The microcontroller is used for the entire processing and
is coded using the software “embedded C” program. Each and every part of the entire system has
been controlled by the microcontroller. This include the sensing of the reception of the genuine
commanding through the program inlet, deciding the time for boiled food pocket to be delivered,
instructing the electrical motor to deliver exactly the number of pockets, to be delivered.

b. Mechanical system:
The mechanical part of the system includes the working mechanism. The mechanical
components include the rollers, incline plate, flexures, delivery slot, etc. This includes the power
transmission from the motor to the delivery of the pocket out of the Automatic Food Dispensary
Unit. The fabrication of the base and structure of the entire dispensary uint has also comes under
the mechanical work. The fabrication of the steel casing is done by using welding and riveting
process, as required.

c. Electrical system:

The electrical system in the Automatic Food Dispensary Unit includes the stepper motors,
power supply unit with the transformer. The input power supply is to be stepped down to provide
the power to the microcontroller system in required voltage. The power supply to the electrical
motor is also to be taken care of. The required type of electrical motor so as to deliver the pocket
out of the dispensary unit is to be chosen.

The automatic paper vending machine proposed in this paper, is made by the following list of
components:

A. Microcontroller
B. Transformer
C. DC Motor
D. Roller
E. Transmission drives
F. Power supply board
G. LCD
a) MICROCONTROLLER ARDUNIO UNO R3

Arduino Uno R3 is a miniaturized scale controller board in light of removable, double inline-bundle
(DIP) ATmega328 AVR small scale controller. It has 20 advanced information/yield pins (6 PWM yields
and 6 can be utilized as simple data sources). Projects can be stacked from this simple to-utilize Arduino
PC program. Arduino has a wide help group; it is an incredible method to begin working with implanted
hardware.
 The Uno shifts from each and every working before board in that it doesn't use the FTDI
USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it includes an ATmega16U2 modified as a USB-to-serial
converter. This assistant small-scale controller has its own particular USB boot loader, which
enables propelled clients to reinvent it. The Arduino Uno can be supplied by means of the USB
association or with an outside power supply. The power source is chosen naturally. power can
come either from an AC-to-DC connector or battery. Leads from a battery can be embedded in
the Gnd and Vin stick headers of the POWER connector. The board can work on an outer supply
of 6 to 20 volts.

The power pins are as per the following:

 VIN. The information voltage to the Arduino board when it's utilizing an outer power
source (instead of 5 volts from the USB association or other managed control source).
You can supply voltage through this stick, or, if providing voltage by means of the power
jack, get to it through this stick.
  5V. the directed power supply used to control the microcontroller and different segments
on the board. This can come either from VIN through an on-board controller, or be
provided by USB or another managed 5V supply.

 3V3. A 3.3-volt supply produced by the on-board is controller. Most extreme current
draw is 50 mA.

 GND. Ground pins.

Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB utilized for the bootloader). It likewise has 2 KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be perused and composed with the EEPROM library).

Input and Output

Every one of the 14 computerized sticks on the Uno can be utilized as an information or yield,
utilizing pin Mode (), digital Write (), and digital Read () functions. They work at 5 volts. Each stick can
give or get a most extreme of 40 mA and has an inner draw up resistor (detached of course) of 20-50 k
Ohms. Furthermore, a few pins have specific capacities:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to get (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial information. These pins are
associated with the relating pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be arranged to trigger a hinder on a low esteem, a
rising or falling edge, or an adjustment in esteem. See the attach Interrupt () work for subtle
elements.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Furnish 8-bit PWM yield with the analog Write () work. SPI: 10
(SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins bolster SPI correspondence utilizing the SPI
library.
 LED: 13. There is a worked in LED associated with computerized stick 13. At the point when the
stick is HIGH esteem, the LED is on, when the stick is LOW, it's off. The Uno has 6 simple
sources of info, marked A0 through A5, every one of which give 10 bits of determination (i.e.
1024 distinct esteems). As a matter of course they measure from ground to 5 volts, however is it
 conceivable to change the upper end of their range utilizing the AREF stick and the analog
Reference () work. Also, a few pins have particular usefulness:
 TWI: A4 or SDA stick and A5 or SCL stick. Bolster TWI correspondence utilizing the Wire
library.

Programming

The Arduino Uno can be customized with the Arduino programming (download). Select
"Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (as per the microcontroller on your board). For points of
interest, see the reference and instructional exercises.

The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes pre-burned with a boot-loader that enables you to
transfer new code to it without the utilization of an outside equipment software engineer. It imparts
utilizing the first STK500 convention (reference, C header records).

On Rev2 or later sheets: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground,
making it less demanding to put into DFU mode.

WE would then be able to utilize Atmel's FLIP programming (Windows) or the DFU developer
(Mac OS X and Linux) to stack another firmware. Or on the other hand you can utilize the ISP header
with an outside software engineer (overwriting the DFU boot-loader).

FEATURES OF ARDUINO UNO R3:

 pinout: included SDA and SCL pins that are close to the AREF stick and two other new sticks set
close to the RESET stick, the IOREF that enable the shields to adjust to the voltage gave from the
board. In future, shields will be perfect both with the board that utilization the AVR, which work
with 5V and with the Arduino Due that work with 3.3V. The second one is a not associated stick,
that is held for future purposes.
 Stronger RESET circuit.
 Atmega 16U2 supplant the 8U2.

Transformer:

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in the transformer's primary winding
creates a varying magnetic flux in the core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the
secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding. Making use of Faraday's Law in
conjunction with high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can thus be designed
to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage level to another within power networks

Fig. 3 Step down transformer

In this system, two steps down transformers are used (one for the DC motor and another for the
microcontroller) to step down the power from 230V to 12V power supply.

DC Motor:

A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical power
into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields.
Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or
electronic; to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most types
produce rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight line. In
this system, the DC Motor of 12V, 5A is used.
 Fig. 4 DC Motor

Roller:

Roller plays a vital role in the delivery of the paper. Here we use the laser printer rollers
because it does the same operation in that. The photoreceptor is pressed or rolled over paper,
transferring the image. Higher-end machines use a positively charged transfer roller on the back
side of the paper to pull the toner from the photoreceptor to the paper.

Fig. 5 Tag Roller

Transmission drives:

In the automatic paper vending machine, the power is to be transmitted from the motor to
deliver the paper through shafts and rollers. Here, belt drive and gears are incorporated for this
purpose.

The belts are used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means of pulleys which
rotate at the same speed or at different speeds. Gears are toothed members which transmit
power / motion between two shafts by meshing without any slip. Hence, gear drives are also
called positive drives. In any pair of gears, the smaller one is called pinion and the larger one is
called gear immaterial of which is driving the other.

Fig. 6 Tag drive

Power supply board:

A power supply board (PSB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets
laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PSBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double
sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer. Conductors on different layers are connected with
plated-through holes called vias. Advanced PSBs may contain components - capacitors, resistors
or active devices - embedded in the substrate.

Fig. 7 Power supply board

Micro switch is used in this circuit since it possesses following features

 Micro switches are small in size and are very sensitive. These switches do not require
much torque for their operation. Most of the switches have longer lever which moves over a
phosphor bronze roller. These have long mechanical life.

Figure: Micro Switch

2.4 HEAT SINK

A warmth sink is a warm conductive metal gadget intended to retain and scatter warm far
from a high temperature protest, for example, a PC processor. Normally warm sinks are
furnished with worked in fans to help keep both the CPU and the warmth sink at a fitting
temperature. Warmth sinks are made out of metal, for example, a copper or aluminum
composite, and are appended to the processor. Most warmth sinks have blades, thin cuts of metal
associated with the base of the warmth sink, which help spread warmth over an expansive
region.
 Figure: Heat Sink

The mix of a warmth sink and fan (HSF) is alluded to as a dynamic warmth sink, while a
warmth sink without a fan is an aloof warmth sink. Notwithstanding the HSF, a warmth sink
compound is now and then utilized.

2.5 TRANSISTOR

An electronic gadget that controls the stream of an electric current and is utilized as a
speaker or switch. It has three layers of semiconductor material associated with an electric
circuit. In a few transistors, the external layers have an overabundance of electrons; in others, the
center layer has more electrons. Transistors work like doors, permitting or closing off the stream
of electrons when an electric current or voltage is connected to a specific layer.

On account of their tiny size and expanded proficiency, transistors have supplanted
electron tubes in most electronic gadgets. Here we utilized BC 547 transistor as a switch

Figure: Transistor

2.6 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A voltage controller is a coordinated circuit (IC) that gives a steady settled yield voltage
paying little mind to an adjustment in the heap or info voltage. It can do these numerous courses
relying upon the topology of the circuit inside, yet to keep this undertaking fundamental, we will
for the most part center around the straight controller. A direct voltage controller works via
consequently modifying the protection through a criticism circle, representing changes in both
load and information, all while keeping the yield voltage constant. In this framework we utilize
the 7805 and 7812 voltage controllers, their stick design as demonstrated as follows

Figure: Voltage Regulator

LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED)

 An LED is a special semiconductor device which emits light when forward biased.
LED’s are available in different sizes, shapes and ratings. We are using LED’s even for big
displays, TV’s and vehicles. These are made from gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, gallium
arsenide phosphide. The emitted color spectrum is usually very narrow. It can generally be
specified as a specific wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum. The emitted color selection is
somewhat limited. The most commonly available colors are red, green, amber, yellow, blue and
white. The red, green, yellow and amber have a working voltage of approximately 1.8 volts. The
actual working voltage is determined by the breakdown voltage of the particular semiconductor
material. It works with 1.5 to 3.3 volts and requires 10 to 20 milliamps of current.

The current through the diode must be limited by a series resistor. Most LEDs can pass
20 milliamps continuously without damage but it is not necessary to use the maximum rated
current. An LED will light with much less current. The difference between high current and low
current will be the brightness of the LED.

One must also know that a led has polarity. This means that the positive and negative
terminals must be connected correctly. If the reverse voltage is beyond what the LED was
designed to handle, it may be damaged.
CHAPTER-6

WORKING PROCEDURE
The working of the Automatic Food Dispensary Unit can be clearly explained in three stages:

Stage 1:Here the papers are fed into their location such that the rollers are connected to make
contact with the stepper motor at the side of the motor, such that the pocket would be delivered
out by the roller when the electrical impulse is given in the form of microcontroller instruction.

Figure: Stage 1: Insert pocket through inlet port and conveyor plate in normal position

Stage 2:When the pocketis inserted into the input port, itpasses through the sensor and the
pocket is checked for its genuineness by the sensor. After ensuring the arrival of a genuine coin,
the microcontroller sends the electrical impulse to the DC Motor such that the motor drives the
roller through gear and tag drives.
 Figure: Stage: 2 when pocket moves through inlet port by conveyor plate

Stage 3: The roller drives out the paper at the top of the bundle such that the first paper would be
delivered out. Note: The setup is arranged in such a way that one sheet of paper would be
delivered when a 1Rupee (Indian Rupees – INR) is inserted. And two sheets of paper would be
delivered when a 2 Rupee (INR) coin is inserted. The sensing of the coin and the respective
impulse would be given by the coin sensor.

Figure: Stage: 3 when pocket moves through outlet port by conveyor plate
Materials of construction
Materials used for product contact must have adequate strength over a wide temperature range, a
reasonable life; be non-toxic, non-tainting, non-absorbent; be resistant to cracking, chipping,
flaking corrosion and abrasion, prevent penetration of unwanted matter under intended use and
be easily cleaned and capable of being shaped.

Stainless steel usually meets all these requirements and there are variousgrades of stainless steel
which are selected for their particular properties to meet operational requirements, e.g. Type 316
which contains molybdenum is used where improved corrosion resistance is necessary.
Elastomers and other polymers should retain their surface and conformational characteristics
when exposed to the conditions encountered in production, cleaning and decontamination.

Surface finish
Product contact surfaces must be finished to a degree of surface roughness that is smooth enough
to enable them to be easily cleaned and disinfected. For closed equipment (that used for liquid
handling and usually cleaned-in-place CIP) a surface finish of 0.8μmRa is recommended, with
higher Ra values being acceptable if they can be shown to be cleanable (see Verification
section). Surfaces will deteriorate with age and wear (abrasion) such that cleaning will become
more difficult (Holah and Thorpe 1990).
 Figure: Inner chamber of the food dispensary unit
Joints
Permanent joints, such as those that are welded or bonded, should be smooth and continuous and
free from rises, gaps or crevices.
Dismountable joints, such as screwed pipe couplings must be crevice-free and provide a smooth
continuous surface on the product side [Note: Figures 1 to 10 are given on pages 38 to 47 for
convenience]. Flanged joints must be located with each other and be sealed with a gasket
because, although metal/metal joints can be made leak tight, they may still permit the ingress of
microorganisms.

Fasteners
Exposed screw threads, nuts, bolts, screws and rivets must be avoided wherever possible in
product contact areas. When unavoidable for technical reasons, alternative methods of fastening
can be used (Figure 4) where the washer used has a rubber compressible insert to form a
bacteria-tight seal.
All pipelines and equipment surfaces should be self-draining because residual liquids can lead to
microbial growth or, in the case of cleaning fluids, result in contamination of product. Care
should be undertaken with the installation of equipment such that its drain ability is not impaired.
 Figure: Tilting conveyer plate to delivery pocket to out port.
Dead spaces
As well as ensuring that there are no dead spaces in the design of equipment, care must be taken
that they are not introduced during installation. If dead spaces are unavoidable for technical
reasons, they should be readily accessible for draining/cleaning as necessary.

Instrumentation
Instruments must be constructed from appropriate materials and if they contain a transmitting
fluid, such as in a bourdon tube pressure gauge, then the fluid must be approved for food contact.
Many instruments themselves are hygienic but often they are installed un hygienically.

Doors, covers and panels

Doors, covers and panels should be designed so that they prevent the entry of and/or prevent the
accumulation of soil. Where appropriate they should be sloped to an outside edge and should be
easily removed to facilitate cleaning.
Controls
Particularly those that are repeatedly touched by food handlers to allow process operation, should
be designed to prevent the ingress of contamination and should be easily cleanable. Pathogenic
microorganisms have been known to harbor in switches and be transferred to product every time
they are operated.

• Non-food contact area

Equipment should be designed and constructed to prevent the retention of moisture, ingress and
harborages of pests and accumulation of soils. The design should facilitate inspection, servicing,
maintenance, cleaning and where necessary, disinfection.
Surfaces should be made of corrosion resistant materials or should be treated (coated or painted)
so as to be corrosion resistant. Equipment supports should be designed such that no water or soil
can remain on or within their structure. Insulation materials should be properly mounted and
sealed to prevent the ingress of contamination.
CHAPTER-7

2D & 3D DRAWINGS OF AUTOMATIC FOOD DISPENSARY

UNIT

ISOMETRIC VIEW

Figure: Isometric View of Food Dispensary Unit

TOP VIEW FRONT VIEW

LEFT VIEW RIGHT VIEW

BACK VIEW
CHAPTER-1

ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION

ADVANTAGES
The main advantages of this automatic food dispensary unit include:
 It reduces the time taken to deliver the pocket when a customer asks for the number of
pockets.
 The command for required only one pocket to be delivered would be accurate.
 Faster delivery of pocket to the customers would be possible during peak time and the
unnecessary crowd near the bus stop, railway stations, near the educational institutions,
during lunch hour would be avoided.
 Reduces human effort.

DISADVANTAGES
The disadvantages of this automatic food dispensary unit include:
 The insertion of damage food pockets inside the Dispensary chamber could not be
prevented, though pocket would not be delivered due to expired date.
 The controller senses the boiling time and deliver of the pocket to the out port. It is
possible to access the pocket by inserting damage or fake pockets with the material of
same density.

APPLICATIONS
This type of automatic food dispensary unit applications in places such as
o Bus stops and Railway stations,

o Educational institutions,

o Government offices such as District Collector office, Tahsildar office, employment

exchanges, Courts, etc.
o Most in IT/BT sectors they don’t have time to wait.
 CONCLUSION

The automatic food dispensary unit are available to deliver various commodities, the
dispensary unit to deliver unwanted or damage pockets do not exist, which is a much needed one.
Ready food finds applications almost everywhere and this type of automatic food dispensary unit
could be used to reduce time and human effort with improved accuracy. This automatic food
dispensary unit offer variety of product as well as many different types of payment option. In the
recent time use of digital is increasing day by day due to their accuracy and feasibility. Due to
time saving feature people can use automatic food dispensary in busy area like airport, bus stop,
railway stations, bank, office, courts etc. This system is portable, affordable, consumes less
power and can be made easily available so that the user can use this system whenever and
whatever.
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