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Gy ie Gl say Gaye JS sayz Ul oda pty clad pill Cline Lusk, Uee youd Tare olids lapolic dys ota Lag} — (rings) ol_iatl (groups)- 51) is pathy, li Se Teaylapill olLiaall - (metric spaces) 4,3! o|-Laall - (Euclidean geometry) . fell... topological spaces) oath of yl lls U5 Sy Leuba obeLiaill ¢ yids oll Gubtion GUSH fda a ee SS ol Of pple Lele 63 Bap orpe USL ody Vise” ps danas US gl! coll BOBS oF yi Ga oleh ple gi Lal ISLAM sal cod Migas pslell ares Lovballl ¢.yuds0 opi Wiolles dis Upasoe allied Y clesall sia (SI depene col gle caslyill old i dy pad (Say ol 131 homeomorphic) * Laslyd Late" cous Updll (Sar gh Yale Line TASH ole seal! ogy [il aad Ue Gilby polyp asin ye olepaall oda Gnas homeomorphism) asloll fatal Gl fl abigenl gill Laxgless 635 ll Eo eu!l oss Leuk eal ob Le Ul aes (pa OL ia Wha tals of (6ill GLY Nhs le yeaa Squall Ge Gal Oy ob Leal! aig! yl oleyealt Ss caplull Nba) Liddle ae Glid dy dailAsi! cqatleaall gaa GU qutlad ogy GIA! Lia fhe vay lily. Leyhuall ol baal Gives Cyst LHI Naa fie slau! Gare uss « Yyldtie Laylys olive O{Stig ap (Sty (topological properties) taaylys cline pladiucl Laylyill obslaall Juaks adh Gili Y uri JS Gf gpl EjLoay "isha Ute ogi Gf olaall abe Si cole tll SUSAN LSE Of olf AIS ayy Lael quilts jad Lala olivall olsLiadll oY Ga silly gid Gl oliall ala GU aS gay " onLeaill oxy Zeplpall oldsall chine cabal Lil Legged GaSe Say eal ual Tpit Lage cline uid il Lyset olive!) ins Gleul ge daly Laaslyall obLiaall ple GLslity Lee Legedgs LAST Higgs eiuaall Glee ub5! pt Leal obLaall le LLaLisil, Differential Topology) 4L.slsll La,lpsilly (Algebraic Topology) isso!) Laslsll OA cb Fasill pny Does Types corslpuill ¢pudpe Gaye clyle USI Ia (8 Reali) ISAM gle Gally GLY Gaal! Ua tl od lll Ups sly SI pall cldlyll sia Go Sao Ia gi clnabsll Qudlee gob RS oligles od Lill Ge cls Y GUS Ha Lady gl Stay Ugall WSLS 5 (ally legend G15 ob CyesL ull pall Gu cope SM cet lly Gal ol Lal ¢ ype ab LS lB) Laadll Li). pV ual gb pale Upins Baye paedlye of Teealall Ua Ul gb lll Uyall Ua satay Gas Leysd GAY Leepesoe Ul Lyladel (Say Uy all ob dal gl AT GLa Ge. cgietell Jule a pee Has Tabs Taal ob LAM pd Ge lll 385 dy Leeghuall of Laal SAY! Winghy Legyh ll oleLAall pqs Jreedtll oe eyeing LUGLS SIL! mil cole onlis BAS) ceacslpaill Lal! Quake cll WLS aysoiley gpl Ia i dela cLoall gb LLEbl ¢ Lit ll Lua ab IGS a5 (base) duel all ap giay Le Legans LIL Teaiglyell ALAR Ey Sayegll LL SEY! ll La pat lS say paca lec! elsoll +Liaiy (subspaces) Utsall oleLiaill pggde Lisl LIS (sequences) Lawl bLiod py udye Juoill LaLa Lely (product space) Lraslyeul Reosbudll oleLiadll go bLcil aes 3 Luda gil ll Juaill Le! (quotient space) 6oil! = ALG le Lia olbsall olay Wy LM sell Lis Lai) ines Gad lly legeall Liyae cliS Galie legen sl Tile Lepenes thi gf ihe JLioiil Mucold 45 LUylS jolt! food!) . Buell police sie eLiaall dbail dyyLall Za tall Lyle Uy ill sleLiaall asqiey (connectedness) bull Lrald eas Lage wl Lay (components) asly.ill -Laall oLiS,25 (locally connected spaces ) Ll, cleLeaall go ¢ Lgl aks cay DLA, (Path connected) UjLaue doy yl aleLaal Farold cody Lay lyaill ole Leall aly Go QA! Heald uses GIS slut Jeoill clay (locally compact) (plas yaly3 gs Le-sls Uday (compactness) Gel, WLS 3 Ally BS Slolstel Ul Geol! oda Gy! Ga 2LEY juoyy Leal ll oleLuaall Uh [4] [11] ie cept GSS ogi Troll age pgs GIS 15) Lgieal a tg Uill Says ia (homotopy theory) Lisasell L555 aspie Ge yay o> coll Cob WE jb sib pLuall rail Saas gE gagll 15a S3 G2 ugly Gall Loglall egudye oe Lege Ij SSS sills 13 Fundamental homotopy group) tsLuY! Liuisasgll Spa} lis Luss (ple (6 Lill ole Byapll oe fie clined Jlbe slacks Lad badly cearslesill cLeadll ile Joi! seul! ayslall + gale ja5all sue Clue sgiSall SCS ystilly Stl Jayas paid alist gay GUase clay lilly LVI yubioill Gaalst Gil pall Lyypgoal - Rproull Goals ST Reale Ge seme gual sal bly p38 S35 oll Sul Jager audit LS. Lage Seb LN Laake Gyo pap riie gearne pals a9 Sally Croc gll 4549) Sal — coal ppillandLe claly USM saad gaan pgiral l Suyenall dy yall Sle — golally Lael » Lagill GysAllly Gabel capall Bysssae (glory Leal gyo Uulall le aged S05Ub 55 dosaaall agall a aySs Gl al Cpauad GLE Sy0 SUSU Lye sid gh ola dbe cof ABI 5) gisew Lily. wos Ge ce Baas gly ly elds Ze Li jad 15] ol gins aug45 49 49 37 63 76 Gl gist . dosall 1 olegaall Ey gi Teale: il Jeni .. (Operations on sets) (gale olleall y clezeall 1.1 (Relations &functions) abl sly os 2.1 (Countable &uncountable sets) sal! UU) jst 4 sell UGH oteyeal! 3.1 cesesneese Ua) 4.1 (Metric space) % iN ol-Laall : tt Juaall . (Definition of Metric space) ¢s jill «Laall a 05 1.2 ue(Continuity of metric spaces) & 30) oleLaall ws Lay! aia! 2.2 _..{Open balls &Neighborhoods) al jlyasly da siat! ol Si 3.2 .. (Open sets &Closed sets) TL! olegenll y Za sill oleyaal! 4.2 JAM oleLeaall GHG 5 Wye ol-Leaall 5.2 secseeate (Subspaces &equivalent of Metrics paces) Wal 6.2 cinuanne (Topological space) daly oleLiaall : Ut Jocall (Definition of Topological Space) caslsiill eLuaall 25 1.3 (Bases of topological space), gaxslysill -Luaall Sucl5 2.3 (Points of topological space) ,,axslssill «Luaall LUis 3.3, Jeol dll ol Laall oy ob wv! 4.3 ...(Functions between topological spaces) 9=Sligiall 87 .....(Topological subspaces)at;all tua glyall oleLeaall 5.3 95 . (Product of topological spaces)aasluill oleLaall clos 6.3 101 (Quotient spaces)iaudll tela 7.3 104 (Sequences in topological spaces)isaslyill oleLaaill 2 olutahl 8.3 108 thal 9.3 al} labs y leads) LLU : gal ll Luc 115 .(Separation &Countability Axioms) 11s T1-T12 TO §,55 Ge olla’ 1.4 124 ww T4 -T3-T2 6,95 0 Gilead 2.4 134 .........First and second Countability axioms) 45, 1,¥! sal! 4G 3.4 139 (Metric spaces) ii oleLaaall 4.4 142 - Ua 5.4 147 onnected topological spaces) thal it! La glyill leLiaall : GuslAtl ucill Ail SU Leegglysll ole Laall Gans 1.5 150 oo cssnnsssnnsninnnnnnnsneane(Definition of connected topological spaces) Hal AU Lealgall ole Leaall ple otiuhs 2.5 154 sssseeesue( Applications of connected spaces) Lise ths wt! ole Laall 5 obS tI 3.5 LSB (Components &Locally connected spaces) 162 (Path connected spaces) bluse dal jill deoglpill ole Liaall 4.5 166 Ui 5.5 173 ‘Compact topological spaces) Gal ill dia ylycill stud! Jacill 10Slugial) —— a 174 ee (Compact Spaces) pela tcaall ao: 1.6 181 .......(Applications of compact spaces) ol sll oleLaall le olinbs 2.6 184 reece (Product of compact space) duol ill olLuaall slug 3.6 186 (Locally compact spaces) los diol il oleLaall 4.6 188 -. eevee Wheel 5.6 193 ms» (The FundemantalHomotopy group) Luisesell 8325 : aeluall Jail « LusLid) Ladgaggll & y25H cdsyad 1.7 194 sevsrsuninnnnmnrninnininee(Definition of Fundemantal homotopy group) 2 sestitemetnenannsenenenneee Meaasla Lah ga ggdl 8 p25! 2.7 209 Bytlall esLaM Lad yaggllé pa5ll Luss 3.7 213 etunntnninnnn . i 4.7 a a Jalal olothall 224 eorscesresnsernnees soos blued) llole gaat! yl gh Anal ye Lid kd hi dist tisgsi¢bigiiipbittsisiie thi gill deal SIILIIEISELMTIESESSESEEEEMS SEMIS SEES TIRES TEDETE eens AAA Ble pent! Ay plai yh Aarne YANeeennnnntance seen ce eneenenntenene SA eeeeeteeeeeennants NSS AAIILELITADELOETEETEEL ETAT EMTETEEED EASED EEEE EE 13ce ge gh Mealy Cibo gamel! Ans s185 9b dam! pe Leeslpill Jia delay clishyll Upbe LHS 53 oleyeall Obs Lal Lbs Call cas ill pyalill ary cle Syaill mide Sitiy ¢ prot gl GLE apiud + delat Wale gudye 6d Va ape dae yp BLS UY alLall ya pp adgll 13a cob adh pile dst ol AON cpt LS GL abe BI aay ssa pba) pli ony yybe JSite ¢ pace . 1937 gle” olegaatl 4ybs “ ubs 2k pf SLATL ass apay oLdh N elale Gary ubiel Gy pball 4 il Ble Via Jie spay pre cle Gays apd SLI SI padlayll Gail! plod tal ale Sill - 1940 ple Lassi UA) Gaya ASS Yule Lal oldeally olepaall agge deadll Wha gases sald ALU! cleyeatl gyucse Ladly (Relations) sGdLU aspis pladiusl (function) cLezeoll ppgde pla diol (Countable and Uncountable sets) wall Ua) 22 5 . (Finite &Infinite sets) Ups! we 5 Legit! Ugale cllarttg cle gasts Ld Spay AEA Sas A Tegan all patty sill a praia Foy Le degane A OS 0 Lige Lal A Legenall JL DEA Sas A Teyana pats ¥ (gill b janiall Yaad ACB path Ul sayy AE By aA prnte JSS GIS 13] Lids 13] Bacpeall Ob -Z Tayecell seed) Lepens Ge Lathe 2Z Lay jl! ayo uell sued) epee SS 6) ANAS « Legare col be Wipe Tears (oA O Sasll Ud So silly WEI deyeatl! Ue geoll Gyo (Proper subset) Glas W55>A Teyeol 4) Jlizy Yall Ge Liye Legare DEA Sly DEB proie Ja) le soissy Boye Lig A cil 13] B Oli Ledegane A,B ge dS oS: 11d Gays ISLAY proliall ple pind gill deyeatl JLGB ge A (Intersection) gbtis (1 AMB={X:XE AXE B} S| AMB Seth UW 5en5 A, Bow 15UgY! Jucailt Srl Ue Sees BUA a dagayll jaolial eyane ty B gs A (Union) stasi(1 AUB={x:xeA 4) XEB} yi AUB (All Legal JES A -By all Lg 529 B yA cy (Deference) dost B “A B={XxXe AEB} GIB oll pid YA dl pct Loli 1 GW clesene CBA oS: 2.11 Gaye * Uhaall Guoll Goll oda aus “AUB = BUA, AMB=BNA (1 (Commutative property) (AUB) U C=AU (BUC), AN (BNC)=(ANB) NC (2 . (Associative property) * Zaseoill Guolatl duolall oda (aus ” AYU (BNC) =(AUB) M (AUC) (3 "Rays Geol Lealitl ode gens") AM(BUC) = (ANB) U (ANC) # .(Distributive property) Lngeally Gurs olepeat poliall gree ile ygsias ill Legal peut: Seas WU Satls Ul Sa yay dell roliall desene ct A (Complement) tacie SHU gu Liga teganeA cals 13) COA) of ently UA gh COA) Sel Gd sauay Ar oll pt Wy U oll pa il C(C(A)) =A oly U Ge Sse deyene PQWU G2 Uitge degeaeB oA ge S oS: 3.11 Gaye C(AUB) = C(A) 9 C(B) (1 C(AMB) = C(A) U C(B) (2 # — ‘DeMorgan ** yi, y0s Ga yey Tiayall oa pau” AeA; Legaae das T gai paie USI Gl duos be Le geme DSU: 4.1.1 yet 16le gaol dy gb Zale (ered Lie gaall poling yall A Os Wijall oleyenll deyane GUA Teyeall Go AGS (Ajhier Stl Ul jus (Indexed Family set) Ladys Liye oleyene Eyal Sarlb oleseall oda fie SLY bays Re panasT Reganll any OA; arlly ole sant oda Ste abiily U Aj iel iel (Index set ) Jal 2 UBM cleseall push gle Laball &yyealls Ge syed Mayas ool! ull GI Sas 1 Ub Lays olegene Syl Aj Jier OSU :5.11 Gaye 1 (C(Aj)=CU Aj) iel iel C MADE Y (CCA) iel a + LOM CLM ohne ll BURG 6) ae ein pene Oy ela! Gad Gaal comty (2, D) Ser Lb lal gle BA de geall (ol) Sleatly Oy rate a, b «oS satel: Dy all gpl ga LM petals seas a cy (Ordered pair) 8,» E95 + gill ASM CL OY degen cpt AXB cluoll Gla Te paae By A G2 JS GS OL aya gibe Byac A gl cua: (a,b) AxB=((a,b):a€ A be B) (phepane ce ASI cps cluall pyaad Sey ulliS Lele Spee: BxA #AxB gl wal ple SSdayA? g AXA Sastb claall jay B= A cols 13). isill Gayl) plush (oA gen) AX AX. x A= AT GL SY) g Sed): 21 BYLe coud Q Gl AXB clsall G0 Liha Legare Q bly egane B, A de IS Od TNL boys a piall 4) Jliad (a, b) petal le cgyias Q ost 15] .B lA oa Nall (ya Leiba Legeme Q cals 1a} Leh. Legal a QB SSL CaS b juaiall gx Q WA le Ge Q gh lis A? 7— UgY! Juadi! TA Aegan ole Ade Q GSH : 1.2.1 days OWA Al get a jamie JSI 13] Lady 15] (Reflexive) dues Q GIL! aus (1 -aQa aQb Gissa,b © A SI 13) Lady 15] (Symmetric) bts Q TAN aus (2 -bQa gl 2 Qb asl a,b, c,€, A SI 13] Lady $3] (Transitive) Usaie Q Ua! coud (3 aQe gabQe 4 TutSail Q oils 13] Lady 131 (Equivalence relation) 5453 U33Le Q youd (4 + Usainy Bybliiey (PM) ISL Z Tosocall slic! de yane ple Uiyes Be QS : Je Of le Uiayall Say Qs ( (tm) € ZXZ: (nm) /3=Kk pire sie ik dua) LZ le $ilS3 Ge Q roliall depane OA yp Le uae a Sly A Zepaall le GilS dle Q oils 13] GSAS Goal pd (a gs QU DLAI SW) ay ee 4 ats 2 Ob et Ag ol Lal Sat dl 5ey3y a jsaiall (Equivalence class) A,=[al={xe A: (xa)e Q} G61 HSA Asie Ze pone. (Quotient set ) Tall Ze pans nya Seay A/Q= {[a]: ae A} “Avs Lisa clegeadl Ge Ryaul {Ajlier Gly bs epape A GS :2.2. 1 Gaya EBV dag lll cin 15) A Te yond 503 (Ajhicr Sell pant A = UA; (1 tj USI OE AINA; 2 (0) gp Gi1SS pies BIS I) Z degeall citye Q Gal ol adel JM gps kad 18Se gah Aa gd Raa yo + SASH TNs Yale Lyall depeoall Byod [LES JIS Gyive Tepes gh. 2], (1, Us degeaee pple i155 TLE col oh gpl! Gays Ha Ghali, Y GQ atlss guia ool GY Upeaail (Sar Le Legal Bya5 gl Gh tae pune yaSally Zegna! lb 5 gst Byks gb La aly ola all gaa) cpa addy Up gill go LOL FG Ladle le wolegeatl sash bid, 131 51S Te Q GLb A degen! le Lajas Udle Q (Sal 23.2.1 Layee QUAI ys Za5L A degen le Bej03 1 GWA te seall ple 51S Ge Q GSU: 4.2.1 Gaye fal=[b] 13a l3JaQbv Gd # [a] = [b] g [a] 9 [b] #6 cats 131 (2 Byblie sid QUILL Jl A Legeall le Layne Ge Q G5 5.2.1 Gays A=d GW_Qa yaQb GIS 13] bas y 13] (Anti symmetric) (qed Usain Byles sds LuulSail QG} tuay A degen ole Bde Q sls 13] Legene A deyeoll jaudy A cle (Partially ordered relation) i5— oui Uidle Q Gud A Heyeall (AQ) Skill 5s Zeyanall je yheuy Q TLL Lu SUA gle ie as de Q 15] Litdy 13] QUDLUL (Linearly ordered ) Lis 152 aloe Lege oe Ol ede Uayall Se .bQa aQbglia,be A qupsoic JS ~ WIS 45 ps de games (S) cg ylins yf Ge pave! Gall go Gide) Q ge Yur S all SAW) QUILL Lge Lays egans A GSU: 6.2.1 Gyo lel nd a ped BE A GBS A (Stly (aye all fg Lipid ash a peaiall poss Sa Gl bE BJS 15 Lady 15] B de saq-al! (upper bound) gees a Sb GU DE B puaic JSI lif Lid 13] B degen all (Lower bound) is) ceteny Cylall atl jaalic Ge pale pieal a O'S 13 lel aad deals a le¥) sual | Uoalh gull Sha GIS 13) Qo) a SL a 3u¥ all 19_ : - Ug! Jaci! FNL ud IB all A Ge Uke fy degen By A Ge SS oS 27.2.1 ys (ab)efglduasbEB samy proie say: AE A proie JS! 13] bday 13) OL AaVL SSatL LiSay Fegeall SUB HA Ge gh ail f gIS 151 ff Ap By all Gh SaU Seay -fla) = b - gl sayl (Graph ) Glas .aud G= { (affa))e AxB:ae A) poll dhall G 2 SUL SEY ye Le pene says als B = (1,3,7,8} 9 A= (0,1,3} oSal: 1 Je oA UL SAY] obs ye sally JU usu ploy B depen oll A depen Tegal ga f oly ol qualy.£3)=3,£(1)=7,f=1 G= (1), (1,7), 6,3). LAB coal (0,1), (0,3), G,7)} ppt Upaolic ally Q UL SLi 53T Gila Ge pie waall SPSS B ge polio ge dag ye A poli quae Gadd OY ali (6d sally sOapaiay boys B oe Libya Legane f(A)) old A 2 Libya degaee Ary Gli f A> B Sul Ay Regent! (Image) dyyuo (Ay) Uegantl yeauly ACA; dua f (a) JEML La peaic Oo] Sues AEA B55 Ge Laolic f1(B,) Teyana! gl B, SB ails lal f oh aah Bypeall uySae f1 (By) Ley eall pout «A Ge Lipo Lepeae ay fae (By) (SSH EF} BY gS GI Ray ctl ual) By deyanall (Inverse image) gall le Uae (Lal! slscl Zeyane Reus ) SLi f:R PR oSal Wte (1,2) Rabat & salt 5 yy [-3, 4] GER Gye Vile 535 [1,2] oS f(x) = x? - 2x -3 (6-3, OPste [-3, 0 [Vall 5,54) at .£(1,2)) = [-4,-3] ot lf ol al (1,0) [2,3]. cgtabatl 45 all sla! ts TVS coy SIUM Jecall (98 Lpesdiead Ta ee oll GbE OY Ladys Usje olegane Uile (Ajjiel Gly Gaal fA OB Ss 9.2.1 Gaye TOA oe 20Ole geall 4s i gi deal ye (UA) =UF(A) (1 icl ied FAC ME (A) 2 iel ied oS f(a) = b gf) duns AGUA; juni aay ty Iba bef (UA) (SY (L:iglayall iel jel OF ging 1a DE T(A)) ld elling a jemiall gle (ssind Aj depene says oth walla 6a pS is Sadly UA) UMA) Cal gol BELLA) OM Nags | ISTE MA; prods spay coll gufe Mia bE FAA) ot Gayi (2 -bEN F(A) Ot gies laa. b= fia € fray sgl JU 65 US Tame pad aDlel Laayall 2 (2) (gd afyLeall GI bad obs Ag = {1,2,4}, Ay = {1,2,3} oly B= {abc} , A= (1,2,3,4) oSal Jie £(A,O Ag) = gla f (3)= £(4) =¢, f(2)=b, fl) =a gt yaya Ayr Ay = { 1,2} (A) f(Ap) = {1,2,3} leisy {a,b} SI g: BC, FA PBS 8.2.1 Gays : US) Buell Gyuy g yf yulsay! position) Ly Codd Fb Ge AST oS pill Lubec ol jal (Ses -gof (a) = (goff(a) gli ae AJ! » OLY GS 5 byt Gay See g LAH GL JL. gl til g: B PA, fA 3B ge S cals 131 OW DEB jwaic JSly g(fla)) =a Gls aA pric JSS 15] Leddy 15) f I 38¥ .f(g(b)) =b SBaly A Ge Ldjya Lepene Dy depane B, A Go dS G80 10.2.1 ya Fg f(@=F(d) ,d€ D paste JS lS 13). ysl sa] FA —9B , f: D—>B apuedief peu yA Leseall ple f Li 0U (Extension) sys45 pou LS Flp Selb GBM spoil poy Daegeall gle F 51 sa¥! (Restriction) aL (Com- 8 5 pau gof 5a!) big—— JgY! Jacl bey La Yall Gat ll LL SEY Gye g Lit aes olf GEE ap 13 (injective) ( qgalal sf) cubs L321 f aun. GLa f:A —pB Sl (1 tee ob ay = ay SL F(A) = fa) Sly A ll oped ay ay Cay penile USI 1a Lidiy f(x) = ax +b SEAL 2S ally N lac¥l do sane gle Tiyall GLA! oLlwa¥! OL gt (a #0 Oly Libba sla! a,b tus) JSI 13] aay 13] (Surjective) Jol ol ail f pena. Lia! fA —pB oSul (2 ON edt yll Ge fla) = bof Saas aA saly pwaie Ja! ye say be Bp saie ~ Leds) AL abl ail os Sal 49) Ghai) obi way! AS 15] Leddy 13} (Bi jective) (U5 gulf yay Ghul f:A—>B SIG © daldy Gulde Liat f ISI Gf denne OLA! i: Ap BoSaly B degaall oo Use epee A OSU 4 LAH gf qudly. (Inclusion ) eia¥! Ghali gL iY) paw i(a) =a gla €A Sale GLa! +L gal Cdentity 313!) gh VL T yeu. GIR A yA gy Le leyene A SI (5 Liyall Legeatl gle UVM Ig pall dyes T(a) =a GU aA YS Js) bidy 13) «gehts Lal Slall GI AAW Gf dll Ga Lee Galan gl Ge Jil A police sie O! duay WLS pad Leyeae BA G0 S oS (6 . (Embedding) sail oJ 331 pau B dll A Ge cull GLA GB jolie se eullll QL AIL Gane cA —pB gL ail gL Legene BUA ga JS G Sul (7 Bgecyt paic b tuac(a)=b gliaeA SI 13] Lad, 13) (Constant) SSI gh tues ohidtq: A —p A/Q GSaly A Tegan le 581 Be Q Sd (8 qesly (Canonical) gta gL RVG cane g GLH. g(a) = [a] GU AEA pate Lal Lah SU SLUM of gas Lidl fA —oB oy Liga Uys de yons (B.S), (A, Q) co SS OGIO JS ot gl (Preserve order) 5 iil (gle Lalas gf ial £43) Lady 13) Blade ol ail f 22olegankl yyKi (gf dal jo B oS - 13 f(A, 0 Ag) # (Ay) 9 (Az) (1 f(Ay - Ag) # f (Ay) - f (Aa) 2 tga Ay Legaae JS 13) dabiy 131 (gala!) Salads f AB Ql Aa¥) ol Gay -14 f(A - Ay) SB - (Ay) of A Se CMB Se GLa g 9B WA Se SL Fgh dus quale ual wal fg GS-15 + dabie SLi! gof oI oay. + ale GL ail gof Gla yall cal sal fg IS 13) jhe GUL! Spall (gi LS - 16 Ol Gay cls BBC. f A—»BySl- 17 «Gabe GLA f Gla ule GL ail got GIS 13] -1 26ole geal jk gd deal ye + dal SL! g Gli ale GL all gof SIS 131 - Sale SLANE y ald GLal g Gl pblB GL all gof yIS 1a -3 « RRgba I) alse de gage Leads LH SVL Gye Ula JS (le Vibe bel - 18 (yl WU Gye) slat Lawl - xb Lal - jill oS © (3ST Sell sal Bole Gye ) les gf sal Be A -egs hl gal says) BA cil A-B of dune cxleyane A.B oS- 19 Beil A gl Gay. (A-By «OLA EY gh Gaye Gulide gl ail f A —> B oS - 20 gps gl aad P1131 Lay 15) bts f AB gL aa¥! - 21 » Lghhe Te paae AUB Of Gay. Lge Legaae AB Go IS (SU - 22 wit degen A-BUWA 50 Fe geae B Gly Ligite jad Lepore A GSI - 23 Lge A-B GUA gs Utve Lig ths Lege as B Gly pid iil Ud Legaes A cal 13] -24 « pebill UL degen «ball UU degens AUB Of Gye. tall UG degene ALB ge SS gS - 25 Agha jab Legare Lisdall sue deyane S| Gaye - 26 all UL Regene Lusi slic degre Of cays - 27 | Ligiie jab degane B gh A GI gays. Ligiie gad egane A UB gl - 28 WW degags AUB GI Gay. 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Tayhall olezeall sl ollyall OLA plata goal eLiaall ay ai anil Iba pd Sikew. 1906 ple Ul! oleLeaill WS ay Byateall OL) AY pladil Gill ol Laall SMa meds Ss TLill cleat appt SS Lasts lly oljlyall y Lay till oh SW a5 ol} Boks oka (ys SalSH 4 US5oN) GA ole Leaall Gad Last. GLa olezeoll y daysall + cleLaaall (GAM Lai Gay ya 1.2 2 gh LSy GLa GL SG) Gaya YG) Shad LI ga | patel Ladys Yaya (a,b) ZaLiall ay0s R ypd apenic ba YSGly Ladsdall sled) Lezoae R YS! Ta YI GelpAIl Giss ally di RX R—4R ye d (ab) = [a - bl GL Lagi itll gba, beRYS d(a,b)20-1 .a=D 43) Lad y 131 d (ab) = 0 -2 -d (a,b) = d (b,a) -3 - GH Urol, GL Gola aud .d (a,c) Sd (ab) +d (b,c) - 4 gia aes R oye Casisdn Cngrse JS bape GaLaall Sf 5a 6 apa) Go bad LiSy » getane d GLY Jani GUS Gals! oda Gf lie ye yiss dab) GLull a Ai 31«tl ucalt (A, d) oli glad ds Ax AR of y WE pad Uegeae A SS: 21.2 ays A degaall Uueailly GLa! 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LAB Sally Sy GLb lily TUS x= yi Sf ll sade Ihe ON -d(Ky) = 0 La sLatlyy i ISI fey] = 0 of dl ade Naa ie (1,2, .., 0) H gus ASE drole 2= (2s 209 + Zq) OI Vai Lush i ib A(y.2) =| yx ~ Zu d Coy) = by - yj] CSHy RY oll paid Le dass Tels plastiok i JS [xj - yl Sx - yl yi - zl Lye - ad Gb ple eons Ihe oe ON gh. be - 2 Sj - yj + Lye - Ze] col Malad Eat .d (x,z) $d (x,y) + d(xy) + d (y,z) .d(x,2) 32,AAU clad Nazi lola (R" 5d) oh tal Ida Js: ll tly ya a afd, sR" x R9—_pR ol: 2s X= (Xs XQp oy Bq) Y= (Var Yo» +03 Yn) Of Guns X, YE RO 4d) (y= i LRA oda pass gyhe Ladd (RY dy) GL Milley Ties OL Hl did! audly «Galata of ial, Tibins OLLI Gyo paS sue saggy aH LAL UL ga Gh tess Cele GALA Gyo SL ge Lad oll Wyo ai A Tegan! SI pity Nay (A ie) Le deyaare gle dpa LAGI Sal (A, d) AU ay gall Leal! 505 Ligeas (gill Gaeall tia jLiagb Ge BD clo Lacill peglead GU Jie Nga y « este oLAS II A Tegaall yas (ll Zabel! = Tegal le Goal GLH ple MSS sciay Jo [pie GySiM Tegel le bi sciay Y ay cole leddll (ns Aa paiaa : 2.2 oUt Lamu & padrye igh pistol OI REY) iy pattie Las 4) aia! aspbe O! + pseill Via pladiauls ggecrgll 1a oll Gob yeu il, alSally Case SIF LSE ins (oll pleat Lyall of gia GL ail ff RR St coast £(%) sell” cySe Gh aoe XE RIS: 5a (a OSGly) R LS 0 hi sie saline 49 £0) gabaall G1 sal ee ae mn saall ge 2 Bal Bysyy” ag X gobaall Gl Sal gio fla) ae RAB we lade fh) pau. 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UE areal jc fii TULA poss E ool Gauls 5 > 0 gle Jamas E> 0, YE R oh Lad : Jol SAL Gf Say Nay bey] <€/ Jb] ol ool wus Hay [(bx +0) - (by O] <€ OWR ga LAal aw y of Lay y Dail, paieue SLI QU JLIky 3=6/]b| AR (le pate Gf 31 ct Ay—p Ay Sal Lyte beLiaa (Ag, dy) , (Ap, dy) 0 JS GS: 3.2.2 Dayae + gaa GLa! c gta WUE LL sal GiS3 B Langs La ool Of aly 5> 0 bs. > 0 gaye Ay oh LayB: Gla edly xe Ay Sd (X, 01) <5 Gl dues 6 = 0.2 pa pdd Me La) pete) Gad # dp Xp), fla) = O< € a} spaiewe GLH TQ (Ad) gall Leal! gle Shall QI SY T (Sb 4.2.2 Dajan # 8 = Sab dypble gi: Glad cacy. Le GL asl fs A—p A Sal. Lye iad (A, dy), (A, d) ge dS oS Upillads (cle Ryall GALAN LHF II LEY) Guys A Le geal gle Gas f gL sal Gy 34Ayal cilelaaill oleLiaill ogy GI SV UYLS Say Y ULad obs coiy (Range) Ly Zt.us 5 (Domain) GASB GUS ake a gh HA pbs IS gle Gall Ladd SL Sal ll 8 LEN) Gy 4 all Satlly GI BAM AS, ally Leghs sal JS go GLa G15331 553 cade GHA one : pil iggltle ol] Ways Nay ft (A, dy.) —4(A,d) gif: (A, d)N— (A, cy) GSB Gl Stall LM gS TL: R8pR® : 5.2.2 Bayes LHI Shay ddan gl patuee LR, dy)» (RY, d) ER", d) (RP, dy) «goal! LiL) Sal dy y TALL Lal Way yall Gall TL prdind Gy €>0 4S, a= (ay, ..., ay) € RP Sa: GLap all 8 aS olay d, (k,a)0 aK. pciwe lll Ub lily 1 = 1,2, .. m ISI (mj ~ a3)? < 8? ple Juans ding x (x,- a)? < H SLasall pelts Neus d (1 (3), 1 (@)) =d (, a) <€ Sat. i USI fx;-a;|C Sl HY Gl 3 sieus bil al g: B—>C , fs A B 35a git uct SUS libeees GS0 be fies Glas E>0 gla A Sd: gland yeluwe B54 f(a) € Bo! Lyd, (g(f(x)), g(f(a)) <€ gla xe AUS! d(x,a) <5 Sal -do(g(y), g(f(a))) <€.ge-y. BUSS cues ¥>0 Jie says aligy. fla) dail! wie > 0 gh Ly a Heal sic potas f yl GaW) GF ye slitinns GH. dy (yf (a) 0 sag & > 0 JSS! bias Isla A dail £B@;s))Sf! BE; e) HAS pciasly La gall BSI gia pad plsdtonls ey: Glayall (B dy) cell Lill Sh (A, d) coy Lica ge gh ad FS : 3.3.2 Taye yas b> 0 sagi > 0 JS! il badd (5) a dL joie f gla 37(gill eal! B(a;) Cf (B (fla); €)) 2 Ryablee Tail le puna U5! Geol! pasted : Glau 1a Laas 31 £(C)S D g&aDEByCSA yf: A—»B hail JS! .#.f1@)SC Legene B (a;t) (gisda vue r) > 0 JS gla AGA y byte bles (A, d) oS A gh A LU slyas paul Uijall olegaall So gsll Iba. Raye 5S) A Ge Use Tyall Legeatl A oll paid AAG a QSily Lye LeLiad (Add) GS: 4.3.2. Gas -B(aj1) GN Si dusyt> 0 say 151 A ba (Neighborhood) ja jeu A GaN cele ol Iga Jal pls (pau A degoall op a Ubiill al jlyall grea tegens ot 4 ly Radball slic! Zegane R dua) (Rd) dda! gill sLaill Gal of Wis a 2 aba! g) Ka A= {XE R:00,a€ A oly Laie Lind (A, d) gS = 5.3.2 Liane - Magill 5511 Jala gis Dis CY jIyo Sis B (air) (a,b) 0 sosad fla) dail pa My A Le seat oI pati dba a Ol Gay Tegene fl (B(f(a) ; 1) Gla Lagiae Legon B(f(a) 51) oI Ly .B (f(a); M fol Milly a Wakil sya gle sing FY (M) GU NSggy a Weill gle cgsins Lasik #. yahune G13 2 La gill OL Sly Lagat Sle geod gy Ll gs WI Gaull gl 2 GU Lye bad (A, d) (Sab: 4.4.2 Gaye 40AuyAN ceLidall A. (gh Lasts Le gaae WGI degen] LA gh lagihe degags A -2 (A (5 Lage degene Ap AGA (yi dangle ole gene Ap, Ajcals 13 -3 Adeseall pi Laylie Liga Leyeas Aj (SH 1€ 1 Sly Jalal degeae Isa 4 (A ha glie Lipa Legane U ALOU Gay Wik A Lege go Lhe Legene it WII degeall ob eadlyll go “Lig layull sp Syl! 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Leyte old seal Lal gi A TUS Le poally WLAN epeatl oleponll oda Gay daly Gl ied Lilie (Ad) gsi Lage Lass ca call Lita Glegeas Ob Tinta gle 5S Leglysill dye ol” 2 daly Ob god cginall Jans yl Gila 4 dexytbe Gy 41(pill Just Le juni b Sly (AA) coil Lidl ye Lda Lepage AsgSal : 6.4.2 Gayad b aaaull of) N Iya US os 13) Adeyaqall (Limit point) tus tis D paud A cgi LNA (Aq = {b}) #0 gl gl -b ge Haid Ay BiB 2 HEB UY ple esi le SY (Sy oe! ll Gyo bell Gylae GS Ay bls Gye Laslide sagld Ay Legenall Gus dhe b cals 131 Ll. (8.3 i LS Leagglpatll oleLaall ip Yad AS) oloLead gt Foal ole Ga psa) b ahaa auuid Ay ON = (b} oly bd dedi! N jlya say cua be Ajoils Ii «Ay oe (Isolated) Uyai Ay = (O,1] y GibL Call ga GLa! Gl taly Ladsda ll slac¥) Leyes R GSU : tbe Ula Laslete{1,1/2,1/3,.01} Gly Ay Aeyarall Biol LL! cgsal ipa yieall Ibis GU ly yas 9S YblE aaa Gli Ay = (1,2,3,...} Zegantl oolS 11 Lay. sisal ll gn abell hye (n- n+ 12) sb né Ay o| ud,' Ja (n-12,n+b) oA, ={n} V3) Tile GSS A Gye FLijall deyeoll Gl Lyte aa (A, d) Sul: 7.4.2 Bayes «Raa YbUS gree ile estas F Il bidy bE F Gl apis. Lage Legeae A-F=C (F) oli Lilie deyene F gS: gla gh B (bt) S CF) ol Saag > 0 apay tay lias be CF) gla ligay BLa GLa atky F dl Qa es cul bol dll gay Jay BObst) OF = 6) coll sot) LULI Legee ie Fy OI pki aS Ft pettd Flezeatl ll Goal OF ass ob Se CF) SC (Fy) ol ol Foe Libya Lepane Fy (ol Susy F Lepeal oo ggatis YD Gb COP) gol patty panic B OSU. gyi Layitte C (F) Lijall Legeall! bi thy B (sx) S CO) gf gl BODAP =o of duns 1 > 0 agony ins lay Fy # . Mile Legane F cose fh AB GLY). Lie Lead (B, dy), (Ad) G2 US Sal: 8.4.2 Tages 42Ayal oleladlh Tlas Wye Legene fl (P), B (ye F libs Utje Ue pens JS lS 15) bidy 131 Lpaieus Ag 3.4.2) Gayl gbLaghill legend ppgie plod il dalaiiial Sey : gLayll UU Gada!) #.f1(C®)=Cf®) 1 QW Lhe hlas (A, dS: 9.4.2 Gaye (A gi lilis degen A -1 A gi Tibis teyans 2 rrr rlrLS—r rl ———— ZN Vilas Legare OF, Gli (iT SSS) A gb Wilks Legare F, oly Ula deyanel SI 4 Ag SNgiy (4.4.2) Last olegeatl Galsd Da yrs lust eadlyy bau : Glazall HUY) Dead 65 23 i Geages Tegan Byapetlls gual Gis olegegse ye le ad wie LS! gl oll ELEY! jas s abbal JEM gb LS Tals 1 Gly Maida) lac) depen od [Un 1) 9.55 Ge Lilie 3a is Fy GSI: be RegRAll Gas il gay Talis col 35 gt col ill ola vlad QU Gaps Guneo wie «Lyall pS Vy (0,1) deal ue Hed givall of easly (0,1] AN Cedi) $ilS5 9 Ajai oteLadll : 5.2 le yas (gph Ladd oly Say A Se Lalje Leyes By lapis found (Ad) (Sd sill Say Nags A pple Taal d GaLaLI 18) syene ga Malad! SLail Gly Bde yea! ESI Raye B gle Lal QL al dy Sue (Add) oie Gots Lad (B, dy) ob 43— — __ — «gill Jeol + Lagdy pote ola’ (Byd}) g) Sly. Lie Lad (B, dy) (Add) go US OS : 1.5.2 ass yds) (dy =] BX Byly A Gs Uaipa Lape e B 13) bby 151 (AM) Sa gpa (BX Beloall le d GI 33¥1 spuds elgia! gl al i: Bp AgSuly A Gy Lita degane By Lie Lead (A,d) Sal Bole ayall dy S38! GLGal alld (Ad) ge be Ge Lai Bid) oI sly Segl d si Xi GSB Ss ve Ale pwp—*iy axa? yr OW (A, d) gt Leaall go Lhe Lyte bias (B, dy) gS : 2.5.2 ayes + pee i:B_ A clga¥l glad #.€=8 Lakh ally aus : Glayall «aly hes pb ell call 2 oly gual gpl Lal! (R3d) gS: 1 lke OL RHI pla Steals (R20) cop Sll LSA 2 (2,d)) ge pide yds Lead oly Sey clegeall sse gle sate Lizall Gell oleLeaall sue Gls pall Sas Nigay . elyiadl «Wel degen Ge daze SI GI Sue (KiK2, spt) 93 Ge pealic deyane A GSI : 2 Jie SILA Repeal! pled TLull Lil Gye. gids vue; lb G= 1,2, .. mel (V5 9 act Os Opes Kpets O) endless ISI gh aoe da AXA —> R si OA oll olay Ig (Bp -%p-50)s ts =» Ynets 0) = Max {[5- yil} 1sisn-1 (RY, d) cg ll oLeaill gs sige gute laa (Ada) of easly oll Leal Td ga (Ada) ceyttl LAA gle Lp all Say edLel SLAM Ge Laiy (n - tuple) oul stl Oe 8B A peste gl ga (ela Gyill 361 R™d) SAUSHL aus Cpatlac all Gla ogy TELA! gl (NL) Gayl ge gyS RE! obie (Equivalence Metric) .¢ 0}ALAM cueliadll Cpgiliaall (ude pau. Liste IeLids (Bydp) , (Anda )gsa SS 9S : 3.5.2 Gays aes Lealsal gi B—> A, fA —pB epi ial sags Jil bday 13! Lyie cphilSae ob bee.B,ace A JSigl a9! da (8(b), g (e)) = dp (b,), dy (f(a), f(C)) = dy (a,c) VSI ade GUase Legit Lyte Iliad (Big), (Avda) oye JS (Sal 14.5.2 Gayee 2 gill Gis, A —>B ol silsay «pls gh sl f = dg (f(a), f(c)) = da (a,c) ga, ce A Js! -2 OI GAs BB A Sly aySee f GL ABU GL pbb L3H) f OI Ly: Ghayall ise Lunatic =g (0), a= 8 (b) Gl duay be €B # dy (g(b) , g (€)) = da (a,c) = dg(f(a), f(c)) = dg (be) Alual : 6.2 Ol duns d: AXA —PR gly WE jad Tegane A SU -1 0 ifa=b Uae Folens (Add) Gl gays dla,b)= { 1 ifa#b OLB Gye dy(@,b) ='kd (@,b) ragga pein suelk ly Lyis Lad (A.d)ggul—2 agate Ladi (Ad) OI ody dy (a, b) =kd (a, b) 2 Awl USL Tyas Iohigif oUL MI oS — 3 fOGy) = (KY),GGy)) Gl duos £R2—R2R? -& (Gy) , Zw) = (x+y), Z- W)) ot duos g: R? xR? —pRxR h(x, y) = (x2, y2) Gl suas: RXR RXR k (%y) = (%-y) ghituay ky RXR —> R (Kohogof) (x,y) = xy Sly &pciaue abl SY! ba GI Gay dan GY) =x + yg (Kye RXR JS! 6! Seay ol ail RXR —pR gS -4 ) Rill Tag) Gay R? le LiLaadl GL Aa cid GUL US yee SLI Fy! - Gul GybIl, 45et Suc Oday R ogi gia suc a Oly gisiall GLa) ER RoSI-5 0 ifx 1) das AVI gill sS5 culllll ay (right ray topology) Fegan yy natls Gal VA; OU (T St pas ) Laggtie clegane Aj cstS 131 Ll spill) JEM 68 cpus LS Lanse Tage La AQ = CU/n, Un) oly gdsiatl gacsloaill cLeaill (RT) gS: Je + Tasihe Coumaly R (ph Tlie Tegone 0 A, = (0) 5 bad n= 1, - duaR Gi alse peand X GaN Mize depend. peoeplyss Lead (XT) OSM: 21.3 yas A ll pda I duns A Laytie deyeoe le gin N cals 3a e X dal 53SIU Just A I3l day 1a X cob Tanptn Ze yane A. cgarglys olead (XT) oS: 3.1.3 ryan + YU 6 Uw JS ye A ol yall Sag A Gill pay Lp jaa a Gly daytie Tegan Ag! Yagi : Slayal A GSI gotta UB ISI GL ULL G2 JB JS yo A OS Sala URW lye pt tags Tegan OG ol ly 2 G, CA GI tues G, Laie Lngene says # Lagthe Legare Ao) ity Lay U Gy A ouX ac. 5 GX ll paths Le pate a Oly yeorrlys bead (KT) OS: 4.1.3 Gaye a Maal ll say slyo JM gle soy - 1 N pada glia dail Iya JSI- 2 1a UGH hyn MGUNE M oly dak! bya N Gis 131-3 LARK Iya M ge N abl lia aadill jlya NM ge US glS 15! - lus My MEN oJ duns a dba M 531 lye sage a dhl Iya. N GIS 131 - 5 «Malis go Tas (Xd A Gull Lol a Daa lye X lel Saud X LU ge Akai Gf Le (1: gla + Bysilee Lega biiinal (Say (3) « (2) ele sind B, A cphaghhe caegens dogs ayy a Ui je MLN SH gees Tol ae AN BO NAM Gg) gi Lia. BEM, ASN gla abil 8 RY bye NOM oli Milly Lasik Tepaae AB GL X le a€ MENG) dyes MiangibsLegens dayii abi yan gl la # . Bagll Slay ett Iggy a ail lye M Gli 3.1.3) Saya! plainly Tegame NX ol pat Leth ay Lea glyd Leas (XT) SW 3.1.5 cay elbyall plas jauy a TB, ol lyotl quae BWI SIL ol gal oLead Gaya Tilice (Say asa Ia Go 54Ara glgsill oleLais ——— clegeae By GU X ll pda Uw JI. WA jab tegen X GSI: 6.13 ays eLicsill couuyy (4.1.3) Tidal bay at cadia ISI a UHM ollya pans X ge Liye PMS oljLyall Liss i Taal Tegal Gaya Say. olla! ebay gill Tegane A gaud X Ge Liga Ungane Ay oblye Lid (KT) 9S: 7.1.3 3 « Upblas Gye ads JSI Igo A cals 13) dastde 2 WGI Ga yall clad Say GM rglbaljlyn Las (XT) Sl: 8.1.3 Gaye LT jolie dy Glyuaie X, O-1 xX cgh La sllie Lepage yt Lasts cle yane Gye dike se phlei -1 x (gh Masi Le pane yt Lays cle gene Ge die jab ste sles -2 Tayally (7.1.3) Gypaill plod ial ally Glayal Clisiad Say Upgauy : Gla pall # ecg lal diay (4.1.3) 8 49 X ole ol bee Gays Se (KT) par Lead JS ob sill Se Ne Lids Whar Jb Sally X le olybpe Leds ple amaid allyl alls gas Cd gael Lead gle Jasna (711.3) i LS dayidll legen X le Gey ob Le Trophy aill oleLeaall ope ( hla SI 3i) ) Gulbis Saye Gl pill Sap TeadUl oda » Lala obeLaaall ge EAU ol byall cleLiady GW gyAll Leal pi ole geal lyst oe pS! gy) abe! GoLull Ueoill g Cpe eaeglyeill (Ladd) yb GALI Leyeoll anya Lele (Say. ULL! Leyet! gh Uinkes Gb goill gles Gait Tile Leyaoe (XT) poralsaill eLeaall 2 Fdaijall epeadl pad : 913 aad 1X gh dagihe deyane (X + F) piacds cil 13) aps gl. Gali Xb glicgoatl aS (KX, T) pasbd Lead J: 1 lie «GUM Na Gada! GilS TALL degen! 55SLI Just cole Wale Lagly all T oly ( Leisiall sacl Leyane R)X=R gS: 2 the sNaeYl Lake OY geasly hha X yaLHbs Leyone Lagmsall alse! Lepage gli X GU lilly (Logrucall see Legare Z tua) R-Z=U (0, m+ 1) pa agra qgllllyy date Ue yanaR -Z Sl ll gahy Midy Tnysiie deans 8 Leslie cl ta slat! LR gi Gilin deyans Z gli cetoly il Laaall gy Tile ley ene Spud F= (Fi) jg] OSU: 10.1.3 Dayne 7 2 ABM Lyall gi03 F ols (XT) » GUE X, oticyaall -1 JF ol getty joie ga F police Ge dike pub sue gblis -2 OF ll patty puoi ya F prolic (y0 dike sie sbail -3 Legene X-Fi GW X ph GL olepea gems Spel (FiJje y Gf lay: Glayal coll Gilly Lal ogg Lill iad Gaol gen yl Lypatll (i€T JS) X gi Lays X-F clegeall quan alas GUF igh lke cleans Buu! (Fi)jes GS ill La tlh Hola pladiuls GET Jol) Lasts degane X-F; gf ly X- OF; ceylus (JET ISI) OFF GLa lilly Lay de Lepane X- (UK) 5 ails pacslotll Gaps dye TUL Fy Foy oy Fy OSH [ysl F pealic Gyo puaie OF) ol pity Vay Lilie Layee OF bang X ph Langhhe Lengaoe (15 1 2yny RUS) X-F GLI F pd Labbe ole pane a wlligy X pd Lengtae Lepaee V(K-F)=X- OF SU pauls Lad (XT) #OF jolie yo pate UF ol Fe geall iy ps5 padi ole seat! Bye! dy ai Lead corplytll Lioall is pad wie CSL. Taal Legeadl psgde Jail cage porlaill Ob pill (Say elligy Ta,giall + gpl LS TALL degen pggiie gle ALGEVLT garolytll ia ad Sap X G2 Wijall legal Go dyad Fly WA pat Tegan X QS: 111.3 Gaye 2 EY gall gies 56Asa gly sill cteLuaist EF ll gluts X, glieyeall -1 AF opt pene 9 Fyrolic 0 die ye sue pblis -1 .F gh pele 98 F prolic (2 die aie alos! -3 F aya jolie clade apnalic X ile T yerslsss toys Gli BW SME X gle T Laglyall Gy of iS): Gla! T={AS X:X-Ae F} HH, plan SU sanslouill Lay pth Guns Upquy Ser Liorylsll all Go cleseall gf le aaday Slilh byl GLS saulyatll diya id LES LS se 9S gle GN Layatll satel ode! Taal gb Laing Gia Lasse Tabla! das! + gill JOU opi ox adyiew alld capes ike Jue old Baal! TRL ole yaa! cle sans Fy GI ably Fy = [Unt] 5 dddast yeoolyall sLaaall (R,T) oS : Jtbe ob Hl cgahe Nia UR gb Tiles cosa! (0,1] Sytall Of adh U Fy = yl] by R gd Gee » Tlie Fegans Byyndlls ul Tile cleans Gye Che ub sae! sls! 1 oMel Cia yall jul dane cae Si) JEM Le FH (BO X shigiie deganeB} U(X) y dagiie put Uegane X gSU: Jie X depend gle T porslss oliy Sag b3guy (111.3) Gall hyd Gias F gl easly JF deyeall Ws cer olga Lda Sucld : 2.3 cerolssll Leal! Geltsl pad. clad! tube pgs Gane 5315, cole acter pls, olds JS Tire Sag Bgl ONL Yo. Eaygllll ole peal 2G ole poled Jd Lit jb oustel legal oda Go ojo Use ally cpre eouled Lidd pb La sill oleyeatl cram gecabally X= (1,2,3] deyeadl oe Sill yorolyill eLaall Gal yf had olepene ti Laaer gla. T= { 6, {1}, (2), (3), {1,2}, {2,3}, X} 57SSI Jucdit aly cAI LILA 25 Lay till olepeall gran Lips Sey { (3), {2}, (1) Bub gle YRS (Sup Logie Legare IO! col olepeatl Last lane ude slaceVh Gell clegaa ge gsill Nia degame SI. adlel SIU olegeall ge JS yl aay slat cLiaill B4elB pul Lgale lied SV GLA jadll lesaall JS Lies Lpslawulsy Sap evball .(base of the topological space) Lag hill slopes Ge pad By Leaglyad bLda (KT) oS: 1.2.3 Gaps Lepeall ceylia pate JS 13] bids 13) T cerpl pill Beli B peu BOT tay “B jwolic JS sh Gary sles! JS ple GUS (SayT polic Ge Liat! T=(6, {a}, {b}, {c}, {ab}, {ac} ,X) oly X= (a, b,c} GS : Jie cby Js! WiSey((a},(D},{c}} Legamall i JIS Gye X gle Ayal corglpaill legend JUS Ge URLS (Sap T yoslall BSLUl 591 IL il) cle yaa gaan, + etal Higl Baeld GES Us Nagas clegaatl aba Ge ste olasl ulliy adel EDEL! Vigl Buel Ji Ge yAWI ea{ (a), (b},(c},{ad}} legend go Bp Fadl Gf bad sely all oe pes ste lta 63 paylp sill Lidall Ob pall Se Mes paslsaill Fb gl als poslaill Goulyall Spas! By Sy T yoyloaill Sucls By Leaglys Lad (KT) GS: 2.2.3 Taye Ol tals WSs. T poles Sueli Bild BS By ST gl duos days clegens « Upuadtl Bacld ga T He aye ebay yey: Slay - T={0, {b}, {ab}, {a,b,c}, X} y4 T caslysilly X= {a,b,c,d} oSub = Jie Tyaalic ga peace gl GM) T gt ousay Sebi elie (KT) garlsill Lal of edly T G0 GAT police alas! Wy Gs (Sa Y B gSily .R le Gale! Laylyaill Ty Giada! sacl degen R gS :2 fle OV diy pista pecgltll Lal ised fis Baya! of .R ge Last ol sill 5 ul 58Ana gl gM coh bacaN Bool paid ol fill ay R (ya deggie ol td slatl ge Bjbe yt T i Layie Lagan JS cody X cle Uysill Laylsaill pa Tol tues Lroglssd feleaa (X,T) oS :3 fle OF GIT geoslyatll Baeld JS dd saly praial SyLaily Lagidll legend Raul gl T caslpaill Sucli Js B= ((x} : x€ X}e yaa GW AKT) pecolatll Leal pi Ea ill legal! Gye Ryu! B SGI: 3.2.3 Layee B gi W pate tage X ooll slo Ny XEX JS 13] Lay 15 T paroles Buc B xEW SNGI cus Ase Nog XBW Ge be MEX GST asl Stel B gl Yoh Gaya: Gla! x aba Ob Les S31. (Gl yadl hay Ge) KE VEN 6) Susy Vile Logie de gene Jays Oil Byrolie co saad stadt glad V GLX Gs Lnglie legeaeV 4 T paslysill Suelé B W Sal GuSall. KE W SVEN of cues B gi W protec spans oll coup Nay Vatiiaaly x Aaa Iya W lite! Sad W gi le junio XK Sly X gi Uengie de pane Oe prale JS liga XE W, SW 5) das Boe, Lepese says udyill ll (UO Wx = W ol ll gabe Nang oSLel LU Gia B yd pete way Wolie xew = #7 jayhall uel B yl Jill, Ryal By Sy T porslpaill Bact By y Loulys Lead (KT) oS: 4.2.3 Tiayae Wy 9 XEX jeaie JS GIS 131 T paslesll Sueld By gla X ph dag! ole geal ye Ol Suny Bo gh Wy dagike Ungene dayih x ple gp Tas By G2 Lays Lcpene .xeW, OW, #. 3.2.3) Gays slyall Gaya pladiools cadly : glayell By ily R ple WLsed! Laglaill Ty Gaal lel depen gS: Us Yale duos R ge Lata ol all puan Spud By gR ge Uasiill ol ll quae Ra LT gocghyill Sseli By 6 Ja glll Sigal Cob (Say. Quai slsel 59= = = — = CSU Jaen Beeld ey SV opt By I Ay 8 OMT youl Wi areLG By Of easly : Jal R (ye La gids 8,53 Wy = (a,b) ly X jrolic Go le peice X O! Gd, .T goal cagsate JS Gf Lay By cll eats Wy GLa Migay ac xc b Of ls Kpaaiall ile aegis OF Sue Pid fis Shu Glose rays Gil « Legian guia uke danyy Cpgslaae pues ON gl By role G2 pumice « (Pq) Ball GI eidly.acp Gliasane By Ay Laglss lela (XK, TS: 17.3.3 Baye JIn(X)=X-1 In in(A)) = In (A) - 2 Jn (AQB)=In(A) In (B)-3 2 WX Ge ote pladtunly In (X) =X Gla X ga dytgey dayhie depege X of byl: olay! ‘Byctlee (16.3.3) Sajal pladtuly A igi Lagtie depeneln (A) gf gle Jamas (14.3.3) apall ge -2 Usllall Za.ill gle unas (16.3.3) Ball 70Ass gbg sill coho bac N gin (AMB)S In(A) gu ANBS By AMBE Agy Ly -3 Hegel gle cesiny In (AYO In (B) 5! ll gage hag In (A OB) S In (B) oly In (A) 0 In (B) € In (A)S A gl by (Sas In (AB) Sly In (A) In B) © A OB Gg gat da ge In (A) In (B)S In(B)CB Oo) ety (16.3.3) Gayl! pladiusly Zayide depen In (A) In (B) gle Guess Lgisy In (A) 0 In (B) = In (In (A) 1 In (B)) € In (A) 9 In (B) # Uggla Sl yLuall U(X, T) oslyill Leal) (pd Liga Uegane A YG : 18.3.3 Baye In (A) = C(C(A)) a€ C(A) ol oH ak Way AEA GU A tepenall GBI aw a GSI: GLa BN Al pais Nia a © TOA) Sf eal ual Yarydd Lead glad a EC (A) Sb yess Ol ag a peaiall gle gpiat Layibe Leyes JS ci C (A) degeo all Gs) aw ge Wiagae TCA) oil A go Upbls desi ay) Usiby, biay C(A) cs QbLES BG BC TOA) oI Losi UuSall. In (A)S C (CA) Sti lilly ae C (CA)! -BOC(A)= © oly D Uakall le gyins Bui Lapis deyane ayary pity Iiay bE C(A) #, Kagllatf BlyLall Gia Nagay bE In (A) St gl BEA ol oll sat fan + GU X Ge Liga Leyane Ay Laglysd Lad (X,T) (Sd : 19.3.3 Daye .C (In (A)) = C (A) - 1 .C (A) = In (C(A)) -2 TWoLeall cgi bil Leads LAI [Sas (18.3.3) Gazal Give =: glaall Ay¥l yllall 1a y C Un(A)) = C(A) ple Juaaid . In (A) = CC(A)) Legace 42 ll guy Hay DEA Gf gC (A) oll patty b praia 6! yaya -2 iol gate Nay BS C (A) OU gililly AM B= gly DE B gl dua B Sis Lasts Gab plated (Sy Stl aL asl glayaly .C (A) S In (C(A)) gif be In (C(A)) H, ygMth SyLud ple Jemads [y¥) alasdUl 5, Sal! day jal} 1SLU Jacl MLB X Sily X Ge Uya Leyes A y Lgl bliss (KT) gS: 20.3.3 yas X Ja) bday 11 A deganall (Exterior point) tp jls Wadi x Gail) aud .X bw gob Feyeae dass 13) beady 13) A Teyana Gold Meds x4) CA) de yaqall Addls dads Adeyonall Lip Lill BUM Legere coud CA) G0 Laipe x (ple igsiad dagibe Legal ob dpall (Se Ney BCA) jal Ul peas A ll Lu sLiIl Lepeatls Jeans (19.3.3) Gazal gle slaieYhy C(A) AM LAI degeall pa A dt Gey! -E(A)= In (C(A)) =C (A) le cA Get de geall pa be yaks gst a slyetll eLizall (R,T) GSU: 1 Je 2G oYLI ry A degen A= {x€ R:0 leurs y © RG JS Gf sas ea lM MR Gaya Ge (1: all CO —C—C—CCCS Gt gas A Gl Aug yl coal pg (XERIOS XS 1} egal i btaal E(A)= {xe R:x <0} Ufxe R:x> 1} Legace oll Lee LAN LUN of itn (1) ob AN pled) Gung Co Lil (Se: (2 FR-A gaa! shoei OLY cole g sind Lasihe (88) Uegane GI GUR-A ll pau L day os (3 E(A)=6 ol giR-A ll Guill) GIs Ua coal y GU Mlgay Qed slael allt I Sly T= (9, X, {1}, {2}, (1,2), (1,2,3}} 5 X = (1,2,3,4,5) oS: 2 Jas E(A)={1) gf bade A= {2,4} X gacaiaive cidegane By A oSily Leal LAS (KT) SU : 21.3.3 Gaye 2 g8 72Baap lg sil) coeds) -E(A) =E (C(R(A))) - 1 .E (AUB) =E (A) NE(B)-2 ple Juma oMel Ub dU! 5 (20.3.3) Ga yaill gle alae =I: gLayall .E(C((A))) = EC(C(A))) = E (A) = C (A) = E(A) oo) 495 (7.3.3) Taal yo IU eal pad all Ida gla yd -2 # .E(AUB)=C(AUB)=C (AUB) =C (A) NC (B) =E(A) NE(B) Lill cb bLaall g Lyi pe pAT g9i llnels Jao all Iba Ge eal La ghd Byes (Sey blll Go pgill Lia (Boundary points) 44 GU LULL land ally caslasill 1B JSIL Lyd a3 cay A gos (gill cLeaill asgia) Lag dy ill LL GLX Ge A Ube Tegans JSS 1 Ms HSI Ryguany A Te penall LAUGH tall ipa A Leake Le as X (Gly (XT) cgorglgatll Lil) pd Usa Legene A QS: 22.3.3 Gaya GUUS Was x ALS 151 baa, 13) A Lege n all GAL MLL x youd .X LLG Ge Tegel pends BCA) paylh aie LLG depeal any Adacigy A onepenall LA Saat A Legeall gli lige y A C(A) = Bd (A). ob Upall oSes odel caayaall (ye UAL de geall Guid ( {Sth Yaaiey YX Gs Lge Legene ol SUX de Uy! Legal Toy X=R gS: 1 be Taghde degene (x) GY KE X ABB ool Ot apes al cd uel Le LU alt OX- (igs gis Y (x) OU gay uly of yt Tiley Sty (Kisdall alse) degaoe R dus) X= R? SG : 2 Ibe SLA (pt A Legepall Ld LW degen GUA = (Ky) X:x21,-1SyS1} AUUH SNE lesen! 73— SIU Jaca {(&y) x21, y=-1), (ay): x2 Ly=-1), (wy): x=1,-1SyS1} Resell SU (KT) oulysill -Luadll gi Ulpe Legon A (Si: 23.3.3 Dayne Wile desea A Gl LAU lb ibis Legeas B gli B tegaas JS oly Bd (A) =A OC (A) of be: Glad Gili Tegan li ltllyy (ile opSeyane gb oe 3,e BdB) Tegeall GX ge Liye Megane Ay Loglys beLas (X,T) gS: 24.3.3 Gaye GIA MUS lall Legeotl pis Layee A GIL! Leyes gylud A ll Leal! .Bd (A) =A -In(A) cle unas Bd (A) =A C(A) GLAly (20.3.3) Gy paill pladiiol : Gla o-SAS.A0C (In (A) = A- In (A) 68585 5 iS Bd (A) = AC (In (A)) GU latlyy x In (A) of optI abs Jha x € C (In (A) gli xe A NC (in (A) Uakss YSIS Ty Ll A-In (A) oy Liza degene Bd (A) ld liga xe A-In (A) » pill ola QU X Qe biga Uegane A y Loglys feliad (XT) oS : 25.3.3 Taye - YLTAR LL degeall gle cesins A Vil Litdy 15) Tile Zegane A -1 LA MARL degeatl le gested C(A) lil Lilly 15) Laggiie Zegane A -2 GU lly ASA Gil Wis tegene Ag! uayi-1: glayul Jang Bd (A) SA of apis Sally. Bd (A) = A-In(A)=A-In(A)S A AS (A-In (A) UA A gli lilly 6S A-In (A) S AGI ay listens A QU glhy A=A gl gas lia yA SA SAG UY eal le dL . Tibis te gane C(A) Gli Lagi Zegane A ol Uayii -2 ell gahy Lia Bd (A) = Bd (C(A)) 6 CCA) 50 Use Legane Bd(C(A)) GU ode .Bd(A) SC (A) I 4A gl gill cole Lecish CCA) ol coll gad Nay Bd (C (A) S C(A) gli Bd (A) SC (Ala! Ly (Sal Eagle Teyana A of cl Hibs legen HAR fo LULU Go 5289! BIL pL! yl op SI Ul Shu oh Land RAL, Tg tly LM LUM pay carlo oh pH ola Lgalas T 9 Uphie sad Uegeae X gS: 1 the T={ ADK: X-A Ugiis degen JU (0) (A GUI Lege ne sais (KT) goulpeill -Laill gb Lua Leyes A gS opti dA LAU degaally A gil a Litt degeall All Ula hall desea! «Ugile jab legen A Losic -2 Ugtlelegene A Leste -1 ib Lage de yane gle pind Y Ysli gta Legane A gl Lay Yl UL! Sb Re yene SU wyAl Ups Gay WLI Tegel ga GOAN degen! G5 whiny LI LARA Gl ging Na. (XK (pb Laie Lights ab Ue geal Tacks Up) Gils Gl phy Vgay CCA) = X Ub Late Lepage C(A) Uf Ly (A) = C(A) .Bd(A)=A oli lilly. Bd (A) = ANC (A) QVUaal ULatl alg! y gis ya A deyeall oy Laue (ya E5t0ll Ula Ll Unghie Legere A Gla Nigay Uglies LagegeA ll Lac Legeall G63 Lasie -1 Fegeall oly WLM Lepeatl ys Tea Lill deyeatl Lt In (A)=A gli lal Fa GG .Bd (A) =ANC(A)=XOC(A)=C(A) A Gly Upill Sag ¥ ULal 93a oiy Tyga jab Lagan s A Laake ay Lesie Xe A gi GAGN degaall Sly In (A)=E (A) = 6 SI ol Uilke sl dayie Lean US! A, = (1,2... 0} GSaly Leal! Gascall sacl depene K = N Sal: 2 lhe (SH. gles ys US X gle arsled Tol edly. T= UL Ag)U (9, X} oly neN 75. = SN Justis Grleall JOU 655 Ullal legal aairX Ge Liga degeoe A= (9, 11,12,60) _ Obl goby Mia. Lagi Leyes al ple pind YA Leyes gf Ly: Lal {9,10,11 J) deseoll Ge A cle ygshas Tlie Leyane piu! oI In (A)=0 Qa, LIl Legeall gl Kgs yA = (9,10,11,12,... } it GURY degeae Gli alling E(A)=Ag= (12, 7,8) degeall ga All gabe Nay (KT) eopleall cLiaill 3 WAS tegen Ay = [1] depen ol easly CA) = (1,2, 8} ole lille TASS 9S Ay de peal ple sind desere c61 OI oll (Ag TALL degen clitbad (Se gi _X = C(A) ol ol GES tegen .Bd (A) =A NCA) = AN X =A = {9,10,11,...40)..4} Ara glgagill oleLadll Qua OUI SBY! r 4.3 Baas Leo lyatll ole Leadll 8,5 jh5 gad Uyyae dyad UL SIN) age gl chy Bye Leall SUL SEU Laat Gy patil beats Lei go all Nia gd Byes SOULS go gill Wha Lp ha SI Lui olinall iaady Geass Milas Gall y OBLAST oo ceAl eal ll Laas. gpd ia 5 Gaal dl Gobi ais iy sill, 1a3y (Open and Closed functions) 216M y dasa! abl UL aud gil Lasalle Gail fy Laaglyd LAS (YS), (XT) ge SS Sl 1 14.3 Gap a Mail sie yatue FYB Gf Sl CY, S) gaslaill eLaaall HI (XK, T) pasa v1) Rall ins Bayt tegane Sd baall uSie JS II (26 gu) OU F@)E BES Sh .X pha aaall ple ccyins FCB) ps Leyte Lepene Y Bagg X BUS Gyo Ui JS le joliue GIS 13) paiaee SIG pauuyy.a © F1(B) ET 5 Ml Jail hel jase Ble Ups Bygeall uySae GUY i BLagiie Legane JS Jil Leddy 13) jokes f GLY! «Lage A GIS oly Cte F(A) of By paclls Gaal GI Badly X gh Laytie degen 16Aso glgall celica! cle) Lal (OK, T) goulyll Leaall ow Lal £98 2.4.3 Kayes »X gi lee PUM) OW Y go Mylea SSIS bitty 13! yataue OL il f gli (YS) ae £1 (M) aba JSILY gi hye M ily potas Lal fof Lay Yh: gLayal BOM f(a) dbaill ple cgsins Budasibe Ue gare gory oll sae hay f(a) € M gs PUM) gL lll, FM) gps Uj Lays de pane PB) Gls pedewe GI fol Le cle BsAaSY (gb Logis Ucpens Bly X i Lothba AB Ball XK Gabe OX ged le FM) ol Ly Y AB epee Mla soe oil f(a) Lal £ ol col) gabe Nigga ABW gle cesta X igh Lagdte degaas FB) glia ef! (M) # X le pales SLi f Gl Aly adaal, paivue ol sl + Ob dass Lala lees (YS), (KT) Ge IS oS: 1 tie X = {a,b,c,dje} , Y = {1,2,3} S={, {1}, {2,3}, Y},T=(, {a}, {b}, {a,b}, {a,b,c,d} , X} + geil) JSutlh, ayae hall FS 5 fa@=fO)=1,f@=f@=fe)=2 Tagpie Legare (oY Bygual) GusSae OY diy bid bya bil, yateue f GL 39 dal Go X gle, D) (ph Laxgiie Tegeae Gy f(a) =F (b)= 1 proiall ile cesta Tak le csyind {2,3} Aayiill deyeall lyf) =2 ol f(C) taal Uaal yl As (c,d, e}desaall Sly (c,d, e} Lesaatl pa Zesaatl aig! Srpeall Seay f(c) pakews oat lpi fOLG laggy © 5 d Cytbdil Stay eg yuily X pb La gids col c,d, eblatl, X de Gs Goglssall Toby Ladle Las (5S) OCT) Ge BS OSI: 2 Sle uses GS Y Go B Legis Legeae ool GY Lpataws CHS Yl X Ge GLaal gf gl Feseme ot X bs Lipa Legene ool ol lay X Os Lata Legane PB). LU a peal sabes SI LBL pllillyy Ley siie Legare FB) I oll sabe Ligd X 3 La side 1———— ern) Y ple Tiesall Las S Gly Lasts bad (Y,S), (XT) cs JS OSI: 3 he Aligg Y 9 ea Y cgi Lagi olegaall GY. pate CS Y HX Ga f glad gl gli f yla.X pb Giagiie Glingens) X, Og! layX=f1(Y) y O=F1( 0) ob 1 pskaas QL itl Leal Ml (XT) gorslyuill Leal ge LIai EX oY Sl : 3.4.3 Bayes OUWY ya Pike Liga degen en JS ISI Lay 13) joiees GLa! Fuld (YS) paslssil X ph Wile Liye de pene FF) yl Bypeall uSae OLR fo! Ly Y gt Tage de yane COP) Gli Yugi Uibis Tegan F gSal : gaya X pi Lagghs Lngene PUY -F) ol gh X pi Lagi Lesene FC) gl pee Tibia Legene CP) Gli lilly X (gi Lapis Lagan eX - FUP) ol dl eas bing LY pb tile Legge CB) =Y-B GU Y (ye tags Logan B YS Sal Xi Legape X-£1B) of gl X Ga Vibes Leyene FUY-B) gl le Jamas ayill bo OLE fg pity Ning X Ge Lakhs Leyens FB) gla ILall y X ge Tis # a palewe eLeaall HM (XT) earshesill eLaaall ge Gaal £2 X AY oS: 4.4.3 Bayes BUX ga A Usa Ue gene JS ISI Lady 10) paiaus GLa Fale CY, S) gala £AS FA) F(A)S ECA) of bey X Ge Bija degane A Gly pciawe SL FOI La y8 : olay Layee PICAA)) oI gttiud (3.4.3) Gayl! ya AC FTE (A)S FFA) ols F Sal Salley f(A) S FA) ol ll ahs Nay AS £1 FAD) GLb X ge La Sz B43) Bansal) gle Lae X Ge Liha Uepane £1) GW Y Ye Wilke deere OBEN) Xl ly X eLitieder es lM oasol FD £1) 4b lll FF BIS FEF St ais Ia FYE HOM) cA SLs Gay PUES FI) ies 143 WS Wools W degees SSI ol le 8Ara glgaill oteLdal — HX ye Vilas depens FCF) ol oll gabe La PI) = PF) te eas SSIS bias 13! patie GL aad fle le Gaal & X —>Y oSU: 5.4.3 Gaye £T(B) S £1 (B) GY Ge tga B teyans Le pere B yl Y ge Hesene B oly peiene GLa fol Gas Ys! : GLa! sy $348 FE (BYS £1 (B) 5) LX oye Tiles Te pane PGB) gl pins bay Y gpa Uae ena Gayl pladtunls /Y Gye dilie degeae FS) Sells £1 (B) Sf! B) I tl AM gabe Nay (FSF oY) FOS Ay gi PCH BH of ite Ho. phen OLS Fol gh X Gye Gils Legans PF) oli ltily FTF) =F () oly. Leste Liss (Z,Q), (¥, 8) (KT) ge DS GS: 6.4.3 Liane RY go f GTB GAS 3 GLa ui pakuee GL ail gs YZ, f: X OY + gatuue Gl til (gol: K— Z) g & OY) Y Gye La gis Lagan BC) gle Z ye Lagie Lepene C OSU : Glan OLX Ge Lasts Tegan PUGNO) GLb pshene GLA f yf Lay (peteee GL 2 H pckewe Gaal got OI ol aby Jaa (gf)! (C) =f-1 (gC) clegeall ple pguusd JSty dete petuall 1 Yl aye Of ple bbe Ls cLicall Sselal) protic gle sLeteVl Gl iaW Uyl petal gla Sas Nigay Lag iall ol gl soulpaill (YS)pocolsaill sLacall sl (XT) ceocplyall Leal Go UL aal f GSU 7.4.3 Bayes Soe I bday 13) potas GLI PGW S gaslyaill ucla B= (Bi) jes OS XG Lage Legans 9G B Baclill police Go jrmie iY f Gay Sypeall Obi Sell. yl etal Gaya plea tnk edly Lgl Las gf: glapall D QS WX Ge dagiieLeyeas Byrolic ge pace 6 f Gay Rpeall yaSan D=UBal giB Baclill jolie Ge sue! sLasl cgylud D Gl Y G2 Lasts de yeas 79ee : EMU Juadtt Bathe degage FB) Gl Ley U fs (B) =f" ( UB) =f! (D) chil aig bie JE. J LaBIE gt ging Lia X b+ dagtndegane FB) gh (jeJ JS) X #. yoke Se etdione Loslyaill ole Laill og GLY! Syl pated Led jatal Gauw Lead cheseoall a LU syceall Ja GSly Lilie 4! Lagdine Legeme co¥ GIG 3 ypu! Dy dl Gubss pate cad cobb Lad # GT Gayl ahaa Gia G! oo ULL gf Lays! Ugalney OLLI Go LW obs ay lls SLM seal asgio od ema Lill tI OX, T) gordi Lai oo GL ial f gS: 8.4.3 Gy 3 X Gye Ada ghbe depen ef Il Lady 13 Cyde GL-T fol SIV au. (Y, S) Wikis Legere JSI (if Lady ISI Glas GI 3aI f auuy Y cy daglie opens f(A) oli LY (ys Wiis degen f(P) gli X ga F Ryle day Shag Y GEM gl cil GLBYI I cpt cpl egal Sy R fe ade Lala T oly stacY! Uegaae R gS: Fle ayes GLA fF RY gf Gayk S={0, {a}, {b}, Y} oly azb ss = (a,b} = gol Sail A Gage de gane III edly. £00) =b GU xX <0 Sy f(x) =a GU x20YS wt Pla}) SY Ge dagibe de penela} GSY G0 Layiie Legane f(A) gli R oe Sage R Gedagiie Legeoe com ic gills (0, 29) lull jae + awe Gad SL Gal FOL 5 ABM Tiguall Gye dauid lh call gorslell Leal ga GL sal f gS: 2Jthe £ (x)= 1/1 +x2) gxe R YS! (O,1] Rall ony £(R) = (0, 1] GY ally Glee Gusly CpTde Guid lp Rill Ha gi! slucY! de pane 80Maa ghgaill cabelas) Sy Eada) paglyaill Leaill gh ilie coal) Layiie cul pty Laye chaos «palace f Sav ee LA t MOG) pas tll Leaall oe GLAS fiSb: 9.4.3 Baye Oe Ai pumice JIN LAR HI Cydia GANA OL T pawl aWsuels A y (Y,S) LY ya Leyte deans f(A) GUA jolie Woli X ye Logie Legere W Ot gay Sally. cudly LW oLas¥l : glayall OE Higgs WEAs ol gl A Buell pole go sual alas glad je - - Ut(ay=f(U A)=fW) jel jed Ye Lage Legace f(W) GLb (j ET JS) Y gps Lay hae Uepaee fA) of ly # + Gye GLA f gL ltl, Lect! MX, T) pelea Leal oe Ghia) f 8: 10.4.3 Gaye 1 RalSee U5Y) ab lall GU (Y, S) gorlsaill + athe GL al f- 1 - £1 B)S PTB) GUY ge B ibe tegags JS -2 -f (In (A)) © In (f(A) GU X Ge A Wize degane JI -3 FAB) ll pate Y pate x SSady Ve Ube Uegane BGI (2 M1): glayal £(K- £7 QB) of Ley F(x) © £(K- FT) oS pins Naa X-FTB) ol pat xu lalate! . (Csibe GLa fg) £(X- £7) IN(Y B) Sly Y-B Ge Wa teyene £(K- FT CBY) S Y-B phe Jamas (19.3.3) Gaya Go till jal he OSI.XE £1 B) gla Abs f XE By ol OEY Bol ll aty 1a £1 (B)C FT) Gl f in (A)) gl pat Le ahs b OSG, X Ge Lage Lagan A oS (3 2) 81—_ = EN Gund ce UY call gle sata gM. ac In (A) y F@)=b gl Seas a fie jusie says OU Gayl gil labial ag XA gl pile (19.3.3) Gall yall papas fF) © £I(Y- fA) =X- FIA) S K-A a r—S—S— il pity Hay 1 (Y= Tn (A)) = F (¥- In (AA) = X- FEA E X-A .b=f(a) € In (A))ol gl) aef! (In(f(A)) qs ode! (3) Gag IN(A)=A GU X Ge Lage Lge Lege A Sal (Iu 3) # LY gblagtie eyes f(A) old ltl. f(A) =f (In (A)) = In (FA) ot! coll Leal MKT) acslyatll Leal go baal £8: 11.43 tae LY 4B Laipg Lepepe SS lS il billy IAI Cytigy paiewe SLi! f gla (YS) . £1 (B) =f! (B) # 10.4.3), (4.4.3), (ghia yall Gaus Glagall chal Sar : GLa yal pladdels oil GLa! le cue (all ola pall los obiayes Gal ated Say GEL gL aay ceraleal Lal ll (KT) gaulpail Leal Go Ul ail f oS: 124.3 Zayas £(A) = F(A). X Ga Abe Tegane USI SIS 13 Lis 1a) Ble otal fot (Y,S) FANS gAltlly Glas depen A OW X Gye Wyo Legene A gS Yl: GLayall Fol asi Salle f(A) FCA) of ll gabe Vay (Glee OL A f GY) Wks Lagan £P =f ~ fol de desas Lagi pladial =F GW X (ys Gils Ueyene # Gk gLall fol JUL F=f ol gl etal Legal Ml (K,T) easly Leaall Ge GI Aa f yS 13.4.3 Dayan EX Ge Tije Legens USI ols if aday 13) gliey potas gL ail fol (YS) f(A) =f(A) # (12.4.3), (4.4.3) call pladiuul eualy : Glau ecole Leal MI OGD paglpeill Leal go GLAS f Sul: 14.4.3 tia pee 82Ba gh gill coe iNh — LG (Z, Veasleaill Lad Al (¥, S$) gaslpall Lad! ye glial gy (¥.S) » (Wile) Lagside ULE gy f oye US GIS 151 (Glas) Cote GIG! gof US wll pladiook . X G2 Lisa deyane A Sily oyide Sill Boy fe JS OS: Gla! coll 8S GY) fUIN(A)) S Un (f(A)) ob dle aoa cyte Gaal fy (10.4.3) Taal! of ity (10.4.3) Tall ladiual cytde GL aH gS! Ly.Y ye US5ell {(A) Legon sll Gabe 15a g (In(f(A))) S In (g(F(A))) + (gof) (In (A)) = g (fin (A)) S g (In(f (A))) & In (g(f(A))) = In ((gof) (A)) LH gof Ol ple amos yd! By0 (10.4.3) Tea yall pladiuulyy ole! TL day GLA gy fie SS casSS Leste (gS UL play leads Ui all p LSI Sey. Cpe # - Wie qeroladll Leal ll (K, T) couylyaill sLeadll ge GL aal f gS 15.4.3 : Tapes 1 Lb (Z, Q) gerry Laaall oll (Y, S) pearglyaill sLeadll owe UL ail gy (YS) OS IA Gl Welty | daue ff Vy (Libis) Laygtde LL Sa gof gIS 131 -1 « (Wikis) Lastie FGA GLU Uylaigy Lpaiuue g GL TVL, (Lilie) Lagide LL3al gof gIS 131 -2 + (GB) cote OLS f g¥) B= FFB) gla Y go Lagide Leize Uegene B oats 1: glial OU yaiewe GLI fol Le. g (B) = 8 (FEB) = (gof) FB) of pies Ia (Lele Zeya Laxghe Teams (Bof)(E'B)) ob) ill gabe Wha X. Ge Logie degaas £1(B) Bayll Yelsl Sey Ushi gad. Gale GL gold ILL. (Gstde GL 38! gof oY) » WE Yes ideal ok Bag"! (g(B)) gla Slade SI ail g gl Ly X Se Layibe Usa Legaas A OS -2 te Sess Nia Gy Ye BU the Leyes LSI SLAM gof SLAB OI Ge sLaius oY! f(A) = g! (g(f(A))) = 1 (of) (A) 83SLU Judit OU MIL y Y Gy Tagide Ue gane g-M((gof) (A)) ob cine lgd psiaue SLi gy Cie H glee GL AHI f glad. Lgsls Tia bll planted (Say AS. Cgide GI af La oll (K,T) pact aall Ledall yo Lpaiuwe Gia f Su: 164.3 aps f lS 13) Homeomorphism) caglo5 iS oI.sil f SI! cauy CY, S) pasha = Nyetawe GL) FT Yur Saey LLU Isat oLaall A(X, T) gaplysill Leal go bla GL ial fySu: 17.4.3 Sayre Talis LY) ol ball GU (Y, S) pearghill + gcubys SiS QL ail f -1 «Clay yelene GL tal f-2 + gahauay Glee OL il f -3 OS. Cythe GLAM Fl Gay SLAB. pateus GL SHI fo! easly (2 iI 1) = gla! £1 GY) Yone Cate Tayi Lepame (FH) 1 (A) Oli X G2 Ube Lagi Logan A Magfihe Tepe AA) Ob ipies 1a. (jheue Laz) 2 BAL Lay cgi GSI aya Gs musky (3 ll 2) Uije Laghie Legene AGS yates SLi PGI gle Gays ol iS (1 3) Blas Le ypaae FC(A)) ot coll oaths Nay X Gye Lape Lilie Le gane C(A) GLE X Ge OLAS FT yl ol Yoga Leyte fe sage f(A) gli f (C(A)) = CHA) aI Ly. ¥ 8 # . yciuus OMS « posed GALS SLT Gul GSy | patauey LLG GL 359) GS 5 LL 5 gg JEM 65 igshas Le Naa pad gab Ss GL Guan Say S = (0, X}, T=P(X) gly X= {a,b,c} 4 Sat: 1 Jt hls GLA Tal edly. (L(x) = x) SI! GL Lal Ls (XT) —y (XS) eh Se aela} pail MEd. pete GLA ad GL AB asSas OSI paines S cosballl gb ayaye sab Rta See Ly Tyeaglsaill 84Aaa gl 9) te 8 SIL ipa dead I (RT) Akal) cacglyetll LAR go LL ail f gS: 2 Ula AY GLb. a # Oy Lage Lids sloel a,b dus f(x) = ax +b gli xe R JS! : Yl + gals GUS Lal f A> 0 Yel asi. pakeue SLA FOI Gags SI pbli fy GI easly: Jal dasiis ati f! (c,d) = ((C- b)/a, d-b)/a) GU R Gs dagide 8,53 (Cd) y OLS PE OF ple Tia yall Lgaals Uy bl ¢ LS Say. patews GLA F GU glk, Rye + (ell dys a <0 Ube go LI jain Lai MI (XT) goglg ill Leaill go hls Gia f St: 18.4.3 Layee | BalSie WO) oll GU (YS) paslatll + goals lS OL ail f-1 Tegane f(A) cSlS 151 Lady 13) (ilix) Tage X Go Lisa A degane ool gy -2 LY Gye (Bilis) daygte Bact (f(A) } jy Rrwl 13) Lady 13) carglysill Sseld GSS (Aj}icr Rw! -3 S pasha! geal tells GLA Fo taay ently (2 ggll 1): Glu cleyage Bpul (FAD ier dt eedly T coup sll Bucld (Ajdicr OSU (3 Al 2) (etal Buel JES (F(A) jer legend! Syail O Ar Ol aay OH. Y Ge days Ol Spay X ye Vangie de gone das Gil S jralic ge ls praie W 4! La, S Oe Sake gay oll goby Nba. (Gall ge BLA LUN Ly ,bLB gL zal f oY) W =f (V) 5 lUilyV= i Ajo! uss (Aibier Bal pole S soul duct (FAD Hier a gid laa ge W=E(V)=£(Y Ay = Uta) £ gsags ol giSp (17.4.3) Saag gle LEVY Cte FOL OI edly (1 3) ou Nees B= £(A) Old Yes Lake Lepage B Sal. yates GL iH! 85NTC Y Ades Y A= CAM) =F (HAY) = #1 B) C8 rei. aera Ta aslly (17.4.3) , (13.4.3) cide yall (SH SLUG Caines Lilies Su GH 1 AIS Lamy Btls ptts Lagilagy (11.4.3) Lal ll (XT) pasleetll cLeaall go LLLG LL ia) f SI 19.4.3 : Layee X Go A Uije de gane SO GIS Jal Lay 15) ponslss 51S OL aI foU (YS) cerslstl F(A) =f (A) gb sLaill ll (KT) cole) Laat go LLL LL ial f Su: 20.4.3 tapes Youe B iutge Tegan SSI fal hidy 13 paroles StS OLA Fold (Y, S) gare FT) =f! B) gu gecabeall Leal oo GL iil fol dae paoulesd GUS OL iI f SU: 214.3 Dayan ePalgelll Leaall oo paslyes SHS GLA By (Y, S) paslaill Leaall Il (KT) Lisa go gasles $4153 G1 351 gof Li (Z,Q gospel Laill ll (Y , S) Z,QD cgrslyall LA gH OKT) sorslyaill # 14.4.3), (6.4.3) catia yall plaatiuls 5ycblee gts: ylapall Lapeled ilSae (K,T) portent Laci of SLE 22.4.3 aap SMS GLA way 15) Lids 131 (CY, S) cay tll -Licall @ (Homeomorphic) ele Jana Higa y Eeaelall leLeaill le JAS WNLe 9S Sa ode! atl changes HAIGH Lealycll ole Labll pane pity (shal Line JS GI due HG sive Laalys Gla. Layla GalyAI Gui Glens GLULGU Grayl all lad ol Ly BAL GA Lagsleall oleLaill Galaill Lala Zipal Gi aly garrlys Lead + GIS yee JSG gle yards Lenrlpll cleLacill iksad (yo Lise Iba. tyre 86Daa gl gill cle BN colbeall obs Gs uals pias LAS Gly Leaeglelll ole Lisall Ly jac olde alla Tice, Lasall oda (gle Gllegy Liss! Uisall edge chat dl Lagly S LUIS oleLiaall gla -(Topological property ) duals Leoesbes pile (XT) y (KT) goulaill Lal gle bales dive p oats 131 Via padi Byes Lids p tical iad 9! gli (Y, S) gees Lal! ao » polill Jucall 2 bs yall AaSjol Ara glgcill oteLaall 5.3 oe eral el pee le LH) Ell coy Gygteegla plLall pli 191 ple G3 Uipall desea gle salt coslysill Ol. cpae pal Lids Ge Lise degane dl ola Lilie Says WISI Legal! gle Gpall pLaill paslyill Jasiud gl aisall Go + SW) SSI! gle Tay Ty bl OG Xoo WE pad Laiga tegene Vols bobs eLad (XK, T) OS 15.3 Gy Megaadl ge X gpa degli Slegeatl gbUB Gye gid (all Y Ge Wdpall legal Byuul Ty =(B=AOY:X gi laste degens A} gl Ty Sully Wl 5a8 ally Y + AMG!) Ba ll dey ole geal oda Ryall Uses Teuton SB (XK, Dgasl tll Leith yo GLA jad Lib Lege Y OG: 2.5.3 Tarps LY le geal Sats a el diyall Ty Syn! oe polis) Y, 0 al ol Ghote ceaslyaill byt Go UM ball oF eadly + GLayall By By of vay oll bat Lally Lal (Y = X AY YN O= OGY) Ty LT gh pealie Ay Agtus By= Ag AY, By= AL AY gW-Ty jualie 0 yy aie gi Lagghe degene Ay Ag of bey. By By = (Ay OY) (Az OY) ot ool sas ba ole Vagus Ty gab peice (Ay Ag) NYoUs T pt pete ANAL IX Jaa. Ty pealie Go dpul (Bic OS. SIL bjt) gins Iu} BA Bye Ty olLaat bu YI -By= AV OY of cay Bi pote JIT (3 Aj penis Beau it ABidicr Ral pole 87a ———— a andl UB =UANY=Y AY iel iel iel pltlly Ty ol eis aie Uy By QUT polis Om pate LY Ajdeganll I by 2 “Ye pauls Ty obs CY, Ty) gouty ¥ Legon gle T ye Lot asl Ty asly sill pod Leaglyeil Y depeall bles ens lS (KT) Ge gtball paulpall Lagl ages Se iyle Yogi all allel o) quasi ells! Gayl! . Ueaill ol jell Eat! LX gholbel (KT) ccoslysill cLaaill ope Lida Leoulyd leLiad (Y, Ty) OS 3.5.3 Gaye Ska Gl Latte shoo GyS5 Y Go Misjall degen! GUY ll gaity Le Lwaie a oSaly oMENOY gf dune X gba WN she sous olf 13l Lady cake gin B Langit Legon dans. Y cgi @ puoiall Laie I ybse M oS: Glayall vee MU A 931 B= ANY of Susy X gb A doyle Legeae dag il ies Nay a + bl say ba X ha janiall -M=MUB=MU (AN Y)=(MUA)NY=NOY Repape sag OH X gba pola yo dye MENA Yel ptott uuSally Lagide LepeneB dus B=AAY ol qudly.a peatall gle plas X gs Ada ghbs Magli gllilly Mee Usa Ueghie Legge B GI gl gabe Hay a le yas V Ge # 1 gle Giie hye 5 (XT) earshot Leal ga Lida boul oles (Y , Ty) (Sal: 4.5.3 Eanes roballl Lill sei (A) AY ier 3b (XT) gaubaill Loaill suet (Aj)ict goal Tegaae BSY go dijay dagiae clepans (AIM Yoicr I adly © Glaull (AX caluiig Alogi Legags QblS JS le GUS Say BSL . You Zaye 88Asa gigi! ofeLaal — ol dus A=UAjail Tyypalysll Bscld (Aj ier! ly B=AOYG) cel ¥ tegeall OF oll gabe Sa. (JE TUS!) Ape {Ailicr U (Ajay) =(U A) AY=B ict jer? ele (GaiaN) Solar Laglyall T oly Udall sued degeas R gS = 1 Jlbs of fella [c,d] TLL 5 ial) le gin paglys cls Sa R ye Wiles 858 [c,d] gS .R caged ably [Cd] By iBl cya Ua [C,a) Laphba nad 8525 2 6 Anil ll Lyall Fegan 5a bole Gail jlyall gli d yc cys gis b Magill SUS 131 Ll d thal ual Rad MI hye Of Sues [6d] Ge Liga AH (OK, Xppeees Xq) 1 Xq = OG! dapas RY ye Latha Legege A GSU: 2 Sls (RE, T) Go ioe peorlst olan (A, Ta) SR gle ulsedl Laslsatll T Sy Lina Lemslyd eels (A, Ta) gorclynill Leal ol gle ta pll gSa G¥I RET le Halse! Lali S Qua (Rl, S) pasluill 2 SV) Gall f RM > A ol vl ayes: Jol AOC Kay oo ne) = (KpXay + Xnety O) gM SSGIL gr Ap ROT yf aa aya. hl f YL anal gl edly enct SLI OF ple Usqeny Tinsel Say 8 Ky, Kay ory Kpety O) = (Kps Kop oe Xn) ARPT, S) Ge Lapses gle (A, Ta) old Nagy Gf ycieus LAS yg Udye Lcgaae Y gSily T= P(X) 6) daas Laylys beLias (X,T) oS: 3 Ube (a) Y Al yeatiy a juaie JS GY ANS gd ually PY) = Ty GX go WE ue eggttdl Gutiy Ty get wate (a) ob ll cage Na. (a) = (a} NYQU Wgay T (53 puate T gle Gsill Laglall Ty Laulsll aS Igy Y jolie quent Gia GY Larosa slscYl de gene Z Oly giant! avglyill -Laall (RT) gS: 4 lhe CZ Ml ged praie mG! Gay B AS ee Obey .Z gle Eypill Lesh sill fis Ty, 89SL Juco) O) gity Hay {n} = ZO (ol, nt1) Of Sy R od (Wel, n+ 1) Logie Bd das Z gle Gyill Legh Te Ob Al sade Nay Tz pd proie(n} Ol gl A ygBUl ole Less (KT) gS: 5 SLs Usya Uegene Y Sly. T={A X: C(A)=X- A Lage Leyens} U[O} ES JIU Nha Ja LHe (Sas. Yogle Up Lnglyall Jud Ty Gli X ye dagite aguas On pS oh y ode! gal fl ULL Z bl Suay X Ge caste Upepene Z Vy Leahy elead (X, T) oS: hades T Lglsaill 0 M56 As) Z dosent ple Usage els Saud Y Ge lias aill oe ce gill Sls Gf obs) Gay all ong. Ty Geul sill + Yylusio Gl daay (XK, Dygorlstll cLaill ga cgiaa qpiegeos ZY GN :5.5.3 Bayes .(Ty),=T,g4 ZE Y T 8 A pale tyes oll sah Iba. Tz rolie G2 Le praie Dal WS 3 : GLa all aie ANY (SLZAANY)=ZNA=D g&ZEY Gg! ky .D=ZNA 3 du te (Ty)z « prolic g2 paaie DoW! 5a,is. De (Ty)z bt ol sae Naa Ty Gt degene tas lll D= ZB ol dass Yoo Liha B Sis Lagiie Legane ayay Ie le Jeans (BDL Gla Go B= YOA I dues X Ge Uije Ala sie D=ZNB=ZN(YNA)=ZOA # Tz pole (yo puaie DI oll gate Mia ball goulealll Leal ga Lapis Leyame Bo! 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Bpoiues GUS p0 GY poiues S135! foi GLa lilly # ola gett Nay Z de f GL aa) (YS) coal till Leal oo Lise Leyla bas (Z,8z) 6 13.5.3 ae Z Sp) eoslyaill Leaall ll (XT) gorslgetll Leal Go Lpaiees UL idl f oS, AY, $) georlecll Lecill ll (XT) earls Lecill yo B yeiawe SRI song oo Legg 1: Z—PYeLp2a 91 G33) sagad Y Ge Lilja Legene ZG) Le: glayll Syle BLA SSI Sas Y MX Gyo jeheue GLA tof GLb pate gl sal fs XZ cgmaly alll Lal ye Z patene GIT agers oll couhe Nha of GSM GLa) ge - # (YS) gecuball -Laall i (X, T) OU RY Laas LL S31 ye Cnergs (GIL Jacaill oye aL) all) Gus Lagi Luns TBpall oleLeaall asgite asad ple Legiaal ts py Aga GEL GL iY c pial AY, Ty) atl cesbaall Leal ge lye Gh iil i gS: 14.5.3 Gay Taghie depos Vial Labs Lil (Gls) cytie QL iM i Ol (KX, T) coslysill eLucill ReganeY GY) X gye Lay Ue gage i (Y) = YoU cyte Gail igh Gost: glayall 94Ara glgill cteLaal! —— LY (ya balsa Legis Legene BESS USall. (CY, Ty) Spall Laill biases Tay Say Yule Bgkyy. 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