Experiment:

HOL Melting Point Lab

CHEM-201 Course

Kyle Warfield

Faculty Mentor: Dr. Raza Khan

Date Experiment Completed: October 8, 2020

Date Report Submitted: October 16, 2020

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
 PRE-LAB WORK
HOL Melting Point Prelab
SDS Protocol

Tetracosane
Inhalation:  Remove to fresh air. Get medical attention immediately if symptoms occur.
Skin Contact:  Wash off immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention
immediately if symptoms occur
Eye Contact:  Rinse immediately with plenty of water, also under the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes. Get
medical attention.
1-tetradecanol
Inhalation:  Remove to fresh air. Get medical attention immediately if symptoms occur.

Skin Contact: Get medical attention. Wash off immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Eye Contact:  Rinse immediately with plenty of water, also under the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes. Get
medical attention.
Efficiency Guidelines

 Make sure substances are crushed into fine enough powder to enter capillary tube
 Don’t break capillary tube
 Make sure you can clearly read thermometer
 Make sure it’s room temperature water
 Clear surface of flammable objects
 Watch closely so you don’t miss when it begins to melt
 Mix two compounds thoroughly
PURPOSE

To accurately find melting points of different substances and determine what the melting point would be

of a mixture of the substances.

HYPOTHESIS

If we find the melting point of our two known substances, then we can find the melting point of the

mixture of the two substances.

MATERIALS
1 Aluminum pie pan

1 Box of matches or lighter

1 Dish soap

1 Oven mitt

2 Resealable plastic bag

1 Roll of paper towels

1 Source of tap water

1 Tape: clear or masking

1 Aluminum cup, 2 oz

1 Burner fuel

1 Burner stand

1 Drinking straw
1 Experiment Bag: Melting Points

1 1-tetradecanol crystals in vial

2 Capillary tubes - 6 in cardboard tube

1 Tetracosane crystals in vial

1 Glass beaker, 250 mL

1 Pair of gloves

1 Pair of safety goggles

1 Permanent marker

1 Plastic dual magnifier

1 Rubber band

1 Ruler

1 Test tube clamp

1 Test tube, 13 x 100 mm

1 Thermometer
PROCEDURES

Source: Please refer to the Lab Instructions that came with 2020/Fall lab kit by Hands-on Lab, or the handout

provided by Dr. Raza Khan or mentioned in the pre-lab work.

Integrity Pledge: I attest that I did not have any unauthorized help in performing the experiment. I also attest

that I performed the lab experiment with all the safety protocols that were outlined in the procedures and the

data presented are true and none are edited. All of the waste from the experiment were discarded and any

items that were to be cleaned as per lab procedures and lab safety protocol.
ANALYSIS

2020 Fall: CHEM 201 @ Carroll Community College

GOB-Melting Point

Final Report

Student Name Kyle Warfield

Student ID 130868

Lesson GOB-Melting Point

Institution Carroll Community College

Session 2020/Fall CHEM-201

Course 2020 Fall: CHEM 201 @ Carroll Community College

Instructor Raza Khan

Test Your Knowledge

1. Label the hexane and hexane isomers formed through a chemical reaction as having the lowest,
intermediate, or highest melting point.

1 Intermediate

2 Highest

3 Lowest
2. Match each term with the best description.

A measure of the ability of an

1 Electronegativity
atom to attract electrons in a

chemical bond

Ease with which the electron cloud

2 Polarizability

of an atom or molecule is

distorted, producing temporary

dipoles

3 Dipole

A molecule with a positively and a

negatively charged end

4 Eutectic temperature

The lowest temperature at which a

mixture of two pure compounds

5 Melting Point
will begin to liquefy

Temperature at which the solid and

liquid phases of a substance are in

equilibrium

3. Categorize the compound's strongest intermolecular forces as either hydrogen bonds, dipole-
dipole interactions, or London dispersion forces.
 Hydrogen Bonds Dipole-Dipole London Dispersion

1 CH3NH2 2 HCl 3 He Cl2

HF H2O Alkyl halides

Ketones

Exploration

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1. As the strength of intermolecular forces increase, the amount of energy required to
disrupt the forces increases.

True

False

2. London dispersion forces are permanent dipole moments because the movement of
electrons is continuously changing.

True

False

3. Dipole-dipole forces cause a permanent separation of charges and lead to a polarized molecule.

True

False

4. When comparing similarly sized molecules, _____ are the strongest intermolecular forces.

dipole-dipole forces

hydrogen bonds

London dispersion forces

5. A high melting point indicates weak intermolecular forces.

True

False

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6. Molecules that are _____ are able to pack tightly together, maximizing the interactions
between molecules.

compact

rigid

symmetrical

All of the above

7. A pure substance will have a melting range of _____.

5°C

less than 1°C

3°C

greater then 10°C

8. The eutectic temperature is the lowest temperature at which a mixture of two

compounds will completely liquefy.

True

False
Exercise 1

Data Table 1: Properties of Tetracosane and 1-Tetradecanol

Chemical Chemical Formula

C H
Tetracosane 24 50

C H O
1-tetradecanol 14 30

Chemical Molecular Mass (g/mol)

Tetracosane 338.66

1-tetradecanol 214.39

Chemical Shape (i.e. symmetry, branching, etc.)

Tetracosane L arg e saturated hydrocarbon

1-tetradecanol straight chain saturated f atty alcohol

Chemical Polar or nonpolar

Tetracosane Nonpolar

1-tetradecanol slightly polar

Chemical Intermolecular Forces

Tetracosane London dispersion f orces

1-tetradecanol hydrogen bonding

Data Table 2: Properties Influencing Melting Points

 Property Description
Size The larger the molecule the
higher the melting point.
Shape Molecules that are tightly
packed together will have a
higher melting point than
those that do not pack well.
Polarity In organic compounds, the
presence of polarity,
especially hydrogen
bonding, usually leads to a
higher melting point.
Intermolecular Forces Substances with high IMF
will have higher melting
and boiling points.
Panel 1: Melting Point Prediction
I think that tetracosane
will have the higher melting point because while 1-tetradecanol has hydrogen
bonding a is more polar these only allow for you to predict the higher melting point of two atoms with
similar sizes. Tetracosane is the larger atom and is more tightly packed together which over powers the
affects of polarity and hydrogen bonding of the smaller molecule.
Comparison
Tetracosane is the larger
molecule with a higher
molecular mass making it
likely to have the highest
melting point.
Tetracosane is a larger
chain making the atoms
packed more closely
together creating a higher
melting point.
1-tetradecanol is more
polar of the two molecule
which should result in a
higher melting point. But
only when the molecules
are of similar size which
they are not.
1-tetradecanol has
hyrdrogen bonding with
should make it have the
higher melting point of the
two molecules. But only
when the molecules are of
similar size which they are
not.
Exercise 2

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1. Using molecular structure, explain why tetracosane has a higher melting point than 1-tetradecanol despite
the fact that solid tetracosane is held together solely by London forces and 1-tetradecanol has the potential for
hydrogen bonding.

Tetracosane has a higher melting point that 1-tetradecanol because it had a larger molar mass and was a larger molecule,
which contributes more to the higher melting point than the hydrogen bonding

2. Compare the sharp melting point of a pure compound versus the melting range of a mixture. Use the data
in Data Table 3 and Data Table 4 to support your answer.

The sharp melting point of tetracosane was the highest at 49.5 with 1-tetradecanol having a melting point of 38.1. The
melting range of the mixture of two pure compounds results near the middle of the there respective melting points which
happened here as the melting point of the mixture was 41.7.

3. Explain the effect that percent composition of a mixture has on its melting point. Then:

a. Interpreting your results based on the assumed eutectic point of composition of a 50/50 mixture, state
the percent composition of your Trial 1 mixture sample. Support your answer using the graph in Photo 1.

b. Based on the graph in Photo 1, what would the approximate percent composition be of a
mixture of tetracosane and 1-tetradecanol if the upper level of the melting point was 37°C?

Percent composition affects melting point when one of the substances in the mixture has a much higher melting point. If the
substance with the higher melting point has a larger percentage in the mixture then the mixture as a whole will have a larger
melting point. the composition of my trial 1 mixture was probably 60% 1-tetradecano and 40% tetracosane as my trial 1 had a
melting point of 40.8 when a 50/50 composition should have been around 41.7. If the upper level of the melting point was 37
then the percent composition would be nearly all 1-tetradecano as 37 is lower then my lowest recoded melting point of 37.8.
4. Why is it necessary to use fresh room temperature water for each trial, instead of simply placing the
crystallized sample back into the hot water bath? Why is it necessary to use a fresh sample to determine
melting point instead of using the original sample that was already melted?

It is necessary to use fresh room temperature water for each trial so that you have the same starting temperature for each
trial so you can accurately see when the crystals begin to melt. It is necessary to use a fresh sample to deterimne melting
point so you can compare the range of all samples to determine a accurate reading of the melting point.

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5. How would the rate of heating a sample influence the recorded melting points? Would your recorded melting point
be too high or too low with a faster rate of heating? What would be the probable effect on the melting point range? Is
the chemical identity of a substance altered when it melts? Describe any possible sources of error for this exercise.

If the rate of heating is too fast your recorded melting points may be too high. By heating too quickly you may miss the actual
point where melting begins to occur and record the melting point as higher than it actually is. The melting point range would be
higher than it should be and could possibly have a large variation in the recorded melting points between trials. The chemical
identity of a substance is unaltered. Possible sources of error include misreading's of the thermometer, air from my open
window messing with temperature, thermometer not being submerged enough or too much in the water

Data Table 3: Melting Points of Tetracosane, 1-tetradecanol, and the Mixture

 Melting Point of Tetracosane (°C)

Trial 1 48.6

Trial 2 50.2

Trial 3 49.6

Average of the 3 Trials 49.5

Melting Point of 1-Tetradecanol (°C)

Trial 1 38.2

Trial 2 37.8

Trial 3 38.4

Average of the 3 Trials 38.1

Melting Point of Mixture (°C)

Trial 1 40.8

Trial 2 42.6

Trial 3 41.7

Average of the 3 Trials

Data Table 4: Hypothesis, Results, and Conclusions of the Melting Point of a Mixture

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Hypothesis 43.5

Eutectic Temperature 41.7

Conclusions My hypotheses was

supported, because over
the trials, Tetracosane had
an average higher
meltingpoint of 49.5 than 1-
tetradecanol which the
average melting was 38.1

Photo 1: Graph of Results

Replay
Competency Review

1. The higher the melting point, the _____ the intermolecular forces.

stronger

weaker

average

2. _____ are the only type of intermolecular force to attract non-polar molecules.

Dipole-dipole forces

Ion-ion forces

Hydrogen bonds

London dispersion forces

3. The tendency of a molecule to form a temporary dipole is known as the _____.

electronegativity
 polarizability

dispersion rate

None of the above

4. Hydrogen bonds have an increasing strength of attraction with _____ electronegativity.

increasing

decreasing

None of the above

5. Electronegativity measures the ability of an atom to repel electrons in a chemical bond.

True

False

6. As the magnitude of partial charges increases in polar molecules, _____ will

increase in strength.

dipole-dipole forces

hydrogen bonds

London dispersion forces

7. Aromatic rings containing an alkyl group have a _____ melting point than an aromatic ring
with no substituents.

higher

lower

8. If Chemical A has a melting point of 73°C and Chemical M has a melting point of 63°C, then the
beginning point of the melting range of the mixture of Chemical A and Chemical M will be _____.

above 73°C
 in between 63°C and 73°C

below 63°C

9. The polarity of 1-tetradecanol is more dominant than the molecular weight of

tetracosane yielding a lower melting point for 1-tetradecanol.

True

False
10. To accurately determine the melting point of a chemical, _____ of chemical should be
included in the capillary tube.

3-5 mm

1-2 cm

1-2 mm

<1 cm

11.The melting point range of a chemical is the temperature range during which the chemical
_____.

begins to melt

is completely melted

begins to melt and is completely melted

None of the above

12. Compound A has a melting point of 18.7°C, Compound B has a melting point of 7.2°C.
When the compounds are mixed together the eutectic temperature will be _____.

above 18.7°C

above 7.2°C

below 7.2°C
 between 7.2°C and 18.7°C

Extension Questions

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1. Different crystalline forms of the same pure substance which have different arrangements and/or molecular
conformations are known as polymorphs. Polymorphs of a compound can have different melting points due to the
different arrangement of molecules creating a dissimilar crystal lattice. Typically, these polymorphs will have their
own distinct melting points, solubilities, densities, dissolution rates and other physical properties.

Use the internet to research the melting points of the polymorphs of chocolate (cocoa butter). Write a brief
synopsis of each polymorph of chocolate, including its melting point and how it becomes a polymorph.

Form 1 is produced by cooling melted chocolate rapidly and has a melting point of 17.3 C. Form 2 is produced by cooling
melted chocolate at 2C per minute and has a melting point of 23.3C. Form 3 is produced by at 5-10C per minute and has a
melting point of 25.5C. Form 4 is produced by allowing melted chocolate to cool at room temperatures and has a melting point
of 27.3C. Form 5 is produced by tempering chocolate at room temperature and has a melting point of 33.8C. Form 6 is
produced when solid tempered chocolate has sat for 4 months and has a melting point of 36.3C.

2. Michele need to determine the percent composition of three samples of a mixture of pure benzoic acid
and pure acetanilide. List the steps that Michele would go through in order to determine the percent
composition using the melting point.

Michele need to find out the melting point range of pure benzoic acid and pure acetanilide. From there she can find the
melting points of her three mixtures and if the melting point is closer to either of the two melting points of the pure
substances then she knows that that substance has a larger part in the percent composition
 2020/FA Semester Carroll Community College

PICTURES FROM THE EXPERIMENT