WVSU

Module in
Crim 211:
Introduction to Criminology

Mr. Carl Frederick C. Oños

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COURSE NO. & TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

SCHOOL YEAR/SEMESTER OFFERED: S.Y. 2020-2021 – First Semester

Pre-requisites: None

COURSE OUTCOMES: At the end of this module the student must have:
1. Defined Criminology
2. Discussed the historical development of criminology from its origin up to
the modern criminology today
3. Identified the three schools of thoughts of criminology and
evaluated the contributory factors of each school of thought of
criminology
4. Identified the nature and extent of crimes.
5. Classified the measuring of crimes.
6. Recognized how to collect data on crimes.
7. Identified the characteridtics of crimes.
8. Identified crimes in terms of trends, location and time, severity, pattern,
age, gender, social class and ethnic origins.
9. Identified the different theories of crime.
10. Differentiated every theories of crime according to their foundations and
the way they evaluate and identify crimes.
11. Discussed the crime control theories the society had.
12. Internalized the early crime control mechanisms and crime control agents.
13. Defined crime.
14. Identified the typologies of crime.
15. Discussed the elements of crime.
16. Interpreted the psychology of crimes.
17. Discussed the constituents of personality, ego and super ego.
18. Identified normal criminals.
19. Evaluated the dangerousness and the prediction of violent crimes.
20. Defined psychology and criminal psychology.
21. Recognized the theories of typologies of criminal psychology.
22. Distinguished psychopathy to criminality.

COURSE CREDIT/UNIT: 3 Units

TIME FRAME: (Midterm)

- 2 weeks (online Discussion)

- 2 weeks (Independent work)

PRE-TEST/POST-TEST:
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Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF CRIMINOLOGY

Activity: Quiz
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Notes to the Students

This module is part of the series of Modules for Flexible learning spearheaded
by the office of the Director of Instruction and the Center for Teaching Excellence,
West Visayas State University.

This is meant for the course CRIM 211 – Introduction to Criminology

Criminology is the scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal

behavior. Criminologists study the following nature and extent of crime; patterns of
criminality; explanations and causes of crime and criminal behavior; and control of
crime and criminal behavior.

There are 7 lessons in this module. They are listed as follows:

Lesson 1: Criminology defined

Lesson 2: Nature of Criminology

Lesson 3: Scope of Criminology

Lesson 4: Major Areas of Study in Criminolpgy

Lesson 5: Practice of Criminology Defined

Lesson 6: Privileges Given to Certified Criminologists
Lesson 7: Career Oppurtunities for Criminology Graduates
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This module requires deep understanding of the history, culture, customs and
traditions of different people in different countries mentioned herein to avoid
misconstruing of the understanding of criminological perspective to journalistic,
biblical, and legalistic perspective of crime, criminals, and criminal
behavior.

Table of Contents

Notes to the Students

How Much Do You Know?

Chapter 1: Overview of Criminology

A. Lesson 1. Criminology Defined
1.1. Principal Divisions of Criminology
1.2. The Three Principal Divisions of Criminology(Edwin Sutherland)
1.3. Three Components of Criminology(Clarence Ray Jeffery)
1.4. Purpose of Criminology
1.5. Goals of Studying Criminology
1.6. Various Studies and Sciences Related to Criminology
1.7. Agencies and Sectors Associated to Criminology
B. Lesson 2. Nature of Criminology
2.1. An Applied Science
2.1 A Social Science
2.2 Dynamic
2.3 Interdisciplinary
2.4 Nationalistic
C. Lesson 3. Scope of Criminology
3.1. The Study of the Origin and Development of Criminal Law or
Penal Law
3.2. The Study of the Causes of Crimes and Developmet of Criminals
3.3. The Study of Different Factors that Enhance the Development of
Criminal Behavior
a. Criminal Demography
b. Criminal Epidemiology
c. Criminal Ecology
d. Criminal Physical Anthropology
e. Criminal Psychology
f. Criminal Psychiatry
g. Victimology
3.4. The Study of Various Measures and Methods Accepted by Society
in Cases of Violation of Criminal Law.
D. Lesson 4. Major Areas of Study in Criminology
4.1. Criminal Sociology
4.2. Criminal Law and Jurisprudence
4.3. Law Enforcement Administration
4.4. Crime Detection, Investigation, and Prevention
4.5. Criminalistics
4.6. Corrections
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E. Lesson 5. Practice of Criminology Defined

5.1. As a Professor, Instructor, or Teacher in Criminology in any
University
5.2. As Law Enforcement Administrator
5.3. As Technician in Dactyloscopy, Ballistics, Questioned Documents,
Police Photography, Lie Detection, Forensic Science, and Other
Specific Aspects of Crime Detection
5.4. As Correctional Administrator
5.5. As Counselor, Expert, Adviser, Researcher in any Government or
Private Agency.
F. Lesson 6. Privileges given to Certified Criminologists
6.1. Dactylographer
6.2. Ballistician
6.3. Questioned Document Examiner
6.4. Correctional Officer
6.5. Law Enforcement Photographer
6.6. Lie Detection Examiner
6.7. Probation Officer
6.8. Agents in any Law Enforcement Agency
6.9. Security Officer
6.10. Criminal Investigator
6.11. Police Laboratory Technician
G. Lesson 7. Carrer Oppurtunities for Criminology Graduates
7.1. Law Enforcement Officers/ Intelligence Officers/ Investigators
7.2. Members and Officers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines(AFP)
7.3. Forensic Specialists or Experts
7.4. Personnel and Officers of Correctional Institutions
7.5. Judiciary
7.6. State Colleges and Universities(SUC)
7.7. Maritime Industry

How Much Do You Know?

Information
Sheet 1

Pre-test

Essay: Answer the following questions based on your own knowledge.

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1. What is Criminology?
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2. What do you think are the objectives of criminology and other sciences that
are involved in its endeavor?
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3. What do you think are the advantages of learning crime, criminal behavior,
and criminals?
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4. How does criminolgy assist to crime and criminal problems all over societies
in the world?
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5. In your opinion, what methods of prevention to be applied in order to ensure

peace and security that is pursued in the study of criminology?
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6. Write the differences, distinctions, pros, and cons between R. A. No. 6506 to
R. A. No. 11131.
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How well did you do? Self Check 1

Name:__________________________Date_______________________
Section:_________________________Score:_____________________

How do you feel about the test? Did it make you feel confident or insecure? Your
feelings will be your guide to go slow or breeze through this module.
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What Do You Need To Know? Information

Sheet 1

CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF CRIMINOLOGY

Lesson 1: OVERVIEW OF CRIMINOLOGY
Introduction

CRIMINOLOGY is the scientific study of crimes and criminal behavior. It is

a systematic approach to discover causes of crimes, definition of criminality, and
societal reaction to criminal activity, it is closer to psychology than criminal justice
due to the fact that it scrutinizes mind and behavior of criminals.(Sousa, 2008).

Principal Divisions of Criminolgy (Tradio, 1999)

• Criminal Etiology - an attempt at scientific analysis of the causes of crimes.

• Sociology of Law - an attempt at scientific analysis of the conditions under which penal
or criminal laws develop as a process of formal social control.
• Penology - concerned with rehabilitation and treatment of offenders.

Three Principal Divisions of Criminology (Edwin Sutherland)

• Sociology of Law
• Scientific analysis of the causes of crime
• Crime control

Three Components of Criminology (Clarence Ray Jeffery)

 Detection of the offender

 Treatment of the offender
 Explaining crime and criminal behavior

Purpose of Criminology
 Why do crime rates vary?
 Why do individuals differ as to criminality?
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 Why is there variation in reactions to crime?

 What are the possible means of controlling criminality?

Goals of Studying Criminology

 To describe criminal behavior

 To understand criminal behavior
 To predict criminal behavior
 To control criminal behavior

Various Studies and Sciences Related to Criminology

 Law
 Sociology
 Psychology
 Medicine
 Chemistry
 Public Administration
 Education
 Theology
 Economics

Agencies and Sectors Associated to Criminology

 Legislative bodies and lawmakers

 Law enforcement agencies
 Courts and prosecution
 Correctional institutions
 Educational institutions
 Public charitable and social agencies
 Public welfare agencies
 Non - government organizations
 The family and home
 The church
 Private charitable and welfare institutions
 Civic clubs and organizations
 Print media, radio and televisions
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Lesson 2: NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY

Nature of Criminology

Generally, criminology cannot be considered a science because it has not yet

acquired universal validity and acceptance. It is not stable, and it varies from one time and
place to another. However, considering that science is the systematic and objective study of
social phenomenon and other bodies of knowledge, criminology is a science in itself when
under the following nature.
1. It is an applied science - The findings or knowledge obtained in the study of
crimes and criminal behaviors is used to resolve the crime problem and treatment of
criminals. In other words, criminologists investigate crimes in order to generate practical
solutions to the problem. Applied sciences focuses on the practical application of the
principles discovered in basic science. Natural science, on the other hand, is concerned with
the physical nature or environment. In the study of the causes of crimes, natural sciences
such as anthropology, psychology, and sociology may be applied. In like manner, applied
sciences such as chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics, ballistics, polygraphy, legal
medicine, and questioned document examination may be utilized in crime detection.
2. It is a social science - In as much as crime is a social creation that exists in society
being a social phenomenon, its study must be considered a part of social science. This means
the study of criminology includes not only the study of crimes and criminal behavior but also
the reaction of society towards crime and criminal behavior. Social science refers to the
intellectual and academic disciplines designed to understand the social world objectively. It
the study of the various aspects of human society.
3. It is dynamic - Criminology changes as social condition changes. It is related with
the advancement of other sciences that have been applied to it. This further means that
criminology is relative. The study of crime varies from place to place, generation to
generation, and from culture to culture. Behaviors that may be regarded as deviant or crime
in one culture may be conformist and highly valued in another. Also, those acts defined as
criminal today may no longer be considered criminal acts in the coming years. The study of
crime changes when criminal laws, values, beliefs, social structure, and other social factors
change. Remember that crime is a legal term. A behavior can be labled as crime only when it
is defined by law as such. Thus, the study of crime changes when its definition changes.
4. It is Interdisciplinary - Many disciplines are involved in the study of crimes and
criminal behavior. Among them are sociology, psychology, psychiatry, economics, political
science, and so on.
5. It is Nationalistic - The study of crimes must be in relation with the existing
criminal law within the territory or country. Finally, the question as to whether an act is a
crime dependent on the criminal law of the state.
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Lesson 3: SCOPE OF CRIMINOLOGY

1. Study of the origin and development of criminal law or penal law.

2. Study of the causes of crimes and development of criminals.
3. Study of the different factors that enhance the development of criminal behavior:

a. Criminal Demography - study of the relationship between criminality and population

b. Criminal epidemiology - study of criminality in relation to spatial distribution.
c. Criminal ecology - study of relationship between environment and criminality.
d. Criminal physical anthropology - study of criminality in relation to physical constitution
of men.
e. Criminal psychology - study of human mind and behavior in relation to criminality.
f. Criminal psychiatry - study of mental and behavioral disorders in relation to criminality.
g. Victimology - study of the role of the victim in crime commission.

4. Study of various measures and methods accepted by society in case of violation of

criminal law such as:

a. The detection of crimes

b. The arrest and apprehension of criminals
c. The prosecution of suspected law violators
d. The conviction of criminals in judicial proccedings
e. The imprisonment, correction, and rehabilitation of the criminal convicted of a crime.
f. The enforcement of laws, decrees, rules, and regulations
g. The administration of the police and other law enforcement agencies
h. The maintenance of recreational facilities and other auxilliary services to prevent the
development of crimes and criminal behavior.
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Lesson 4: MAJOR AREAS OF STUDY IN CRIMINOLOGY

1. Criminal sociology - includes the fundamentals of criminology; juvenile delinquency;

human behavior and crisis management; ethics and community relations; and criminal
justice system.
2. Criminal law and jurisprudence - covers the study of the Revised Penal Code and its
amendments; and other laws that are penal in nature; criminal procedure; and criminal
evidence.
3. Law enforcement administration - embraces police organization; operational plannning;
industrial security mangament; intelligence and secret service; police records; and personnel
management.
4. Crime detection, investigation, and prevention - consists of criminal investigation, special
crime and arson investigation; vice control; traffic management and accident investigation;
and police report writing.
5. Criminalistics - covers the following areas:

a. Dactyloscopy - the science of fingerprinting

b. Police photography - study of the black and white and colored photograph (both film -
based photography and digital photography)
c. Polygraphy - the science of lie detection examination
d. Ballistics - study of firearms and bullets
e. Questioned document examination - study of disputed documents
f. Forensic medicine - application of medical science to elucidate legal problems
g. Forensic chemistry - application of chemical principles in the solution of the problems
that arise in connection with administration of justice.

6. Corrections - deals with the institution and non - institution correctional system approach.

Lesson 5: PRACTICE OF CRIMINOLOGY DEFINED

a. As a proffesor, instructor or teacher in Criminology in any University, College or school

duly recognized by the government, and teaches any of the following subjects:
1. Law Enforcement Administration
2. Criminalistics
3. Correctional Administration
4. Criminal Scoiology and allied subjects, and
5. Other technical specialized subjects in the Criminology curriculum provided by the
Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
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b. As a law enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant, or agent in any

government or private agency.
c. As technician in dactyloscopy, ballistics, questioned documents, police photography, lie
detection, forensic chemistry, and other scientific aspects of crime detection.
d. As correctional administrator, executive supervisor, worker or officer in any correctional
and penal institution.
e. As a counselor, expert adviser, researcher in any government or private agency, on any
aspects of criminal research or project involving the causes of crime, juvenile
delinquency, treatment of offenders, police operations, law enforcement
administration, scientific criminal investigation or public welfare administration.

Lesson 6: PRIVILEGES GIVEN TO CERTIFIED

CRIMINOLOGISTS
a. Dactylographer
b. Ballistician
c. Questioned Document Examiner
d. Correctional Officer
e. Law Enforcement Photographer
f. Lie Detection Examiner
g. Probation Officer
h. Agents in any Law Enforcement Agencies
i. Security Officer
j. Criminal Investigator
k. Police Laboratory Technician
Lesson 7: CARRER OPPORTUNITIES FOR CRIMINOLOGY
GRADUATES
A myriad of job oppurtunities await criminology graduates. Most of these careers would be
found in government agencies as follows:

1. Law Enforcement Officers/ Intelligence Officers/ Investigators

a. Philippine National Police (Maritime, Hi - Way Patrol, Aviation, or Airport), as personnel
and police officers
b. Philippine Ports Authority (PPA), as port police
c. Bureau of Customs (Custom Intelligence and Investigation Service)
d. National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), special investigator (SI)
e. Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)
f. Departement of Finance (Anti Money Laundering and Lifestyle Check)
g. National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM), as investigators
h. Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), as fire officers and investigators
i. Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC), as coastguards
j. Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)
k. Other Government Branches with Intelligence and Investigative units
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2. Members and officers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)

a. Philippine Army
b. Philippine Navy
c. Philippine Marines
d. Philippine Air Force

3. Forensic Specialist or Experts

a. National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
b. Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory
c. Higher Education Institution (HEIs) - State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) and Private
Universities and Colleges (PUCs)
4. Personnel and Officers of Correctional Institutions
a. Bureau of Corrections (Department of Justice/DOJ), as prison officers or guards
b. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP), as jail officers or guards
c. Parole and Probation Administration, as probation officers and as parole officers (DOJ)
d. Provincial Jail under the Office of the Governor in every province, as provincial jail officers
or guards
5. Judiciary
a. Supreme Court, as sheriffs
6. State Universities and Colleges (SUCs), Private Universities and Colleges (PUCs) and
Specialized Training Institutions (STIs) such as Philippine Military Academy (PMA),
Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA), Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) as:
a. Administrators
b. Instructors
c. Training Officers
d. Laboratory Technician
7. Maritime Industry
a. Sea Marshall Officer in private vessels, both national and international