j-factor for Chilton & Colburn for flow in tubes

1. Heat Transfer:
Heat transfer may be conveniently represented by means of the j-factor method
developed by Chilton and Colburn for representing data on heat transfer between a
turbulent fluid and the wall of a pipe:

If both sides of the Eq.(1) are divided by the product (Re . Pr) we get:

Eq.(2) may be rearranged to give:

Where:

2. Mass Transfer:
Gilliland and Sherwood have been measured the rate of transfer from a liquid flowing
down the inside wall of a tube (vertical tube) to a gas passing counter currently
upwards.

( )

Where:

the ratio of the logarithmic mean concentration of the insoluble component to the
total concentration).
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Gilliland and Sherwood are found the following relation for mass transfer coefficient

( )( )

Where:

is the mass transfer through gas film.

is the gas constant.
is the temperature.
is the total pressure.
is the log mean partial pressure of B component.
is the diameter.
is the diffusivity coefficient.

Average Heat and Mass Transfer Coefficients

1. Flow over a plane surface

The simple Reynolds analogy gives a relation between the friction factor ( ) and
the Stanton number for heat transfer:

This equation can be used for calculating the point value of the heat transfer coefficient
by substituting for ( ) in terms of the Reynolds group using the equation
below:

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Eq.(2) gives the point value of the heat transfer coefficient. If the whole surface is effective
for heat transfer, the mean value of the heat transfer coefficient is given by:

Where:

These equations take no account of the existence of the laminar sub-layer and
therefore give unduly high values for the transfer coefficient, especially with liquids. The
effect of the laminar sub-layer is allowed for by using the Taylor-Prandtl modification:

Where:

Thus:

Where the heat transfer coefficient obtained from Eq.(6) is the local heat transfer coefficient.

This expression will give the point value of the Stanton number and hence of the heat
transfer coefficient. The mean value over the whole surface is obtained by integration.
Similarly, substitution may be made to give the point values of the Stanton number and the
heat transfer coefficient, thus:

* ( )+

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Where:

The same procedure may be used for obtaining relationships for mass transfer coefficients,
for equimolecular counter diffusion or where the concentration of the non-diffusing
component is small:

For flow over a plane surface,

Eq.(9) gives the point value of . The mean value over the surface is obtained in the same
manner as Eq.(4) as:

For mass transfer through a stationary second component:

The correction factor ( ) must then be introduced into Eq.(9) and Eq.(10). The above
equations are applicable only when the Schmidt number is very close to unity or where
the velocity of flow is so high that the resistance of the laminar sub-layer is small. The
resistance of the laminar sub-layer can be taken into account, however, for equimolecular
counter diffusion or for low concentration gradients by using equation below.

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Where:

Substitution Eq.(13) and Eq.(14) into Eq.(12) gives:

Where:

2. Flow in a pipe

For the flow through a pipe, the same analogy equations can be used. The mean velocity
is preferred to use instead of the maximum velocity. The following equation is important in
this case:

( )

( )

Firstly, using the simple Reynolds analogy:

( )( )

( )( )

( )( ) ( )( )

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( )

Then, using the Taylor and Prandtl modification:

( ) ( )

( )( ) ( )

( )

( )

For mass transfer the equations are obtained in the same way as the analogous heat transfer
equations. Thus, using the simple Reynolds analogy for equimolecular counter diffusion:

( )

and for diffusion through a stationary gas:

( )
( )( )

Using the Taylor-Prandtl form for equimolecular counter diffusion or low concentration
gradients:

( )

( )

Example (1): Water flows at 0.50 m/s through a 20 mm tube lined with β-naphthol. What is
the mass transfer coefficient if the Schmidt number is 2330?

Solution:

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Example (2): Calculate the rise in temperature of water which is passed at 3.5 m/s through
a smooth 25 mm diameter pipe, 6 m long. The water enters at 300 K and the tube wall may
be assumed constant at 330 K. The following methods may be used:

a. the simple Reynolds analogy.

b. the Taylor-Prandtl modification.
c. the universal velocity profile.
d.

Solution:

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Example (3): Air at 330 K, flowing at 10 m/s, enters a pipe of inner diameter 25 mm,
maintained at 415 K. The drop of static pressure along the pipe is 80 N/m2 per meter length.
Using the Reynolds analogy between heat transfer and fluid friction, estimate the air
temperature 0.6 m along the pipe.

Solution:

( )

( )

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