Science: A systematized body of knowledge based on
facts, observations, or experiment
The intellectual and practical activity
encompassing the systematic study of the structure and
behavior of physical and natural world through
observation and experiment.
BRANCHES OF SCIENCE: Physical Science – natural
science that studies non-living systems
Life Science – natural science
that studies living systems
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Physics: deals with the study of physical quantities. It
also explains the relationship of matter with energy
Chemistry: studies the composition, structure,
properties and change of matter.
Astronomy: deals with the study of celestial bodies that
includes planet, meteor, stars, etc.
Earth Science: deals with the study of the planet earth
LIFE SCIENCE
Biology: concerned with the study of life and living
organism
Zoology: studies the animal kingdom, including the
structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits,
and distribution of all animals, including both living and
extinct
Botany: deals with the study of plant life
 Science from Latin word “scientia” meaning
knowledge
URUK CITY – first true city; constructed using sun-baked
bricks
 Technology from Greek word “tekhne” meaning
art or craft & “logia” meaning subject and
interest
MESOPOTAMIA from Greeks “between two
rivers”
(Sumerian Civilization)
 Sumerians – the black headed people
 High degree of cooperation with one another
and their desire for great things
 They are know for building walled city-states
and inventions still used today
 Cuneiform – one of the earliest writing system
(3000 BC)
 Sumerians also developed their own number
system
 They bulit sailboats to travel by sea to trade
goods with other neighboring civilizations.
 Wheels were used for pottery, now for
transporation.
 One of the earliest trading grounds through
their production of textiles, leather goods, and
jewelry.
 Irrigation – invented to maintain good farmland
 High leeves or flood banks – collect floodwaters
coming from the Tigris and Euphrates.
 Plow – used fof digging and hard soil to make
planting easy.
 Developed a lunar calendar – 12 lunar months
in a year
 Bitumen – used to develop first roads
THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR – mountain of God; sacred GREAT SPHINX OF GIZA – lion’s body & humad head; 20-
place of their chief of god; ONLY priests were allowed to meter high statue made of white limestone
enter
STEP PYRAMID – built by Djoser in Saqqara; designed by
(Babylonian Civilization) center of Imhotep
Mesopotamian civilization
PYRAMID OF GIZA – tombs for the kings & queens of
 Babylon – “Gates of the Gods” (bav-il or bav-
Egypt
ilim)
 Sundials and water clocks – to determine time  Soul lives on as an immortal entity after death.
 Mummification – to preserve the body to be
TOWER OF BABEL – “with its tops in the heavens”
recognized by the soul
HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON– believed to be King
ANCIENT CHINA
Nebuchadnezzar II’s gift to his wife, Amytis
 Sanskrit Cina from the name of Qin Dynasty
“Chin”
AFRICA
 Seres – “the land where the silk comes from”
(Ancient Egypt)
(Greek & Romans)
 The land of Egypt was known Kemet (Black
 Abacus – used for basic & complex
Land)
mathematical operations
 Canal for Irrigation
 Acupuncture – practice of relieving pain, healing
 Shadoof – composed of a pole and a bucket
illnesses
used to lift water
 Porcelain – ceramic clay pottery
 Papyrus – used to make the first paper
 Sericulture – cultivation & production of silk
 Ink was made by mixing soot and other
 Silk Road – network of trade routes that
chemicals.
connected different countries
 Hieroglyphics – system of writing using symbols
 Gunpowder – originally for creating potion for
 Cosmetics/Make-up – for health and aesthetic
immortality; now used for weapons
reason; protect them from evil
o Beauty – sign of holiness GREAT WALL OF CHINA - only man-made structure that

o Kohl – prevent & cure eye diseases
o Wig – protect them from harmful rays
of the sun
 Water Clock/Clepsydra - the amount of water
remaining in the device determines how much
time has elapsed since it is full
could be seen from outer space; put the nation among
the powerful civilizations during the ancient times
AEGEAN CIVILIZATION
(Ancient Greece)
 SPA (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle) – questioned
human existence & how the world came to be
  PYTHAGORAS – Pythagorean Theorem; number
is the only objective concept in the
understanding of reality
 THALES OF MILETUS – prediction of solar eclipse
 HIPPOCRATES – father of western medicine;
 Water mills – used to grind grains
 Aqueducts – for water management
 Odometer” used to measure distance covered
by a vehicle; attributed to Archimedes of
Syracuse
(Ancient Rome)
 GALEN – first to describe & diagnose symptoms
of different diseases
 Rectal speculum, bone levers, & cupping vessels
used by surgical instruments
 Concrete – roads, buildings, aqueducts
 Ballista – penetrate enemy frontiers
 Greek fire – propelling bombs at the opponent
 APPIUS CLAUDIUS CAECUS – built the first
Roman aqueduct
COLOSSEUM – largest amphitheater ever built
PANTHEON – former Roman temple
MIDDLE AGES
 Often referred to as the “Dark Ages”
(Byzantine Empire)
 Handheld Trebuchet or cheiromangana –
alternation of counterweight trebuchet
 Tidal mill – grind grains; rise & fall of the tides
(Islamic Empire)
 IBN AL-HAYTHAM or ALHAZEN –father of
modern optics; laws of refraction
 ABU ALI AL-HUSSEIN IBN SINA or AVICENNA –
first to recognize the anatomy of human eye;
the canon of medicine
 ABU QASIM KHALAF IBN ABBAS AL ZAHRAWI or
AL ZAHRAWI – father of surgery; greatest
surgeon of middle ages
 MUHAMMAD IBN MUSA AL-KHWARIZMI –
developed algebra
 AL-BIRUNI – radius of the earth by observing
the height of a mountain; theory of the earth
rotating on its own axis
 JABIR IBN HAYYAN – father of chemistry;
various processes & equipment in chemistry
that are still in use today
(Medieval Europe)
 CHARLES THE GREAT or CHARLEMAGNE –
founded the Carolingian Empire that forged the
Carolingian Renaissance
 Axe & Dane Axe – used by Viking men as
weapons
 Magnetic compass – uses the sun to help the
navigate the seas
 Crusades – series of religious wars
 Crossbow – essential weapon in battle
 Three-field system – agricultural technology
improved the lives; division of single piece of
land divided into three smaller plots
 ARISTOTLE – physics & metaphysics
 ROGER BACON – scientific method
o observation
o formulation of hypothesis
o experimentation
 Alchemy – ancient branch of philosophy seeks
to convert base metals into noble metals
 Astrology – connection between the position of
heavenly & celestial bodies to the dwellings of
human life & natural world
 NICHOLAS ORESME – mean speed theorem
 JOHN BURIDAN – impetus (body in motion
continues to stay in motion through the body’s
intristic & natural quality
MODERN AGES
(Renaissance)
 French word that means “rebirth”
 JOHANNES GUTENBURG – printing press
 DANTE – father of Italian poetry; The Divine
Comedy
 FRANCESCO PETRARCA or PETRARCH – the
father of humanism
 LEONARDO DA VINCI – Mona Lisa; Vitruvian
Man; The Last Supper
 MICHAELANGELO – painting of the ceiling of
Sistine Chapel
 RAPHAEL – embodied both the clear
arrangement of elements & clarity of form; The
School of Athens & The Sistine Madona
 Scientific revolution – rise of modern science
during early modern ages
 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS – heliocentric theory
(earth is at the center of the universe)
 GALILEO GALILEI & ISAAC NEWTON –
supporters of heliocentric theory
 Fuel – lessened the use of animals & human for
mechanial work
 Blast furnace – metallurgical furnace used to
produce industrial metals
 Sheep farming – popularized because it
required less human effort & provided larger
yields of food to support the growing
population
 Scythe – for cutting crops & grass
 Masts, sails, & sternpost rudders – for maritime
transport
 Mariner’s compass, quadrant, & forestaff – for
navigation & voyages
 Wheel barrow & wooden tracks – development
of railway transportation
(Industrial Revolution)
 ARNOLD TOYNBEE – popularized the term
“Industrial Revolution”
 Substitution of competition for the medieval
regulations that previously controlled the
producion & distribution of wealth (1884)
 Factory system – to increase the production
level of the yields
 TOBERN BERGMAN – role of carbon in steel
 HENRY BESSEMER & WILLIAM KELLY –
manufacturing steel from iron
 ROBERT MUSHET – alloy of iron that combined
carbon & manganese with the form of iron
 JOHN KAY – flying shuttle (increase the output
of yarn)
 JAMES HARGREAVES – spinning jenny/saxon
wheel
 RICHARD ARKWRIGHT – water frame (textile
powered by water)
 SAMUEL CROMPTON – spinning mule
(combination of features of spinning jenny &
water frame)
 EDMUND CARTWRIGHT – power loom (spinning
& weaving)
 ELI WHITNEY – cotton gin
 THOMAS SAINT – mechanized sewing machine
 BARTHELEMY THIMONNIER – chain stitch
 THOMAS NEWCOMEN – steam engine
 DENIS PAPIN – pressure cooker
 JAMES WATT – perfected & patended the steam
engine not consuming too much fuel
 RICHARD TREVITHICK – first locomotive
(engine/rail transport)
 GEORGE STEPHENSON – father of railways;
Blucher (to tow coal)
 ROBERT FULTON – Clermont
(18th & 19th Centuries) – PEOPLE & THEIR
DISCOVERIES
 CHARLES-AUGUSTIN DE COULOMB – Coulomb’s
law
 JOSEPH PRIESTLY – oxygen gas by collecting
colorless gas from heated mercury
 ANTOINE LAVOISIER – named the colorless gas
OXYGEN; father of modern chemistry; law of
conservation of mass
 JOHN DALTON – atomic theory (all matter is
compored of tiny indivisible particles called
atoms)
 HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED – magnetic fields
 MICHAEL FARADAY – crude electric motor
 JAMES CLERK MAXWELL – theory on
electromagnetic radiation; A Dynamical Theory
of Electromagnetic Field
 GEORGE JOHNSTONE STONEY – theory that
electrons have fundamental qualities of
electricity
 WILLIAM CROOKES – cathode rays
 HEINRICH GEISSLER – vacuum tube
 EUGEN GOLDSTEIN – protons (positive particles)
 WILLIAM ROENTGEN – x-rays (accidental
dicoveries)
 J.J. THOMSON – atoms have a negative charge
 HENRI BECQUEREL – radioactivity (expounded
by Marie Curie & Pierre Curie)
 MARIE CURIE – radioactive elements in
uranium, thorium, radium, & polonium
 ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL – telephone
 CAROLUS LINNAEUS – father of taxonomy;
binomial nomenclature
 JAMES HUTTON – gradual mechanisms on earth
that explain the variability of fossils
 GEORGES CUVIER – theory of catastrophism
 CHARLES LYELL – uniformitarianism
 JEAN-BAPTISTE DE LAMARCK – theory of
inheritance of acquired characteristics
 CHARLES DARWIN – On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection
 ALFRED WALLACE – On Tendency of Varieties to
Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type
 GEORGE MENDEL – father of genetics
 MAX PLANCK – quantum theory
 ALBERT EINSTEIN – theory of relativity;
photoelectric effect
 ERWIN SCHRODINGER – quantum mechanics
 ROBERT GODDARD – first successful rocket
 JAMES CHADWICK – neutron
 OSWALD AVERY – genes & chromosomes are
carried by DNA cells
 FRANCIS CRICK & JAMES WATSON – double
helix model of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
 ALEXANDER FLEMING – penicillin
 HOWARD FLOREY & ERNST CHAIN – first
antibiotic that can be mass produced
 NIELS JERNE – anti-body formation process
 JONAS SALK – first polio vaccine
 ALBERT SABIN – oral polio vaccine
 LUC MONTAGNIER & ROBERT GALLO – human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
 DOLLY – successful first cloning in animals
 ORVILLE AND WILBUR WRIGHT – first manned
engine-powered aircraft
 HENRY FORD – first production model of
automobile
 SOVIET UNION – Sputnik (first artificial satellite)
 NASA – Mercury & Apollo 11
(Computer & the Age of Information)
 CHARLES BABBAGE – early systems of
calculation
 CLAUDE E. SHANNON – father of information
theory; A Mathematical Theory of
Communication
o WARREN WEAVER – Shannon-Weaver
Model of Communication (mother of all
models)
 pulse-code modulation (PCM)
 ALEC H. REEVES – PCM technology for voice
communication
 BELL LABORATORIES – SIGSALY (secure speech
system during world war II)
 ALAN TURING – universal Turing machine
(UTM)/first computing machine; father of
modern computer
 KONRAD ZUSE – Z3 (electromechanical
computer)
 JOHN V. ANATASOFF & CLIFFORD BERRY –
Anatasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) (solve
variables one at a time until an entire system of
equations is solved)
o dynamic random-access memory
(DRAM)
 PERRY CRAWFORD – Automatic Control by
Arithmetic Operations
 TOMMY HAROLD FLOWERS – Colossus (world’s
first programmable computer)
 HOWARD AIKEN – Harvard Mark 1
o built by IBM
 FREDERIC CALLAND WILLIAMS & TOM
KILBURN– Manchester Baby computer
 WILLIAM SHOCKLEY & his team (traitorous
eight) – Fairchild Semiconductors
 JACK KILBY – integrated circuit
 IBM – floppy disk
 JAMES RUSSELL – compact disk (CD)
 ARPANET is later replaced by “Internet”
 TIM BERNERS-LEE – World Wide Web (WWW)
& HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
o Internet Protocol (IP)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______
COPERNICAN
 PTOLEMY – geocentric theory (earth is the
center of the universe)
 ANAXIMANDER – drew the first map of the
world; sun & moon were hollow rings of fire;
eclipses were the result of these rings closing
 PYTHAGORAS – first to suggest that earth was a
sphere
  PLATO – cosmos is made up of matter in
geometric shape
 ARISTOTLE – earth was the center of then
universes with all other celestial bodies
arranged in concentric crystalline spheres aroun
it
 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS – heliocentric theory
(sun is the center of the universe); father of
modern astronomy
 Retrograde motion – occasional backward
movement of the planets
 TYCHO BRAHE – Tychonic System (geocentric &
heliocentric)
 JOHANNES KEPLER – laws of planetary motions
 GALILEO GALILEI – first to use telescope for
astronomy
o first to observe the craters of the moon
o existence of sunspots
o earth is not a perfect sphere
o was put to trial; found guilty of heresy
& compelled to say that all his finding
were wrong
 ISAAC NEWTON – provided mathematical
equation to prove what Copernicus, Brahe, &
Kepler tried to explain
 GIORDANO BRUNO – spread Copernicus’ theory
 ANTOINE VAN LEEUWENHOEK – father of
microbiology; bacteria
FREUDIAN
 ROBERT BOYLE – father of modern chemistry
DARWINIAN
 Creationism – universe originated from specific
acts of divine creation
 ERASMUS DARWIN – grandfather of Charles
Darwin; evolution occurred in living thing
including humans
o The laws of Organic Life (Zoonomia)
 ROBERT EDMOND GRANT – Darwin’s mentor;
growth & relationship of primitive marine
invertebrates
 ADAM SEDGWICK – travelled with Darwin to
Wales for geological research
 JOHN STEVENS HENSLOW – went with Darwin
on a voyage to Tierra del Fuego
o Galapagos Islands
o HMS Beagle W/ captain ROBERT
FITZROY
 Throughout the expedition, Darwin was able to
observe and collect specimens of plants,
animals, rocks, and fossils.
 Zoology of the Voyage of the HMS Beagle – title
of the narrative of the voyage
 Natural Selection – a process where species
that adapt to changing environment survive,
whereas those do not simply die out
 DARWIN – father of evolution
 JULIAN HUXLEY – Neo-Dawinism (modern
synthesis)
 WILHELM WUNDT – first laboratory for
psychology.
 HERMANN EBBINGHAUS – memory
 WILLIAM JAMES – pragmatism
 IVAN PAVLOV – classical conditioning
 The Cartesian paradigm, philosophical
and scientific system of RENE DESCARTES
o mind-mind problem & mind-body
problem
 SIGMUNG FREUD – Psychoanalysis; father of
psychoanalysis
 Freud suspected that a lot of human conduct
was persuaded by two driving instincts
o Eros: sexual instincts, the drive to live,
and basic instinctual impulses such as
thirst, and hunger
o Thanatos: the death instinct.
 Three aspects of the mind
o id: driven by pleasure principle
o ego: responsible for dealing with
reality / referee
o superego: provides guidelines for
making judgments / moral standards
 CARL JUNG - analytical psychology
o collective conciousness (which is a set
of shared beliefs, ideas, and moral
attitudes which operate as a unifying
force within society)
o introvert & extrovert
 ALFRED ADLER – founded the psychological
method he called ‘individual psychology,’
wherein he said that one must take into
account the patient's whole environment,
including the people the patient associates
with.
 ERIK ERICKSON – his psychosocial theory that
during the early stages, the person experiences
a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive
or negative outcome for personality
development. (IDENTITY CRISIS)
 ERICH FROMM – personality problems (conflicts
between HUMAN NEEDS & SOCIETAL
DEMANDS)
 Long before the Spanish colonization, early
Filipinos were prominent in boat-building and
seafaring for coastal trade.
 The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the
sophisticated products of engineering by pre-
Spanish era Filipinos.
 Field of engineering florished by constructing
government buildings, churches, bridges, roads
and forts through polo y servicio.
o polo y servicio – forced labor of every
male native aged 16 to 60 years
 The Spaniards introduced education to Filipinos
and opened first schools and universities.
 JESUITS – Manila Observatory (1865) at AdMU
 University of Santo Tomas (UST) – one of
the world’s oldest Catholic university (1611)
o founded by MIGUEL DE BENAVIDES
 DR. LEON MA. GUERRERO - father of Philippine
Botany and Pharmacy
 Ilustrados - students
 Americans built up the Bureau of Science,
formerly known as Bureau of Government
Laboratories, which filled in as a significant
preparing ground for Filipino researchers.
 After World War II, the production of more
public and private educational establishments
brought about the expansion of science and
engineering understudies but has little
advancement in instruction and preparation.
 A few changes happened in aiming to revamp
existing organizations and coordinate new
administrations:
o Philippine Bureau of Science became
Institute of Science
o Institute of Nutrition and Science
Foundation of the Philippines were
placed under the Office of the President
o Commission on Volcanology was placed
under National Research Council of the
Philippines.
 National Science Development Board was
established to incorporate, correlate, and
increase scientific and technological researches,
and provide funds.
 The Philippines is not technologically ready
o 55th out of 60 countries
o 4.3 out of 7.0 on the 91th pillar of
global competitiveness
 The country is inadequate of laboratories,
science libraries, research facilities making it
hard for Filipinos to pursue scientific research.
 The Department of Science and Technology
founded the following organizations
o Technological Application and
Promotion Institute
o Science Education Institute
o Science and Technology Information
Institute
o Industrial Technology Development
Institute
o Advanced Science and Technology
Institute.
 During former President Ferdinand Marcos’
administration, the following are established to
modernize agricultural industries valuable to
Filipinos:
o NSDB established Philippine Coconut
Research Institute
o Philippine Textile Research Institute
 Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
was established to provide environmental
security and make use of scientific knowledge
to ensure the safety of the people.
 The previous president Corazon Aquino
requested the gathering of a presidential team
to manage matters regarding the advancement
of science and technology in the Philippines.
 DOST – virtue of Executive Order 128
o Technology Application and Promotion
Institue
o Science Education Institute
o Science and Technology Information
Institute
o Industrial Technology Development
Institute
o Advance Science and Technology
Institute
 Fidel Ramos – Inventor’s Incentives Act; S&T
Scholarship Act
 Joseph Estrada – Philippine Clean Air Act of
1999; Electronic Commerce Act of 2000
 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo – Philippine
Technology Transfer Act of 2009
 Benigno Aquino – Harmonized Agenda for
Science and Technology; Fast-Tracked S&T
Scholarship Act of 2003
 Rodrigo Duterte- uphold the value of of S&T in
the country during National Science and
Technology Week
 Field of chemistry in the Philippines, the
following have come up with solutions to
conflicts that were being faced by the country:
o Dr. Alfredo C. Santos – phytochemistry;
phaeanthine & phaentharine
o Dr. Julian A. Banzon – ethy esters from
coconut & sugarcane
o Dr. Luz Oliveros-Belardo – National
Scientist in 1987; essential oils in
producing medicine
o Dr. Solita Camara-Besa – first Filipina
biochemist; potassium & sodium
contents to formulate healthy dietary
standards
o Dr. Amando Kapauan – first to look to
the danger of exposure to mercury
 Field of biology:
o Dr. Angel C. Alcala – 50 species of
reptiles & amphibians on top of the 400
known species; first artificial reef
o Dr. Asuncion K. Raymundo – microbial
genetics & biotechnology; Outstanding
Microbiologist Award by the Philippine
Society for Microbiology
o Dr. Baldomero M. Olivera – snail toxin
(painkiller); 2007 Scientist of the Year
by Harvard Foundation
o Dr. Abelardo Aguilar – erythromycin for
patients allergic to penicillin; mass
manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company
under the brand Ilosone
 The following Filipino engineers are known for
their inventions and advancements that helped
the country:
o Dr. Eduardo San Juan – Moon Buggy or
Lunar Rover
o Dr. Diosdado Banatao – single-chip
graphical user interface accelerator;
Ethernet controller chip
o Dr. Arturo Pineda Alcaraz – father of
geothermal energy development; was
head of Commision of Volcanology
(now Philippine Institute of Volcanology
& Seigmology/PHIVOLCS)
 July 3, 1977 – Philippines was suffering from
effects of 1973 oil crisis
 Basic Education Sector Reform Agenda key
reform thrusts comprise the following: school-
based management, teacher education
development, national learning strategies,
quality assurance accountability and monitoring
and evaluation, and organizational
development with resource mobilization and
management and information communication
technology.
 The National Science and Technology Plan was
created by DOST aiming to broaden the
apprehension through R&D encouraging
students to pursue science-related careers.
 The products of indigenous technologies
o fermented food
o alcoholic beverages
o textile
o construction materials
o transport vehicles
o medicine
 o weapons  Virtue ethics is a broad term for theories that
o space technology emphasize the role of character and virtue.

 TIMSS – TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL (normative ethical theories)

MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE STUDY  Arete – excellence; emphasized

 BESRA – BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR REFORM the importance and accomplishments of human

AGENDA beings; Ancient Greeks

 NRCP – NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE  ideal emotional state – individuals values above

PHILIPPINES all other; highest human good that is good-in-

 SFP – SCIENCE FOUNDATION OF THE itself.

PHILIPPINES  Hedonism - all and only pleasure is intrinsically

 CONVOL – COMMISSION ON VOLCANOLOGY valuable. (most valuable pursuit of mankind)

 NSDB – NATIONAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT  Aristipus – Greek philosopher; to experience

BOARD maximum pleasure (life’s objective)

 PAEC – PHILIPPINE ATOMIC ENERGY  Epicurus – “pleasure for pleasure’s sake”

COMMISSION  For Aristotle, eudaimonia is the highest human

 NSTA – NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY good, as explained in his Nicomachean Ethics.

AUTHORITY o Any individual living a life of virtue

 DENR – DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND won't be happy if faced with extreme

NATURAL RESOURCES predicament.

 PHIVOLCS – PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF o Friendship - contributing variable in

VOLCANOLOGY AND SEISMOLOGY accomplishing eudaimonia

 RISE – PROJECT RESCUE INITIATIVES IN SCIENCE  The Stoics – virtue is based on morality;

EDUCATION eudaimonia is achieved by living in harmony

 NISMED – NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE with nature

AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION  St. Augustine of Hippo and St. Thomas Aquinas

 ECCD – EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE AND – eudaimonia requires one to know about God

DEVELOPMENT  John Locke - happiness is pursued through

 ALS – ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM prudence

OLD TESTAMENT
Eudaimonia – Greek word eu (well) & daimon (spirit)

 Shalom - peace, harmony, wholeness,

 Eudaimonia - state of being happy, healthy, and
completeness, prosperity, welfare and
prosperous.
tranquility.
 Eudaimonism is a moral philosophy that defines
o Dr. Neal Plantinga – Educating for
right action as that which leads to the "well-
Shalom (2015)
being" of the individual.
NEW TESTAMENT o material cause (causa materialis) – the
substance of which the thing is made
 Makarios – Greek word meaning
o formal cause (causa formalis) – the
blessed/happy; synonym of eudaimonia
shape if the object
 Beautitude – Latin word “beatus” meaning
o efficient cause (causa efficiens) – the
blissfull/happy/fortunateflourishing; the entire
maker or the one that causes changes
philosophy of the good life” (Scot McKnight)
in an object
 Carol Ryff – six components of well-being
o final cause (causa finalis) – the purpose
o self-acceptance
or function of the object
o positive relations
 Heidegger did not consider the effective cause.
o autonomy
 Bringing-forth
o environmental mastery
o taking of each of the causes with careful
o purpose in life
steps to finalize a product
o a sense of personal growth
o with meticulous consideration
 Anthony Bradley – The New Legalism (2013)
o Aletheia – unconcealment or truth
 “An avalanche of technological changes will
 Poeisis - introducing of an object that did not
reshape the very essence of humanity and
exist before
touch every aspect of life of our planet.”
 Physis - introducing of an object from nature
(Leonhard, 2016)
 Techne - Greek word; skill, making or doing, of
 Stephen Hawking, Stuart Russell, Max Tegmark,
manufacture or art
and Frank Wilczeck warns artificial intelligence
o Episteme; know-how
could end mankind.
 A revealing of the truth is the essence of
technology.
 Modern technologies put nature into challenge
 Martin Heidegger - German philosopher;
when it comes to giving the energy it requires.
metaphysics, phenomenology, and
 Standing-reserve - making the resources only
existentialism.
good for something but not good itself.
o The Question Concerning Technology -
 Setting-upon - impedes the nature’s ability to
famous work 1954; he questions the
reveal
true essence of technology.
 Challenging-forth – modern technology
 Technology has two functions
challenges the planet’s resources
o instrumental - it is a means to an end
 Humanity manipulates nature to make the
o anthropological - it is a human activity.
world’s resources a standing-reserve.
 Heidegger placed Aristotle’s four causes in his
 Enframing – gestell; frame of mind
standpoint
o reveals the essence of technology
 Susan Wolf – 2011; presented the meaning of o balance
the good life in different perspectives o health
 Hedonistic Theory – one’s good from quality of o secure income
experience o fulfilling oneself – meaningfulness
o presence of pleasure, absence of pain o valurd & spirituality
 Preference Theory – person’s good is what one o work & leisure
wants for thyself
o material wealth, fame, good reputation
 Objective List Theory – person’s good is
independent of personal preferences and
consists of valuable experiences
o relationships and the like,
accomplishments
 Antonia Macaro – 2018; components of good
life
 Sucess and Material Comfort
o Dr. Ron Jenson – 1995; Make a Life Not
Just a Living
o 5Ps – power, prestige, pleasure,
position, prosperity
o components to happy successful life,
but not constitute a good life
 Pleasure – not the ultimate good; does not
translate to a good life
o A good life is balance between value
and pleasure
 Relationships – essential to a good life; pleasant
relations with mutual admiration
 Reason and virtues
 Character and spirituality – individual’s
character is the root of one’s strength
o King Solomon – urges its cultivation
 Anne Birgatta Pessi – 2008; essential steps
towards a good life
o relationship