Finite Element Methods (FEM)

Finite Element Methods 1

 Part 3

Plane Strain and Plane Stress

Finite Element Methods 2

Plane Strain and Plane Stress

Finite Element Methods 3

General 2-D elasticity

Finite Element Methods 4

General 2-D elasticity

Finite Element Methods 5

General 2-D elasticity

Finite Element Methods 6

General 2-D elasticity

Finite Element Methods 7

General 2-D elasticity

Finite Element Methods 8

 Transformation laws
• For non-isotropic materials
– The D matrix varies with the orientation of the
reference frame
– The stress-strain is specified with respect to a
global coordinate
– In case a local coordinate system is defined in
deriving D, it is necessary to transform it to
global coordinates

Finite Element Methods 9

Transformation laws

Finite Element Methods 10

Transformation laws

Finite Element Methods 11

Transformation laws

Finite Element Methods 12

Transformation laws

Finite Element Methods 13

Triangular elements

Finite Element Methods 14

Triangular elements

Finite Element Methods 15

Triangular elements

Finite Element Methods 16

Finite Element Methods 17
Triangular elements

Finite Element Methods 18

Triangular elements

Finite Element Methods 19

Finite Element Methods 20
Triangular elements

Finite Element Methods 21

Triangular elements

Finite Element Methods 22

Triangular elements

Finite Element Methods 23

Triangular elements

Finite Element Methods 24

Triangular elements

Finite Element Methods 25

Constant Strain Triangular

Finite Element Methods 26

Constant Strain Triangular

Finite Element Methods 27

Constant Strain Triangular

Finite Element Methods 28

Constant Strain Triangular

Finite Element Methods 29

Constant Strain Triangular

Finite Element Methods 30

Constant Strain Triangular

Finite Element Methods 31

 Linear Strain Triangle
• In case of constant strain, to have accurate stress, one
should use a large number of small elements
• So, refined elements are developed
– Linear, quadratic, higher order strain expressions
• Linear Strain Triangle Element
– displacements expressed with a complete 2nd order
polynomials
– There are 12 displacement
parameters
– Six for each component
in a linear variation within
each element.

Finite Element Methods 32

 Linear Strain Triangle
• Inter-element displacement compatibility
– Displacement expansion on a boundary, only
contain the nodal quantities on that boundary
– 3 constants in this case
– An additional interior node is required for each
boundary
– Convenient to locate these nodes in the
middle point of the side

Finite Element Methods 33

Linear Strain Triangle

Finite Element Methods 34

Linear Strain Triangle

Finite Element Methods 35

Linear Strain Triangle

Finite Element Methods 36

Linear Strain Triangle

Finite Element Methods 37

 Quadratic Strain Triangle

• Displacements expressed as complete cubic

polynomials
• Each displacement component involves 10
parameters
• There must be 20 nodal displacements per
element
• . vary 2nd order within elements

Finite Element Methods 38

Quadratic Strain Triangle

Finite Element Methods 39

Quadratic Strain Triangle

Finite Element Methods 40

Quadratic Strain Triangle

Finite Element Methods 41

Quadratic Strain Triangle

Finite Element Methods 42

Triangular Elements
Applications

Finite Element Methods 43

Triangular Elements
Applications

Finite Element Methods 44

Triangular Elements
Applications

Finite Element Methods 45

 Static Condensation
• Both models involve centroidal
displacements as nodal variables
• The equilibrium equations for this node
contains only displacement measures
• Its displacements can be expressed in
terms of boundary displacements
• List nodal displacement such that the
centroidal values are last
• Partition , S and p matrices as follows
Finite Element Methods 46
Static Condensation

Finite Element Methods 47

Static Condensation

Finite Element Methods 48

Higher order triangular elements

1. Cubic strain Element

– 4th order polynomials
– 15 parameters for each component of u & v
– Continuity of displacements on boundary,
requires 5 conditions
• A 4th order polynomial has 5 constants

Finite Element Methods 49

Higher order elements

Finite Element Methods 50

 Higher order elements

2. 4th order strain element

– 5th order polynomials
– 21 parameters for each components u & v
– Continuity of displacements on boundary
requires 6 conditions

Finite Element Methods 51

Higher order elements

Finite Element Methods 52

Example

Finite Element Methods 53

Example

Finite Element Methods 54

Example

Finite Element Methods 55

 Rectangular elements
• Rectangular Element
– 8 DOF rectangular element

Finite Element Methods 56

 Rectangular elements

• Corner nodes, so linear displacement interpolation

functions on boundaries
• Appropriate two dimensional interpolation functions
for displacements can be generated by evaluation

Finite Element Methods 57

Finite Element Methods 58
Rectangular elements

Finite Element Methods 59

Rectangular elements

Finite Element Methods 60

Rectangular elements

Finite Element Methods 61

Finite Element Methods 62
Rectangular elements

Finite Element Methods 63

Rectangular elements

Finite Element Methods 64

Rectangular elements

Finite Element Methods 65

Rectangular elements

Finite Element Methods 66

Rectangular elements

Finite Element Methods 67

Rectangular elements

Finite Element Methods 68

Rectangular elements

Finite Element Methods 69

Rectangular elements

Finite Element Methods 70

Example

Finite Element Methods 71

Example

Finite Element Methods 72

Example

Finite Element Methods 73

Example

Finite Element Methods 74

Example

Finite Element Methods 75

Gaussian Quadrature

Finite Element Methods 76

Gaussian Quadrature

Finite Element Methods 77

Gaussian Quadrature

Finite Element Methods 78

 Numerical Integration

• Sometimes necessary to use numerical

integration in calculating stiffness matrix.
• Numerical integration is easier than
explicit integration
– It allows changing the material properties
– Minimizes the chance of algebraic errors

Finite Element Methods 79

Gaussian Quadrature

Finite Element Methods 80

Gaussian Quadrature

Finite Element Methods 81

Gaussian Quadrature

Finite Element Methods 82

Finite Element Methods 83
 Axisymmetric solid
under axisymmetric loading
• The mathematical problem is similar to
that of plane stress and plane strain
• By symmetry
– If cut the solid by a plane along the axis
– The state of strain is defined by 2 components
of displacement
– As a result the state of stress could also
defined

Finite Element Methods 84

Axsi-symmetric solid

Finite Element Methods 85

Axsi-symmetric solid

Finite Element Methods 86

Axsi-symmetric solid

Finite Element Methods 87

Axsi-symmetric solid

Finite Element Methods 88

Axsi-symmetric solid

Finite Element Methods 89

Axsi-symmetric solid

Finite Element Methods 90

Axsi-symmetric solid

Finite Element Methods 91

Axsi-symmetric solid

Finite Element Methods 92

Axsi-symmetric solid

Finite Element Methods 93