TEACHTALK SCIENCE CONCEPTS

EP1 WHAT IS CHEMISTRY

Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass
*water – the only substance that can exit as solid (ice), liquid (melted ice), or gas (water vapor)
Phases of Matter – refers to a particular state of a matter
*Solid – tiny spherical balls fixed in a position that vibrates
- Amorphous – solid in which the particles are arranged in a random manner (rubber, glass)
- Crystalline – molecules which are arranged in an orderly, 3D network (crystals, metals)
*Liquid – small spaces in between liquid molecules, don’t have definite shape (takes the shape
of the container)
- have weak attractive forces thus FLOAT
*Gas – spaced apart, always in motion, fills the space of the container
FUN FACT: LPG – liquefied petroleum gas (pressure turns the gas into liquid)
MASS – amount of matter in an object (platform balance, double-beam balance, triple-beam
balance)
WEIGHT – force acting on the object due to gravity (Spring balance, weighing scale)
VOLUME – space an object occupies (graduated cylinder)
*Vol of Liquids: MENISCUS – upward or downward curve seen at the top of the liquid
(lower meniscus for getting the volume of a liquid)
*Vol of Irregular Solid: DISPLACEMENT METHOD – measure of the volume of solid of any
arbitrary shape
EP2 PROPERTIES OF MATTER
DENSITY – amount of substance per volume of an object, dependent on the size and
arrangement of the atoms in a substance
D = m/v
*Archimedes’ Principle: “an object in a fluid experiences a buoyant force which is equal to the
weight of the fluid it displaces”
BOUYANT FORCE = WEIGHT OF FLUID DISPLACED
Weight > BF : SINK
Weight = BF : NEITHER SINK/FLOAT
Weight < BF : FLOAT
MELTING POINT
BOILING POINT
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (aluminum, steel)
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (copper, aluminum)
*GOLD – resists corrosion, good conductor of electricity
MALLEABILITY – pounded and shaped into very thin sheets without breaking
DUCTILITY – stretched and shaped into wires or threads (copper, aluminum)
EP3 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – characteristics of a material that can be observed without changing
the material
SIZE, COLOR, SHAPE, TEXTURE, STATE, VOLUME
*nails – magnetic attraction
*gold – malleable
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES – characteristics of a material that can be observed only when one or
more substances are produced
COMBUSTION – combination of fuel with oxygen (producing heat, light and new substance)
*PAPER > SMOKE and ASHES
ELECTROLYSIS – the use of electricity to separate or break a compound
*WATER > HYDROGEN and OXYGEN
OXIDATION – interaction of oxygen with a substance to from a new product
*RUSTING OF NAIL, BLACKENING OF BANANA
TARNISHING – combination of a shiny metal with oxygen, sulfur, or another substance
producing a dark coating, losing its substance
*BRASS INSTRUMENT (Shiny) > DULL COLOR
EP4 SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES
PURE SUBSTANCE – fixed composition and a definite set of properties, always homogeneous,
uniform characteristics
MIXTURES – no definite properties, made up of two or more substances which retains its own
properties, homogeneous (salt water) or heterogeneous (muddy water).
*AIR is a MIXTURE (78% N, 20% O, .03% CO2 and other gases, .97% Inert gases, 1% Water
Vapor)
*SOLID-SOLID MIXTURE (vegetable salad, concrete cement, jewelries)
*SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURE (water & ice, halo-halo)
*LIQUID-LIQUID MIXTURE (vinegar, lotion, shampoo)
*LIQUID-GAS MIXTURE (soda drinks)
*GAS-GAS MIXTURE (air)
EP5 ELEMENTS AND COMPUNDS
ELEMENTS – simplest pure substances that make up all matter, made up of only one kind of
atom
*Periodic Table of Elements (118 known elements)
Earth Crust: Oxygen [47%], Silicon [28%], Aluminum [8%], Iron [4.5%], Calcium [3.5%] (OSAIC)
Ocean: Oxygen [86%], Hydrogen [11%], Chlorine [2%], Sodium [belongs to 1% others] (OHCS)
Human Body: Oxygen [ 65%], Carbon [18%], Hydrogen [10%] (OCH)
COMPOUNDS – substances consisting of the atoms of two or more elements that are
chemically combined in a fixed proportion
*ORGANIC – it contains carbon commonly coming from living matter
Exemptions: CARBONATES, CARBIDES, CYANIDES, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON MONOXIDE
*INORGANIC - do not contain carbon (salt, water)
TRIVIA TALK: Identify a compound as Organic or Inorganic
METHANE (CH4) – ORGANIC
AMMONIA (NH3) – INORGANIC
GLUCOSE (C6H12O6) – ORGANIC
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) – INORGANIC
TABLE SALT (NaCl) - INORGANIC
*compounds with C and H are ORGANIC
EP6 METALS, METALLOIDS, & NON-METALS
METALS – dense, shiny, malleable, ductile, good conductors
EXAMPLE: Aluminum and Iron (ideal for kitchenware, jewelries, construction)
*MERCURY (Hg) – liquid at room temp.
METALLOIDS – intermediate, more brittle than metals and less brittle than nonmetallic solids,
semi-conductors
EXAMPLE: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At (ideal for fireworks, microchips, paint)
NON-METALS – dull, brittle, poor conductors, not attracted by magnets
EXAMPLE: O (third most abundant element in the universe), N (production of ammonia for
fertilizers, nitric acid and fireworks)

TRIVIA TALK
*HYDROGEN is placed in a separate group with a separate color because its properties do not
fit any one grp
*Use a MAGNET to identify objects between metal and nonmetal
*Most important metal – IRON
EP7 SOLUTIONS
TRIVIA TALK
Solid Solution: dental fillings
Gas Solution: smoke
Liquid Solution: coffee
SOLUTION – homogeneous mixtures; particles cannot be distinguished from one another and
only one distinct phase is observable
COMPONENTS OF SOLUTION:
*SOLUTE – substance being dissolved
*SOLVENT – medium in which the solute is dissolved (WATER – universal solvent)
TYPES OF SOLUTION
BASED ON OBSERVABLE PHASE
*GASEOUS – solute and solvent are both in gas phase (ATMOSPHERE)
*LIQUID – solute can either be liquid, solid or gas; solvent is liquid
(VINEGAR; solute is ACETIC ACID, solvent is WATER)
*SOLID – solute can either be liquid, solid or gas; solvent is solid (dental AMALGAM)
BASED ON AMOUNT OF SOLUTE IN A SOLVENT
*UNSATURATED – less solute particles in a solvent
Add more solute! If it still dissolves, the solution is UNSATURATED
*SATURATED - maximum amount of solute in a solvent
Add more solute! If solute no longer dissolves, the solution is SATURATED
*SUPERSATURATED – more solute particles that what can be dissolved in a solvent
Add more solute! If solute no longer dissolves and crystal are formed, the solution is
SUPERSATURATED
EP8 EXPRESSING THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
CONCENTRATION – ration of the amount of solute to the amount of solution
PERCENT BY MASS (percent means parts per hundred)
m mass solute
% m = mass solution x 100

EXAMPLE: 5% by mass sugar solution = 5g table sugar in 100g solution

PERCENT BY VOLUME
v volume solute
% v = volume solution x 100

EXAMPLE: Rubbing alcohol with 30% con’c = 30ml of alcohol in 100ml of solution

DEGREE PROOF OF ALCOHOL

v
2x% v

EXAMPLE: Rubbing alcohol with 30% con’c = 2 x 30 = 60%

PARTS PER MILLION or PARTS PER BILLION (amount of solute in a given sol’n is very small)
mass solute (mg)
ppm = volume so lution( L)

mass solute (μ g)
ppb = volume solution( L)
EP9 MOLARITY
MOLARITY (molar concentration) – number of moles solute in one liter of solution
m oles solute
M [molarity] = volume solution( L)

mass
N [moles] = molar mass

*MOLAR MASS – sum of the masses of the elements in the solute