Intelligent Adaptation Through Adaptive PDF

Intelligent Adaptation
Through Adaptive Reuse and Facades
Nishant Pandav
Fifth Year B.Arch. (2016-2017)
Sem. IX (Part-1)
L. S. Raheja School of Architecture
University of Mumbai
CERTIFICATE
MUMBAI UNIVERSITY
L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
This is to certify that Nishant Pandav has successfully completed his design
dissertation (part 1) on the topic ‘Intelligent Adaptation- Through Adaptive Reuse
and Facades’ under the guidance of Ar. Anuj Gudekar.
The dissertation is undertaken as a part of academic study based on the curriculum for
Bachelors of Architecture programme conducted by the University of Mumbai, from
L. S. Raheja School of Architecture, Mumbai in the academic year 2016-2017.
Seat Number: OCT16-IX-038
Ar. Anuj Gudekar :

Project Guide
[L. S. Raheja School of Architecture]
Ar. Arvind Khanolkar :

Principal
[L. S. Raheja School of Architecture]
External Juror :
External Juror :
Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “Intelligent Adaptation- Through Adaptive Reuse
and Facades” represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others
(as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words
have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from
books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged
and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references.
No material other than that cited and listed has been used.
I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism* and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and
copying are grave and serious offences in the university and accept the consequences should I engage
in plagiarism, collusion or copying.
I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission.
This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment
on this or any other course of study.
Signature of the Student:
Name of the Student: Nishant Pandav

Exam Roll No: OCT16-IX-038
Date: 1st December, 2016 Place: Mumbai
*The following defines plagiarism:
“Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any
other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include:
• the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and correctly presented
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dissertations and essays and online resources.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work would have been incomplete without the help and support of many.
I would like to thank my thesis in charge Ar. Anuj Gudekar for his guidance. He has
always remained approachable and has been supportive especially when I felt lost and
stranded.
I extend my gratitude to Ar. Sameer Balvally, Ar. Anand Patel and Ar. Arjun Nichani
for guiding me. They provided me with valuable insight on the topic and were available
when I needed their thoughts.
My friends Shreya Raghunathan, Anshul Chole, Shrutika Parkar and Medha Bothra
have always been ready to help me with my research and presentations, and I thank
them for their efforts.
I would like to thank Ar. Amrit Narkar, Ar. Sachin Vedak, Ar. Meghana Ghate Patil
and Ar. Mridula Pillai Gudekar for always inspiring me and providing me with valuable
inputs and suggestions.
Lastly, I am thankful to my parents for always being supportive and open-minded.

They have been helpful in all possible ways and have always stood by me.

“The people who are crazy enough to think they
can change the world are the ones who do.”
- Steve Jobs

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CONTENTS
List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... 8
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... 10
Preface .............................................................................................................................. 11
Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 12
Methodology .................................................................................................................... 13
Limitations ........................................................................................................................ 13
1 Urbanisation ............................................................................................................. 14
1.1 Urbanisation in India......................................................................................... 18
1.2 Mumbai ............................................................................................................. 23
1.2.1 Potential for Job Creation ......................................................................... 27
1.3 The Cycle of Urban Decay ................................................................................. 28
2 Brownfield Sites ........................................................................................................ 30
3 Adaptive Reuse ......................................................................................................... 31
3.1 Case Study: Magazine Street Kitchen, Darukhana, Mumbai ............................ 33
3.2 Case Study: Imagine Studio at The Trees, Vikhroli, Mumbai ............................ 36
4 Energy Use ................................................................................................................ 39
4.1 Energy Performance Index (EPI) ....................................................................... 41
4.2 Natural Lighting and Ventilation ....................................................................... 44
4.2.1 Changing Scenarios ................................................................................... 45
4.4 Case Study: Façade of Churchgate Station, Mumbai ........................................ 47
5 Intelligent Buildings (IB) ............................................................................................ 50
5.1 Concept of Intelligence ..................................................................................... 50
5.2 Definitions ......................................................................................................... 50
5.3 Parametric Design ............................................................................................. 52
6 Intelligent Building Skin ............................................................................................ 55
6.1 Kinetic, Dynamic, Smart or Intelligent? ............................................................ 55
6.2 Defining Intelligent Building Skin ...................................................................... 55
6.3 Variations .......................................................................................................... 56
6.4 Users ................................................................................................................. 56
6.5 Maintenance ..................................................................................................... 57
6.6 Cost ................................................................................................................... 58

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6.7 Case Study: Al Bahr Towers, Abu Dhabi............................................................ 59

6.8 Case Study: RMIT Design Hub, Melbourne ....................................................... 61
6.9 Case Study: Institut du Monde Arabe (IMA), Paris ........................................... 63
6.10 Case Study: Empire State Building, New York City ........................................... 65
7 Potential Sites ........................................................................................................... 67
7.1 WHY Mumbai? .................................................................................................. 67
7.2 Industries in Mumbai- A Brief Overview........................................................... 68
7.3 Sites ................................................................................................................... 70
1) Richardson & Cruddas (R&C), Mulund (W) ....................................................... 70
2) Kohinoor Mills No.1, Dadar (E) ......................................................................... 71
3) India United Mill No.1, Parel............................................................................. 72
7.4 ComparAtive Study ........................................................................................... 73
8 Design Approach ....................................................................................................... 75
8.1 Contextuality ..................................................................................................... 75
8.2 Case Study: Crystal Houses ............................................................................... 77
8.3 Internet of Things (IoT) ..................................................................................... 79
8.4 Building Management System (BMS) ............................................................... 81
8.5 Case Study: High Street Phoenix (HSP), Mumbai.............................................. 83
8.6 Case Study: Xintiandi Factory Hangzhou, P.R. China ........................................ 86
8.6.1 Peter Ruge Architekten ............................................................................. 88
8.6.2 Serie Architects ......................................................................................... 92
9 Conclusion................................................................................................................. 95
Goals and Visions for the 12th Five Year Plan (FYP) .................................. 96
BIM ............................................................................................................ 99
Arcology .................................................................................................. 100
10 References .......................................................................................................... 101

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Urban and Rural Population of the World 6 ....................................................... 15
Figure 2: Contribution to Increase in Urban Population (2014 to 2050) 6........................ 16
Figure 3: Total Energy Use Per Annum ............................................................................. 17
Figure 4: Total Water Use Per Annum11 ........................................................................... 17
Figure 5: Solid Waste Disposal per Annum11 .................................................................... 18
Figure 6: Persistent Issues and Challenges due to Increasing Urban Population ............. 19
Figure 7: Traffic Congestion .............................................................................................. 20
Figure 8: Improper Waste Disposal and Water Pollution ................................................. 21
Figure 9: Potential of Urbanisation16 ................................................................................ 22
Figure 10: Growth of Mumbai Between 1850-1950 22 ..................................................... 24
Figure 11: Growth of Mumbai Between 1950-2000s 22 .................................................... 25
Figure 12: Growth of Mumbai Between 2000-2010+ ....................................................... 26
Figure 13: Abandoned Warehouses near Mumbai Reay Road ........................................ 28
Figure 14: Growth Rate by District: 1901-2011 ................................................................ 29
Figure 15: Area outside Magazine Street Kitchen ............................................................ 34
Figure 16: Entrance to Magazine Street Kitchen35............................................................ 34
Figure 17: View of Kitchen Space...................................................................................... 34
Figure 18: Schematic Plan of Magazine Street Kitchen .................................................... 35
Figure 19: Plan of Imagine Studios 36 ................................................................................ 36
Figure 20: Development Stages of the Site 36 ................................................................... 37
Figure 21: Development of Façade 36 ............................................................................... 37
Figure 22: Silos ................................................................................................................. 37
Figure 23: Boiler Room Café 37 .......................................................................................... 38
Figure 24: Electricity Usage in Commercial and Residential Buildings ............................. 39
Figure 25: Energy Consumption of India’s Buildings. Percentages represent the ratio of
residential and commercial buildings42 ............................................................................ 40
Figure 26: Contribution of Different Categories of Commercial Buildings to the Electricity
Consumption on 2010-1140 ............................................................................................... 41
Figure 27: EPI Range for various Commercial Building Types........................................... 42
Figure 28: Thickness of Conventional Materials for Wall Construction .......................... 44
Figure 29: Lighting Requirement Standards for Various Purposes ................................... 45
Figure 30: Amount of Light Entering a Space ................................................................... 45

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Figure 31: Churchgate Station Building before commencement of Facade Work ........... 47
Figure 32: Exploded View showing Dual Layered Nature of Facade54 .............................. 48
Figure 33: Render showing the Proposed Design of the Facade54 ................................... 48
Figure 34: Commonly Used Terms involving IBs58 ............................................................ 51
Figure 35: Progression of Intelligent Buildings 58 .............................................................. 51
Figure 36: Examples of Parameters and Rules in Grasshopper ....................................... 52
Figure 37: Examples of Parameters and Rules in Python 60 .............................................. 53
Figure 38: Upside-down model of Colonia Guell ............................................................. 54
Figure 39: Al Bahr Towers 76 ............................................................................................. 59
Figure 40: The Automated Mashrabiyas .......................................................................... 59
Figure 41: RMIT Design Hub ............................................................................................. 61
Figure 42: Secondary Automated Skin with Glass Discs .................................................. 62
Figure 43: Institut du Monde Arabe ................................................................................. 63
Figure 44: Individual Element of the Facade .................................................................... 64
Figure 45: Facade Detail ................................................................................................... 64
Figure 46: Empire State Building....................................................................................... 65
Figure 47: Development Plan of the Area around R&C .................................................... 70
Figure 48: Map of the Area around R&C .......................................................................... 70
Figure 49: Development Plan of Area around Kohinoor Mills No.1 ................................. 71
Figure 50: Map of Area around Kohinoor Mills No.1........................................................ 71
Figure 51: Development Plan of Area around India United Mill No.1 .............................. 72
Figure 52: Map of Area around India United Mill No.1 .................................................... 72
Figure 53: Design Process of Crystal Houses .................................................................... 77
Figure 54: Front View of Crystal Houses 98 ....................................................................... 78
Figure 55: Device Connectivity and IoT ............................................................................ 79
Figure 56: Building Management System ......................................................................... 81
Figure 57: High Street Phoenix ......................................................................................... 83
Figure 58: Development Plan of Area Around High Street Phoenix ................................. 84
Figure 59: Map of Area Around High Street Phoenix ....................................................... 84
Figure 60: Satellite Image of the New Development in Hangzhou................................... 86
Figure 61: Circulation Diagram ......................................................................................... 87
Figure 62: Existing Structure of the Xintiandi Factory ..................................................... 88
Figure 63: Conceptual Rendering of the Reused Structure 112 ......................................... 88
Figure 64: Design Development of Xintiandi Factory 112 .................................................. 88

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Figure 65: Xintiandi Factory 1st Floor Plan ....................................................................... 89

Figure 66: Xintiandi Factory 2nd Floor Plan113 .................................................................. 90
Figure 67: Xintiandi Factory 3rd Floor Plan113................................................................... 90
Figure 68: Xintiandi Factory Sections113 ............................................................................ 91
Figure 69: Conceptual Rendering of Xintiandi Factory H ................................................. 92
Figure 70: Aerial View of Xintiandi Factory H 114 .............................................................. 92
Figure 71: Exploded View of Xintiandi Factory H114 .......................................................... 93
Figure 72: Design Development of Xintiandi Factory H114 ................................................ 94
Figure 73: Building lifecycle .............................................................................................. 99
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Outdoor Light Levels ........................................................................................... 46
Table 2: Comparative Study of Possible Sites ................................................................... 73
Table 3: Lineage of High Street Phoenix ........................................................................... 85

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PREFACE
Mumbai is a city that is experiencing rapid urbanisation. As a result of rapid
commercial growth, we see sequential growth in construction. The buildings once
constructed are expected to last if not more, then at least for 50 years. Post this period
the fate depends on the scenario and feasibility of new construction as seen in the
present boom in rehabilitation projects in Mumbai. During their lifespan, the locality
in which they are constructed may undergo several man-made changes like increase in
population and population density, land use change, change in the average building
height, an increase in the number of vehicles, traffic condition, road widths, etc. and
natural changes including seasonal variations, etc.
With so many variables around, the building is the only constant. Most of the new
built structures are buildings constructed with only the present scenario and existing
building by-laws taken into consideration. But what about those known variables or
parameters?
Today sustainable development has not only become a global issue; it has become a
virtue of new build parameter. The global averages for weather and climate have been
altered with climate change becoming a stark reality. Hence, we must make it our
priority to consider these changing parameters while designing a structure. The
technological growth and availability of new tools have made it possible to tackle the
changing nature of the problems. The dissertation is the result of the intent to address
the changing nature of challenges with an existing but newer approach to design.

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ABSTRACT
It was estimated in 1950 that about 30% of the world’s population would be staying
in urban areas. Today over 54% live in the cities consuming over 60% of the world’s
resources and accounting for over 50% of CO2 emissions. 1 The current trend and
policies have failed to curtail this growth, and would only have an adverse effect.
With a population of over 18 million, Mumbai the most densely populated city in the
world with about 29,650 people per sq.km.2 It is also responsible for high resource
consumption and waste generation. Job opportunities and hope for a better life attract
people to Mumbai from all over the nation further increasing the pressure on the
limited resources. Over the past few decades, Mumbai saw a decline of industries;
commercial and residential structures saw an increase and these structures often
replaced the defunct industries post 1991.
Amongst the residential and commercial spaces, the latter account for high energy
consumption per unit area.3 4
With growing environmental concerns, sustainable
architecture has emerged as a new trend; commercial spaces have the potential to
reduce the intensity of energy that they consume and move towards the goal of
sustainability. These spaces can also help in creating job opportunities which could
tackle unemployment.
One of the most sustainable design solutions is Adaptive Reuse which helps in keeping
a low carbon footprint and rejuvenating the old structures causing least disturbance to
the urban fabric. Defunct industries in Mumbai offer this opportunity, and its reuse
may prove a boon to the society as well as the environment.
The goal of sustainable development has been furthered with the advent of technology
in building construction. Use of intelligent building systems can help cope with the
dynamic nature of challenges faced by the building throughout its lifespan. Together
with adaptive reuse, this feature might also allow flexibility of functions. This
dissertation is an attempt to find a solution to the problems of urbanisation through
adaptive reuse and intelligent building systems.
1 (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2014)

2 (Census of India, 2011)
3 (Rawal & Shukla, 2014)
4 (The Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2011)

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METHODOLOGY
 To study the trend of urbanisation over the world
 To study the effects and outcomes of urbanisation in India
 To investigate the growth of Mumbai over the decades and the possible
scenario of its decay
 To study adaptive reuse as a step towards sustainable development
 To explore the growing use of technology in building operation leading to
intelligent buildings
 To identify the applications and the limiting factors of intelligent systems in an
adaptive reuse
LIMITATIONS
The research and design would be limited by several factors for making the study
practical and doable. Construction in any place requires adherence to the local bye-
laws. Following them will pose a design challenge. The design must also be financially
feasible. For this, the usage of the structure will have to be determined. These factors
have played a crucial role in the development happening in Mumbai and elsewhere.
Since the dissertation also focuses on technology, the output of it will depend on
current technologies commercially available.

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1 URBANISATION
Urbanisation is the shift of population from rural to urban area. It results in the growth
of urban areas, causing cities to expand.5 It was estimated that more than 54% of the
world’s population lived in urban areas in 2014. As compared to this, 30% of the
world’s population was urban in 1950. This growth trend is expected to continue, and
in 2050 it is estimated that about 66% of the world population will reside in urban
areas.6
For many, cities represent opportunities which include employment. Cities are
important centres for development and offer better facilities regarding education,
transport, healthcare, social services, leisure facilities, etc. Cities also offer
opportunities for women’s empowerment and social mobilisation.7 Although
countries that are highly urbanised have high levels of human development, they
account for 60-80% resource consumption and energy use. Cities are attributed for
over half of world’s anthropogenic CO2 emissions and environmental degradation.8
Urbanisation has also led to rising in demand for processed foods.9 The packaging
creates disposal problems which may lead to environmental degradation.
Sustainable development is often threatened as rapid and unplanned urbanisation

occurs as the necessary infrastructure is not developed, and proper policies are not
implemented. These conditions often lead to substandard living conditions, pollution,
environmental degradation, higher inequality, etc.
5 (Demographic Partitions, 2014)

6 (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2014)
7 (United Nations Population Fund, 2016)
8 (European Environmental Agency, 2015)
9 (Rode & Burdett, 2011)

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Figure 1: Urban and Rural Population of the World 6
The level of urbanisation is not the same for various regions. Asia and Africa are
relatively less urbanised than Europe and Americas. Although they are urbanising
faster and are projected to reach 64% and 56% urbanised respectively by 2050, they
will remain less urbanised than the rest of the world. It is seen that the rate of
urbanisation slows as the region becomes more urbanised, which is the case with rest
of the world.
Currently, China and India house nearly 1/3rd of the world’s urban population. Future
increase in the world’s urban population is also expected to concentrate in just a few
countries including China and India. These countries will contribute to more than 37%
of the world’s urban population increase by 2050.6

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Figure 2: Contribution to Increase in Urban Population (2014 to 2050) 6
Megacities are defined as cities with a population of more than 10 million. It can be a
single metropolitan area or multiple metropolitan areas which have grown to the extent
that they form one urban area. They are the result of rapid urbanisation. In 1990 there
were just ten megacities in the world.6 Today the number is close to 30 and is expected
to rise over the next few decades. Asia is the home to the largest number of megacities
than any other continent. The nature of megacities varies greatly as they can be rich,
poor, organised or chaotic. Cities that are more affluent tend to have low population
density but are characterised by a higher rate of resource consumption as compared
to their poorer counterparts.10 The rapid increase in population in cities is causing
increased pressure on resources leading to food shortages, traffic congestion,
insufficient medical and educational facilities, etc.
10 (Jungblut, 2014)

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Figure 3: Total Energy Use Per Annum11
Figure 4: Total Water Use Per Annum11
11 (Kennedy, et al., 2015)

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Figure 5: Solid Waste Disposal per Annum11
1.1 URBANISATION IN INDIA

Urban areas in India are defined as places with a municipality, corporation,
cantonment board, notified town area committee, etc. If the place lacks any of this but
has a population of 5000, at least 75% of the male working population engaged in non-
agricultural sector and a density of 400 persons per sq. km. then the area may be
classified as an urban area.12
India has seen a steady increase in the population of urban areas since independence.
Currently, we have some of the largest urban population in the world, which is around
410 million. Urbanisation and economic growth are often co-related. Between 2001
and 2011 the GDP of India grew at the rate of 8% per year while a previous couple of
decades had shown a rate of 5.5% per year.13 These values reflect the increasing rate
of economic growth. Urbanisation has improved the quality of life for many while
providing employment and other opportunities.
It must be noted that the growth in urban population alone cannot speed up
urbanisation. The urban population growth rate must be higher than the rural
population growth rate, i.e. there must be a rural-urban growth difference.14
As per Census 2011, the total urban population in India was more than 377 million
(31.16% of the total population). This census has grouped cities as per population.
12 (Census of India, 2011)

13 (Sitharam & Dhindaw, 2015)
14 (Bhagat, 2011)

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Class 1 UA/Town consist of a population of 100 thousand or more. In 2011, there

were 468 such UAs/Towns in India. These consist of 70% of the total urban
population. Out of these, 53 UAs/Towns have a population of over a million. These
are called Million Plus UAs/Towns. They consist of 42.6% of the total urban
population. Out of the 468 UAs/Towns, there are three UAs with a population of
over 10 million namely Greater Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. A report of the Steering
Committee on urbanisation while referencing a report of the High Power Executive
Committee (2011) stated:
‘by 2031, India will have more than 87 metropolitan areas and the country’s
urban population is likely to soar to over 600 million, adding about 225 million
people to present urban population. This pace and scale of urbanisation is
unprecedented for India and will be the fastest in the world, outside of China.’15
The increasing population puts tremendous pressure on the limited resources of the
cities. With the growth of resources not matching the growth of population, several
problems are faced by the city.
Figure 6: Persistent Issues and Challenges due to Increasing Urban Population16
15 (Planning Commission, Government of India, 2012)

16 (UN Habitat, 2016)

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Some of the biggest challenges faced by cities in India include:
 Housing:
The demand for houses rises as there is an increase in the population of the
city. This situation has led to increasing land costs as compared to income of
an urban middle-class family. The majority of the lower income groups are
unable to afford a decent house or apartment and are forced to live in
congested accommodations which are at often devoid of amenities like water
supply, sewage system, natural light and ventilation, etc. Absence or poor
quality of such amenities leads to the spread of various diseases in these areas.
 Transport:
Figure 7: Traffic Congestion17
Millions use the transport system to travel to work every day. It is the key to
the survival of the city. ‘The ease of transportation—in all of its forms—is the hallmark
of industrialised civilisation.’18 In India, the infrastructure hasn’t kept pace with
urbanisation. The increase in population and spread of suburban areas has led
to increasing travel time. Pressure on the transport system has led to increased
traffic congestion leading to more travel time, crowded public transport
vehicles.
17 Image Sourced from (Deccan Chronicke, 2015)

18 (the UN planning Journal Archive, 2005)

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 Environmental Concerns:
Figure 8: Improper Waste Disposal and Water Pollution19
Cities pose several environmental threats. Increasing air pollution is caused by

growing number of vehicles on streets and industries. New construction and
land modification in urban areas has given way to heat island effect and
resulting in increased use of energy for cooling purposes. Improper waste
management leads to contamination of resources.
 Poverty and Unemployment:
It is a major challenge to employ the increasing population of a city. Migrants
with minimal education tend to have lower wage and more working hours.
These people get pushed into the informal sector of the society, working as
street vendors, rickshaw pullers, construction labourers. These people also
have poor job security. Increasing population poses a threat to the
opportunities that people seek when they move to the cities.
Furthermore, floating population is responsible for additional pressure on

infrastructure and resources. They come to the cities for education, tourism,
employment, etc. This population resides in a given region for a certain amount of
time and leaves once the purpose is fulfilled. They are generally not considered part of
the population census.
19 Image Sourced from (10 Dirtiest Cities in India, 2015)

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Urban areas hold a huge potential for improvement. It is essential that the
development of the country is sustainable for a brighter future. Better land allocation,
greater connectivity and employment creating strategies can boost the economic
growth.
‘Cities that are environmentally sustainable, socially inclusive and violence-free,

economically productive and resilient can genuinely contribute to national
development, prosperity and sustainability— in this sense, cities indeed are our
emerging futures.’ 16
Figure 9: Potential of Urbanisation16

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1.2 MUMBAI
Mumbai is one of the largest cities in India with a population of over 18.4 million.12
The city is well connected to the rest of the country by airports, railways and roads.
Airport and seaports connect it to the rest of the world. It has been the centre of
financial activities and is popularly known as the financial capital of India since it has
most of India’s financial institutions like Indian merchant’s chambers, Reserve Bank
of India headquarters, Bombay Stock Exchange, National Stock Exchange, etc.
The manufacturing sector has played a major role in creating the potential for
employment in Mumbai which resulted in an increase in migration.20 The increase in
population led to the northward spread of the city and the growth of suburbs. This
shift in demand and supply saw an unprecedented rise in the real estate costs in the
city, and as a countermeasure, the migrant and the underprivileged resorted to the
slums and squatters in and around Mumbai. The increasing population has also put
tremendous pressure on the limited resources.
Mumbai was known for its industrial activity. But with the changing scenario of the
international market, the employment situation changed as India emerged as one of
the major service providers in many sectors.20
Factory closures in Mumbai have influenced the claim that the city has
undergone a process of ‘de-industrialisation’. But the scale of factory closures
should be kept in perspective. While the evidence from the Economic Census
appears to show a decline in large-scale industry in Greater Mumbai, it
continued to play a significant role in the provision of employment in 2005.
Rather than ‘de-industrialisation’, it seems more accurate to describe these
changes as ‘a spatial reorganisation, combined with an ever-increasing territorial
expansion of the effective economic boundaries of the city.' 21
20 (Yedla, 2003)
21 (Barnes, 2015)

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Figure 10: Growth of Mumbai Between 1850-1950 22

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Figure 11: Growth of Mumbai Between 1950-2000s 22

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Figure 12: Growth of Mumbai Between 2000-2010+22
22 (Kabali, 2012)

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1.2.1 Potential for Job Creation

Urban areas are well connected to the global economy and have large infrastructure
and service needs. They offer opportunities for both formal and informal employment.
Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra. Hence, there are a large number of government
offices and residential quarters for the employees in the city. Apart from this, Mumbai
is the headquarters of a large number of financial institutions and corporates like Tata
group, Reliance Industries, Essel Group, etc. Many international companies have their
branches here. The Bombay Stock Exchange, National Stock Exchange, various asset
management and brokerage companies including the majority of mutual fund
companies, state-owned and commercial banks also have their head offices in
Mumbai. The presence of numerous such offices which provide job opportunities has
also created a need for amenities like restaurants of various kinds, general and medical
stores, etc.

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1.3 THE CYCLE OF URBAN DECAY
Figure 13: Abandoned Warehouses near Mumbai Reay Road 23
Rapid urbanisation can result in increasing unemployment, poverty of local populace,

high rents, change in family patterns, etc. As a result, people start moving out of the
city into the suburbs. Companies start relocating due to high rents. These conditions
eventually lead to a phenomenon known as Urban Decline or Urban Decay.
Urban Decay may be defined as the deterioration of the inner city that is often caused
by lack of investment and maintenance.24 Characteristics of urban decline include poor
quality housing, overcrowding, high crime rates, poor building maintenance, empty
buildings that have the potential to be vandalised, empty factories, suburbanisation
and development of freeways, high levels of pollution. Many argue that urban decay is
the inevitable result of urbanisation itself.25 26
Mumbai has faced rapid urbanisation and is facing several problems as a result of the
growing population. As a result, Mumbai’s population growth in the last decade has
23 (Sudha, 2014)
24 (Gamesby, n.d.)
25 (Boundless, 2016)
26 (Baofu, 2009)

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been slowest in a century.27 The reduction in the growth of population has been despite
the increasing residential high-rise buildings.
Figure 14: Growth Rate by District: 1901-201128
There is a need to implement socio-cultural feeling to keep Mumbai from falling into
the clutches of urban decay. The rapid growth of the city has led to the neglect of older
structures that formed an important part of the urban fabric. Instead of revitalising
them, a profitable solution of redevelopment has been looked upon as a way into the
future. But what the city possibly needs is a more enlightened approach to design and
planning, a dynamic juxtaposition of the old and new.
27 (Rajadhyaksha, 2012)
28 (Cox, 2011)

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2 BROWNFIELD SITES
Brownfield site can be defined as ‘real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which
may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or
29
contaminant.’ These are often sites which are abandoned, closed or under-used
industrial or commercial facilities. It may be an abandoned factory located in the
town’s formal industrial area, a closed commercial building or even a warehouse. They
may be located anywhere and can be of any size.
Advantages:
Existing infrastructure- Redevelopers can save money from using brownfield sites.
These sites have existing infrastructure like water supply and drainage pipelines,
electricity, roads. They also have accessibility to public transport.
Opportunity to recycle- The use of brownfield site puts it into a new use. It avoids the
use of a greenfield site which could have needed laying of new infrastructure and
services which disturb the existing flora and fauna, thus causing an additional
environmental impact.
Potential to rejuvenate a neighbourhood- New development in a defunct zone can

transform it into thriving office buildings, apartments, shopping centres, public
recreational areas, etc.
Disadvantages:
Location- Brownfield sites may be located in a less attractive area. Development in the
surrounding region may not be possible and may leave the new construction isolated.
Congestion- Any development on a brownfield site located in a developed area may

worsen vehicular traffic condition.
29 (Environmental Protection Agency, n.d.)

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3 ADAPTIVE REUSE
Extending an object’s life by either reusing it for a different purpose than its original
intent or recycling the object for reusing the material that makes up the object
significantly reduces the environmental impact as compared with producing the object
from completely new raw materials.
This logic applies to buildings as well, where the structure can be maintained while
changing the purpose. Adaptive reuse may be defined as ‘the process of repurposing
buildings—old buildings that have outlived their original purposes—for different uses or functions
while retaining their historic features.’30 It restores and adapts the old fabric of the city.
The adaptive reuse of a building should have minimum impact on the surroundings
while retaining the heritage significance of the structure and its surroundings. ‘Adaptive
reuse is self-defeating if it fails to protect the building’s heritage values’.31 A successful adaptive
reuse project respects the structure’s original significance while adding a contemporary
touch to it.
Advantages:
‘Constructing new, energy-efficient buildings almost never saves as much energy as renovating old
ones.’32 An important environmental aspect of adaptive reuse is the retention of the
original structure’s embodied energy. Embodied energy may be defined as follows:
“The embodied energy (carbon) of a building material can be taken as the total
primary energy consumed (carbon released) over its life cycle. This would
normally include (at least) extraction, manufacturing and transportation.
Ideally the boundaries would be set from the extraction of raw materials
(including fuels) until the end of the product's lifetime (including energy from
manufacturing, transport, energy to manufacture capital equipment, heating &
lighting of factory, maintenance, disposal… etc.), known as ‘Cradle-to-Grave’.
It has become common practice to specify the embodied energy as ‘Cradle-to-
Gate’, which includes all energy (in primary form) until the product leaves the
factory gate. The final boundary condition is ‘Cradle-to-Site’, which includes all
30 (Craven, 2016)
31 (Australian Government, 2004)
32 (Laskow, 2012)

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the energy consumed until the product has reached the point of use (i.e. building
site).” 33
A project becomes more sustainable when the original structure is retained as this will
retain the embodied energy. New buildings have higher embodied energy as the
materials for its construction need to be produced, shaped and then transported to the
site.
Adaptive reuse restores and can help maintain the heritage and functional significance
of the structure. Historic buildings add value to a place and preserve the social fabric.
These buildings retain a sense of familiarity and belonging of the area. Rather than
letting the structure fall into despair and neglect, the structure is assigned a function
that helps to maintain it. Additionally, it may also impact the brand image, and people
could start relating it to sustainable growth.
The possibility of opening up the space to provide public recreational facilities can
have a positive influence on the quality of life of the community.
Disadvantages:
Adaptive reuse can pose limitations such as structural constraints while retaining
historical or aesthetically appealing features. Fitting a new use into a structure designed
for a different purpose may prove to be challenging.
Existing structure and site may have the presence of contaminants such as asbestos
and lead which can be dangerous for humans.
33 (Hammond & Jones, 2006)

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3.1 CASE STUDY: MAGAZINE STREET KITCHEN, DARUKHANA,

MUMBAI34
Architect: Anand Patel
Purpose of Case Study: To look into the unique function and its intent to rejuvenate
the area
The structure is located in Devidayal Compound, which was established in the late
1800’s as a steel producing industry. The warehouse which is now Magazine Street
Kitchen has been inherited by Gauri Devidayal from her father.
This particular warehouse was vacant for several decades. The owners did not prefer
selling off an ancestral property located in the southern part of Mumbai for various
reasons. Hence the owners decided to reuse the space. Despite the intent, they were
unsure of the function of the space.
Gauri Devidayal and Jay Yusuf also own The Table which is a fine dine restaurant at
Colaba. It gets several catering enquiries, but the kitchen is too small to entertain such
requests. Hence the idea of a catering hub was formed.
The resulting idea, ‘Magazine Street Kitchen’- a 2500sq.ft space where kitchen
occupies 80% of floor area was a risk taken by the owners due to its unique function
and location. The restaurant area of MSK accommodates only 40 diners. It is space
for dinners, cooking workshops, chef’s tables, recipe and concept development,
filming and photo shoots. The place has been extremely popular amongst
connoisseurs and chefs despite being located remotely. The place has a bakery that
serves some popular restaurants like Le 15 Café at Colaba, Blue Tokai Coffee and
Kaboom. It also has a climate-controlled butchery suite, a walk-in cold storage and
deep freezer.
34Interview of Miss. Juilee Manjrekar who is a Marketing and PR Manager at Food Matters India Pvt.
Ltd. conducted on 18th July 2016, and Mr. Anand Patel, architect of Magazine Street Kitchen, interview
conducted on 19th July 2016.

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Figure 15: Area outside Magazine Street Kitchen35
Figure 16: Entrance to Magazine Street Kitchen35
Figure 17: View of Kitchen Space36
35 Source: Author
36 (Magazine Street Kitchen)

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Figure 18: Schematic Plan of Magazine Street Kitchen37
Inference: Despite being located remotely in an Industrial sector of the city; the place
has been able to serve its dual function of an event place and production unit. The
owners have the vision to impact the surrounding area by encouraging people to visit
this place which may have a farsighted impact of the change in land and space use
trends in the region.
37 Source: Author

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3.2 CASE STUDY: IMAGINE STUDIO AT THE TREES, VIKHROLI,

MUMBAI
Architecture Firm: Studio Lotus
Purpose of Case Study: To study the adaptive reuse in a compound with multiple
structures
The industrial site belonging to Godrej Properties Ltd. was transformed into various
spaces including a studio, workshop, café, urban farm, open-air theatre to demonstrate
the idea of a mixed-use development. Two co-generator plants were transformed into
a marketing studio and a workshop; an existing boiler plant was converted into an all-
day café. These structures form a large plaza for various activities.38 39
Figure 19: Plan of Imagine Studios 38
38 (Studio Lotus, 2016)

39 (Godrej Properties, 2016)

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Figure 20: Development Stages of the Site 38
Figure 21: Development of Façade 38
Figure 22: Silos 40
40 (Sumner & Ghose, 2015)

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Figure 23: Boiler Room Café 39
Inference: Studio Lotus is a part of a larger mixed-use project which comprises of

residential, commercial and retail spaces. It will form a public plaza which would be
used by the residents and the users of The Trees premises. For decades, Godrej has
been known for its padlocks, wardrobes, soaps, etc. Vikhroli has been an integral part
of Godrej Group’s industrial history. Adaptive reuse of the old structures retains the
heritage and post-industrial identity of the area and in a manner, preserves the identity
that the brand once possessed.

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4 ENERGY USE
India has seen an exponential increase in the consumption of energy in the past few
decades. This is a direct result of sustained economic growth in the building,
transportation and industrial sectors. The increase in demand for floor space is also
likely to increase the consumption of energy.41
The energy use of buildings in developed countries is often wasteful and inefficient.
Developing countries like India risk following this trend as their economies and
population grow.
In a report by TERI, it is seen that that lighting and air conditioning use 80% of the
energy in commercial buildings whereas fans and lighting use more energy in
residential buildings. (Figure 24)
Electricity usage in Commercial Electricity usage in Residential

Buildings Buildings
5%
10% Lighting
15% 25% 4%
28% Air Conditioning
Lighting
13%
HVAC Fans
Internal Loads 4% Evaporative Cooler

7%
Others Refrigeration
55% 34% Television
Others
Figure 24: Electricity Usage in Commercial and Residential Buildings 42
From these charts, it can be concluded that space conditioning and lighting utilise
more energy than any other factors. Passive design strategies like external shading,
cross ventilation, etc. can help reduce the energy consumed due to lighting and space
conditioning.
41 (Kumar, Kapoor, Deshmukh, Kamath , & Manu, 2010)

42 (Zia & Sharma, 2015)

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India’s residential energy consumption growth stands at 3.7% per year, and India’s
commercial sector energy consumption growth is projected to increase at an average
rate of 5.4% per year.43
The advent of IT complexes, BPOs, Hotels, etc. beginning from the mid 90’s led to
the introduction of a new building typology in India. Tall buildings with glass façade
increased the dependency on air conditioning. The following decade saw an increase
in the number of theatres, malls, schools, buses that meet people’s increasing demand
for air conditioning. Today, people and families escape the outside heat by crowding
malls and multiplexes.
Figure 25: Energy Consumption of India’s Buildings. Percentages represent the ratio of residential and commercial buildings 44
Given the fast urbanising trends of the country, it is estimated that 70% of the
commercial sector is yet to be built. As a result, the sector is witnessing a high annual
growth rate of electricity consumption.42 A study found that the energy consumed due
to space cooling and lighting in residential buildings accounts for nearly 1/3 rd of the
total energy consumption, whereas, in commercial buildings, it accounted for
nearly 2/3rd.44
43 (Centre for Science and Environment, 2014)

44 (Rawal & Shukla, 2014)

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Contribution of Different Categories of Commercial

Buildings in the Electricity Consumption in 2010-11
21% Offices
29%
Education
9% Trade
Hospitals
7%
Hospatality
34%
Figure 26: Contribution of Different Categories of Commercial Buildings to the Electricity Consumption on 2010-1142
4.1 ENERGY PERFORMANCE INDEX (EPI)

EPI is a measure of energy intensity used to measure the effectiveness of energy
management efforts. EPI is the amount of energy consumed in the functioning of a
structure per floor area of the structure. It may be calculated for a given amount of
time, and its unit is kWh/m2/year. Energy intensity for buildings changes over a period
for various reasons.45
Factor affecting energy use in the Commercial sector include:
 Amount of floorspace in commercial buildings

 Employment in commercial sector
 New construction
 Energy-related building codes
 Improved energy efficiency in commercial buildings
 Climate differences
Factors affecting energy use in the Residential sector include:
 Number and size of homes

 Number of people in the household
 Amount of new construction
 Building codes
45 (Bernstein, Loughran, Fonkych, Loeb, & Mark, 2003)

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 Introduction of new energy-using devices

 Climate differences
In a study, it was observed that the average EPI of a residential structure in a composite
climate location in India lies in the range of 45-50 kWh/m2/year.46 The study also
observed that space air conditioning is the biggest consumer of electricity and has a
significant impact on EPI.
On the other hand, most commercial buildings in India have an EPI of

200-400 kWh/m2/year.47
Figure 27: EPI Range for various Commercial Building Types 48
It can be seen that the public-sector office buildings have an EPI of about
100 kWh/m2/year, which may be because of the less air conditioned areas in these
buildings. Three-Shift commercial office buildings have a greater energy intensity due
to their extended operation timing and use of air conditioning. Shopping Malls have
higher EPI value because of the excessive air conditioned areas. It has been reported
that the overall energy requirement for a commercial building can be brought down
by 30%-40%.48
46 Study carried out by Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, stated in (Rawal & Shukla,
2014)
47 (The Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2011)
48 (BEEP, 2016)

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Inference: It is seen in Figure 25 that the residential sector consumed about 2 EJ in

2005 while the commercial sector stood at less than 1 EJ.49 The higher annual energy
consumption has been attributed to more number of residential buildings as compared
to commercial. Electrical appliances such as refrigerators and televisions also result in
increased energy usage, and while these consume a considerable amount of energy,
they are essential commodities controlled by the tenant. Lighting and cooling together
consume maximum energy in residential as well as commercial sectors.
Although the Residential sector utilises more energy as compared to the Commercial
sector, the Energy Intensity of the Commercial buildings is much greater than that of
a Residential building. EPI of Residential buildings in India is around 45-
50 kWh/m2/year while that of Commercial Structures lies between 200-
400 kWh/m2/year. The energy intensity is 5-8 times greater in commercial spaces.
Given the higher EPI, commercial spaces have more potential to reduce energy
consumption. Further, since an estimated 70% of the commercial sector is yet to be
built, newer structures can be designed to consume less energy.
With passive design techniques, it is possible to reduce the consumption of electricity

caused lighting and space conditioning. Daylighting, natural ventilation, use of solar
energy are some of the solutions that can be explored.
49 1 EJ (or Exajoule) = 1018 Joules

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4.2 NATURAL LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

Glass facades have been used extensively for commercial buildings around the world.
India’s fascination with glass started with the IT boom in the 1990’s. 50 Glass often
replaces conventional building materials like brick and concrete for external cladding
as well as internal walls. The increase in the use of this material could be attributed to
various factors that include quicker installation, preferred aesthetics, increased rentable
floor area (as compared with conventional building materials), increased visible light
penetration (although not necessary that the standard practice makes use of this
aspect). Tinted glass has been used regularly and to a large extent), reduced structural
load as compared to the conventional load bearing with brick or aerated concrete
landfill, etc.
Brick wall (150-230mm thick)

Concrete Block Walls
(100-200mm thick)
Glass Panels (25-50mm thick)
Figure 28: Thickness of Conventional Materials for Wall Construction51
Mumbai has a tropical wet and dry climate. The mean average temperature is about
27oC. Because of this, clear glass is not preferred for exterior faces as it allows heat to
pass which increases the interior temperature. Alternatives like coated glass, insulated
glass, laminated glass, gas filled glazing, etc. are preferred due to their ability to reduce
the heat penetration.52 Use of sun-breakers can also be seen in various buildings in
Mumbai to cut down excessive sunlight entering the building.
The solutions mentioned above are common and once incorporated, permanent. They
do not allow for controlling the amount of light that enters the building. Glass façade
is generally used uniformly over a building face regardless of orientation. Any change
50 (Thomas, 2011)
51 Source: Author
52 (MGS Architecture, 2009)

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in function of the space will have to make do with the amount of natural light allowed
and glare by the façade depending on the orientation.
4.2.1 Changing Scenarios
(a) Dining Area- 150-200Lux (b) Conference Room- 300Lux (c) Work Desks- 500Lux
Figure 29: Lighting Requirement Standards for Various Purposes53
The amount of light needed varies with space use. To increase the brightness of a
space during the daytime, artificial lighting is used, while window blinds are used to
decrease the amount of light entering the space.
(a) Unobstructed Light (b) Light partially Obstructed by new Construction (c) Light Filtered by Sun Breaker
Figure 30: Amount of Light Entering a Space54
When a structure is constructed near to the existing one, the light that the building
face receives gets affected. View obstruction and privacy concerns may also arise.
53 Values obtained from (National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 2015)

54 Source: Author

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The following table shows the common outdoor light levels at day and night:
Illumination
Condition
(ft cd) (lux)
Full Daylight 1000 10752
Overcast Day 100 1075
Very Dark Day 10 107
Twilight 1 10.8
Deep Twilight 0.1 1.08
Full Moon 0.01 0.108
Quarter Moon 0.001 0.0108
Starlight 0.0001 0.0011
Overcast Night 0.00001 0.0001
Table 1: Outdoor Light Levels55
It can be seen from the table that effective use of daylight can reduce the dependency
on artificial lighting. Further efficiency could be achieved if the façade can adapt to
the changing space use.
Glass facades used in commercial structures are often fixed and cannot be opened; a
very limited number of glass panels are operable by the occupants to avoid leakage of
cool air and maintaining the indoor environment. This measure results in a lack of
natural ventilation and increases the load on the cooling systems. Power failure in such
cases renders the space useless as the backup may be insufficient to power the
ventilation systems.
An example of such an occurrence was seen in the CBI headquarters in New Delhi in
July 2012. 56 The central air-conditioning chillers had no backup which resulted in the
space heating up due to the glass envelope. The situation was worsened by the
unopenable windows which prevented natural ventilation.
55 (The Engineering ToolBox, 2016)

56 (Singh D. , 2012)

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4.4 CASE STUDY: FAÇADE OF CHURCHGATE STATION, MUMBAI

Architect: Ratan J. Batliboi-Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
Purpose of Case Study: To study the impact of an additional façade on the

inhabitants.
Churchgate Station is one of the first Railway Stations on the Western Railway line.
According to WR, the structure looked old and outdated. Hence it was decided to give
the station a facelift. It was also envisioned that the façade would reduce heat entering
the building, reducing the need for fans and air conditioners. The project brief was to
make the building iconic and give it an international look while making it functional.
The glass, which is shatter-proof to guard against mobs- covers a surface area of
16,145 sq.ft., providing a reflection of the WR headquarters across the road which is
a UNESCO Heritage site. It filters out 13% of light in the visible spectrum and 90%
of ultraviolet (UV) rays, thus keeping the heat from entering the building. The
glasswork cost was about ₹1.99crores.57
Figure 31: Churchgate Station Building before commencement of Facade Work58
57 (Costa, 2011)
58 (Kapadia, 2016)

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Figure 32: Exploded View showing Dual Layered Nature of Facade 58
The façade was installed 1.8m away from the face of the building. The work period
was between 2010 and 2011.
Figure 33: Render showing the Proposed Design of the Facade58
Despite the design, these panels didn’t allow air to enter. The employees complained
that the ventilation had become poor and that there was insufficient sunlight
percolating into the structure. The façade had also led to people throwing garbage out

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of the windows. In 2012 barely a year after its installation, WR decided to remove
some panels and install blowers. But the work only started in 2015.59
Inference: Retrofitting a building may give rise to unforeseen problems. In this case,
the building was retrofitted with a new skin made up of glass and aluminium panels to
combat excessive use of fans and air conditioners while giving a modern look to the
building. Post construction the users faced the problem of poor light and ventilation
leading to parts of the façade being removed. A possible approach to the design of the
skin would have been the use of an adjustable façade which would either be operated
manually or automatically. This would have allowed control over light entering the
space and movement of air; any problem arising due to lack or excess of these elements
could then be easily combated by the adjustment of the façade.
59 (Siddique, 2015)

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5 INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS (IB)

5.1 CONCEPT OF INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence may be defined as ‘the ability to learn or understand things or to deal with new or
difficult situations’.60It is associated with the ability to reason and application of
reasoning.
When an object is said to possess intelligence, the ability may be compared with the
intelligence of humans. Given this, a building may not be intelligent in the same way
that humans are, as it performs very limited functions. Intelligence, in this case, is
merely a metaphor. Buildings may be designed in such a way that some of the
characteristics they possess mimic human intelligence.
Intelligence possessed by machines and other inanimate objects is artificial intelligence

or AI.61 Objects with AI are provided with the capabilities to perform functions similar
to those that characterise human behaviour.
5.2 DEFINITIONS
Several definitions exist that describe intelligent buildings. Many of these include
words such as technology, resource management, investment returns, quality of life,
etc. These definitions have varied over several decades; yet we do not have a fixed
definition. One of the earliest definition by Intelligent Building Institute states that IB
is ‘one which provides a productive and cost-effective environment through optimisation of four basic
elements: structure, systems, services and management, and the interrelationship between them.’.62 The
definition focusses primarily on the comfort of the occupant and the cost-effectivity.
With the shift of focus towards green buildings and energy efficiency, sustainability
was included in the definition of intelligent buildings. ’More recent definitions are taking
into account the emergence of Internet of Things technologies, applications and their impact on
intelligent buildings.’ 63
60 (Merriam-Webster, 2016)
61 (The Geniux Review, 2016)
62 (Ghaffarianhoseini, et al., 2014)
63 (Peluffo, 2015)

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Figure 34: Commonly Used Terms involving IBs62
From the various definitions and their trend, it may be concluded that an Intelligent
building is one that is connected and efficient. It takes into account the owner, user
and the environment. The development of these definitions is a result of need and
technological advancements.
Figure 35: Progression of Intelligent Buildings 62

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5.3 PARAMETRIC DESIGN

A parameter is any factor that defines a variable and limits its result. Parameters are
the main building blocks of any design. These parameters can range from a set of
measurable factors such as temperature, pressure, noise, heat to factors that cannot be
measured such as aesthetics, emotions, etc.
The designer establishes a logic or a set of rules that make a range of variations
possible. The rules define the relation between the elements. Manipulations of
parameters or the rules result in variations. These manipulations are done by the
designer after careful reasoning to have a meaningful impact on the design.
Figure 36: Examples of Parameters and Rules in Grasshopper 64
64 (Lee, Gu, & Anthony, 2014)

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(b)
Figure 37: Examples of Parameters and Rules in Python 64
With parameters, designers can explore ideas beyond the constraints of their sketching
skills and use of other traditional mediums. However, it is possible that the designer is
guided into creating a solution that is too abstract and only virtually viable.65 Parametric
design is essentially just another tool; a very powerful one but still a tool, just like a pencil, any other
computer program or model making.’ 66
‘Parametric design has become an increasingly popular approach to Computer-aided Design(CAD).’67

Traditional CAD and drawings focus on the representation of the final geometry.65
With parametric design the focus is more on the logic of the design rather than the
final form. The form is the result of the design procedure. Parametric Design ‘is a
system that affords inputs and outputs, and that generates design spaces and mechanisms to arrive at
a solution.’ 68. With this approach, it is generally impossible to make changes in the final
representation. Rather, the changes must be made at the procedural level.
65 (Hanna & Turner, 2006)

66 (Tylko, 2015)
67 (Lee J. , Gu, Jupp, & Sherratt, 2012)
68 Dennis Shelden. Director of Computing, Gehry Technologies. From an interview (Gane, 2004)

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One of the earlier examples of parametric design approach for architectural was by
Antonio Gaudi. He constructed an upside-down model of the Colonia Guell Church
with the help of weights attached to strings which allowed him to create complex
vaulted ceilings and arches. He was able to alter the shape of each arch by changing
the length of the string or the weight attached to it. A mirror was placed below the
model to see how the structure would look upright.
Here, the string length and the weights acted as the parameters which could be
changed. The vertices of the string are the resultant output. The force of gravity
dictated these outcomes. By modifying the parameters, Gaudi could generate versions
of the Church knowing that the resulting structure would stand in pure compression,
since in the inverted model the strings were in tension due to the force of gravity.
Figure 38: Upside-down model of Colonia Guell 69
Inference: Parametric design makes the use of data input to perform calculations that
result in output. It helps perform simulations based on real-world data and permits
the investigation of multiple solutions. The application of parametric design can be
realised in structures like Abu Dhabi’s Al Bahr Towers wherein the design technique
was used to simulate the movement of façade in response to the sun path.
69 (Canaan, 2009)

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6 INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN

6.1 KINETIC, DYNAMIC, SMART OR INTELLIGENT?
Many articles, reports and theses have used these terms interchangeably. It is not
necessary to call operable components ‘dynamic’ or ‘kinetic’ because doing so would
mean applying those terms to simple doors and windows and eventually diminishing
their importance. ‘No clear system of terminology has arisen around movable facades, causing some
degree of conceptual confusion.' 70
It can be noted that the terms ‘smart buildings’ and ‘intelligent buildings’ are often
used as synonyms, evidence of which can be seen in articles written by professionals
and some that have appeared on various reputed websites.71 72 73
Intelligent systems
have the ability to reason and adapt or respond accordingly. The Merriam-Webster
dictionary states that the words ‘Kinetic’ and ‘Dynamic’ are related, while several other
online dictionaries state them as synonyms.
6.2 DEFINING INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN

Façade forms an important part of the building. It forms a junction between the
interiors and exteriors. It is a part of the building that is in direct contact with the
exterior environment. A façade may be called a ‘skin’, where the skin of the building
relates to the skin of the humans in a metaphorical sense.
A variety of definitions exists for intelligent skins that are based on various criteria
such as their working, goal, use of materials and components, and so on. However,
the scope of this thesis will explore the building envelope’s behaviour with regards to
the environment. With this in reference, Intelligent Building skin may be defined as
‘a composition of construction elements confined to the outer, weather-protecting zone of a building,
which perform functions that can be individually or cumulatively adjusted to respond predictably to
environmental variations, to maintain comfort with the least use of energy. In such a skin, the
adaptability of the façade elements is actuated instinctively through self-regulated adjustments to their
configuration.’ 74
70 (Millard, 2015)
71 (Ehrlich, 2008)
72 (Donovan, 2015)
73 (Paul & Ira, 2008)
74 (Wigginton & Harris, 2002)

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6.3 VARIATIONS
Most buildings around us have a static appearance. They do not move or change
according to the varying usage or environment. The concept of intelligent skin has
evolved to an envelope that can change its properties as a response to stimuli. The
change could be performed by either the movement of various skin elements or it may
occur as a change at molecular level such as chromogenic glass.
The building usage changes during a 24-hour period. The Occupancy levels may not
be the same for different times of the day. Buildings may also stay vacant for the night.
There is also change in the climatic and environmental characteristics. The night time
may be cooler than the day time. Seasonal variations also occur. There may be
variations in the local climate as well. The building environment needs to stay within
the comfortable limits for a particular activity.
Given a building without intelligent systems, the changes in the environment or space
use will result in the user adjusting the curtains or blinds. Since these changes aren’t a
one-time occurrence; the user may have to adjust these curtains or blinds numerous
times during the day and eventually cause inconvenience. Rather, this can be handled
by the use of variable skin that understands the user needs and adapts accordingly. ’The
development, application and implementation of reactive building elements are considered to be a
necessary step towards further energy efficiency improvements in the built environment.’ 75
6.4 USERS
The users will be the ones directly affected by the use of the skin. Every person’s idea
of comfort varies. It is essentially objective. Some level of manual control could be
given to the users who would provide them with some sense of participation in the
decision-making process. It will also give users the notion that they are in control.
Manual control may not always be the best option. Unchecked occupant control may
compromise the sustainable design strategies. The strategies in place must consider
human involvement along with computerised monitoring to ensure minimum energy
consumption.
75 (IEA Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme, 2011)

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The following example states a scenario where such consideration is stated:
‘A user might happily leave a window open in winter while heat is being provided
to the space. The building’s intelligence would compensate for this user decision
by automatically reducing the heat to that zone; instead of compensating for
inappropriate human action, by pumping heat to the ‘affected area’, the building
could respond with a discomfort warning, analogous to the human pain reaction,
but in a mild form.’ 74
Users need to be made aware of the system that is in place. Knowing how the system
works will result in their trust in the intelligent system.
6.5 MAINTENANCE
It is evident that intelligent skins will be composed of moving parts. As is the case with
moving parts of a machine, the skin will require care and maintenance to keep the
parts functioning and fuel efficient, requiring expenditure. But it may result in the
building being better cared for and may eventually lead to longer life of the building.
There may be a scenario wherein buildings may be treated like vehicles that require
annual maintenance, resulting in better efficiency and longevity.
With the advancements in technology and the definition of ‘Intelligence’, we may be

looking at buildings that can diagnose themselves and self-heal. This property may be
compared with the self-healing properties of living things which can heal themselves
without the need for intervention. A recent example of self-healing can be seen in a
recent advancement in building material known as ‘self-healing concrete’ which can
seal any microcracks formed during the building’s lifespan.76 Currently, we have
appliances that can self-diagnose, making troubleshooting more efficient and
minimising service costs.77
76 (Matchar, 2015)
77 (LG Electronics USA, Inc., 2010)

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6.6 COST
Given the sophisticated programming and the numerous components involved in the
functioning of an intelligent skin, the initial cost of the skin will undoubtedly be high,
affecting the initial project cost. The skin would also require regular maintenance
which will be reflected in the operational cost of the building. While selecting a façade
system, it was seen that the cost factor dominated the potential benefits. As Charles
Linn, co-author of ‘Kinetic Architecture: Design for Active Envelopes’ states:
“I don’t think any of the buildings I’ve written about could be justified purely
by energy management. By that I mean that on a lifecycle versus first-cost basis,
the facade would save you enough money to pay for itself. Nearly all of them
were done for some other less tangible reason, usually to do with a company
image, improving public perception, making the building more marketable, to
preserve views, or what have you.” 70
But the initial investment may give way to lower operational costs.78 The intelligent
skin is designed to reduce the load on HVAC and lighting. These are the top most
factors that increase the building operational costs, as stated earlier in this dissertation.
Further, it has been documented that daylighting has a positive effect on the health of
the occupants, which increases work productivity.79 Hence, an intelligent building skin
could be considered as a long-term investment which would eventually pay-off.
78 (Wyckmans, 2005)
79 (Boyce, Hunter, & Howlett, 2003)

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6.7 CASE STUDY: AL BAHR TOWERS, ABU DHABI

Architecture Firm: Aedas and Arup
Purpose of Case Study: To study the functioning and contextuality of the Intelligent
Facade
Figure 39: Al Bahr Towers 80
The Al Bahr Towers are two buildings which have responsive skin over the south, east
and west elevations. The façade of the Al Bahr Towers is computer-controlled and
respond to changes in solar and light conditions. ‘A bespoke application was developed using
JavaScript and advanced parametric technologies to simulate the movement of the façade in response
to the sun’s path.’ 80
Figure 40: The Automated Mashrabiyas 81
The design of the façade was inspired by the ‘mashrabiya’ which is a traditional shading
device. The façade is placed two meters away from the building exterior, mounted on
80 (AHR Global, 2016)

81 Image acquired from Aedas (Holloway, 2013)

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a frame. The façade is composed of over 2000 umbrella-like elements. Each triangle
element is made up of fibreglass. The skin reduces solar gain of the building by more
than 50%.
Inference: Average temperature of Abu Dhabi can reach up to 40oC. The hot desert
climate has made air conditioning a necessity and it is unusual for habitable space to
be without any form of space conditioning. The Al Bahr Towers have glass façade that
seals the space and lets sunlight enter the building which heats up the space. Use of a
secondary skin cuts down the direct heat gain and reduces the energy used in cooling
the spaces inside the building. It also cuts down of reflections from the glass that heat
up the surrounding area. The umbrella elements of the secondary façade remain folded
at night, while during the day they open or close depending on the position of the sun.
The façade requires minimum human involvement thus reducing any inconvenience
that could have been caused as a result of constant manual adjustment of the façade.
The geometric umbrella elements have been inspired by the traditional wooden lattice
screens that are common in traditional Islamic architecture. This consideration is said
to give the structures a sense of cultural context and may be interpreted as a thoughtful
approach to the modern design of the building which also gives the structure its
identity and also attracts appreciation.

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6.8 CASE STUDY: RMIT DESIGN HUB, MELBOURNE

Architecture Firm: Seangodsell Architects
Purpose of Case Study: To study the functioning of the Intelligent Façade and its
adaptability with to varied space use
Figure 41: RMIT Design Hub 82
The building houses people from various design disciplines. The building has open
plan spaces where teams can up their work environment which suit their needs. The
façade is composed of a double glazed inner skin and an automated operable second
skin which acts as a shading device and surrounds the entire building from ground to
roof plant level. The skin is made up of sandblasted glass discs of about 600mm
diameter. These discs are fixed to either a horizontal or vertical aluminium axel. 21 of
these discs are fixed together in a panel. Such panels are supported on a secondary
galvanised steel frame which sits at a distance of about 700mm from the face of the
building. These panels are accessible by an external service walkway on each level.
The Design Hub opened in 2012 as Melbourne’s greenest building. The glass panels
track the movement of the sun and adjust their position accordingly. The façade is
designed to increase thermal efficiency. Toughened glass has been used which shatters
to small pea-shaped fragments on forceful impact. A few cases of glass breakage were
reported in the following years.
82 (Feel Desain, 2013)

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Replacing the glass panels was not a great problem as they were designed to be
replaceable to allow for the implementation of greener technologies in the future. In
February 2016 RMIT University revealed its new phase for the building which would
replace the existing glass with high-performance interlayer toughened glass, addressing
the safety concern. Along with this, parts of the façade would incorporate Building
Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV). The solar technology will generate power for the
building and will act as an ‘applied learning and teaching showcase and a research test bed,
advancing practical solar research.’ 83
Figure 42: Secondary Automated Skin with Glass Discs 84
Inference: The design considers the movement of the sun throughout the day, and
the glass panels rotate accordingly. The panels were also designed to be easily
replaceable allowing for implementation of greener and advanced technologies in the
future. This may be regarded as a thoughtful approach to the façade design which
considers the present scenario as well as future advancements.
83 (Gough, 2016)
84 (Sean Godsell Architects, 2012)

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6.9 CASE STUDY: INSTITUT DU MONDE ARABE (IMA), PARIS

Architect/Architecture Firm: Jean Nouvel, AS. Architecture-Studio, Pierre Soria,
Gilbert Lezenes
Purpose of Case Study: To study the design and functioning of the intelligent façade.
The institute was produced through collaboration with the countries of Arab League
and the French Government. The institute was created as a symbol of the relationship
of the Arab culture with France. The structure was founded in 1980 and inaugurated
in December 1987. The building has two main volumes that encompass an inner
courtyard. The North mass rises nine storeys while the southern portion rises to 11
stories. The building houses a restaurant, museum, library, offices and auditorium.
The North façade is a curtain wall made od aluminium and glass and offers a view of
the historic buildings of Paris. The Southern façade draws inspiration from the
traditional Arab latticework, ‘mashrabiya’ and is made of 240 such metallic elements.
The photoelectric cells and mobile aperture allow the control of natural light based on
the amount of the sunshine that falls on the face. The mechanism is designed to
perform a maximum of 18 movements a day.
Figure 43: Institut du Monde Arabe85
85 (Thomson, 2006)

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Figure 44: Individual Element of the Facade 86
Figure 45: Facade Detail87
Inference: The mashrabiya elements have been described as intricate and delicate.
Hundreds of light sensitive diaphragms regulate the amount of light that is allowed to
enter the building. The metallic elements serve to aesthetically enhance the façade
along with the function of reducing the solar gain. Over a period they have ceased to
function as damaged pieces block the apertures. IMA’s building renovation project
will include repairing the system and improving the thermal insulation of the façade.
It is understood that intricate mechanisms would require regular maintenance like
other mechanical or electrical appliance to keep it functioning for a long duration.
86 (Cateloy, n.d.)
87 (Marcelo, n.d.)

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6.10 CASE STUDY: EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, NEW YORK CITY

Architects:
Retrofit Design Firm: Rocky Mountain Institute
Purpose of Case Study: To study the retrofitting of the building
The Empire State Building is a historic skyscraper that was constructed in 1931. The
designers envisioned the building for a long-term use and ensured that the future users
were not restricted by the requirements of the previous generation. The over-design
of the building’s electrical system confirms to the vision.88
Figure 46: Empire State Building89
The Empire State Building retrofit project was commenced in 2009 to improve energy
efficiency and lower the energy consumption by about 40%. It was understood that if
88 (Sandberg, 2014)
89 (Reuters, 2012)

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the retrofitting were a success, then it would inspire other older buildings in New York
City to do the same. The project focused on the following key areas90:
 Refurbishing all 6,514 windows

 Installing insulation behind radiators
 Chiller plant retrofit
 Building Management System controls
 Installation of new revenue-grade meters
 Web-based tenant energy management system
 Upgradation of lighting system
 Energy efficient elevators
The total cost of the retrofit was $550 million; the annual energy cost savings was
estimated to be $4.4 million after the project completion. The project is also expected
to result in building rent and occupancy rates. The use of Superwindows, improved
lighting system and other measures cut down the winter energy loss by about two-
thirds and summer heat gain by half. The retrofit project also helped create over 250
jobs.91
Inference: The new retrofits increased the energy efficiency of the building resulting
in reduced expenditure on electricity and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. A
planned approach allowed the team to manoeuvre through the tight budget
constraints. The retrofitting involved numerous measures such as replacing windows,
use of efficient lighting systems, installation of intelligent control systems, etc. The
modelled data has indicated energy use reduction of up to 38%.92 Over a period, the
savings are expected to cover the expenditure on the retrofits. Empire State Building
received an Energy Star score of 90 out of 100, placing the 80+ year old structure in
the top 10% of all buildings listed for energy efficiency.92 The retrofit project has
received international attention due to the fame and iconic nature of the building.
90 (Sustainable Business, 2013)

91 (Malkin, 2014)
92 (Harrington & Carmichael, 2009)

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7 POTENTIAL SITES
7.1 WHY MUMBAI?
 Need for Commercial Spaces:
Mumbai is known as the commercial capital of India. It is the hub for small
and large businesses as it is well connected to the rest of the world due to the
presence of ports and airports. It is also connected to the other parts of the
country by railways and roadways. Over the past few decades, the city has seen
rapid urbanisation which has resulted in the growth of infrastructure. As a
result, there has been an increase in commercial spaces in Mumbai.
 Scope for Improvement:

Commercial spaces spend electricity majorly on HVAC and lighting. They also
have a higher energy performance index than residential spaces. This may be
looked at as an opportunity to improve upon the performance of commercial
spaces. Intelligent building components possess the potential to change the
present scenario.
 Adaptive Reuse:
Mumbai has a large number of defunct industrial spaces. Many of these have
given away to residential and commercial complexes. Others have been
adaptively reused as restaurants, cafes, bars and office spaces. Adaptive reuse
extends the life of the existing structure and also preserves the heritage. It also
offers benefits of being a brownfield site. Demonstrating the importance of
an intelligent façade on an existing structure will reinforce its goal of
sustainable future.

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7.2 INDUSTRIES IN MUMBAI- A BRIEF OVERVIEW

Mumbai was developed by the British as a trade centre. Hence, unlike the planned
cities of India like New Delhi, Auroville, Navi Mumbai, etc. Mumbai was never really
planned or oriented around a place. Over the years, people from various parts of India
migrated to Mumbai. This was attributed to the policy followed by the administrators.
Droughts, wars and natural disasters in neighbouring areas brought (and continue to
do so) more migrants to the city.
In 1735, Lowjee Nusserwanji who was a Parsi foreman from Surat was invited to build
shipyards in Mumbai. This started a transformation and turned Mumbai into Asia’s
one of the busiest seaports.
Several historical events in and around Mumbai aided its transition into an industrial
town. In 1830, the Bhor Ghat pass was constructed by the British to link Mumbai with
the Deccan and Konkan regions. In 1863 these regions were connected by rail. The
construction of Mahim-Bandra causeway in 1845 provided easier access to
neighbouring regions of Mumbai. Several other transport routes via land and sea
opened up in the coming years which enforced Mumbai as an industrial trade centre.
The civil war of America resulted in a commercial boom in Mumbai as the British
were unable to procure cotton and had to rely on the Indian markets.
The Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company was established in 1854/1856 by

Mr.Cowasji Nanabhai Davar at Tardeo. The Byculla Iron Works and Metal Mart was
established by Mr.N. C. Richardson in 1857. By 1909, there were about 15 foundries
in Mumbai which provided employment to nearly 5900 operatives. Richardson and
Cruddas were the largest engineering works in India, affording employment to 2,000
persons. It provided steel for the Indian Railways and trusses for government offices.
Products of this company were sent to parts of India, Africa and other regions. The
Godrej & Boyce Co. owned factories at Vikhroli and Lalbaug. The company is one of
the largest manufacturers of steel products in India.
The first chemical factory called Kemp and Company was established in 1868 started
manufacturing drugs and pharmaceuticals. Zandu Pharmaceutical Works was
established in 1910. The pharmaceutical industry in Mumbai grew post World War-I
due to virtual stoppage of imports. It enjoyed an unprecedented growth during the
Second World War. By 1943, the indigenous producers could meet about 70% of the

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medicine demand in India. It was also at the same time that the automobile and
machine tool manufacturing industry saw growth.
The Tata Oil Mills was established in Mumbai in 1917 and started manufacturing soaps
and oils. It was after mid-60’s that the petrochemical industry emerged as an important
sector in India when the first integrated petrochemical complex started functioning at
Trombay.
However, the pattern of location of industries and their growth in Mumbai was very
defective.93 The industries saw a decline from mid-1980’s. The growth of railways and
lower rents outside the city encouraged the growth of new industrial centres. These
centres were also located near the sources of raw materials. This accelerated the decline
of the industries.
93 (Government of Maharashtra, 1986)

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7.3 SITES
1) Richardson & Cruddas (R&C), Mulund (W)
R&C was once an important fabricator of processed equipment which supplied to the
steel manufacturers, railways, power sector and oil and gas exploration. The
open/covered spaces of the now defunct industrial property are often rented for
various events including concerts, functions, exhibitions, marriages, shootings, etc.94
The government has been planning to shut down R&C along with a few other public
sector undertakings (PSUs) and make way for redevelopment.95 The total area of the
plot is around 27 acres out of which 13 acres have allegedly been encroached upon by
the MCGM and slum dwellers.96 The site has some semi-open structures and open
land with trees.
R&C
Figure 47: Development Plan of the Area around R&C
R&C
Figure 48: Map of the Area around R&C
94 (Richardson & Cruddas (1972) Ltd., n.d.)

95 (Roychoudhury & Mukherjee, 2016)
96 (Manish, 2016)

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2) Kohinoor Mills No.1, Dadar (E)

Kohinoor Mills was one of the biggest cotton mills in Mumbai. The mill workers’
strike of 1982 greatly affected its functioning and today the mill lies defunct like many
others in the region. A news report in 2010 stated that the National Textile
Corporation would sell parts of its mill land including Kohinoor Mills 1&2 converting
these properties from leasehold to freehold. The total area of the plot is about 18 acres.
Figure 49: Development Plan of Area around Kohinoor Mills No.1
Figure 50: Map of Area around Kohinoor Mills No.1

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3) India United Mill No.1, Parel

This mill belonging to the National Textile Corporation is operating with just about
100 sewing machines.97 It is one of the largest government mills in Mumbai covering
an area of about 19.45 acres and has a natural pond.
I.U Mill
No.1
s
Figure 51: Development Plan of Area around India United Mill No.1
I.U Mill
No.1
Figure 52: Map of Area around India United Mill No.1
97 (kracktivist, 2012)

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7.4 COMPARATIVE STUDY
Richardson and Cruddas Kohinoor Mill No.1 India United Mill No.1
Location Mulund (W) Dadar (E) Parel

Site Ward T-Ward F-North Ward F-South Ward
Population Density of T-Ward: 7,599 F-North Ward: 37,769 F-South Ward: 25,713
the Locality (per sq. F-South Ward: 25,713 G-South Ward: 41,404
Km) G-North Ward: 60,233 D-Ward: 52,533
Infrastructure •Mulund Railway Station •Dadar Railway Station •Curry Road (central
(1.2 km) (0.3 km) railway line- 0.45 km)
•Bus stop- Municipality •Bus stop- Khodadad Lower Parel (western
School/Rmall Circle railway line - 0.8 km)
•Bus stop- Bharatmata
Cinema
•Lower Parel (0.8 km)
Adjoining Main Road L.B.S Road (20-25m wide) Dr. Babasaheb Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
Ambedkar Road Road (20–25m wide)
(20–25m wide)
Area 23 acres (out of which 13 18 acres 19.45 acres
acres area has been allegedly
encroached)
Site Features •Existing semi open •Existing structures with •Existing structures with
structures some delapidated ones some delapidated ones
Current Use Available for rent - -
Table 2: Comparative Study of Possible Sites
R&C is accessible by public transport. Mulund station is located at a distance of about

1.2 km from the site, and people are likely to use auto rickshaws to travel to the site.
R&C has open grounds and semi-open structures. This provides ample opportunities
for providing functions that can spill-over and designing a façade which can be
appreciated users and visitors from a distance. The density of T-ward which covers
Mulund is about 7,599 persons per sq. Km.98 As compared to the other sites this
compound will likely be used by a less number of people.
Kohinoor Mills No.1 is located in an area that has much higher density than Mulund.
The density of F-North Ward at the edge of which the site is situated is around 37,769
persons per sq. Km while G-North Ward has a density of about
98 (Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Authority, n.d.)

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60,233 persons per sq. Km.98 The site is located at a distance of less than 0.3 km from
the Dadar station which is a junction for western and central railway lines. It is also a
terminal for express trains. With even a bus-stop being close by, the site development
is likely to benefit a greater number of people.
India United Mills No.1 is situated at a distance of about 2.5 km from Kohinoor Mills
No.1. The population density around this site is similar to the previous one. The site
is at a walkable distance of 0.45 km from Curry Road Station on the central railway
line while Lower Parel Station on the western railway line and the monorail station are
at a distance of 0.8 km. The mill is adjacent to railway tracks which can pose a challenge
while designing. On the other hand, the site has a natural pond which can provide
some unique design opportunities.

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8 DESIGN APPROACH
The primary intent of the design would be to demonstrate the energy saving potential
of intelligent building systems, namely an intelligent façade. The design will take into
consideration the possible changes in occupancy over a period leading to various
lighting and space conditioning requirements. Existing architecture in and around the
site would also be taken into consideration for causing least disturbance to the urban
fabric. These factors would affect the type of intelligent façade used.
Existing warehouses or factories would serve commercial purposes such as offices,

restaurants, cafes, and other revenue generating functions. The site and structures
would be accessible to the general public, which would infuse the once defunct space
with life and add value to the neighbourhood.
8.1 CONTEXTUALITY
Mumbai was built by the British as a trade centre. Its growth to a large town was not
anticipated. Hence there was a lack of overall design.99 Mumbai grew precinct by
precinct as people from various parts of the country started settling here. This resulted
in a collage of different architectural styles.
On the other hand, the British used their homeland reference and the materials and
labour that was available locally; the official structures constructed by the British in
Mumbai were in Gothic and Indo-Saracenic styles. These styles the British Empire
and were used to enforce the connection to England. They also represented British
authority in the country.
Art Deco was introduced in 1930’s due to several reasons such as an increase in tourist
activity, operas and theatrical events being conducted, and so on. The shift was also a
result of the introduction of RCC as a building material.
The scenario was disturbed post-independence as India tried moving away from
British influence. There was a conscious effort to move away from anything that
represented the British Empire. Following global trends, modernist design approach
was tried for some designs. ‘Buildings were reduced to the staid and functional, observing the
Modernist credo of ‘form follows function’, losing both ornament and historic reference.’100 Today,
99 (Mehrotra & Dwivedi, 1995)

100 (Dalvi, 2016)

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development control regulations have exhaustive control over the design of buildings.
Floor area has taken precedence over design due to high land cost. As Ar.Vikas
Dilawari points out, ‘the present-day development is greed-driven and self-centred; it lacks the vision
which benefited the society and resulted in the heritage we see today.' 101
101 (Dilawari, 2014)

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8.2 CASE STUDY: CRYSTAL HOUSES

Architecture Firm: MVRDV
Purpose of Case Study: To study the façade context of the structure
The design hopes to provide a solution to the loss of local character in shopping areas
around the world. The increased globalisation of retail has led to the homogenization
of high-end shopping streets. Crystal Houses offer the store a window surface that
contemporary stores need while maintaining architectural character and individuality,
resulting in a flagship store that hopes to stand out amongst the rest.
The renewed structure respects the surroundings. It is an innovation in glass

construction and the design process involved research on the glass façade. The
structure combines transparency of the glass façade with the existing heritage of the
place to create a unique structure without disturbing the existing urban fabric. This
approach could be applied elsewhere in the world in historic centres.
All the glass components are easily recyclable. Waste materials from the site such as
bricks were either recycled or reused. The entire façade of the building can be reused
once it has reached the end of its lifespan.
Figure 53: Design Process of Crystal Houses102
102 (MVRDV, 2016)

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Figure 54: Front View of Crystal Houses 102
Inference: The new glass façade mimics the original brick design of the building. This
is in compliance with the City’s aesthetic regulations which results in a uniform design.
The unique approach to the façade gives due consideration to the local architecture
while experimenting with non-conventional material that gives transparency to the
façade thus forming a striking combination of aesthetics and functionality.

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8.3 INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

Internet of Things is the internetworking of devices that collect and exchange data by
wireless transmission. It connects smart objects to the internet.103 IoT-based devices
may be controlled wirelessly over an existing network. With the increase in availability
of wireless networks like 3G, LTE, Wi-Fi and lower data costs, this solution has
become a practical possibility.
Objects being connected over IoT has one or more sensors. These sensors collect data
like location, temperature, motion, etc. Many of us may already own devices which are
IoT-based, such as Fitbit, Nike+ Fuel Band, etc. The applications of IoT in
architecture are numerous. IoT can be used to monitor the health and functioning of
HVAC system, control lighting and window settings, etc. Efficiency and sustainability
are the key features of an intelligent building. IoT will help to save energy by
controlling the way devices function. Essentially, it will make buildings smarter. The
technology has the potential to integrate separate entities of the building into a unified
whole.
Figure 55: Device Connectivity and IoT 104
103 (CISCO, n.d.)

104 (Counter, 2015)

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Today, there is talk about the use of data collected by IoT in BIM. The data collected
by objects may represent on BIM models and used as a study for designing buildings
that are even more efficient.105
As it has been rightly said, ‘A sustainable building is not a fixed ideal, but a moving target that
must be reassessed on an ongoing basis in order to respond to the ever-changing patterns of its occupants
and its context.’ 106
105 (Autodesk Research, 2015)

106 (Complex Systems Research, 2015)

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8.4 BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS)

Building Management System or Building Automation System (BAS) is ‘a control system
that can be used to monitor and manage the mechanical, electrical and electromechanical services in a
facility. Such services can include power, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, physical access control,
pumping stations, elevators and lights.’ 107
Functions of BMS include:
 To control the building’s environment

 To operate systems according to occupancy and energy demand
 To monitor and correct system performance
 To alert or sound alarms when needed
Figure 56: Building Management System108
107 (Search Data Centre, 2014)

108 (Novius Services, n.d.)

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BMS consists of sensors that measure values such as temperature, daylight, CO2 levels,
humidity or room occupancy. This values or data is sent to the controllers that decide
how the system will respond. Output devices carry out the commands from the
controller. A user interface (screens, dashboards, etc.) is used to display and monitor
the data collected. This process traditionally happens in a closed and unconnected
network.
Use of BMS helps in smarter control of the building’s environment based on the user
requirements resulting in better comfort and productivity. It helps to save money on
electricity by increasing energy efficiency, thus reducing the environmental impact.
With technological advancements, management of temperature, lighting, security

through a smartphone are becoming a reality. It is expected that in the near future,
over 8 million Building Management Systems will be integrated with some form of
IoT. 109 Users will be able to access the BMS through third party applications and will
have more flexibility and control over the system.
109 (ABIresearch, 2015)

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8.5 CASE STUDY: HIGH STREET PHOENIX (HSP), MUMBAI

Architect: Andre Bilokur
Purpose of Case Study: To study the adaptive reuse of Phoenix Mills and its impact
on the locality.
Phoenix Mills was a textile manufacturing company which was established in 1905. It
was the first textile mill to convert into a commercial hub. The compound covers an
area of around 3.3 million sq,ft or around 306,000 sq. m. The compound today consists
of malls (Palladium, Skyzone, Grand Galleria), multiplex, hotel, and residential
buildings. High Street Phoenix is one of the popular shopping and food destination in
Mumbai, and it is visited by millions every month.110 ‘While South Mumbai—home to
Ambanis, Tatas and Birlas—has the costliest real estate, it does not house many quality retail centres,
and that has helped the HSP to do well.’ 111 While Mumbai mall vacancy rose from 15.29%
in Q1 2014 to 17% in Q1 2015, HSP had almost 100% occupation in 2015.111
Figure 57: High Street Phoenix112
110 (The Phoenix Mills Limited)

111 (Kamath, 2015)
112 (Chuke, 2013)

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High
Street
Phoenix
Figure 58: Development Plan of Area Around High Street Phoenix
High
Street
Phoenix
Figure 59: Map of Area Around High Street Phoenix
Accessibility: The entrance of High Street Phoenix is located on the side facing Tulsi
Pipe Road (or Senapati Bapat Marg). The nearest train stations are Lower Parel on the
Western Railway line at a distance of 0.8km. Curry Road on the Central Railway line

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is at a distance of 1.4km. The nearest monorail station is Lower Parel located at a

distance of 1.5km. Although the distances are walkable, many prefer hiring a taxi after
alighting at the stations. The nearest bus station is Raghuvanshi Mill which is less than
150m away from the compound. Senapati Bapat Marg has a slow-moving traffic in the
evenings as many office-going crowds use private vehicles. People going to High Street
Phoenix using private vehicles and taxis in the evenings, especially on the weekends
add to the traffic congestion.
Inference: The development of High Street Phoenix took place in parts.
Year Activity
The first multi-storied Phoenix residential towers were built on the Phoenix Mills
1992
Land
Opened doors for South Asia's largest 20 lane bowling concourse, the first of its
1996
kind in India.
Introduced India 's first Hyper market concept ‘Big Bazaar' at High Street
2001
Phoenix.
The first multi-storied Phoenix residential towers were built on the Phoenix Mills
2002
Land.
One of its kind Pantaloon and Lifestyle, two large departmental stores, each
2003
covering approximately 50,000 sq ft of retail shopping were operational.
High Street Phoenix had 400,000 sq ft of retail with the introduction of Skyzone,
2004
and other retail stores.
The company announced its new project at High Street Phoenix, a five-star
luxury hotel with a first-of-its-kind sky lobby in India, a seven-screen multiplex
2006 with 2000-plus seating area, a 45,000 sq ft auto mall, a 60,000 sq ft lifestyle club
house with a spa and fitness centre, a 4 lakh sq ft luxury mall, called Palladium,
and a one million sq ft car park area equipped for 3000 vehicles.
Table 3: Lineage of High Street Phoenix113
Phoenix Mills Ltd. began as a textile manufacturing company and gradually entered
the growing real estate market. High Street Phoenix eventually grew to become one of
Mumbai’s most frequented destination.114 This growth has not been incidental; like
other development projects thoughts and ideas were put together and brands were
hand-picked by the company directors to attract people to this place. HSP hosts annual
events such as the Cool Japan Festival that attract a crowd. The mixture of essential
retail stores, restaurants, cafes, multiplex and luxury brand stores has kept the place
active and running.
113 (The Phoenix Mills Limited, 2009)

114 (Singh A. , 2015)

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8.6 CASE STUDY: XINTIANDI FACTORY HANGZHOU, P.R. CHINA

Purpose of Case Study: To study the adaptive reuse of the Xintiandi Factory
The project is a part of adaptive reuse of an old machine factory in Hangzhou wherein
four factory buildings would be renovated to become an urban core; a cultural and
commercial hub which would be a part of a new urban district. It is located 6km
northeast of the existing city centre. The factory would be renovated into a building
with a number of functions like offices, retail, hotel, multipurpose area. Peter Ruge
Architekten along with Serie Architects and Grimshaw Architects were selected to
design the four factories in Hangzhou.
Until recently, factories in China were readily demolished to give way for the expansion
of cities. This project attempts to preserve the building heritage of the industrial era
of 1950’s and 1960’s while welcoming the need for new spaces and activities. The
spaces of the structure would be distributed along the periphery while the central area
would retain the height of the structure. The steel frame will be retained and support
a glass roof which would allow natural light to enter the space.
Figure 60: Satellite Image of the New Development in Hangzhou

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Figure 61: Circulation Diagram115
115 (Factors, n.d.)

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8.6.1 Peter Ruge Architekten

Architecture Firm: Peter Ruge Architekten
Peter Ruge Architekten has been assigned one of the four factories. This structure will
be developed as a luxurious hotel and office building
Figure 62: Existing Structure of the Xintiandi Factory 116
Figure 63: Conceptual Rendering of the Reused Structure 116
Figure 64: Design Development of Xintiandi Factory 116
116 (Peter Ruge Architekten, n.d.)

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Figure 65: Xintiandi Factory 1st Floor Plan117
117 (Jarz, 2011)

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Figure 66: Xintiandi Factory 2nd Floor Plan117
Figure 67: Xintiandi Factory 3rd Floor Plan117

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Figure 68: Xintiandi Factory Sections117

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8.6.2 Serie Architects

Architecture Firm: Serie Architects
For the project to be economically viable, the design required insertion of floor areas
totalling four times the original footprint. Since this would diminish the volume, it was
decided that the supporting programmes like shops, restaurants, bars and offices
would be placed in the surrounding plinth.
Figure 69: Conceptual Rendering of Xintiandi Factory H 118
Figure 70: Aerial View of Xintiandi Factory H 118
118 (Serie Architects, n.d.)

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Figure 71: Exploded View of Xintiandi Factory H118

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Figure 72: Design Development of Xintiandi Factory H118
Inference: Hangzhou has a variety of manufacturing industries and is one of the

world’s fastest growing cities. It must be able to accommodate the people while
providing certain essential facilities. A city also attracts tourists and businessmen which
creates the need for hotels and offices. The adaptive reuse is a part of the urban core
of the new development, hence is expected to be bustling with people. The
redevelopment of Xintiandi Factory provides such facilities while respecting the
industrial heritage of the site which plays an important role of establishing a sense of
belonging for the people.

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9 CONCLUSION
The intelligent building concept is an ever changing one. It gets refined or adjusted
with each technological advancement, needs of the present and consequently the
vision for a future scenario. The Al Bahr Towers make use of advanced material and
technologies that weren’t previously available. Furthermore, buildings such as this
might not have been built in their current form without the availability of advanced
tools and technologies.119
The example of Empire State Building in New York City confirms that even decades-
old buildings can function if they are designed to adjust to the needs of the future. The
retrofit project demonstrates that the buildings can be upgraded to meet the current
building standards, thus extending its life and usability. The example of Crystal Houses
by MVRDV is used to validate that even advanced building materials can be used to
design the buildings according to the local architectural context.
While projects such as Magazine Street Kitchen and Imagine Studio at The Trees are
used to demonstrate the varied functions that can be assigned to an existing structure,
they also show that the functions can be used to affect the urban context. The intent
to affect the urban context can also be seen in the Xintiandi Factory at Hangzhou that
is designed to shift the city centre which is currently located 6 km away from the site.
The adaptive reuse of Phoenix Mills was done in parts, ascertaining the need based
scenario for urban renewal through adaptive reuse. The initial popularity of the project
helped determine the success of the future development and also attracted high-end
brands to the malls.
These studies will be used to design an adaptive reuse project that will help in
enhancing the locality. A critical investigation would highlight the need for the kind of
programme suitable for the site that would help rejuvenate the existing built form. An
intelligent skin would be used to make the project future proof and also enhance the
aesthetics. Use of building management systems would ensure that the functioning of
the building is trouble-free. The design process would involve the use of parametric
design techniques to simulate weather conditions and ensure flexibility of outcomes.
119 (Winterman & Green, 2014)

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GOALS AND VISIONS FOR THE 12TH FIVE YEAR

PLAN (FYP)
1. Affordable Housing:
24 percent of India’s urban population lives in slums. Contrary to this, India
must aspire to have slum free cities where even the weaker sections of the
society have access to basic quality housing at affordable prices.
2. Sustainable livelihood and enterprise:

Many urban citizens face high economic vulnerability due to the high share of
informal employment leading to highly variable income. Going forward, it is
critical to address this issue and create sustainable opportunities for livelihood
and reduce the share of urban poor to less than 10 percent of total urban
population
3. Universal access to water and sanitation:

Basic facilities like water and sanitation form the bedrock of basic living
conditions. Without these, the quality of life deteriorates significantly with
increased incidence of health issues. India must strive to provide 100 percent
access to potable water and sanitation to all the urban citizens with particular
focus on processing and recycling.
4. Quality and affordable public transport:

In the last few years, the modal share of private transport has increased notably
while that of public transport has declined. This has not only led to congestion
in urban roads but has also adversely impacted the environment. India should
seek to increase its share of public transport to 60 to 70 percent of the modal
mix. Equally important is the need to create far more open spaces to augment
the use of non-motorized transport forms. Over the next 5 years, India must
go–all–out to:
 Increase the modal share of public transport to about 60 percent of
motorized trips & 35 percent of total trips including walk
 Increase the modal share of cycling by approximately 5 percent

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5. Clean and healthy environment:

Clean environment is another key factor that affects the quality of life in Indian
cities. Our vision is to create green cities with energy efficient buildings and
controlled levels of air pollution with real time monitoring to aid public health.
The 12th FYP should ensure:
 75 percent of all new commercial buildings during 2012–17 comply
with Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)
 20 percent of the existing commercial building stock should become
energy efficient
 Additional 10 million square meters of built up area in commercial and
residential sector should receive a Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment (GRIHA) All household appliances in use should meet
standards set by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency
6. Governance:
We must strengthen governance at the city level to increase administrative
efficiency, effectiveness, responsiveness, citizen friendliness, transparency and
accountability.
7. Urban Planning:
India must swiftly move towards an integrated planning approach based on
the smart growth principles. The planning process should integrate both top–
down and bottom–up plans developed through participatory structures and
processes. Involvement of people in the planning process has the obvious
advantage of ensuring the ownership of the developmental effort on one hand
and ensuring the optimal use of scarce resources.
8. Capacity Building:
The 12th Five–Year Plan should expressly endeavour to build capacity and
capability across all levels of government to successfully tackle the managerial
and policy challenges stemming from this scorching pace of urbanisation. We
should work towards skilling city administration resources in key areas of

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modern day urban management like planning, stakeholder management,

working with private sector, project development and management etc.
9. Funding:
In the past, ULBs have predominantly depended on central and state
government transfers and grants. Going forward, they need to cultivate new
and sustainable own revenue streams to help finance the urban infrastructure
investments. We envisage financially stable and vibrant local administrations
that can also access market funds on the back of their own financial strength.
10. Innovation, research and development:

As discussed earlier, the trend of urbanisation will place huge capital
investment requirements on the country. Hence, it is critical to promote
innovation, research and development in low cost technologies tailored to
Indian context. To facilitate this, a strong network of research and innovation
institutes focusing on urban issues and technologies needs to be created. In
high priority areas, funding by Central Govt may be provided for
developmental orders with Govt of India taking all the risk of development of
low cost indigenous technologies.

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BIM
BIM or Building Information management is a broad term that describes a model-
based collaborative process that provides perception for creating and managing
projects.
BIM is “A digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility… and a

shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during
its life-cycle; defined as existing from earliest conception to demolition.” 120
BIM facilitates better project collaboration, reduces errors in project execution,

assesses environmental impact, etc. BIM is all about effectively managing building
information throughout the project which can be assessed effectively leading to
optimized designs, lesser costs, and more environment friendly designs.
Figure 73: Building lifecycle121
BIM has introduced a certain level of parametric modelling. BIM objects can have a
certain level of parametric attributes to them.122 Current BIM solutions are able to
store and manage information of individual building components which includes their
location and their relationship with other components. It is also able to store all the
changes made during the project’s lifecycle.
120 (Parsons Brinckerhoff, 2013)

121 (Techture Structures Pvt. Ltd. , 2016)
122 (Wiki- Parametric Modelling, 2016)

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ARCOLOGY123
Arcologies are large, self-sustaining cities with extremely high human population
densities. They are usually presented as tall structures that take advantage of height to
minimize humanity's footprint on the environment. Arcologies are found frequently
in science fiction and games.
No true arcology has yet been built, although there is an experimental town in Arizona
that is attempting an arcology-like model. A true arcology would contain a complete
internal ecosystem, or even function if sealed airtight. For this reason, arcologies have
been proposed as a paradigm for the colonization of other planets.
The term was invented in the 50s by Italian-American architect Paolo Soleri, who
blended together the words architecture and ecology. The arcology concept is meant
to minimize the necessary structure for high human population densities by ensuring
everyone has direct access to them. Arcologies are also meant as an alternative to
slums, where the population density outweighs the intended carrying capacity of the
civil infrastructure. The first arcology to be described in fiction was probably "The
Last Redoubt" from The Night Land by William Hope Hodgson, first published in
1912. In modern times, the arcology has been featured as a futuristic building in the
popular computer game SimCity 2000, and the movie Blade Runner.
An arcology must carefully balance human housing and resource needs with the
natural needs of an artificial ecology, all sealed within a secure infrastructure. The
ecology must be well-balanced, with no species going extinct or reproducing beyond
control. Human waste must not cause the deterioration of the ecology. Because
achieving this fine-tuned balance is not easy, and has not yet been done, design of an
arcology needs input from civil planners, biologists, architects, naturalists, the public,
and more.
Arcologies might be thought of as a social experiment. Collective social resources like

libraries and hospitals could be exploited more thoroughly by the members of the
populace. Private transport would be sacrificed in favor of public transport systems.
Arcologies have been designed by a number of architects in different countries, but
none of these designs has yet been implemented.
123 (wiseGEEK, n.d.)

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Intelligent Adaptation

Through Adaptive Reuse and Facades

Seat Number: OCT16-IX-038

Ar. Anuj Gudekar :

Ar. Arvind Khanolkar :

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Signature of the Student:

Name of the Student: Nishant Pandav

*The following defines plagiarism:

• unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work;

• the deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own.

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Lastly, I am thankful to my parents for always being supportive and open-minded.

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

6.7 Case Study: Al Bahr Towers, Abu Dhabi............................................................ 59

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 65: Xintiandi Factory 1st Floor Plan ....................................................................... 89

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

1 (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2014)

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Sustainable development is often threatened as rapid and unplanned urbanisation

5 (Demographic Partitions, 2014)

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 1: Urban and Rural Population of the World 6

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 2: Contribution to Increase in Urban Population (2014 to 2050) 6

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 3: Total Energy Use Per Annum11

Figure 4: Total Water Use Per Annum11

11 (Kennedy, et al., 2015)

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 5: Solid Waste Disposal per Annum11

1.1 URBANISATION IN INDIA

12 (Census of India, 2011)

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Class 1 UA/Town consist of a population of 100 thousand or more. In 2011, there

Figure 6: Persistent Issues and Challenges due to Increasing Urban Population16

15 (Planning Commission, Government of India, 2012)

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Some of the biggest challenges faced by cities in India include:

Figure 7: Traffic Congestion17

17 Image Sourced from (Deccan Chronicke, 2015)

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 8: Improper Waste Disposal and Water Pollution19

Cities pose several environmental threats. Increasing air pollution is caused by

Furthermore, floating population is responsible for additional pressure on

19 Image Sourced from (10 Dirtiest Cities in India, 2015)

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

‘Cities that are environmentally sustainable, socially inclusive and violence-free,

Figure 9: Potential of Urbanisation16

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 10: Growth of Mumbai Between 1850-1950 22

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Figure 11: Growth of Mumbai Between 1950-2000s 22

Nishant Pandav | L. S. RAHEJA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE