South Asian J Exp Biol; 9 (5): 185-192; 2019

ISSN: 2230-9799 Vol. 9, Issue 5, Page 185-192 http://www.sajeb.org

REGULAR ARTICLE

Effects of Myrtus communis leaf extracts on CdCl2-induced metabolic

disturbance in male wistar rats
Hafsa Dellaoui1, Abdelkrim Berroukche*2, Bakhta Bouzouira3, Narimen Taibi1, Mohamed
Zouidi2 , Belkacem Belatbi4
1
Laboratory of Bio Toxicology, Pharmagnosy and Biological Valorization of Plants, Biology Department, Faculty of
Science, Tahar-Moulay University of Saida, Algeria
2
Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Tahar- Moulay University
of Saida, Algeria
3
Laboratory of Experimental Histopathology, Hospital-University Youssef Damerdji of Tiaret, Algeria.
4
Laboratory of Anatomo-Pathology, Benzerdjeb Hospital, Ain Temouchent, Algeria
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History:
Received: 22 Oct 2019
Revised: 22 Nov 2019
Accepted: 29 Nov 2019
*Corresponding Author:
Email: kerroum1967@yahoo.fr
Telephone: 00213555972162
Keywords: Cadmium, toxicity, Liver,
renal tissue, Myrtus communis
Cadmium (Cd) is widespread in the environment. Cd toxicity targets liver and
renal tissues and generates oxidative stress. Medicinal plants produce anti-
oxidants scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chelate heavy metals.
This study aimed to investigate the preventive effects of Myrtus communis
leaves hydro-methanol extract (HME) and aqueous extract (AE) on Cd-
induced toxicity. The experiments were carried out, during 30 days, on male
rats; GR1 (controls), GR2 treated with CdCl2 (18 mg/kg), GR3 co-treated with
HME (1 g/kg) and Cd (18 mg/kg), GR4 co-treated with AE (1 g/kg) and Cd (18
mg/kg), GR5 with HME and GR6 with AE. Cd induced changes in biochemical
parameters (transaminases, urea, creatinine and blood sugar)related to
hepato renal function, increased tissue mortification and decreased animals’
body weight. While the treatment animals, with M. communis leaves (HME)
or (AE), regulated blood sugar levels. Hepatic steatosis and loss of glomeruli
were particularly induced either by Cd or a co-treatment with Cd and plant
extracts. M. communis extracts (HME and EA) can regulate blood sugar levels
and prevent cadmium accumulation.

1. Introduction 2014). According to WHO, Cd is considered carcino-

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal widely spread
in the environment. Its level increases in smoking,
metallurgical industry, air pollution and consump-
tion of nutrients such as shellfish, seafood and rice
(Berroukche et al., 2014). In 2005, the World
Health Organization (WHO) reported that Northern
Africa was the World’s leading region using Cd and
polluting environment. Cd toxicity induced adverse
effects on human and animal health (Choong et al.,
genic (Choong et al., 2014). Cd intestinal absorp-
tion is lower in physiological case (3 to 10 %)
whereas become higher in martial deficiency in
iron, calcium and zinc (Olsson et al., 2005). Cd is
carried by bloodstream to cells and tissues imi-
tating trace elements (Zn, Ca and Fe) (Rousselet-
Russo and Estelle, 2007). Cd biological half-life, in
humans, ranging 15-20 years and promotes Cd ac-
cumulation and toxicity in tissues (Jin et al., 2003;
Suwazono et al., 2009). Liver and kidney are Cd tox-

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 Dellaoui et al., South Asian J Exp Biol; 9 (5): 185-192; 2019
icity-targeted tissues. In liver tissue, Cd induced the
synthesis of metal transport proteins as metallothi-
onein (MT). Cd-MT complexes could neutralize the
Cd toxic effects. Almost half of the Cd-MT remains
accumulated in the liver and kidneys. Cd induced
cell damage and tissue necrosis (Berroukche et al.,
2017). Drugs, used to treat chronic cadmium tox-
icity, could aggravate a patient’s health status dur-
ing Cd toxicity. Synthetic chemical substances add-
ed its toxicity to Cd poisoning. In addition to their
high cost, drugs also caused side-effects (Ngamdee
et al., 2019). The folk medicine encouraged people
using a traditional Algerian pharmacopoeia, which
considered as a local reservoir of medicinal plants
with potential pharmacological properties. The
plant species selected for this scientific report was
M. communis belonged to Myrtaceae family. This
aromatic plant is known for its antiseptic, antipara-
sitic, antimicrobial, disinfectant and astringent ac-
tivities (Aleksic et al., 2013). M. communis L. (family
Myrtaceae) aerial plant parts are known for their
hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering and anti-infective
properties (Mimica-Dukić et al., 2010; Ines et al.,
2012; Issa and Bull, 2015). Regarding to the litera-
ture, this project was among others aiming to in-
vestigate the preventive effects of M. communis
leaf extracts against cadmium-induced liver and
renal toxicity at an experimental animal model.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant material and chemical analysis
2.1.1. Chemicals
Methanol and Cadmium chloride CdCl2 were pro-
vided by Biology Department, Faculty of Science,
University of Saida, Algeria. Glucose oxidase and
peroxidase enzymes and reagents for assaying en-
zymes as transaminases (Labo Bio-Merieux, Lyon,
France) were provided by Biological-Medical Anal-
ysis Laboratory, Saida, Algeria.
2.1.2. Plant leaves collection
M. communis leaves were collected during January
2016 in Chreaa mountains, located in South-East
Blida area of central Algeria (Altitude 158-1627 m,
latitude 36° 25′ 32″ North and longitude 2° 52′ 36″
East). M. Communis leaves were stored and dried
in open air.
2.1.3. Plant identification and authentication
The genus and species of the plant were identified
by Professor Pedro Sànchez Gomez at the Botani-
cal and Plant Biology Research Laboratory, Univer-
sity of Murcia, Spain. A specimen file bearing the
code number (voucher LBPBVP 067) was deposited
at the Research Laboratory of Bio-toxicology, Phar-
macognosy and Biological Valorization of
Plants,Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences,
University of Saida, Algeria.
2.1.4. Preparation of M. communis leaves aqueous
and hydro-alcoholic
M. communis leaves hydro-methanol extract (HME)
was prepared. Dry leaves were crushed and pow-
dered. Amount (10 g) of leaves powder was dis-
solved in volume (100 mL) of a water-methanol
mixture (20 / 80). HME was stored for 3 days at
room temperature in an obscure environment un-
der stirring. M. communis leaves aqueous extract
(AE) was prepared according to the protocol of
Djenane et al. (2011). Amount (10 g) of leaf powder
was added to a volume of boiled water (100 mL).
Infusion was left to settle for 24 hours in obscurity
under the same experimental conditions. Both
HME and AE were filtered using Wattman No. 1
paper. Filtrates obtained were evaporated
(Rotavapor® R-300, BÜCHI Labortechnik AG) and
dry residues were stored at 4°C until they were
used.
2.2. Animal experiments and biological study
2.2.1. Preparation of animals
Sixty adult male wistar rats (140-160 g) were used
in vivo study. This study was conducted during 30
days. The animals were kept and raised in a room
according to a photoperiod cycle (12 hours day / 12
hours night) and at a constant ambient tempera-
ture (22 to 25 °C) within the Biology Department,
Faculty of Science, University of Saida, Algeria. Ani-
mals were housed and separated in six metal cages.
Animals had free access to water and food accord-
ing to the Guidelines for Laboratory Animal Care
and Use (Oechler et al., 2008). Animal studies were
approved (No.: FS/UTMS/15), at June 18, 2018 by
the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Science of
the University of Saida, Algeria.
2.2.2. Cadmium chloride toxic dose used
Cadmium chloride CdCl2 (180 mg) was dissolved in
1000 mL of distilled water. Toxic dose used was 18
mg /kg body weight (ANSES, 2012).
2.2.3. Experimental design
Animals were divided into six groups. GR1: controls
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received standard food and tap water, GR2 : re-
ceived CdCl2 ( 10 mL / kg / day ~18 mg / kg / day ~
1/10 LD50), GR3: animals were given both CdCl2
(18 mg/kg/day) and the HME (10 mL / kg / day ~ 1
g/kg/day) simultaneously , GR4 : received CdCl2
and AE (10 mL / kg / day ~ 1 g / kg/day), GR5 : re-
ceived HME alone and GR6 : received AE alone.
The experiments took 30 days. The animals' body
weight was measured every five days (figure 1).
2.2.4. Biochemical analysis
Animals were anaesthetized and sacrificed at the
end of the experiments. Blood samples were col-
lected and centrifuged at a rate of 4,000 rpm for 15
minutes. Plasma obtained was used to determine
biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, he-
patic transaminases (GOT and GPT), urea and cre-
atinine (Labo Bio-Merieux, Lyon, France). Glycae-
mia was measured by the enzymatic and colorimet-
ric method in the presence of glucose oxidase and
peroxidase enzymes (kit Chronolab, Spain) (Berger
et al., 1977). The degree of staining in the oxidation
reaction is proportional to the glucose concentra-
tion. Reading results was performed at a wave-
length 505 nm (SECOMAM-Prim’Advanced, La-
borantin, Evreux, France). Glutamate pyruvate
transaminase (GPT) and glutamate oxalate trans-
aminase (GOT) were determined using the
Wróbleswski and La Due colorimetric enzyme
method and the Karmen method, modified by Ber-
ger et al. (1977) (kit Chronolab, Spain)(Wannes et
al., 2010). The staining intensity developed by both
Figure 1: Scheduled experimental methodology followed in vivo study.
reactions was measured at 340 nm. Urea and cre-
atinine were determined using colorimetric meth-
od. The staining intensity of the reaction between
urea and diacetylmonooxine was measured at
wavelength 580 nm. Creatinine reacts with picric
acid by generating a colored complex whose inten-
sity has been measured at wavelength 492 nm.
2.3. Histological study
After their removal, liver and kidney tissue samples
were fixed in 10 % formalin for 48 hours for macro-
scopic and microscopic examination. Tissue sam-
ples were introduced into paraffin and then cut
into thin pieces 6 mm thick. Preparations were
treated in a xylene alcohol series. Samples were
stained with hematoxylin eosin (H & E) and exam-
ined under the Olympus BH-2 optical microscope
(Magnification × 100 and × 400).
2.4. Statistical analysis
Results were analysed using Sigma Plot software
version 11.0 and expressed as mean ± SEM. Statisti-
cal analysis was carried out by the ANOVA test
based on the comparison of the means of the
different variables studied between all groups, fol-
lowed by Tukey test. Significance of the results was
appreciated at the p-value < 0.05.
3. Results
According to table 1, the accumulation of cadmium
in rat organisms (GR2) resulted in a significant de-
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crease in body weight compared to control animals aminase levels. Blood GPT levels slightly increased
(GR1). The body weights’ values were respectively in GR3, GR4, GR5 & GR6 (33.62±2.95, 35.40±2.16,
173.22 ± 1.96 and 219.05 ± 0.19 g (p<0.05). Rats 35.24±2.35 & 42.28±2.06 IU/L respectively) com-
simultaneously administrated with the Cd, (HME or pared to GR2 and GR1 (26.24 ±2.77 and 26.53±2.85
AE) have slow down the fall of animals’ body IU/L respectively) that almost showed similar GPT
weights. The groups (GR3 and GR4) displayed non- levels (figure 2). GOT showed fluctuating blood
significant body weights (181.97±3.05 and concentrations. It was higher in rats administered
180.04±1.06 g respectively) compared to Cd empoi- with Cd (GR2) compared to controls (GR1) as follow
soned GR2 (173.22 ± 1.96 g). Furthermore, animals 27.21±2.85 vs 17.78±2.00 IU/L respectively. In ani-
treated only with plant extracts HME and AE did mals treated with plants extracts (HME & AE), with
not show increased body weights (GR5 & GR6), or without Cd, showed an increase in GOT levels as
their weight were respectively 170.80±4.55 and follow GR3 (42.10±3.85 IU/L), GR5 (31.06±2.67 IU/
188.77±4.02 g compared to GR2 (173.22 ± 1.96 g) L) and GR6 (63.78±2.84 IU/L) except GR4 which
and controls (219.05 ± 0.19 g). kept a low GOT level (26.40±8.67 IU/L) (figure 2).
For metabolic wastes, urea levels showed non-
Table 1 also summarizes the different results re- significant values whereas creatinine have been
garding the biochemical parameters. In GR2, Cd moderately increased in animals exposed to Cd
induced an increased blood sugar (1.26±0.01 g/L) (GR2) compared to other groups that displayed cre-
compared to controls (1.03±0.03 g/L). GR3 and GR4 atinine’s low concentrations (figure 2). Table 2 dis-
Animals, fed simultaneously with Cd and HME or plays tissue weight. animals treated with Cd
AE, displayed low blood glucose levels compared showed a slight decrease in liver and kidney tissue
to controls (1.05±0.03 & 1.08±0.12 vs 1.03±0.03 g/ weight compared to controls. Animals co-treated
L respectively). Blood glucose remained lower in simultaneously with Cd and HME or AE prevented
GR5 animals treated only with HME (1.05±0.03 g/
tissue weight reduction.
L), unlike rats treated only with GR6 AE displayed
high blood glucose (1.23±0.11 g/L) (figure 2). Figure 3 shows a histological examination of renal
tissue. In normal controls (GR1), histological study
Liver activities had been illustrated by serum trans- showed glomeruli with dense structures surround-
Parameters GR1 GR2 GR3 GR4 GR5 GR6
(controls) (Cd) (Cd / HME) (Cd / AE) (HME) (AE)
Weight 219.05±0.19 173.22±1.96 181.97±3.05 180.04±1.06 170.80±4.55 188.77±4.02
(g± SEM)
Glycaemia 1.03±0.03 1.26±0.01 1.05±0.03 1.08±0.12 1.05±0.03 1.23±0.11
(g/L ± SEM)
GPT 26.24±2.77 26.53±2.85 33.62±2.95 35.40±2.16 35.24±2.35 42.28±2.06
(IU/L ± SEM)
GOT 17.78±2.00 27.21±2.85 42.10**±3.85 26.40±8.67 31.06±2.67 63.78**±2.84
(IU/L)
Urea 0.35±0.03 0.50*±0.05 0.37±0.03 0.58±0.01 0.36±0.03 0.39±0.05
(g/L ± SEM)
Creatinine 8.53±1.93 10.84±1.23 5.37±0.57 4.58±0.22 5.63±0.57 5.63±0.57
(mg/dL ± SEM)
Table 1: Body weight and biochemical parameters changes in controls and experiment animals.
* : p < 0.05 ( significant difference of results )
SEM: standard error of mean; IU: international unity GPT: Glutamic pyruvic transaminase , GOT : Glutamic oxaloacetic trans-
aminase

Parameters GR1 GR2 GR3 GR4 GR5 GR6

(controls) (Cd) (Cd / HME) (Cd / AE) (HME) (AE)
Liver weight (g± 9.64±0.84 6.93±1.26 7.52±1.49 12.27±0.75 10.37±0.96 9.88±1.08
SEM)
Kidney weight 2.35±0.15 1.87±0.18 1.67±0.22 2.26*±0.22 2.06±0.15 2.22±0.16
(g± SEM)
Table 2: Tissue weight changes (liver and kidney).
SEM: standard error of mean; * p< 0.05 : difference of results are signficant

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 Dellaoui et al., South Asian J Exp Biol; 9 (5): 185-192; 2019

1,6

1,4

1,2
Blood sugar (g/L)

1,0 GR1
GR2
0,8 GR3
GR4
GR5
0,6 GR6

0,4

0,2

0,0

14 GR1 0,7
GR2 GR1
GR3 GR2
12 GR4 0,6 GR3
Creatinine (mg/dL)

GR5 GR4
GR6 GR5
10 0,5 GR6
Urea (g/L)

8 0,4

6 0,3

4 0,2

2 0,1

0 0,0

50
GR1
GR2
70 * GR1
GR2
GR3 GR3
GR4 60 GR4

40
GR5
GR6
50
* GR5
GR6
GOT (IU/L)
GPT (IU/L)

40
30
30

20 20

10
10
0

Figure 2: Changes of biochemical parameters in controls (GR1), animals treated with Cd (GR2), co-treated (Cd and HME /
AE) and treated with HME or AE.

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 Dellaoui et al., South Asian J Exp Biol; 9 (5): 185-192; 2019
ed by a clear narrow space. However, in animals
treated with cadmium (GR2), renal tissue were
characterized by congestions, messy organization
of cells, fibrosis and glomeruli atrophy. Whereas in
co-treated animals with Cd and HME (GR3) or with
Cd and AE (GR4), it was suggested a slight tubular
regeneration and a lack of lesions. Moreover, the
renal tissues (GR5) did not show any changes.
Whereas GR6 did not have a subnormal appear-
ance. Figure 4 shows, in controls, an organized ar-
chitecture of liver tissue with hepatocytes separat-
ed by narrow sinusoids associated to a visible cen-
tral vein. In Cd-exposed rats (GR2), it was suggested
that sinusoids were dilated; fibroses vascular con-
gestions (VC) and nuclear condensations were with
extra hepatocyte steatosis foci. GR3 and GR4
showed steatosis foci, lack of nuclear lesions and
condensation. Furthermore, animals treated only
with HME or AE (GR5 and GR6) showed normal
cellular arrangements or well-preserved hepato-
cyte architecture in the liver tissues. Controls (GR1)
showed a normal structure of liver lobules with a
uniform pattern of hepatocytes. Animals exposed
to Cd (GR2) showed disturbance of hepatocyte dis-
position around and degeneration of hepatocytes.
GR3 and GR4 showed a conservation of the cellular
arrangement with only steatosis. GR5 showed a
normal structure. Furthermore, GR6 displayed a
steatosis development.
4. Discussion
This study mainly focused on assessment of M.
communis leaf extract effects on metabolic and
histological parameters in animals treated with
cadmium. The study suggested both plant extracts
(HME and AE) used at 1 g/kg having hypoglycemic
effects. These findings were in accordance with the
recent studies (Zerriouh 2016; Johari et al., 2014).
At high level, Cadmium toxicity targeted a wide
range of tissues. Cd naturally is found in trace
amounts in fruits, vegetables and cereals
(Milovanović et al., 2009). Toxicological literature
suggested that Cd accumulates in the liver and kid-
neys. These tissues are the main targets of MT
(mettalothionoien) accumulation that has a strong
affinity for Cd more than other physiological metals
(Berroukche et al., 2014). It can alter the cell biolo-
gy leading to disruption metabolic pathways and
physiological process (Ammamou et al., 2015).
Thus, this research interested to new chelators pre-
sent in medicinal plants. Investigations highlighted
the potential of phytochemicals in retaining cadmi-
um such as olive and coloquine oil (Ammamou et
al., 2015) and parsley (Allam et al., 2016). Accord-
ing to the literature, this project is the preliminary
investigation carried out on M. communis leaf hy-
dro-alcoholic extract effects on cadmium-induced
toxicity in rats. This study showed that Cd (18 mg/
kg) was associated with toxically signs leading to a
decreased body weight and moderately loss of liver
and renal weights. In addition, Cd induced anorexia
and stomach inflammation through acting on neu-
rotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, nore-
pinepherine and glutamate involved in regulating
food intake. Cd toxicity triggered slow growth and
alteration of molecular structures (lipid and pro-
tein). Cd interacts with proteins and enzymes acti-
vating and inhibiting signaling pathways related to
a cellular apoptosis (Erdogan et al., 2005; Layachi et
al., 2012). Cd toxicity resulted in increase of trans-
aminases like GOT. These enzymes were released
in the blood due to a necrosis of liver tissue, dam-
age of cell membrane and disturbance of cell per-
meability induced by Cd (Pari et al., 2012). Cd tox-
icity increased blood urea and creatinine levels thus
leading to tissue necrosis and renal dysfunction. Cd
toxicity also revealed a hyperglycemia in this study.
This result is similar to those of other studies
(Erdogan et al., 2005). The treatment of animals,
previously exposed to Cd, with M.communis leaves
hydro-methanolic extract allowed recovering nor-
mal body and tissue weights. That may be due to
the action of bioactive natural compounds, such as
phenolic acids and flavonoids, found in the plant
extracts. HME and AE showed hypoglycemic
effects. These results suggested that M. communis
leaves hydro-methanolic extracts would have
effects on either Cd toxicity or pancreatic β cell
function. Issa and Bule (2015) and Malekpour et al.
(2012) showed that HME supplemented to the diet
made diabetic rats by streptozotocin having a low-
er blood glucose. The dose of HME, or AE, (1 g /kg/
day) was used as a normal regulating concentration
against a hyperglycemia and increased urea and
creatinine blood (Issa and Bull, 2015 and Zerriouh,
2016). These findings illustrated how the balance of
all biochemical factors was established by the aro-
matic and medicinal plant namely M. communis.
The aerial part of plant (leaves) revealed a crucial
prevention against cadmium toxicity through its
bioactive molecules content. Phenolic acids and
flavonoids were involved in chelating process of Cd
into the tissues. The results of this study could be
debated for various reasons; the period of experi-
mentation was short and insufficient to achieve
credible results, cadmium dose used was unique,
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Figure 3: Photomicrographs of renal tissue sections (HE x 10). GR1 : controls with normal parenchyma, glomerulas and tu-
bules appearing as dense rounded structures, surrounded by a clear narrow space; GR2 : Cd toxicity induced mortem con-
gestion (C) and changes in renal tissue characterized by congestions, tissue disorders, fibrosis and glomeruli (G) atrophy;
GR3 : co-treated with Cd and HME of Myrtus communis leaves; GR4: co-treated with Cd and AE of Myrtus communis leaves;
GR5 : treated with HME; GR6: treated with AE.

Figure 04. Photomicrographs of liver tissue sections (HE x 10 and x 40). GR1 : controls; GR2 : Cd toxicity induced mortem
congestion (C), nuclear condensation (NC) and tissue lesions (L); GR3 : co-treated with Cd and HME of Myrtus communis
leaves marked by appearance of steatose (S); GR4: co-treated with Cd and AE of Myrtus communis leaves; GR5 : treated
with HME; GR6: treated with AE.

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the nature of the extraction solvent, the synergistic
effects of heavy metal and plant part extract may
increase the Cd toxicity and as result the values of
the biochemical parameters which normally will
have to decrease under the antagonistic and inhibi-
tory effect of the medicinal plant and finally the
toxicity of plant parts extracts from a certain dose.
Conclusion
This study showed the M. communis leave hydro-
alcoholic extracts could chelate cadmium and re-
ducing its accumulation in liver tissue. Therefore,
this herb regulates blood sugar level and other bio-
logical markers. The use of this medicinal plant has
corrected some abnormalities like hypergleceamia
and hepato-renal disruption induced by Cd.
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