oxygen pressurizes the cell making it enucleated - ​apoptosis​ - cell suicide/programmed death

bio longtest #2 no oxygen = death 1. genetic mutation- occurs when cells don’t divide
cell modification, mitosis, meiosis absence of nucleus: 2. sunburn- to avoid cancer
- adaptation of the red blood cell 3. embryo webbing- formation and structure of our hands and feet
cell modification - allows the red blood cell to contain more hemoglobin 4. nerve cells- if they won’t die, they may cause epilepsy
- carry more oxygen molecules
cilia flagella microvilli - distinctive bi-concave shape which aids in diffusion - ​capases​ - enzymes; disintegration and digestion of worn out cells

- projects from the - 1 per cell - extension of the cell cycle and cell division * random mutation
surface of the cell cell membrane that * replication ​- is a must before cell division - foundation of evolution
- composed of are supported by - each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic ** ​DNA - ​double helix; identity, genomes
microtubules which microfilaments information ** ​RNA - ​single helix; sequence of protein, uracil is found here
are in the cell - abundant on the - if DNA is not replicated, meiosis & mitosis would slowly halve
membrane surface of cell the size of the genome until each cell would die
- transports mucus ** ​absorption - * most important cycle for growth and reproduction
(WBC) in which dust important function * ​cancer​ - unregulated cell division dna replication precedes cell division
particles are -> intestines ** Walther Flemming- ​used dye to identify DNA/nucleus cell division:
embedded upward - duplication of DNA
and away reproduction growth & tissue renewal - distribution of identical genetic material
development - allocation of 2 copies to opposite ends of the cell
- splits into 2 cells
form fits its functions: - an amoeba, a - fertilized egg - cells will give rise to
* e.g: tail (balance), hair (warmth) single-celled divided forming 2 new blood cells genome:
organism, is dividing cells - it becomes a protein - consists of all the cell’s genetic material
anatomy study of parts and structures of organisms
into 2 cells ** necrosis ​- death when it dies - cookbook containing recipes
- each new cell will of a cell caused by - bacteria have a - consists of one or more chromosomes
physiolog the way in which a living organism or bodily part be an indiv organism an injury circular DNA
y functions
** ​bacteria - 99.9% ​lang palagi yung mga panglinis somatic cells germ cells
- 1% - resistance of the bacteria itself + all bacteria have a circular DNA,
tissue specialized cell that have similar structure and same
therefore, can facilitate horizontal gene transfer - body cells - responsible for reproduction
function
- ​SEX PILUS - ​conjugative pill for the transfer of DNA between bacteria, in
the process of bacterial cojugation.
organs interaction, they do not interfere with another’s organ’s -> they allow for the exchange of genes via the formation of mating pairs
function - amoxicillin (antibiotic) - pag-ininom na ito, magkakaroon ng sex pilus so chromatin chromatid
** helping each other next time hindi na siya masyadong makakaffect kaya magtatake ka ng
new meds - found in the nuclear pore - condensed chromosome
- resting state of - bago mag divide
arrangement of layers
* ​HOW DO CELL KEEP THEIR IDENTITY? chromosomes * ​ase- enzyme
squamous cuboidal columnar - they have ​DNA​; new cells get a complete set of DNA molecule - unwound * ose- sugar
- cell's DNA & associated
* ​structure of the DNA proteins
- flat, no storage - ​square - ​pillar-like - nucleases - nitrogen-based (nitrogenous bases)
- diffusion - high to - secrets and - secretes, absorbs, - nucleotide - building blocks of the DNA and RNA
low (solutes) absorbs water sweeps ** DNA - double helix
- osmosis - low to - nephron - gastrointestinal tract centromere chromosomes
high (water) (kidney) - stomach secretes * regeneration
** ​location: ​blood ** location: (HCL) - because of the cell cycle - small section of - individual molecules of DNA with their
cells, alveoli, kidney tubules, ** ​location: ​digestive - eg. lizards can regenerate when they’re cut DNA and associated proteins
lymphatic vessels, small glands, tract line, gallbladder and associated proteins - has genetic codes
lining of the heart ovary surface excretory glands, small that attaches the ** first 22 pairs of chromosomes- autosomes
bronchi, respiratory tract, sister chromatids to * ​xx- ​female
nephron mitosis meiosis each other * xy- ​male

- same - specialized type of cell division that gives rises to

stratified squamous - protection areas prone to
abrasion
** ​location: ​esophagus lining,
epidermis, vagina, anus, mouth
stratified cuboidal - protection; secretion
** ​location: ​urinary bladder,
urethra
stratified columnar - protection
** ​location: ​largest glands,
sweat, mammary, salivary glands
**
RBC : no nucleus to give way to hemoglobin (carries oxygen)
* ​bakit mas maraming babae?
genetic nuclei that are genetically different from one another
- the female organ is acidic
make-up - new organism
2 types of sperms :
- growth, - combination of gametes (sperm & egg)
1. slow but big & strong - usually female/ x
development - fertilization
2. Fast but small & weak- - usually male/ y
and repair * can be fertilized by 2 sperm cells pero it will die
GAMETES:​ sperm & egg ; produced by germ cells
* fertilization
- ​union of egg and sperm cell in the fallopian tube, producing a zygote (the first cell of HISTONES: ​proteins, DNA tightly coiled around this
the new offspring)
DNA: ​double helix composing nucleotides
cell death is a part of life
- trisomy 21 - down syndrome ; extra chromosome HELICASES:​ unzips the double-stranded DNA into single strands
- cell production = cell death allowing each strand to be copied
** if puro production lang, growth of tumor
DNA POLYMERASE: ​creates complimentary DNA, makes a partner for S-evere weight loss
helices
cells # of germ cells gametes
meiosis chromosomes
LIGASE: ​form covalent bonds between adjacent DNA segments - cell cycle by which we create an egg cell and a sperm cell (gametes)
- proofreads, discarding mismatched nucleotides and inserting correct - n = set = 23 single chromosomes
ones - haploid = n = egg & sperm cell somatic cells 46 single spermatogoniu sperm = 23
- diploid = 2n = 1 set each from mama & papa = forms zygote diploid 23 pairs m single
MUTATION: ​change in a cell’s DNA structure, happens because of a - sexual reproduction 23 pairs = 46
mistake in cell’s DNA sequence - creates an entirely different cell = new organism egg = 23
single
TELOMERE: ​sequence of genes, codes found at the end of our goal:
chromosomes - reduction - from 46 to 23 single chromosomes (IMPORTANT) zygote 46 pairs oogonium diploid ; 2n=46
- as we grow older, telomeres at the end of our chromosomes shrink - genetic variation - no 2 persons are exactly the same diploid 23 pairs 23 pairs = 46 haploid ; n=23
- major depression- shorter telomeres; accelerated aging - production of gametes
/ - creates 4 haploid cells

mitosis ** ​SUMMARY * plasma membrane

3 PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE - meiosis consists of 2 divisions, which introduces variation and reduce - outermost part of the cell
1. interphase number of chromosomes in daughter cells - protection of the cell
- errors during mitosis may result in offsprings with abnormal number of - transport substances in and out of the cell
G1 S G2 chromosomes
* ​selective permeability
- cell grows - enzymes replicate the cell’s - cell grows more ** ​CELLS - plasma membrane is selective of substance that come in and out of the
physically genetic material and repair but also prepares 1. ​somatic cells (diploid) cell
larger, copies damage DNA to divide - everything inside our body
organelles, and - ​duplicates ​centrosome - produces - 23 pairs of chromosomes * ​protein
makes the (microtubule-organizing proteins that will - code of the cell
molecular center) help coordinate 2. ​zygote (diploid) - major component of our body
building blocks - centrosomes help separate mitosis - 23 pairs of chromosomes - eg. nails and hair - keratin
it will need in the DNA during mitotic - reorganize its - mRNA - through the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi bodies
later steps phase (mitosis and contents for 3. ​germ cells transport substances outside the body
- ​checkpoint cytokinesis) mitosis - diploid cells that would perform meiosis to form gametes - these are also embedded to the plasma membrane
for damaged ** ​at the end: ​each - check point - germinate - grow
DNA chromosome consists of 2 - 4-6 hours, most
- 5-6 hours, attached sister chromatids active ** spermatogonium
most active - 10-12 hours, most - found in testes
important - 23 pairs of chromosomes
- will undergo spermatogenesis in meiosis to form 4 sperm cells

S PHASE (animal cell): ​duplication of the centrosome **oogonium

- centrosomes- structures that organize the mitotic spindle - found in ov ry
- spindle- set of microtubule proteins that coordinate the movements of the - 23 pairs of chromosomes
chromosomes during mitosis - will undergo oogenesis in meiosis to form 1 egg cell because the 3
** ​plant cells: ​lack centrosomes; they organize their spindle fibers becomes polar bodies kasi they don’t have the right ingredients to form an
throughout the cell egg cell

checkpoints: 4.​gametes (haploid = 23 single chromosomes)

G!: ​apoptosis can occur if DNA is damaged beyond repair - sperm cells
S: - - egg cells
G2: ​mitosis will not occur until DNA has replicated
M: ​mitosis stops until chromosomes are properly aligned COMPARISON OF DIVISIONS
G0: ​resting face (nerve/brain cells)
mitosis meiosis
** ​cancer
- ​metastasis ​- spread of cancer # of divisions 1 2

** ​tumor
1. malignant - restless, mabilis # of daughter cells 2 4
2. benign - mabagal lumaki
genetically identical yes no
** risk factors: environment, lifestyle, family
7 warning signs (prolonged and painful) chromosome # same as parent 2n half as parent n
C-hange in bowel/bladder habits
A-sore that doesn't heal
U-nusual/prolonged bleeding where somatic cells germ cells
T-hickness/lump elsewhere
I-ndigestion/difficulty swallowing when throughout life sexual maturity
O-bvious change in warts/moles
N-agging cough
role growth & repair sexual reproduction
U-nexplained anemia