International Youth Math Challenge Pre-Final Round 2020

Pre-Final Round 2020

Problem A.1
Find all points (x,y) where the functions f(x),g(x),h(x) have the same value:

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x −5 8
f ( x) = 2 + 3, g ( x) = 2 x − 5, h( x) = + 10
x
For all of thesethree functions to havethe same value we equal two by two and then we will knowthe
values of x for which all three functions havethe same value.
8 8
g ( x) = h( x)  2 x − 5 = + 10  2 x = + 15  2 x 2 = 8 + 15 x  2 x 2 − 15 x − 8 = 0
x x
1
 2 x 2 − 15 x − 8 = 0  ( x − 8)(2 x + 1) = 0  ( x − 8) = 0, (2 x + 1) = 0  x = 8, −
2
Fromthesetwo values of x we knowthat at max imumthere can beless than or equal two solutions
for the other two equations of f ( x) = h( x) and f ( x) = g ( x ) and we seethat if thesetwo values satisfy those
equations as well or not ?
f ( x) = g ( x)  2 x −5 + 3 = 2 x − 5  For x = 8; 28−5 − 2.8 = −8  23 − 16 = −8  −8 = −8
1
For x = − , 2−0.5−5 + 3 = 2* −0.5 − 5  2−5.5 + 3 = 2* −0.5 − 5  3.022  −6
2
Therefore x = 8 is the only solution satisfying both equations of f ( x) = g ( x) and g ( x) = h( x).
Now we check is it also satisfies the equation f ( x) = h( x) or not.
8 8
f ( x) = h( x)  2 x −5 + 3 = + 10  28−5 + 3 = + 10  23 + 3 = 1 + 10  11 = 11
x 8
Finally x = 8 satisfiest thetriple equation f ( x) = g ( x) = h( x) which corresponds to y = 11.
Thus, the answer is x = 8 & y = 11 or the int er sec tion of thesethe curves is the po int P ( 8,11)

Problem A.2
Determine the roots of the function f(x) = (52x − 6)2 − (52x − 6) − 12.

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f ( x) = (5 − 6) − (5 − 6) − 12  f ( x) = 0  (5 − 6) − (5 − 6) − 12 = 0
2x 2 2x 2x 2 2x

To solvethis equation, lets substitute 52 x − 6 by m or 52 x − 6 = m.

m 2 − m − 12 = 0  (m + 3)(m − 4) = 0  m + 3 = 0  m = −3 ; m − 4 = 0  m = 4
Nowlets back − substitute m.
52 x − 6 = −3  52 x = 3  log 55 = log 35  2 x = log 35  x = 0.5log 35 = 0.341
2x

52 x − 6 = 4  52 x = 10  log 55 = log10
5  2 x = log 5  x = 0.5log 5 = 0.715
2x
10 10

Problem A.3
Find the derivative ) of the following function with respect to x:

 m x n
2
  m x n  2   m  m 
f m ( x) =   n  x   f m ( x) =   n  x   = 2   n x  x n   n x  x n 

 n =1   n =1    n =1  n =1 
m
Because  n x  x n is the summation of of m terms, its derivative is the summation of the derivatives
n =1

of its terms.

 m x n  m x n   m  m   m  m
2   n  x   n  x  = 2   n x  x n   ( n x  x n ) = 2   n x  x n   (n x )  x n + n x  ( x n )
 n =1  n =1   n =1  n =1  n =1  n =1
 m  m
= 2   n x  x n    n x  log(n)  x n + n x  n  x n −1 
 n =1  n =1
 m
 m   n  m
  n 
 2   n x  x n    n x  x n  log(n) +   = f m ( x) = 2 f m ( x)   n x  x n  log(n) +  
 n =1  n =1   x  n =1   x 

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Problem A.4
Find at least one solution to the following equation:

sin( x 2 − 1)
= sin( x) + sin 2 ( x) + sin 3 ( x) + sin 4 ( x) + sin 5 ( x) + sin 6 ( x) + sin 7 ( x) + ...
1 − sin( x − 1)
2


For (0  x   )  ( x  ), sin( x) has a positive value of less than "1" and greater than "0"(0  sin x  1).
2
Thus the right side of the equation takes the form of a trigonometric sequence with its first term
"sin ( x ) " and the common ratio of "sin( x)".
For 0  r  1;
a
a + ar + ar 2 + ar 3 + ar 4 + ar 5 + ar 6 + ar 7 + ... =
1− r
sin( x) + sin ( x) + sin ( x) + sin ( x) + sin ( x) + sin 6 ( x) + sin 7 ( x) + ...
2 3 4 5


In this sequence we can think of sin( x) as both r & a for (0  x   )  ( x  ).Thus;
2
sin ( x )
sin( x) + sin 2 ( x) + sin 3 ( x) + sin 4 ( x) + sin 5 ( x) + sin 6 ( x) + sin 7 ( x) + ... =
1 − sin ( x )
sin( x 2 − 1)
= sin( x) + sin 2 ( x) + sin 3 ( x) + sin 4 ( x) + sin 5 ( x) + sin 6 ( x) + sin 7 ( x) + ... 
1 − sin( x − 1)
2

sin( x 2 − 1) sin ( x )
=  sin( x 2 − 1) − sin ( x ) sin( x 2 − 1) = sin ( x ) − sin ( x ) sin( x 2 − 1)
1 − sin( x − 1) 1 − sin ( x )
2

1 1+ 4 1 5
 sin( x 2 − 1) = sin ( x )  x 2 − 1 = x  x 2 − x − 1 = 0  x = x=
2 2
1+ 5
x=  1.618  92.7
2
I took the positive value of " x " because I already assumed it to be positive and all my calculations
werebased on this assumption.

Problem B.1
Consider the following sequence of successive numbers of the 2k-th power:

Show that the difference between the numbers in this sequence is odd for all k ∈ N.

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2k 2k 2k 2k
1, 2 ,3 , 4 ,5 , 6 , 7 ,...2k 2k
for k 

We can also showthe sequence as  n 2 for k , n 
k

n =1

We have to prove that (n + 1) 2 − n 2 is an odd number.

k k

We already know (or if we do not , it can be proven very easily ) that ;

2k = even, for any k  because it has at least one factor of 2.
(odd )odd = odd , (odd )even = odd , (even)even = even, (even)odd = even, & (even − odd = odd ) or
odd − even = odd ;
Now we areto prove that (n + 1) 2 − n 2 = odd ;
k k

There are only and only two cases for n which we check the result.
Case I ;
n = even; (n + 1) 2 − n 2  (odd ) even − (even)even  odd − even = odd
k k

Case II ;
n = odd , (n + 1) 2 − n 2  (even)even − (odd )even  even − odd = odd
k k

However , it can be proven mathematically by defining any odd numbers as " 2h − 1" and any even
number as " 2h " for h  , I have preferred it to prove this way because it is moreunderstable.

Problem B.2
Prove this identity between two infinite sums (with x ∈ R and n! stands for factorial):

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
f ( n ) (a)( x − a ) n
To prove this we useTaylor and Maclaurine Series which are equal to f ( x ) = 
n =0 n!
 (n) n
f (0) x
and f ( x) =  , respectively. f ( n ) ( x) denotes the nth derivative of f ( x).
n =0 n!

x x 2 x3 x 4 x5 x6 xn
Maclaurine series for e x = 1 + + + + + + .... = 
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! n =0 n !
2 2

xn   xn    xn 
e =   (e x ) 2 =     e 2 x =   
x

n =0 n !  n =0 n !   n =0 n ! 
2 x (2 x) 2 (2 x)3 (2 x) 4 (2 x)5 (2 x) 6
Maclaurine series for e 2 x = 1 + + + + + + + ....
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
2

(2 x) n 
(2 x) n   x n 
e =
2x
 = 
n =0 n! n =0 n!  n =0 n ! 

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Problem B.3
You have given a function λ : R → R with the following properties (x ∈ R, n ∈ N):

Find two functions p,q : R → R with q(x) 6= 0 for all x such that λ(x) = q(x)(p(x) + 1).
 ( x) x  & n  q( x)  0
1
 (n) = 0,  ( x + 1) =  ( x),  (n + ) = 1,
2
 ( x) = q( x)  p( x) + 1   (n) = q(n)  p(n) + 1  0 = q( n)  p( n) + 1 , sin ce q ( x )  0, the only
condition for it to become zero is p(n) = −1
 
If welet p( x) = sin ( 4 x + 3)  then p (n) = −1 which is what needed .
 2
     ( x)
 ( x) = q( x) sin ( 4 x + 3)  + 1  q( x) =
  2     
sin ( 4 x + 3) 2  + 1
   

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Problem B.4
You have given an equal sided triangle with side length a. A straight line connects the center of
the bottom side to the border of the triangle with an angle of α. Derive an expression for the
enclosed area A(α)with respect to the angle(see

A
α α

drawing)

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We should find the area i n terms of the angle  as shown in the figure.
A( ) = ?
a 3
AB = H , DE = h, BE = x, H = a 2 − ( ) 2  H = a
2 2
1 a a
A =  h  A = h
2 2 4
Now we have to find h in terms of the angle  ;
 
From the figure we knowthat the triangles ABC and DEC are similar because all three angles
of them arethe same one by one.Thus the ration between their similar sides are equal.
1
a
AB BC H H a H
=  = 2  =  h = (a − 2 x)
DE EC h 1a−x h a − 2x a
2
h h
tan  =  x =
x tan 
H h 2 Hh 2 Hh 2H
h = (a − 2 )h= H −  h+ = H  (1 + )h = H
a tan  a tan  a tan  a tan 
a tan  + 2 H a tan  3
 h=H h= H, H = a
a tan  a tan  + 2 H 2
a tan  3 a tan  3 3a tan 
h=  ah=  ah=
3 2 a tan  + 3a 2 2(tan  + 3 )
a tan  + 2 a
2
a a 3a tan  3a 2 tan 
A = h  A =  A( ) = for 0    90
4 4 2(tan  + 3) 8(tan  + 3 )
For 90    180 ;
3 2 3a 2 tan 
A( ) = ATotal − A( ), ATotal = a , A( ) = ,  +  = 180 ,  = 180 − 
4 8(tan  + 3)
tan  = tan(180 −  )  tan  = − tan 
3a 2 tan  − 3a 2 tan 
A( ) =  A( ) =
8(tan  + 3) 8( 3 − tan  )
3 2 3a 2 tan  3 2 tan  
A( ) = ATotal − A( )  A( ) = a +  A( ) = a 1 + 
4 8( 3 − tan  ) 4  2( 3 − tan  ) 
 3a 2 tan 
 0    90
 8(tan  + 3)
A( ) = 
 3 a 2 1 + tan  
90    180
 4  
  2( 3 − tan  ) 

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Problem C.1
Let π(N) be the number of primes less than or equal to N (example: π(100) = 25). The famous
prime number theorem then states (with ∼ meaning asymptotically equal):

Proving this theorem is very hard. However, we can derive a statistical form of the prime
number theorem. For this, we consider random primes which are generated as follows:

(i) Create a list of consecutive integers from 2 to N.

(ii) Start with 2 and mark every number > 2 with a probability of .

(iii) Let n be the next non-marked number. Mark every number > n with a probability of .
(iv) Repeat (iii) until you have reached N.

All the non-marked numbers in the list are called random primes.

(a) Let qn be the probability of n being selected as a random prime during this algorithm. Find
an expression for qn in terms of qn−1.

(b) Prove the following inequality of qn and qn+1:

(c) Use the result from (b) to show this inequality:

(d) With this result, derive an asymptotic expression for qn in terms of n.

(e) Let ˜π(N) be the number of random primes less than or equal to N. Use the result from (d)
to derive an asymptotic expression for ˜π(N), i.e. the prime number theorem for random

primes.

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Problem C.2
This problem requires you to read following scientific article:

On the harmonic and hyperharmonic Fibonacci numbers.

Tuglu, N., Kızılate¸s, C. & Kesim, S. Adv Differ Equ (2015). Link:
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-015-0635-z

Use the content of the article to work on the problems (a-f) below. All problems marked with * are bonus
problems (g-i) that can give you extra points. However, it is not possible to get more than 40 points in total.

(a) What are the values of Hn, Fn and Fn for n = 1,2,3?

n 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
Hn =   H1 =   H1 =  H1 = 1; H 2 =   H 2 = +  H 2 =
k =1 k k =1 k 1 k =1 k 1 2 2
3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
H3 =   H3 = + +  H3 = + +  H3 =
k =1 k 1 2 3 1 2 3 6
Fn + 2 = Fn +1 + Fn ; F0 = 0, F1 = 1; F2 = F1 + F0  F2 = 1 + 0  F2 = 1
F3 = F2 + F1  F3 = 1 + 1  F3 = 2
n 1
1 1 1 1
Fn =   F1 =   F1 =  F1 =  F1 = 1
k =1 Fk k =1 Fk F1 1
2
1 1 1 1 1
F2 =   Fn = +  Fn = +  Fn = 2
k =1 Fk F1 F2 1 1
3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5
F3 =   F3 = + +  F3 = + +  F3 =
k =1 Fk F1 F2 F3 1 1 2 2

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(b) Determine the hyperharmonic number (Tip: use Equation 4) and .

According to equation 4;
n
 n + r − t − 1 1 3
 3 + 10 − t − 1 1 3
12 − t  1
H n( r ) =     H3 =  
(10)
  H3 =  
(10)

t =1  r −1  t t =1  10 − 1  t t =1  9 t
12 − 1 1 12 − 2  1 12 − 3  1 11 1 10  1  9  1
 H 3(10) =   +  +   H3 =   +   +  
(10)

 9 1  9  2  9  3  9 1  9  2  9 3
11! 10! 1 9! 1 11*10*9! 10*9! 1 9! 1
 H 3(10) = + +  H 3(10) = + +
9!(11 − 9)! 9!(10 − 9)! 2 9!(9 − 9)! 3 9!(2)! 9!(1)! 2 9!(0)! 3
11*10 10 1 1 1 181
 H 3(10) = + +  H 3(10) = 55 + 5 +  H 3(10) =
2 1 2 3 3 3
n
Fn( r ) =  Fk( r −1) , Fn(0) = Fn , F0( r ) = 0, F1( r ) = 1
k =0
n 2 2
Fn( r ) =  Fk( r −1)  F2(3) =  Fk(3−1)  F2(3) =  Fk(2)  F2(3) = F1(2) + F2(2)
k =0 k =0 k =0
2 2
F2(2) =  Fk(2−1)  F2( 2) =  Fk(1)  F2(2) = F1(1) + F2(1)
k =0 k =0
2 2
F2(1) =  Fk(1−1)  F2(1) =  Fk(0)  F2(1) = F1(0) + F2( 0 )
k =0 k =0

F2
(3)
=F 1
(2)
+F
2
(2)
F 2
(3)
= F1(2) + F1(1) + F2(1)  F2(3) = F1(2) + F1(1) + F1(0) + F2(0)
 F2(3) = 1 + 1 + F1 + F2  F2(3) = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1  F2(3) = 4

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(c) Use the definition of xm to simplify the following fraction:

x m+1 − x m
= ? x m = x( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)...( x − m + 1)
x m+1 + x m
x( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)...( x − (m + 1) + 1) − x( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)...( x − m + 1)

x( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)...( x − (m + 1) + 1) + x( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)...( x − m + 1)
x( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)...( x − m) − x( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)...( x − m)( x − m + 1)

x( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)...( x − m) + x( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)...( x − m)( x − m + 1)
x( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)...( x − m)(1 − ( x − m + 1)) x m +1 − x m m− x
  m +1 m =
x( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)...( x − m)(1 + ( x − m + 1)) x +x 2+ x−m

(d) Present the proof of Theorem 1 step-by-step by applying Equation 6.

n −1 n −1
k +1

k =0
Fk = nFn − 
k = 0 Fk +1
b b −1 n
1
 g ( x) =  g ( x),
a
x
a
Fn = 
k =1 Fk
, Fn + 2 = Fn +1 + Fn , F0 = 1, F1 = 1.
b b

 u( x)v( x) = u ( x)v( x) a −  Ev( x)u ( x) x , Ev( x) = v( x + 1).

b +1
x
a a

1
u (k ) = Fk , u (k ) = , v(k ) = 1, v(k ) = k , Ev(k ) = k + 1;
Fk +1
b b n −1 n −1

 u( x)v( x) x = u( x)v( x) a −  Ev( x)u( x) x   u(k )v(k ) = u(k )v(k ) 0 −  Ev(k )u(k )
b +1 n

a a k =0 0
n −1 n −1
1 n −1
k +1n −1
  Fk = Fk k −  k + 1   Fk = nFn − 
n

k =0
0
k =0 Fk +1 k =0 k = 0 Fk +1

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(e) Show that .

(r ) ( r −1) (r ) (r ) (r )
If F n =F n +F n −1 then F n −F n−2 =?
(r ) ( r −1) (r ) (r ) ( r −1) (r ) (r ) ( r −1) ( r −1) (r )
Fn = Fn + F n −1 & F n −1 = F n −1 + F n − 2  F n = F n + F n −1 + F n − 2
(r ) (r ) ( r −1) ( r −1) (r ) (r ) (r ) (r ) ( r −1) ( r −1)
F n − F n−2 = F n + F n −1 + F n − 2 − F n − 2  F n − F n −2 = F n + F n −1

(f) Determine the Euclidean norm of the circulant matrix Circ(1,1,0,0).

1 1 0 0 
 m n 2
 0 1 1 0
A E =   aij  , A = circ(1,1, 0, 0) =  
 i =1 j =1   0 0 1 1
 
 
1 0 0 1
 m n 2

A =   aij   A = 8 (12 )  A = 8 A =2 2
E  i =1 j =1 E E E
 

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(g*) Show that for u(k) = F2k we get ∆ .

k k +1
1 1
Fk =  , Fk +1 = 
2 2 2
If u (k ) = Fk then u (k ) = ? u (k ) = Fk +1 − Fk = ?
k =1 Fk k =1 Fk

 k +1 1  k +1 1   k 1 1  k 1 1   1  1 
Fk +1 =        +
2 2 2
  Fk +1 = +   Fk +1 =  Fk +  Fk + 
 k =1 Fk  k =1 Fk   k =1 Fk Fk +1  k =1 Fk Fk +1   Fk +1  Fk +1 
2 2 2 Fk 1 2 2 2 2F 1 2
 Fk +1 = Fk + + 2
, u (k ) = Fk +1 − Fk  u (k ) = Fk + k + 2
− Fk
Fk +1 ( Fk +1 ) Fk +1 ( Fk +1 )
2 Fk 1 1  1 
 u (k ) = + 2
 u (k ) =  2 Fk + 
Fk +1 ( Fk +1 ) Fk +1  Fk +1 

(h*) Use the theorems from the article to prove the following identity:

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n −1

k (F )
2
m
k =?
k =1
b b −1 n
1
 g ( x) x =  g ( x),
a a
Fn = 
k =1 Fk
, Fn + 2 = Fn +1 + Fn , F0 = 1, F1 = 1.
b b

 u( x)v( x) x = u( x)v( x) a −  Ev( x)u( x) x , Ev( x) = v( x + 1).

b +1

a a

1  1  k m+1 (k + 1) m+1
( )
2
u (k ) = Fk , u (k ) = u (k ) =  k
2 F +  , v ( k ) = k m
, v ( k ) = , Ev ( k ) = ;
Fk +1  Fk +1  m +1 m +1
b b n −1 n −1

 u( x)v( x) = u ( x)v( x) a −  Ev( x)u ( x) x   u (k )v(k ) = u (k )v(k ) 1 −  Ev(k )u (k )
b +1 n
x
a a k =1 1
n
n −1 m +1 n −1
(k + 1) m +1
1  1 
  k m Fk ( ) k
( ) −
2 2
= Fk  2 Fk + 
k =1 m +1 1 k =1 m +1 Fk +1  Fk +1 
n −1 m +1
(k + 1) m+1 1 
1m +1 n −1
1 
  k m Fk ( ) n
( ) ( ) −
2 2 2
= Fn − F1  2 Fk + 
k =1 m +1 m +1
k =1 m + 1 Fk +1  Fk +1 
n −1
n m +1 n −1
(k + 1) m +1 1  1 
  k m Fk ( ) ( )1
−
2 2
= Fn −  2 Fk + 
k =1 m +1 m + 1 k =1 m + 1 Fk +1  Fk +1 
n m +1  n −1 m +1
1  1  1 
( ) −  (km+ 1)+ 1
n −1
  k m Fk ( )
2 2
= Fn  2 Fk + + 
k =1 m +1  k =1 Fk +1  Fk +1  m + 1 
n −1
n m +1  n −1 (k + 1) m +1 1  1 
  k m Fk ( ) ( )
Fn −  
2 2
=  2 Fk + 
k =1 m +1  k =0 m + 1 Fk +1  Fk +1  

(i*) Use Equation 1 and Theorem 5 to show the following:

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n −1 n −1
Fk H k +1
According to theorem 5; 
k =0 k + 1
= H F
n n − 
k = 0 Fk +1
, H0 = 0
n −1 n −1
1 n −1 1 n −1
From equation 1;  H k = nH n − n  H k = n(H n − 1) 
k =1 k =1
 k n
n k =1
H = H − 1   Hk +1 = Hn
n k =1
n −1
Fk n −1
H k +1 Fn −1
 1 n −1  n −1
H n −1
F F n −1 n −1
H k +1
 k +1 = H
k =0
n Fn − 
k = 0 Fk +1
  k =   H k + 1 Fn −  k +1   k = n
k =0 k + 1  n k =1  k = 0 Fk +1 k =0 k + 1 n
H
k =1
k + Fn − 
k = 0 Fk +1

n −1
Fk F  n −1
 H n −1
F n −1
F H n −1 n −1
 = Fn + n   H k − H 0  −  k +1   k = Fn +  n H k −  k +1
k =0 k + 1 n  k =0  k =0 Fk +1 k =0 k + 1 k =0 n k = 0 Fk +1

n −1 
n −1
Fk F H 
 = Fn +   n H k − k +1 
k =0 k + 1 k =0  n Fk +1 

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