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Chapter 2 Kinematics

2.1 Linear motion

2.2 Projectiles

Introduction
Kinematics - A study of a motion of an object without considering the effect that produces
motion. Kinematics analyses the position of an object relation to time.

2.1 Linear Motion

Learning Outcome:
(a) derive and use equations of motion with constant acceleration;
(b) sketch and use the graphs of displacement time, velocity-time and acceleration-time for the
motion of a body with constant acceleration;
1. linear motion can be separated into Horizontal and Vertical (freefall) motion.

Figure 2- 1

Figure 2- 2. Displacement path or scale. The displacement and time measurement must have the same
reference point.
2. Horizontal motion best explain using four fundamental physical quantities: Displacement,
velocity, acceleration and time.
Distance, L
Distance,L is a measure of how far an object has moved.

Displacement, s
Displacement,s is defined as the distance moved in a particular direction. (It is the
change in position)
Note:
1. Negative and positive displacement.
To the right = + (+5km)
To the left = - (-10 km)
2. Measuring total distance and total displacement.

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Figure 2- 3. The different between length and Displacement

If the object is travel from A to C, using A to B then B to C.
Total distance = 7 unit, then total displacement = 5 unit.

If the object is travel A to B then C, then return to B and then A.

Total distance = 14 unit, then total displacement = 0 unit

Time, t
Time is an observed phenomenon, by means of which human beings sense and record
changes in the environment and in the universe.
Instantaneous time
Duration/interval time

Speed
Speed,v is defined as the distance moved per second (or the rate of change of distance)
L
v
t
Velocity
Velocity,v is defined as the rate of change of displacement.

 s
v
t
The speed and velocity can be show in two ways, whether the average or the instant.
The average would refer to the whole journey divide by the whole time used to travel,
but then the instant would meant the speed or velocity at particular time.

Figure 2- 4. An average velocity

Δs
Average velocity = Δt .

If the change of time is become smaller and smaller , then the average velocity will
become instantaneous velocity.

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Figure 2- 5. Instantaneous velocity

Δs ds
Δt ⃗
lim 0
Instantaneous velocity = Δt = dt

The instantaneous velocity of an object is its velocity at a particular instant or time.

Note:
1. Negative velocity and positive velocity.
“-5 unit s-1” mean the object move to the left

Acceleration
Acceleration,a is defined as the rate of change of velocity.

 v
a
t

Figure 2- 6

v
Average acceleration1 = t
dv
Instantaneous acceleration = dt

Motion with Constant Acceleration

1. From the definition of acceleration, we learn that

1
Slope = Gradient, slope use by US and gradient use by UK

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Change in velocity v−u

a= =
Time taken from initial to final velocity t
v = u + at……………………… 1
where v is final velocity and u is the initial velocity of the object.
2. Displacement = average velocity x time.
(u+v )
s= ×t
2 …………………. 2
Replace (1) to ( 2)
1
s=ut + at 2
2
2s
From (1), v-u = at and (2) v + u = t
v2 = u2 + 2as

Summary of equation: The idea of ‘s u v a t’

Formulae Uses when absence of Eq. No

vu
a s, displacement 1
t
(u+v )
s= ×t a, acceleration 2
2
1
s=ut + at 2 v, final velocity 3
2

v2 = u2 + 2as t, time 4
Table 2- 1
Example 2- 1
Starting at time t = 0 seconds, an object accelerates from 12 ms-1 to 27 ms-1 in 4 seconds. Find
the value of time, t (to the nearest second), when its total displacement is 110 m.
Solution :
v  u 27  12
a   3.75 ms-2
t 4
v 2  u 2  2as Then v  122  2  3.75  110  31.13 ms -1
U sin g , v  u  at
v-u 31.13  12
t   5.1 s
a 3.75
Example 2- 2
A bus travels at straight road with the speed of 24 m/s decreases uniformly to 8 m/s by
travelling 40 m. Calculate:
(a) The decelerations of the bus.
(b) The time taken for the deceleration.
(c) Total distance travels before the bus stops.
Solution:

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(a ) v 2=u 2 +2 as (b) v=u+at

2 2
8 =24 + 2a (40 ) 8=(24)+(-6.4)t
-2
a=−6 . 4 ms t=2.5s
(c ) Using v =u+at
0=(24)+(−6. 4 )t
t=3 . 75 s
1 1
s=ut+ at 2 =(24×3 .75 )+ (−6 . 4 )(3 .75 )2=45 m
2 2

Graphical representation of motion

From the graph above, explain the motion of the body:

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Acceleration due to gravity (ignoring friction)

1.Objects in gravitation field experience a

downwards force - their weight. If unbalanced,
this produces acceleration downwards.
2.There is an acceleration free fall or acceleration
due to gravity when the object moves at the same
acceleration.
3. Acceleration free fall is represented by the
symbol "g" as assume constant 9.81m s-2.
4. The value of g not depends on the
displacement or location of the object.
5. Previously we have use ‘suvat’ to examine the
kinematic of horizontal motion, here also we can Figure 2- 7
use it with a little adjustment, the ‘a’ have to be
replace by -g and the ‘t’ refer to that only moment. So the ‘suvat’ will transform into ‘suv-gt’.
Study the figure 2-7.

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

An object travels An object travels An object travels below the

upwards downwards reference level

Displacement = +s Displacement = +s Displacement = -s

Velocity = +v Velocity =+v Velocity = -v
Acceleration = -g Acceleration = -g Acceleration = -g

Table 2- 2

Figure 2- 8. The -g will successfully use if the above assumption is implemented. Otherwise it will
confuse.
Note : Free fall “suvat” sign

s
t
Phenomena region Displacement u v a
Time path
path

+
a. a rise from
(I) + + + -g Start from
reference
reference

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(I) + increase + + -g
+
b. a rise and fall at
+ Start from
the reference line (II) + + -g
decrease reference

(I) + increase + + -g
c. a rise and fall +
beyond the (II) + decrease + + -g Start from
reference line reference
(III) - - - -g
+
(III) - - - -g Start from
d. a fall from the reference
reference line +
(III) + + + g Start from
reference

• Useful information for calculation:

Figure 2- 9

Information Analysis

The velocity decreases to zero 1. Calculation of maximum displacement:

when the object reaches the u2
H
highest point. 2g
2. Calculate total time for the objects to travel.
Using the formula:
1
s  ut  at 2
2
Time taken for the object to s is H and a is g
reach the highest point is the 1
same as the time it takes to H=ut− gt 2
2
drop back to its initial point. Total time for traveling is 2 x t.
2. Calculate velocity before reaching the ground.
v = u – gt
u=0
v = -gt
The velocity at certain time, t

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Table 2- 3

Solving Linear Motion (horizontal and Free fall) strategy using suvat

Step 1: Define surface or ground each particle (reference line: the origin)
Step 2: sketch the displacement path(scale) for each particle and the time path (scale). Define
the “suvat” sign.
Step 3: use suvat equation

Example 2- 3

Figure 2- 10
A stone thrown upward with initial velocity 30 ms-1. Calculate the time interval between 25 m
from the surface.[ Assume g = 10 ms-2]
Solution:
When s=0
1
=ut − gt 2 =0
2
t (30−5t )=0
then t=0 and t =6
given s= 25 m , u = 30 ms-1
1
s=ut − gt 2
2
25=30 t−5 t 2
(t−1)( t−5 )=0
The time interval will be 5s-1s= 4s Figure 2- 11

Example 2- 4
An object thrown upward with initial velocity 20 m s-1 from a
point P, that is 25 m from the surface of the earth. Sketch the
graph of . .[ Assume g = 10 ms-2]

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 Figure 2- 12
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(a) Displacement - time

(b) Velocity - time
(c) Speed – time

Solution:
¿ Maximum Height, H : v = 0, s = H
v 2=u2 −2gs
0=u2−2gH
u2 400
∴H= = =20m
2g 2(10)
¿ Assume s=0 at Point P. Time to return to point P = t P , u = 20 ms-1
1
usin g s=ut- gt 2
2
1
0=(20)t P− gt 2P
2
1
t P (20− gt P )=0
2
∴t P=0 and tP=4 s

¿ Displacement from point P to Earth surface , s= -25 m . Time taken to the earth surface , t = t s
1
u sin g s=ut- gt 2
2
1
−25=(20)t s − gt 2s
2
(t s +1)(t s−5)=0
∴t s =5 s

Figure 2- 13: Sketching skill is priority

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2.2 Projectile
Learning Outcome:
(a) solve problems on projectile motion without air resistance;
(b) explain the effects of air resistance on the motion of bodies in air.

1. The motion equations can be used with object projected or thrown through the air at an
angle. Examples of projectiles : motion of missiles, throwing basketball and long jump
2. Consider the ball thrown at a initial velocity,u at an angle  to the ground. Ignoring air
resistance, the only force acting on the ball during its flight is the gravity. Analysis shown

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-A downward acceleration that only affects the vertical component of the velocity.
-The horizontal velocity remains constant.
-The ball follows a parabolic path through the air.
-The time of flight depends on the vertical velocity.
3. The horizontal distance travelled depends on the horizontal velocity and the time of - flight.
4. The horizontal and vertical motions of a projectile are independent and can be treated
separately in calculations.

Figure 2- 14. The projectile path

Projectile is the motion that is a combination the constant horizontal linear and free
fall motion that is only influence by gravitational pull.

5. The table below shows the horizontal and vertical components of projectile motion.

initial
Projectile u
velocity
Components Horizontal (x axis) Vertical (y axis)

Initial velocity u cos  u sin 

Instant velocity
u cos  u sin  -gt
at time,t.
Acceleration 0 -g

To reach R To reach H, v = 0
Time,t taken Total time to R is twice the time 0 = usin  - gtH
Using formula: to reach H.
usin θ
v = u + at So,
tR=2tH tH= g

R = (u cos ) 2 tH Using formula

Height H /
usin θ V2 = u2 + 2 as
Range R = 2 (u cos  ) g 0 = (u sin )2 - 2gH
2 2
travelled 2
u sin 2θ u sin θ
R= g H= 2g

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Displacement 1
x = (u cos )t
at any instant t
s = (u sin )t- 2 gt2

Maximum R occurs when  = 45°

Extra The range of projection is the
information same for  and (90 - ).
Example, 0 = 15° and 75°

Final velocity,v,
Vx = U cos  Vy = u sin -gt2
Components
Final velocity
v  v x2  v y2
Magnitude
Final velocity v
  arctan y
Direction vx
Table 2- 4. Time, t is the mutual value of linear and free fall.

Example 2- 5
A canon is fired in a projectile with the initial velocity 30 ms-1 at angle 60. Calculate
(a) Time reaching maximum height.
(b) Maximum height.
(c) Range
(d) Time taken to reach 30 m height.
(e) Velocity during 30 m.
Solution:
u sin θ 30 sin 60°
(a) t H = = =2. 65s
g 9. 8
u2 sin2 θ
(b ) Maximum Height , H =
2g
2 2
30 sin 60 °
¿
2(9 . 8)
¿34. 44 m
u2 sin 2 θ
(c ) Range , R=
g
2
30 sin( 2×60 ° )
¿
9. 8
¿ 79 . 53 m
(d ) Vertical Displacement, s y =30 m
1
u sin g s y =u y t− gt 2
2
then u y =u sin θ=30 sin 60 °=25 . 98 ms−1
1
so s y=(25. 98 )t− (9 .81 )t 2
2
t=1 . 70 s and 3 .60s
2
Its depend on the assumption of the “ground” (origin) of the y axis motion (up and down)

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(e) ( i ) case t = 1 . 70 s
v 1= √ v 2 2
1 y +v 1 x
v 1 x =u cos θ=30 cos 60 °= 15 ms − 1
v 1 y =u y −gt
¿ u sin θ −( 9 . 8 ) t
¿ 30 sin 60 °−( 9 . 8 )( 1 . 70 )=+ 8 . 7 ms -1
∴ v 1 = √ ( 15 )2 +( 8 . 7 )2=17 . 3 ms-1
8 .7
tan θ1 =
15
θ 1=30 . 1 °

Figure 2- 15

To solve the projectile always do

Step 1. Self-determine the reference point, then draw the reference line
Step 2. Determine/write clearly the mutual time, t. always entertain the distance of
freefall equation is the quadratic function.

Effect of Air Resistance

1. When a body moves through the air, the air resistance against the motion of the body
is known as the viscous3 drag4.
2. The viscous drag on a body depend on
a. Shape of the body : Objects which are streamlined experience less drag
b. Velocity of the body: the viscous drag is proportional to the square of the
velocity
3. when the body is released from rest and fall through the air, its velocity initially
increase. As it’s velocity increases, the viscous drag increase. The acceleration of the
body decrease. Finally when the acceleration is zero, the velocity is constant. The
maximum constant velocity is known as terminal velocity.

3
Kelikatan
4
Seretan

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Summary Chap 2 Kinematic

No. Item Symbol/Formulae

1. Suvat equation
2. Suv-gt equation
3. Projectile velocity
4. Projectile velocity vertical comp
5. Projectile velocity horizontal comp
6. Projectile direction
7. Projectile max height
8. Projectile max height time
9. Projectile Range

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