AMERICAN

INTERVENTION AND
PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE

GROUP 1:
ALBANO, LARA BRONTE GRACE
ANCHETA, ANDREA
ARIMADO, JENNEL
BIARCAL, ANAVIEVE
CABIEDES, DENNISE KATE
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR OF 1898
Spanish-American War of 1898
Consul Wildman
• Cuba revolted against its colonial
master sometime in February
1895
• The commander of the Spanish
forces (Governor-General
Valeriano Weyler) in Cuba
established concentrations camps
for the rebels and their
sympathizers, in response to the
rebellion
Spanish-American War of 1898
Consul Wildman
• Since Cuba is near the US
(basically across Florida), many
Americans were involved in the
investments of the sugar industry
in Cuba
• Before the revolution worsened,
President William McKinley sent
US battleship, Maine, to evacuate
American citizens
Spanish-American War of 1898
Consul Wildman
Spanish-American War of 1898
Consul Wildman

April 25, 1898

BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
Battle of Manila Bay George Dewey
Consul Wildman
• Commodore George Dewey
arrived in Manila Bay on May 1,
1898 with a squadron and led by
the flagship Olympia.
• The battle with the Spanish fleet
of 12 ships, headed by Admiral
Patricio Montojo, lasted for only a
few hours

Patricio Montojo

USS Maine
Battle of Manila Bay- Significance
Consul Wildman

• This battle was one of the most

significant battles in American
history because it established the
United States as a world power.
• This battle also signaled the end
of more than 300 years of Spanish
colonial rule in the country
• It also marked the beginning of
American colonial rule in the
Philippines
ATTEMPTS AT GAINING
FILIPINO SUPPORT
Attempts at Gaining Filipino Support
Consul Wildman
• Basilio Agustin was the governor general at
this time (during the battle of Manila Bay) and
he felt demoralized by the defeat from the
battle against the US
• He appealed to the Filipino people to assist
Spain in the struggle of the American
aggression by issuing two decrees; Filipino
Volunteer Militia and Consultative Assembly
• This backfired because people appointed to the
militia sided with Aguinaldo (who worked with the
Americans)
• The Consultative Assembly accomplished
nothing
FILIPINO- AMERICAN
COLLABORATION
Filipino- American Collaboration
Consul Wildman
• When the American consul, E.
Spencer Pratt, conferred with
Aguinaldo, he gave Aguinaldo
the impression that the
Americans would not colonize
the Philippines and apparently,
the Americans were
considering the Filipinos as
allies if hostilities between the
U.S. and Spain worsen.
Filipino- American Collaboration
Consul Wildman
• Rounseville Wildman, America consul in Hong Kong,
suggested that Aguinaldo establish dictatorial
government which was needed in the prosecution of
the war against Spain, but would need a government
like the U.S. (democracy) once the war was over and
peace was restored
• Both the American consuls, Wildman and Pratt,
sympathized with the Filipino’s aspirations of
independence, but did not make any formal
commitments
Filipino- American Collaboration
Consul Wildman
• Aguinaldo debriefed with the Hong Kong Junta on what
transpired with his meetings with the American Consul
and was unanimously decided that Aguinaldo return to
the Philippines to lead the struggle against the
Spaniards.

Hong Kong Junta

 AGUINALDO’S
RETURN TO THE PHILIPPINES
Aguinaldo’s Return to the Philippines
Consul Wildman
• Consul Wildman
-arranged Aguinaldo’s return on the revenue
cutter McCulloch
• Revenue cutter McCulloch
-he and his companions boarded at night to Revenue cutter McCulloch
avoid rousing the suspicion of the Spanish
consul in Hong Kong
• May 17, 1898
-ship left and arrived in Cavite two days later
• Olympia
Olympia
-where Aguinaldo was taken aboard
-where he accorded honors due to a general
Aguinaldo reportedly said Dewey
had given assurance that the US would
recognize Philippine independence which
Dewey denied
Aguinaldo’s Return to the Philippines
With Aguinaldo’s return to
the Philippines, Constantino
identified “four major forces
on the historical stage”:
1. Spanish colonialism

2. American imperialism

3. The Filipino ilustrados

4. The masses
Aguinaldo’s Return to the Philippines
• May 21, 1898
- Two days after he arrived
- Aguinaldo in a letter advised people to respect
foreigners and their properties, also enemies who
surrender… Or else Americans sell us or divide up our
territory hold us incapable of governing our land
News of Aguinaldo’s arrival spread, number of Filipino
volunteers in the Spanish army defected to the Filipino
side.
Aguinaldo’s Return to the Philippines
• Dalahikan
-where they were assigned to
occupy
-the Cavite shipyard had been
captured
Within a week these places were
seized from Spanish control
-Imus and Bacoor, in Cavite and
Paranaque and Las Pinas in
Morong, San Fernando and
Macabebe in Pampanga
Joined
Joined the
thefight
fightfor
forfreedom:
freedom:
Laguna,
Laguna, Batangas,
Batangas, Bulacan, Nueva
Bulacan, Nueva
Ecija, Bataan, Tayabas(Quezon), and Ecija, Bataan,
Tayabas(Quezon),
Camarines and Camarines
Aguinaldo’s Return to the Philippines
• General Artemio Ricarte
-accepted the surrender of the
Spanish commanding general in
Cavite on June 2, 1898
Filipinos gained victory after
victory

Within the month of June 1898

-almost whole of Luzon except for the port of Cavite
and Manila had fallen into hands of Filipino rebels
 THE FILIPINO
SIEGE OF MANILA
 The Filipino Siege of Manila
-Americans wait for reinforcements
Aguinaldo
-was treated with the courtesies befitting a head
of state
Motive of the Americans:
-to use the Filipinos to fight the Spaniards until
the reinforcements arrived
 The Filipino Siege of Manila
• Intramuros or Walled City
-where the many Spaniards had taken
refuge when the Spanish navy was
destroyed
• Spanish authorities became optimistic
-when Dewey did not bombard the city
after winning the Battle of Manila Bay
Aguinaldo cut off its food and water
supply
• Option of surrender three times
• Governor-General Agustin
-rejected the option waiting for
reinforcements which never came
THE AGUINALDO
DICTATORSHIP
 The Aguinaldo Dictatorship
• Draft of Constitutional plan drawn up by
Mariano Ponce
-Aguinaldo brought with him when he
arrived from Hong Kong
-the plan was for the establishment of a
federal republic
• Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
-suggested a dictatorial government to
prosecute the war against Spain
• May 24, 1898
-Aguinaldo issued a decree formally Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
establishing such form of government, albeit
temporary in nature
-decree nullified the orders issued under the
Biak na Bato Republic
 The Aguinaldo Dictatorship
• Apolinario Mabini
-Aguinaldo’s unofficial adviser
-objected Aguinaldo’s plan to
declare independence
-emphasized that before declaring
independence, the need to
reorganize the government into one
must be done first so that it could
prove to foreign powers that it is
independent and stable.
Aguinaldo prevailed over Mabini
THE PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE
 One of the most significant dates in the Philippine’s
history is Independence Day because it marks the
nation’s independence from the Spanish rule on June
12, 1898.

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 WHEN WAS THE DECLARATION OF THE
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE?

Philippine independence was proclaimed

on June 12, 1898 in the presence of a huge
crowd at the ancestral home of General
Emilio Aguinaldo between 4 or 5 in the
afternoon in Cavite El Viejo, now known as Kawit
And this was also the time of unfurling of the Philippine
National flag and playing of the MARCHA FILIPINA
MAGDALO by the San Francisco de Malabon marching band
as the country’s national anthem composed by Julian Felipe

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Our National Flag was made by
MARCELA AGONCILLO,
LORENZA AGONCILLO,
AND DELFINA HERBOSA
and was sewed in Hong Kong.

The declaration of Philippine Independence which was

written by AMBROSIO RIANZARES BAUTISTA translated in
English by SULPICIO GUEVARA.

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 BACKGROUND
• The annual June 12 observance of Philippine’s
Independence Day came into effect after past President
Diosdado Macapagal signed the Republic Act No.
4166 regarding this matter on August 4, 1964. This Act
legalized the holiday, which is based on the Declaration of
Independence on June 12, 1898 by General Emilio
Aguinaldo and Filipino revolutionary forces from the Spanish
colonization. The Philippines’ flag was raised and its
national anthem was played for the first time in
1898. However, liberty was short-lived because Spain and
the United States did not recognize the declaration.

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• The 1898 Treaty of Paris ended the war between Spain and
the United States. Spain surrendered the entire archipelago
comprising the Philippines to the United States. The
Philippines started a revolt against the United States in 1899
and achieved national sovereignty on July 4, 1946, through
the Treaty of Manila. Independence Day was officially
observed on July 4 until the Republic Act No. 4166, which
set out to move the holiday to June 12, was approved on
August 4, 1964.

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 THE DECLARATION INCLUDED THE LIST OF
GRIEVANCES AGAINST THE SPANISH
GOVERNMENT STRETCHING BACK TO THE
EXPLORER FERDINAND MAGELLAN’S ARRIVAL
IN 1521 AND CONFERS UPON OUR FAMOUS
DICTATOR DON EMILIO AGUINALDO ALL THE
POWERS NECESSARY TO ENABLE HIM TO
DISCHARGE THE DUTIES OF GOVERNMENT
INCLUDING THE PREROGATIVES OF GRANTING
PARDON AND AMNESTY.
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• Because in the International Law , the prescription
established by the law to legalize the vicious acquisition of
the private property is not recognized.
• After the destruction of the plaza of Cavite, Don Emilio
returned in order to initiate a new revolution and given the
order to rise on the 31st of the last month when several
town was anticipating the revolution, rose in revolt on the
28th, such as Spanish contingent of 178 men, between Imus
Cavite-Viejo, under the command of the major of Marine
Infantry.
• The revolution spreading like wild fire to other towns of
Cavite, other provinces of Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas,
Bulacan, Laguna, and Morong.

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• 1st detachment – in the first provinces mentioned only the
detachment in Naic and Indang remained to surrender
• 2nd detachment- all the detachments had been wiped out
• 3rd - the resistance of the Spanish forces was localized in the
town of San Fernando where the greater part of them are
concentrated
• 4th- in the town of Lipa
• 5th – in the capital and in the Calumpit

And do that the independence of our country and the

revindication of our sovereignty is assured.

• Or a group of troops sent away on a separate mission

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 And having the rectitude of our intentions the Supreme
Judge of the Universe, and under the protection of our
Powerful and Humanitarian Nation, the United State of
America, we do hereby proclaim and declare solemnly
in the name by authority of the people these Philippine
Islands, that they have the right to be free and
independent; that they have ceased to have allegiance to
the Crown of Spain, that all political ties between them
are should be completely severed and annulled; and
that, like other free and independent State, they enjoy
the full power to make War and Peace, conclude
commercial treaties, enter into alliances, regulate
commerce and do all other acts and things which an
Independent State has the right to do.

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 White triangle – equality Royal blue field – peace,
and brotherhood. truth, and justice.

Three stars on the corners of

the triangle – the three main
geographical regions of the
country namely Luzon, the
Visayas, and Mindanao.
Scarlet red field –
patriotism and valor.

The sun at the center of the triangle – has eight

rays representing the eight Philippine provinces
that started the revolt against Spain.

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 DICTATORIAL TO
REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
 From Dictatorial to
Revolutionary Government
June 18
• Aguinaldo issued a
decree reorganizing local
government in areas
liberated from Spain.

2
 From Dictatorial to
Revolutionary Government
• Most distinguished person in each province were
asked to take over local governments
• Chief of towns
• Were to elect to the Congress, and military commanders
who liberated towns became their commissioners

3
 From Dictatorial to
Revolutionary Government
Apolinario Mabini
• the Sublime Paralytic
• Became Aguinaldo’s liberal
advisor
• He though that the
declaration of Independence
was premature

4
 From Dictatorial to
Revolutionary Government
• By the end of June, the rebels controlled all of Luzon
except Manila, which was besieged.
• July 15
• Aguinaldo chose his cabinet that included his brother
Baldomero as secretary of War and Public Works.
• His cabinet was composed of Ilustrados, most of whom had
been on the Spanish side.

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July 23
• Aguinaldo was proclaimed the chief general.
• He deployed 14, 000 Filipino soldiers between the Spaniards and the
Americans outside Manila’s walls.
General Thomas Anderson
• Brought 2500 on June 30
General Francis Greene
• 3500 on July 17
General Arthur MC-Arthur
• 4800 om July 31
General Wesley Merritt
• Commanded 10964 men and 740 officers

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 SURRENDER NEGOTIATIONS
AND THE MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA
Surrender Negotiations and the
Mock Battle of Manila
• July 7, 1898
• For the fourth time, Aguinaldo made another demand for the Spanish
general to surrender
• However, The Spanish official refused to do so upon instruction from
Madrid
• He was ordered that if it was inevitable to surrender, he should surrender
to the Americans, not to the Filipinos.
• Secret Agreement
• Dewey started negotiating with Governor-General Augustin and with
Belgian Consul Andre acting as mediator for surrender of the Spaniards

No Filipino troops would be allowed to enter Manila

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• General Merritt
• Who had overall command of the American forces decided to conduct the
“offensive” against Manila from the side of Manila Bay
• General Francis Greene
• Commander of the second reinforcements
• was instructed to tell Aguinaldo and his troops to cooperate with the
American by leaving the area free for the foreigners to occupy
• General Anderson
• Warned Aguinaldo to not let his troops enter Manila without permission
from the American commander, or else they would be shot
• August 13, 1898
• Filipinos amasses on the right side of General MacArthur – who had led
the third American reinforcements, ready for battle.

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Mock Battle of Manila
• 11:20 am – the Spaniards raised the flag of surrender
• 5:00 pm – surrender negotiations were completed
• The Spanish authorities agreed to surrender the Spaniards
and the Filipino volunteers in the city on the condition:
• Americans would safeguard the city and its inhabitants, churches,
and religious worship.

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August 14
• The document stating the terms of surrender
was formally signed by representative of both parties.
General Merritt
• Announced the establishment of the Military Government
August 12
• American President McKinley issued a proclamation directing the
suspension of all military operations against the Spaniards
August 16
• The surrender agreement had been signed.

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 END OF FILIPINO-AMERICAN
COLLABORATION AND SPANISH RULE
 End of Filipino-American
Collaboration and Spanish Rule
• Manila’s surrender to the Americans signaled the end of the Filipino-
American collaboration
• Filipino soldiers were not allowed entry into Manila, which inspired feelings of
hostility to the Americans
• The headquarters of the Spanish government was transferred to Iloilo by
General Riego de Dios, taking command of the Spanish Army in the South.
• Martin Delgado, leader of the Visayan patriots, compelled de Dios to leave
Iloilo so he moved to Zamboanga in December.
• American troops displaced the Spanish garrison, occupying Jolo in May
1899.
• By November 1899, all Spanish forces in the South were shipped back to
Spain.

2
 THE TREATY
OF PARIS OF 1898
 The Treaty of Paris of 1898
• Peace treaty between Spain and the US drafted in Paris
on October 1, 1898
• Final treaty concluded on December 10, 1898 and
provided for the following:
• Spain agreed to remove all soldiers from Cuba and recognize
American occupation of the area;
• Spain ceded Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the US
• The US compensated Spain for its losses with a payment of $20
million.
• Continued to be a point of controversy between
Imperialists and anti-Imperialists in the US Senate