CENTRAL UNIVERSITY

OF
SOUTH BIHAR
SCHOOL OF LAW & GOVERNANCE
PROJECT WORK
ON
RURAL ILLITERACY IN INDIA WITH
STATE WISE DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

DR. PARIJAT PRADHAN PRERAK RAJ
ASST. PROFESSOR E.No.CUSB1813125067
SEC-A
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

You are most welcome in my project work on the topic “Rural illiteracy in india
with state wise demographic trends”.

This project is given by our honourable subject professor “Dr. Parijat Pradhan” and
I would like to thank her for giving me such opportunity to work on this specified
topic.

I would like to express thank to my seniors who reviewed my paper for rendering
constructive and valuable suggestions and comments that have helped a lot in
improving the quality and content of this paper.

I would like to thank all the Library staffs who helped me to find all the desired
books regarding the topic as the whole project revolves around the doctrinal
methodology of research.

Last but not the least, thanks to all who directly or indirectly helped me in
completion of this project. I have made this project with great care and tried to put
each and every necessary information regarding the topic. So at the beginning I
hope that if once you will come inside this project you will be surely glad.

Prerak Raj
CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. RURAL ILLITERACY IN INDIA

3. CAUSES OF ILLITERACY

4. STEPS TO CONTROLS ILLITERACY

5. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

While India is still struggling to eradicate illiteracy, it is heartening to note that our

literacy rate has gone up from 25 per cent in 1951 to 64.8 per cent in 2001. It is

true that this percentage includes everyone who knows how to read and write a few

alphabets, and may not be considered a true indicator of education; however, the

rise in the percentage is quite noticeable. It indicates how much still remains to be

done to achieve 100 per cent literacy. It also shows the magnitude of demand that

is likely to be made on the education system for higher learning. Infrastructure will

have to be expanded to accommodate the burgeoning number of students seeking

admission to secondary, higher secondary, and tertiary education. The classrooms,

teachers, libraries and laboratory facilities, hostels, and playfields needed for the

rising number of student clientele will have to be provided. Already we know that

the existing system is unable to meet the rising demand. As a consequence, many

surrogate institutions have sprung up outside of the education system to train

aspiring students. Coaching centre’s, tuition classes, ‘institutes’ and ‘universities’

have been set up in the private sector, not all of which are of acceptable standards.

Such institutions have commercialized education and put it beyond the reach of the

poor and the deprived. A continuing worry is the lower rate of literacy among

women specially in rular india. Sixty per cent of the non-literates in India are
women, although the female literacy rate has gone up from 9 per cent in the 1950s

to 54 per cent in 2001. But the gender gap in literacy is enormous; the difference

between the male and female literacy rate is 22 percentage points – that is, there

are more male literates than female.

Some states and some areas within the states have shown higher rates of illiteracy

among women, and efforts are afoot to improve the situation through the Sarva

Shiksha Abhiyan of the government of India. As is expected, the literacy rate in the

urban areas is higher than in the rural. Table 1 illustrates this.

It is clear that change has occurred in the literacy profile on both variables, namely

gender and settlement, and the change is for the better. Because of the changes in

literacy, one can expect changes in other aspects of the life of the people in terms
of job opportunities, marriage, and mobility. It might also bring about changes in

interpersonal and inter-group relations.

RURAL ILLITERACY IN INDIA

Illiteracy is a state whereby one is unable to read and write. In its simplest form, it

can be defined as lack of any or sufficient education. Sometimes people who have

had very basic education also experience challenges in reading and writing.

Illiteracy can also mean ignorance or the lack of knowledge in a specific subject.

For example, a person may have gone to school but does not know how to operate

a computer. Such an individual has no literacy in computer and is known as

computer illiterate. Nearly every job advertised requires one to have computer

literacy due to the digitization of most processes at the workplace. A mistake in

reading or writing that is seen to be characteristic of an illiterate person is also

referred to as illiteracy. For this definition, a speech or letter that has several errors

can be said to be full of illiteracies. Functional illiteracy, on the other hand, is used

to describe a situation where a person has writing and reading skills considered

inadequate to perform employment duties that demand reading and writing skills

that go beyond the basic level.

Over one-third of Indian population living in rural areas is illiterate even after 68

years of independence, according to the Socio Economic and Caste Census

(SECC)2011. Around 64 per cent of the rural Indian population is literate, the

Census data showed. Rajasthan leads the pack of illiterate states with 47.58 per

cent of its population falling in that category, followed by Madhya Pradesh with

44.19 per cent of its people in rural areas being illiterate. Bihar is at the third place

with 43.85 per cent and followed by newly carved state Telangana with 40.42 per

cent population belonging to this category. However, the most literate state of

Kerala has only 11.38 per cent population falling under the illiterate

category. After Kerala, Goa has the least illiterate population with 15.42 per cent

and Sikkim at the third spot with 20.12 per cent. Himachal Pradesh has also done

well in terms of improving its literacy rate. The state has only 22.05 per cent

illiterate population. All India average of the rural population having below

primary education is 13.97 per cent, while those studied till middle level are 13.53

per cent. The percentage of graduate and higher education is only 3.45 per cent

across the country. However, Goa is ahead of Kerala in term of population with

graduate and above education qualification. While Kerala only has 7.75 per cent

falling in that category, 9.48 per cent Goa's population is graduate and above.
CAUSES OF ILLITERACY

There are so many reasons why an individual can be illiterate. These are some of

the causes of the inability to read or write:

1. Illiteracy among parents: Many illiterate parents do not put much emphasis on

the importance of education. Several of those born to parents who can neither read

nor write end up being illiterate. This is especially true in remote areas where many

people in the older generation have not gone through formal education. The reverse

is true for those who have been brought up by parents with an elaborate

educational background. They realize the necessity of taking their children to

school and therefore ensure that they receive a good education.

2. Lack of family support: This can be the cause of illiteracy more so where a child

has difficulty reading or writing because of dyslexia. In a situation where the

family does not understand the child’s condition, it may simply be assumed that he

or she is not a bright person and maybe school is not meant for everyone.

Supportive family members help a child overcome reading disability and go

through formal education with minimal challenges.

3. Unemployment of the educated: Some people believe that the only reason

someone should go to school is so that he or she can get a good job and make a

good life. Without the promise of employment, education is not a necessity to

them. In a country where many of the educated are unemployed, there may not be

enough motivation for the illiterate to go to school. After all, they reckon, why

would you spend so much money paying for your education when there is no

promise of a return on investment? In countries where those who have gone to

school have good jobs and reasonable incomes, there may be sufficient motivating

factors for people to get rid of illiteracy.

4. Lack of awareness: In places where several members of the local population do

not understand why it is important for them to go to school, the level of illiteracy

may be high. Disinterest in the benefits of formal learning can also be caused by

lack of awareness on the importance of going to school. The number of illiterate

people in urban areas tends to be lower than that of those in rural areas. People in

towns are more aware of the need to eliminate illiteracy, the challenges that arise

from lack of education and the social benefits of being literate compared to those

who live in the remote place.

5. Social barriers: Many social barriers such as restrictions on girls’ education in

some societies lead to illiteracy among the affected segment of the population.
Education of the girl child has been an issue in some parts of the world leading to

the formation of different organizations focused on championing the education of

women. Forcing children into marriage is another social issue that causes illiteracy

in the community. Family or social norms where female education is not allowed

also causes illiteracy. In societies where the caste system is still in force, those who

fall into the wrong caste may not get the opportunity to go to school. They are

condemned at birth to remain illiterate.

6. Lack of affordable education facilities: Those who live in very remote areas with

few or no education facilities may remain illiterate. The nearest school might be

found several miles away. Instead of going through the tiresome process of

walking for long distances on a daily basis just to go to school, many choose to

stay at home. Lack of access to education facilities in rural areas has contributed a

lot to the high number of illiterate people in these places.

7. Poverty: Poor parents with low incomes find it difficult to pay school fees. They

are forced to choose between providing basic needs such as food, shelter and

clothing and taking their children to school. In countries where basic education is

not free, the number of children who do not go to school tends to be higher

compared to places where basic education is free and mandatory.

STEPS TO CONTROL ILLITERACY
1. Free education: The provision of free education in schools, colleges, and

universities by the government can play a major role in reducing the level of

illiteracy in a country by getting more people to school. Since some people fail to

attend school due to lack of money to pay for the fees, offering free education can

increase the number of people attending school and subsequently reduce illiteracy

levels within a society.

2. Awareness: Creating awareness about the importance of education can help

people understand why they need to go to school. Non-governmental

organizations, government agencies, and other concerned parties should put in

place deliberate measures to create awareness in the society and reduce the number

of people who are unable to read and write.

3. Grants: Offering grants, subsidies, and scholarships can reduce the financial

burden that parents and students bear in paying for education. It would make it

possible for students to learn without interrupting their education due to lack of

school fees. Parents would also channel the money that would have been used to

pay for school fees towards other income generating projects. The cost of financing

education can prove to be too high especially for those who live in poverty.
4. Late night classes: Working people can opt for late night classes. In this way,

they can learn even as they earn income through their daytime jobs.

5. Free books: The government and different foundations can offer free books in

schools to encourage students to develop a reading culture. Offering free books can

also reduce the financial burden placed on parents in the provision of textbooks.

6. Digitization: Since we live in the age of technology and information, creating

digital platforms for reading and learning can help reduce illiteracy in the society.

It can also help take care of the challenge of shortage of education facilities.

Digital libraries can provide a good platform for those who live far away from

urban centers to expand their knowledge base and become more informed.

7. Lower educational cost: Even though education has its rewards, it is very costly

to finance. Many graduates usually leave school with huge debts in the form of

student loans. It makes saving and investing difficult. The cost of university

education has been a key political and social issue in many nations. By lowering

the cost of education, the government can make it easier for people to study up to

the highest level possible.

CONCLUSION

The value of education cannot be underestimated. Many people like to think of it

merely as a process to gain skills and expertise necessary for the job market. Even

though education gives an individual a competitive advantage in the job market,

that is not all that it does. Going to schools plays a major role in the mental as well

as social development of a person. The lessons learned and the experiences that a

person goes through while in school prepares him or her for life in the society. One

can learn problem-solving skills and develop social intelligence necessary to

overcome everyday life challenges. Illiteracy, therefore, has no room in the modern

society. The more the number of people who have gone to school, the better will be

the community. Everyone should aspire to be educated and gain knowledge

because of the important benefits of being literate.