Week Two

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

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 LEC. 2 Outline
Basics of Data collection

Part One: Measures of Central Tendency:

1. Mean,
2. Median,
3. Mode.

Part Two: Measures of Dispersion:

1. Range,
2. Variance,
3. Standard Deviation.

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Measure of Central Tendency:

1) Mean

2) Median

3) Mode

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 General Concepts

1)

2) Data Types:
The characteristic to be measured on the elements of data. It may be Quantitative that has
numerical values for each element or it may Qualitative which means it is described some quality or
attribute of an item.

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3) Descriptive & Inferential statistics:

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General Concepts

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 General Concepts
Data collection method
Sampling method:

This method is based on selecting a part of the community under study, and this method is
characterized by reducing time, effort and cost.

Population : The entire set of individuals or objects of interest or the measurement

obtained from all individual or objects of interests.

Sample: It is a part of the population that includes the

characteristics of the original population , and the sample
must be representative of all the components of this
population .
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 Statistical Measures
Statistical measures that are calculated from the data aim to obtain values that represent this data

1) Measures Of Central Tendency 2) Measures of Dispersion.

We will consider three such measures:
)The Range( )Variance( )Standard Deviation(
)Mean( )Median( )Mode(

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Part One: Measures of Central Tendency

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Measure of Central Tendency (Measures of
Central Location.):

• We use the term central tendency to refer to the natural

fact that the values of the variable often tend to be more

concentrated about the center of the data.

• Hence, we will discuss “three kinds of averages of a data set.” Any kind of
“average” is meant to be an answer to the question “Where do the data center?”
It is thus a measure of the central location of the data set.

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 Statistical Measures
Measures Of Central Tendency
The Mean: is the
average value of a
(Mean) : data set.

Adding all the observations and dividing the sum by the number of observations results the

mean. Symbolically, the mean is

𝑿 𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑿𝒏
𝑿= =
𝒏 𝒏

It may be noted that the Greek letter 𝝁 is used to denote the mean of the population and N to

denote the total number of observations in a population.

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 Statistical Measures
Measures Of Central Tendency

(Mean) :

Example 1: Calculate the following average workers' wages:

15, 18, 28, 39, 56, 66
𝑋 15 + 18 + 28 + 39 + 56 + 66 222
𝑋= = = = 37
𝑛 6 6

Example 2: Calculate the mean of the following items:

29, 21, 18, 27, 25, 30, 16

𝑋 29 + 21 + 18 + 27 + 25 + 30 + 16 166
𝑋= = = = 23.7142
𝑛 7 7
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 Statistical Measures
Measures Of Central Tendency

)Median(

Median is defined as the value of the middle item (or the mean of the values of the two middle
items) when the data are arranged in an ascending or descending order.
if the n values are arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude
if n is odd
𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ
the median is the middle value
2

if n is even
𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ
the median is the mean of the two middle values and +1
2 2
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 Statistical Measures
Measures Of Central Tendency

)Median(

Example 3: Calculate the following median workers' wages:

18,15, 39, 28, 66, 56

15 18 28 39 56 66

𝟑𝟗 + 𝟐𝟖
𝐦𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓
𝟐
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 Statistical Measures
Measures Of Central Tendency

)Median(

Example 4: Calculate the median of the following items:

29, 21, 18, 27, 25, 30, 16

16 18 21 25 27 29 30

Median= 𝟐𝟓

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 Statistical Measures “The Mode”: Refers to the
most commonly occurring
Measures Of Central Tendency value in a data set

The mode is another measure of central tendency. It is the value at the point around
)Mode( which the items are most heavily concentrated. (The most frequent values)

Example 5: Calculate the mode of the following items:

29, 25, 18, 27, 25, 30, 16 Mode =25

29, 25, 18, 27, 25, 30, 16, 29 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞 = 𝟐𝟓, 𝟐𝟗

29, 25, 18, 27, 25, 30, 29,16, 29 Mode = 29

29,25, 18, 27, 27,18, 29,25 No mode

23, 25, 18, 27, 26, 30, 29,16, 31 No mode 17

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Example:

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Assignment:

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 Part Two:
Measures of Dispersion.

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 Measure of Variation (Dispersion):

We will discuss three of them:

1) Range

2) Variance

3) Standard Deviation
 Statistical Measures
Measures of Dispersion
Averages are not sufficient to give a complete description of the data, as they are not suitable
for measuring how different or homogeneous the data are with each other. For example, if we
look at the following two sets of data:

A 90 80 65 60 55 40 30
B 65 63 61 60 59 57 55

We found that the mean and the median for each are 60

Values in group B are close to each other and are not far from the mean or median

unlike in case A where we find their components more dispersed

 Statistical Measures
Measures of Dispersion 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = Largest Value – Smallest value

)The Range( the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of data

Example 6: A 90 80 65 60 55 40 30

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝟗𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟔𝟎

B 65 63 61 60 59 57 55

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝟔𝟓 − 𝟓𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎
 Statistical Measures
Measures of Dispersion

)Variance( The variance is the mean squared deviation of a data set, meaning it is the sum
of the squared deviations of the mean divided by the number of observations.

(𝑿 − 𝑿 ) 𝟐
For sample: The
𝑺𝟐 = denominator (n-1)
𝒏−𝟏

Example 7:

A 90 80 65 60 55 40 30
B 65 63 61 60 59 57 55
 Statistical Measures
Measures of Dispersion Example 7:
𝑋= 420/7 =60
Group A

𝑋𝑖 𝑋−𝑋 (𝑋 − 𝑋)2
30 -30 900
40 -20 400
55 -5 25 2650
𝑆𝐴2 = = 441.6666
60 0 0 7−1
65 5 25
80 20 400
90 30 900

∑ 420 0 2650
 Statistical Measures
Measures of Dispersion Example 7:

Group B
2 𝑋 = ? / 7 = 420 / 7=60
𝑋𝑖 𝑋−𝑋 (𝑋 − 𝑋)
55 -5 25
57 -3 9 70
𝑆𝐵2 = = 11.6666
59 -1 1
7−1
60 0 0

61 1 1

63 3 9

65 5 25
∑ 420 0 70
 Statistical Measures
Measures of Dispersion

Standard Deviation

Taking the square root of the variance, we get what is called the standard deviation, symbolized by S.,
and we find that the units of this scale are the same units of the original values

𝑆= 𝑆2

𝑆𝐴 = 441.6666 = 21.01586

𝑆𝐵 = 11.6666 = 3.415650
Example:
Example:
Assignment:

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