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Conceptual Trigonometry: Ancient Science Publishers
Conceptual Trigonometry: Ancient Science Publishers
Conceptual Trigonometry: Ancient Science Publishers
Part I
A Companion
to
S. L. Loney’s
Plane Trigonometry Part I
By
Care has been taken in the preparation of this book, but makes no
expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no respon-
sibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental
or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the
use of the information contained herein.
Ancient Science Publishers, # 404, Hari Kunj, Saraidhela, Dhanbad, Jharkhand 828127, India.
Highly Recommended Books for Self Study & Competitions
Author : Chandra Shekhar Kumar
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Preface i
1 Measurement of Angles 1
1.1 Sexagesimal and Centesimal Measure . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Circular Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 The Radian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Measurement of Any Angle in Radians . . . . . . . . . 14
10 Logarithms 159
10.1 Characteristics, Mantissa and Properties . . . . . . . . 159
20 Elimination 347
LIST OF CHAPTERS
§§ Solution. ( )
210 30 30
210◦ 30′ 30′′ = + + of a right angle
90 90 × 60 90 × 60 × 60
3661
=2 of a right angle. ■
10800
§ Problem 1.1.6. 370◦ 20′ 48′′ . ♢
§§ Solution. ( )
370 20 48
370◦ 20′ 48′′ = + + of a right angle
90 90 × 60 90 × 60 × 60
388
=4 of a right angle. ■
3376
48′ 4′
§§ Solution. 48′′ = = = .8′ ;
60 5
13.8◦
∴ 13′ 48′′ = 13.8′ = = .23◦ ;
60
475.23
∴ 475◦ 13′ 48′′ = 475.23◦ = of a right angle
90
= 5.2803̇ of a right angle = 528.03̇g = 528g 3′ 33.3̇′′ . ■
§§ Solution.
759g 0′ 5′′ = 7.590005 of a right angle
= 7.590005 × 90◦ = 683.10045◦ = 683◦ + .10045◦
= 683◦ + .10045 × 60′ = 683◦ + 6.0270′ = 683◦ + 6′ + .0270′
= 683◦ + 6′ + .0270 × 60′′ = 683◦ + 6′ + 1.620′′
∴ 759g 0′ 5′′ = 683◦ 6′ 1.62′′ .
■
Mark the position of the revolving line when it has traced out
the following angles
B
P2 P1
P
O
A′ A
P3 P4
B′
4
§ Problem 1.1.18. right angle. ♢
3
4 1
§§ Solution. Since right angle = 90◦ + × 90◦ = 90◦ + 30◦ , the
3 3
revolving line has turned through 30◦ more than a right angle and is
therefore in the second quadrant, i.e. is between OB and OA′ and
makes an angle of 30◦ with OB. ■
1
§ Problem 1.1.19. 3 right angles. ♢
2
1 1
§§ Solution. Since 3 right angles = 3×90◦ + ×90◦ = 3×90◦ +45◦ ,
2 2
the revolving line has turned through 45◦ more than three right an-
gles and is therefore in the fourth quadrant, i.e. is halfway between
OB ′ and OA. ■
1
§ Problem 1.1.20. 13 right angles. ♢
3
1 1
§§ Solution. Since 13 right angles = 13 × 90◦ + × 90◦ = 13 × 90◦ +
3 3
30◦ , the revolving line has turned through 30◦ more than thirteen
right angles and is therefore in the second quadrant, i.e. is between
OB and OA′ , and makes an angle of 30◦ with OB. ■
§ Problem 1.1.28. How many degrees, minutes and seconds are re-
1
spectively passed over in 11 minutes by the hour and minute hands
9
of a watch ? ♢
360◦
§§ Solution. A minute-division on the face of a clock = = 6◦ .
60
Also, the minute-hand moves twelve times as fast as the hour-
hand.
1
Hence, in 11 minutes, the minute-hand passes over
9 ( )◦
1 2◦
11 × 6 = 66 = 66◦ 40′ .
9 3
and the hour-hand passes over
66◦ 40′
= 5◦ 33′ 20′′ . ■
12
1.1. Sexagesimal and Centesimal Measure 6
1 10 1
1 Sexagesimal minute = minute = × grade
60 9 60
1 100
= grade = Centesimal minute
54 54
50
= Centesimal minute . ■
27
§ Problem 1.1.31. Divide 44◦ 8′ into two parts such that the number
of Sexagesimal seconds in one part may be equal to the number of
Centesimal seconds in the other part. ♢
( )
2
§§ Solution. If x be the number of degrees in one part, then 44 −x
( ) 15
10 2
is the number of degrees in the other part, i.e. 44 − x is the
9 15
number of grades in the other part.
In x◦ , there are (x × 60 × 60) Sexagesimal seconds and in
( )g
10 2
44 −x ,
9 15
there are [ ( ) ]
10 2
44 − x × 100 × 100
9 15
Centesimal seconds. ( )
10 2
∴ x × 60 × 60 = 44 − x × 100 × 100
9 15
100◦
∴x= = 33◦ 20′ ,
3
1.2. Circular Measure 7
◦ ′
( ◦ ′ parts◦ are
So that the required ) 33 20 and
44 8 − 33 20 , i.e. 33◦ 20′ and 10◦ 48◦ .
′ ■
4π c
§ Problem 1.3.2. . ♢
3
4π c 4
§§ Solution. = × 180◦ = 240◦ . ■
3 3
§ Problem 1.3.4. 1c . ♢
1 1
§§ Solution. 1c = × π c = × 180◦ = 57◦ 17′ 44.8′′ [see Art. 16]. ■
π π
§ Problem 1.3.5. 8c . ♢
8 8
§§ Solution. 8 = ×π = ×180 = 8×(57 17 44.8 ) = 458 21 58.4′′ .
c c ◦ ◦ ′ ′′ ◦ ′
π π
■
7π c
§ Problem 1.3.7. . ♢
6
7π c 7 1g
§§ Solution. = × 200g = 233 = 233g 33′ 33.3̇′′ . ■
6 6 3
1.3. The Radian 9
2
§ Problem 1.3.18. One angle of a triangle is x grades and another
3
3 πx
is x degrees, whilst the third is radians; express them all in
2 75
degrees. ♢
§§ Solution. Since the sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180◦ ,
we have, by reducing the given angles to degrees,
9 2x 3x x
· + + × 180 = 180
10 3 2 75
x x 4x
∴ + + = 60, ∴ x = 40
5 2 5
so that the angles are 24◦ , 60◦ and 96◦ . ■
1 π 2π 1
Thus the angles contain , and − radians. ■
2 3 3 2
§ Problem 1.3.25. Find two regular polygons such that the number
of their sides may be as 3 to 4 and the number of degrees in an angle
of the first to the number of grades in an angle of the second as 4 to
5. ♢
§§ Solution. Let 3n and 4n be the number of sides in the two poly-
gons respectively.
Since all the angles of the first polygon = (6n − 4) right angles,
(6n − 4)90
therefore each angle contains degrees.
3n
(8n − 4)90
Similarly, each angle of the second polygon contains
4n
(8n − 4)100
degrees, i.e. grades.
4n
Hence we have
(6n − 4)90 (8n − 4)100
: = 4 : 5, ∴ n = 2,
3n 4n
so that the polygons have 6 sides and 8 sides respectively. ■
π π
∴ 9y = x = , ∴y= .
( 2 ) 18
π 3π π
Hence the least angle contains − radians, i.e. radians. ■
2 18 3
(1) between four and five o’clock when the angle between the minute-
hand and the hour-hand is 78◦
(2) between seven and eight o’clock when this angle is 54◦ . ♢
1.4. Measurement of Any Angle in Radians 14
15 3
§§ Solution. The number of radians in the angle = = .
25 5
Hence the angle
3 3 2
= radian = × right angle
5 5 π
6 6
= × 90◦ = × 18◦ = 108◦ × .31831
5π π
= 34.37748◦ = 34◦ + .37748 × 60′ = 34◦ + 22.6488′
= 34◦ + 22′ + .6488 × 60′′ = 34◦ + 22′ + 38.928′′
≈ 34◦ 22′ 38.9′′ . ■
§ Problem 1.4.9. What is the ratio of the radii of two circles at the
center of which two arcs of the same length subtend angles of 60◦
and 75◦ ? ♢
§§ Solution. If r and r′ be the radii respectively and x be the length
of an arc, we have
x π
= the number of radians in 60◦ = 60 ×
r 180
x π
and = the number of radians in 75◦ = 75 × .
r′ 180
r 75 5
Hence, by division, we have ′ = = , i.e. the required ratio is
r 60 4
5 : 4. ■
5x 2πr πr
∴ 14y = 5x, ∴ y = = = .
14 14 7
Hence the arcs are
4πr 9πr 14πr 19πr 24πr
, , , and .
35 35 35 35 35
Thus the angles contain
4π 9π 14π 19π 24π
, , , and . ■
35 35 35 35 35
§ Problem 1.4.12. The perimeter of a certain sector of a circle is
equal to the length of the arc of a semi-circle having the same radius;
express the angle of the sector in degrees, minutes and seconds. ♢
§§ Solution. If r be the radius of the circle and θ be the number of
radians in the angle, then the perimeter of the sector = rθ + 2r.
∴ rθ + 2r = πr, ∴ θ = (π − 2) radians.
Hence the angle
2
= (π − 2) × right angle
π
2π − 4
= × 90◦ = 180◦ − 2 × 57◦ 17′ 44.8′′
π
= 180◦ − 114◦ 35′ 29.6′′ = 65◦ 24′ 30.4′′ . ■
sin A 1 + cos A
§ Problem 2.1.3. + = 2 cosec A. ♢
1 + cos A sin A
§§ Solution.
sin A 1 + cos A sin2 A + cos2 A + 2 cos A + 1
+ =
1 + cos A sin A (1 + cos A) sin A
2 (1 + cos A)
=
(1 + cos A) sin A
2 1
= =2× = 2 cosec A. ■
sin A sin A
2.1. Trigonometrical Ratios 22
…
1 − sin A
§ Problem 2.1.5. = sec A − tan A. ♢
1 + sin A
§§ Solution.
… …
1 − sin A (1 − sin A)2 1 − sin A
= = √
1 + sin A 1 − sin2 A 1 − sin2 A
1 − sin A 1 sin A
= = − = sec A − tan A. ■
cos A cos A cos A
cosec A cosec A
§ Problem 2.1.6. + = 2 sec2 A. ♢
cosec A − 1 cosec A + 1
§§ Solution.
1 1
cosec A cosec A sin A sin A
+ = +
cosec A − 1 cosec A + 1 1 1
−1 +1
sin A sin A
1 1 2
= + =
1 − sin A 1 + sin A 1 − sin2 A
2
= = 2 sec2 A. ■
cos2 A
cosec A
§ Problem 2.1.7. = cos A. ♢
cot A + tan A
§§ Solution.
1
cosec A sin A
=
cot A + tan A cos A sin A
+
sin A cos A
1
= sin A
cos2 A + sin2 A
sin A cos A
1 1
= ÷ = cos A. ■
sin A sin A cos A
§ Problem 2.1.8. (sec A + cos A) (sec A − cos A) = tan2 A + sin2 A. ♢
§§ Solution.
(sec A + cos A) (sec A − cos A) = sec2 A − cos2 A
( )
= 1 + tan2 A − 1 − sin2 A
= tan2 A + sin2 A. ■
1
§ Problem 2.1.9. = sin A cos A. ♢
cot A + tan A
2.1. Trigonometrical Ratios 23
§§ Solution.
1 1
=
cot A + tan A cos A sin A
+
sin A cos A
sin A cos A
= = sin A cos A. ■
cos2 A + sin2 A
1
§ Problem 2.1.10. = sec A + tan A. ♢
sec A − tan A
§§ Solution.
1 sec A + tan A
=
sec A − tan A sec2 A − tan2 A
= sec A + tan A, ∵ sec2 A − tan2 A = 1 [By Art. 27(3)] . ■
1 − tan A cot A − 1
§ Problem 2.1.11. = . ♢
1 + tan A cot A + 1
1
1 − tan A 1−
§§ Solution. = cot A = cot A − 1 . ■
1 + tan A 1 cot A + 1
1+
cot A
1 + tan2 A sin2 A
§ Problem 2.1.12. = . ♢
1 + cot2 A cos2 A
2
1 + tan A 2
sec A 1 1 sin2 A
§§ Solution. = = ÷ = . ■
1 + cot2 A cosec 2 A cos2 A sin2 A cos2 A
sec A − tan A
§ Problem 2.1.13. = 1 − 2 sec A tan A + 2 tan2 A. ♢
sec A + tan A
§§ Solution.
sec A − tan A (sec A − tan A)2
= = (sec A − tan A)2
sec A + tan A sec2 A − tan2 A
= sec2 A − 2 sec A tan A + tan2 A
= 1 + tan2 A − 2 sec A tan A + tan2 A
= 1 − 2 sec A tan A + 2 tan2 A. ■
tan A cot A
§ Problem 2.1.14. + = sec A cosec A + 1. ♢
1 − cot A 1 − tan A
§§ Solution.
sin A cos A
tan A cot A cos A + sin A
+ =
1 − cot A 1 − tan A cos A sin A
1− 1−
sin A cos A
sin2 A cos2 A
= −
cos A (sin A − cos A) sin A (sin A − cos A)
sin3 A − cos3 A
=
cos A sin A (sin A − cos A)
sin2 A + cos2 A + sin A cos A
=
cos A sin A
1 + sin A cos A
=
cos A sin A
1 1
= · + 1 = sec A cosec A + 1. ■
cos A sin A
2.1. Trigonometrical Ratios 24
cos A sin A
§ Problem 2.1.15. + = sin A + cos A. ♢
1 − tan A 1 − cot A
§§ Solution.
cos A sin A cos A sin A
+ = +
1 − tan A 1 − cot A sin A cos A
1− 1−
cos A sin A
cos2 A sin2 A
= +
cos A − sin A sin A − cos A
cos2 A − sin2 A
= = cos A + sin A. ■
cos A − sin A
§ Problem 2.1.16. (sin A + cos A) (cot A + tan A) = sec A+cosec A. ♢
§§ Solution. ( )
cos A sin A
(sin A + cos A) (cot A + tan A) = (sin A + cos A) +
Å sin 2A cos A ã
cos A + sin2 A
= (sin A + cos A)
sin A cos A
( )
1
= (sin A + cos A)
sin A cos A
sin A cos A
= +
sin A cos A sin A cos A
1 1
= + = sec A + cosec A. ■
cos A sin A
§ Problem 2.1.17. sec4 A − sec2 A = tan4 A + tan2 A. ♢
§§ Solution. ( )
sec4 A − sec2 A = sec2 A sec2 A − 1
( )
= 1 + tan2 A tan2 A = tan2 A + tan4 A. ■
√
§ Problem 2.1.19. cosec 2 A − 1 = cos A cosec A. ♢
§§ Solution.
√ √ cos A
cosec 2 A − 1 = cot2 A =
sin A
1
= cos A × = cos A cosec A. ■
sin A
§ Problem 2.1.20. sec2 A cosec 2 A = tan2 A + cot2 A + 2. ♢
§§ Solution. ( )( )
sec2 A cosec 2 A = 1 + tan2 A 1 + cot2 A
= 1 + tan2 A + cot2 A + tan2 A cot2 A
= 1 + tan2 A + cot2 A + 1 = tan2 A + cot2 A + 2. ■
§§ Solution.
sin2 A
tan2 A − sin2 A = − sin2 A
cos2 A ( )
sin2 A 1 − cos2 A sin2 A sin2 A
= =
cos2 A cos2 A
1
= sin4 A × = sin 4
A sec 2
A. ■
cos2 A
§ Problem 2.1.22. (1 + cot A − cosec A) (1 + tan A + sec A) = 2. ♢
§§ Solution.
(1 + cot A − cosec A) (1 + tan A + sec A)
( )( )
cos A 1 sin A 1
= 1+ − 1+ +
( sin A sin A) ( cos A cos A)
sin A + cos A − 1 sin A + cos A + 1
=
sin A cos A
(sin A + cos A)2 − 1
=
sin A cos A
sin2 A + cos2 A + 2 sin A cos A − 1
=
sin A cos A
2 sin A cos A
= = 2. ■
sin A cos A
1 1 1 1
§ Problem 2.1.23. − = − .
cosec A − cot A sin A sin A cosec A + cot A
♢
§§ Solution.
1 1 1 1
− = −
cosec A − cot A sin A 1 cos A sin A
−
sin A sin A
sin A 1 sin2 A − 1 + cos A
= − =
1 − cos A sin A sin A (1 − cos A)
− cos2 A + cos A cos A (1 − cos A)
= =
sin A (1 − cos A) sin A (1 − cos A)
cos A cos A (1 + cos A)
= =
sin A sin A (1 + cos A)
cos A + cos2 A cos A + 1 − sin2 A
= =
sin A (1 + cos A) sin A (1 + cos A)
1 sin A 1 1
= − = − .
sin A 1 + cos A sin A cosec A + cot A
Otherwise thus :
1 1
+
cosec A − cot A cosec A + cot A
cosec A + cot A + cosec A − cot A
=
cosec 2 A − cot2 A
2 cosec A [ ]
= = 2 cosec A ∵ cosec 2 A − cot2 A = 1
cosec 2 A − cot2 A
2 1 1
= = +
sin A sin A sin A
1 1 1 1
∴ − = − . ■
cosec A − cot A sin A sin A cosec A + cot A
2.1. Trigonometrical Ratios 26
( 2.1.26.
§ Problem )
1 1
+ cos2 α sin2 α
sec2 α − cos2 α cosec 2 α − sin2 α
1 − cos2 α sin2 α
= . ♢
2 + cos2 α sin2 α
(
§§ Solution. )
1 1
+ cos2 α sin2 α
Ñ α − cos α cosec α − sin α é
sec 2 2 2 2
1 1
= + cos2 α sin2 α
1 1
− cos α
2 − sin α
2
Å cos22α 2
sin2ãα
cos α sin α
= + cos2 α sin2 α
1 − cos4 α 1 − sin4 α
cos4 α sin4 α
= 2
+ 2
1 + cos( α ) α 2 (
1 + sin )
cos2 α 1 − sin2 α sin α 1 − cos2 α
= +
1+ 2
( cos α 4 ) 1(+ sin2 α )
cos α 1 − sin α + sin2 α 1 − cos4 α
2
= ( )
(1 + cos2 α) 1 + sin2 α
( )( )
cos2 α + sin2 α 1 − cos2 α sin2 α
= ( )
1 + cos2 α + sin2 α + cos2 α sin2 α
1 − cos2 α sin2 α
= . ■
2 + cos2 α sin2 α
2.1. Trigonometrical Ratios 27
§ Problem 2.1.27. ( )
sin8 A − cos8 A = sin2 A − cos2 A
( )
× 1 − 2 sin2 A cos2 A . ♢
§§ Solution. ( )( )
sin8 A − cos8 A = sin4 A − cos4 A sin4 A + cos4 A
( )( )
= sin2 A + cos2 A sin2 A − cos2 A
î( )2 ó
× sin2 A + cos2 A − 2 sin2 A cos2 A
( )( )
= sin2 A − cos2 A 1 − 2 sin2 A cos2 A . ■
§§ Solution.
(tan α + cosec β)2 − (cot β − sec α)2
= tan2 α + cosec 2 β + 2 tan α cosec β − cot2 β − sec2 α + 2 cot β sec α
= tan2 α − sec2 α + cosec 2 β − cot2 β + 2 (tan α cosec β + cot β sec α)
( )
sin α 1 cos β 1
= −1 + 1 + 2 · + ·
( cos)α sin β sin β ( cos α )
sin α + cos β 2 sin α cos β sin α + cos β
=2 =
cos α sin β cos α sin β sin α cos β
= 2 tan α cot β (sec β + cosec α) . ■
§ Problem 2.1.31.
2 sec2 α − sec4 α − 2 cosec 2 α + cosec 4 α
= cot4 α − tan4 α. ♢
§§ Solution.
2 sec2 α − sec4 α − 2 cosec 2 α + cosec 4 α
( )
= cosec 4 α − 2 cosec 2 α + 1 − sec4 α − 2 sec2 α + 1
( )2 ( )2
= cosec 2 α − 1 − sec2 α − 1 = cot4 α − tan4 α. ■
§ Problem 2.1.32.
(sin α + cosec α)2 + (cos α + sec α)2
= tan2 α + cot2 α + 7. ♢
§§ Solution.
(sin α + cosec α)2 + (cos α + sec α)2
= sin2 α + 2 sin α cosec α + cosec 2 α + cos2 α + 2 cos α sec α + sec2 α
= sin2 α + cos2 α + 2 + 2 + cosec 2 α + sec2 α
= 5 + 1 + cot2 α + 1 + tan2 α = tan2 α + cot2 α + 7. ■
§ Problem 2.1.33.
(cosec A + cot A) covers A − (sec A + tan A) vers A
= (cosec A − sec A) (2 − vers A covers A) .♢
§§ Solution.
(cosec A + cot A) covers A − (sec A + tan A) vers A
( ) ( )
1 cos A 1 sin A
= + (1 − sin A) − + (1 − cos A)
sin A sin A cos A cos A
(1 + cos A) (1 − sin A) (1 + sin A) (1 − cos A)
= −
sin A cos A
1 − sin A cos A + (cos A − sin A) 1 − sin A cos A − (cos A − sin A)
= −
sin(
A ) cos(A )
1 1 1 1
= (1 − sin A cos A) − + (cos A − sin A) +
sin A cos A sin A cos A
cos A − sin A
= (1 − sin A cos A + cos A + sin A)
(sin A cos A )
1 1
= − [2 − (1 − cos A) (1 − sin A)]
sin A cos A
= (cosec A − sec A) (2 − vers A covers A) . ■
2.2. Relations and Trigonometrical Ratios 29
§ Problem 2.1.34.
(1 + cot A + tan A) (sin A − cos A)
sec A cosec A
= − . ♢
cosec 2 A sec2 A
§§ Solution.
(1 + cot A + tan A) (sin A − cos A)
( )
cos A sin A
= 1+ + (sin A − cos A)
( 2 sin A cos A )
sin A + sin A cos A + cos2 A (sin A − cos A)
=
sin A cos A
sin3 A − cos3 A sin2 A cos2 A
= = −
sin A cos A cos A sin A
1 1 1 1
= · − ·
cos A cosec 2 A sin A sec2 A
sec A cosec A
= − . ■
cosec 2 A sec2 A
§ Problem 2.1.35. 2 versin A + cos2 A = 1 + versin2 A. ♢
§§ Solution.
2 versin A + cos2 A = 2 (1 − cos A) + cos2 A
= 1 + 1 − 2 cos A + cos2 A
= 1 + (1 − cos A)2 = 1 + versin2 A. ■
MP t tan θ
sin θ = = √ = √
OP 1 + t2 1 + tan2 θ
OM 1 1
cos θ = = √ = √
OP 1 + t2 1 + tan2 θ
OM 1 1
cot θ = = =
MP t tan θ √
√
OP 1 + t2 1 + tan2 θ
cosec θ = = =
MP √ t tan θ
OP 1 + t2 √
and sec θ = = = 1 + tan2 θ. ■
OM 1
§ Problem 2.2.3. Express all the ratios in terms of the cosecant. ♢
§§ Solution. Here let the length M P be unity and let the corre-
sponding length of OP be x.
√ √
Then OM = OP 2 − M P 2 = x2 − 1.
OP x
∴ cosec θ = = =x
MP 1
MP 1 1
sin θ = = =
OP x
√ cosec θ√
OM x2 − 1 cosec 2 θ − 1
cos θ = = =
OP x cosec θ
MP 1 1
tan θ = = √ = √
OM x 2−1 cosec 2θ−1
√ √
OM x2 − 1
cot θ = = = cosec 2 θ − 1
OP 1
OP x cosec θ
and sec θ = = √ = √ . ■
OM x −1
2 cosec 2 θ − 1
§ Problem 2.2.4. Express all the ratios in terms of the secant. ♢
§§ Solution. Here let the length OM be unity and let the corre-
sponding length of OP be x.
√ √
Then MP = OP 2 − OM 2 = x2 − 1.
OP x
∴ sec θ = = =x
OM 1
√ √
MP x2 − 1 sec2 θ − 1
sin θ = = =
OP x sec θ
OM 1 1
cos θ = = =
OP x
√ sec θ √
MP x2 − 1
tan θ = = = sec2 θ − 1
OM 1
OM 1 1
cot θ = = √ = √
MP x −1
2 sec θ − 1
2
OP x sec θ
and cosec θ = = √ = √ . ■
MP x2 − 1 sec2 θ − 1
1
§ Problem 2.2.5. The sine of a certain angle is ; find the numerical
4
values of the other trigonometrical ratios of this angle. ♢
2.2. Relations and Trigonometrical Ratios 31
12
§ Problem 2.2.6. If sin θ = , find tan θ and versin θ. ♢
13
MP 12
§§ Solution. Here we have sin θ = = .
OP 13
∴ OP = 13, M P = 12;
√ √ √
∴ OM = OP 2 − M P 2 = 132 − 122 = 25 = 5.
MP 12
∴ tan θ = = .
OM 5
OM 5 8
∴ versin θ = 1 − cos θ = 1 − =1− = .
OP 13 13
Otherwise thus : … ( )
sin θ 12 12 2 12 12
tan θ = √ = ÷ 1− = √ = .
1 − sin θ
2 13 13 25 5
√
∴ versin θ = 1 − cos θ = 1 − 1 − sin2 θ
… ( )2
12 5 8
=1− 1− =1− = . ■
13 13 13
11
§ Problem 2.2.7. If sin A = , find tan A, cos A and sec A. ♢
61
§§ Solution. Here take OP = 61 and M P = 11 and let the angle θ
be denoted by A.
√ √
∴ OM = OP 2 − M P 2 = 612 − 112
√ √ √
= (61 + 11)(61 − 11) = 72 × 50 = 36 × 100 = 60.
MP 11
∴ tan A = =
OM 60
OM 60 OP 61
∴ cos A = = and sec A = = .
OP 61 OM 60
Otherwise thus :
… ( )2
sin A 11 11 11 60 11
tan A = √ = ÷ 1− = ÷ =
1− sin2 A 61 61 61 61 60
2.2. Relations and Trigonometrical Ratios 32
… ( )2
√ 11 60
cos A = 1− sin2 A= 1− =
61 61
1 1 61
and sec A = √ = … ( )2 = .
1 − sin2 A 11 60
1− ■
61
4
§ Problem 2.2.8. If cos θ =, find sin θ and cot θ. ♢
5
§§ Solution. Here take OM = 4 and proceed as in Ex. 3, Art. 31.
Otherwise thus :
… …
√ 16 9 3
sin θ = 1− cos2
θ= 1− = =
25 25 5
cos θ 4 3 4
and cot θ = √ = ÷ = . ■
1 − cos2 θ 5 5 3
9
§ Problem 2.2.9. If cos A = , find tan A and cosec A. ♢
41
§§ Solution.
Here we have OM = 9, OP = 41, and
√ √ √ √
MP = OP − OM =
2 2 412 − 92 = 50 × 32 = 100 × 16 = 40.
MP 40
∴ tan A = ==
OM 9
OP 41
and cosec A = = ,
MP 40
the angle ∠P OM being denoted by A. ■
3
§ Problem 2.2.10. If tan θ = , find the sine, cosine, versine and
4
cosecant of θ. ♢
§§ Solution. Here √ take OM = 4 and √
M P = 3. Then
OP = OM 2 + M P 2 = 16 + 9 = 5.
MP 3 OM 4
∴ sin θ = = , cos θ = =
OP 5 OP 5
4 1 OP 5
versin θ = 1 − cos θ = 1 − = and cosec θ = = .
5 5 MP 3
Otherwise thus :
…
tan θ 3 9 3 5 3
sin θ = √ = ÷ 1+ = ÷ =
1 + tan2 θ 4 16 4 4 5
1 5 4 1
cos θ = √ = 1 ÷ = , versin θ = 1 − cos θ =
1 + tan2 θ 4 5 5
√
1 + tan2 θ
5 3 5
and cosec θ = ÷ = .
= ■
tan θ 4 4 3
1 cosec 2 θ − sec2 θ
§ Problem 2.2.11. If tan θ = √ , find the value of .
7 cosec 2 θ + sec2 θ
♢
2.2. Relations and Trigonometrical Ratios 33
§§ Solution.
1
We have cosec 2 θ = 1 + cot2 θ = 1 + =1+7=8
tan2 θ
2 2 1 8
and sec θ = 1 + tan θ = 1 + =
7 7
8
cosec θ − sec θ
2 2 8 −
∴ = 7 = 48 = 3 .
cosec 2 θ + sec2 θ 8 64 4
8+
7
Otherwise thus :
( )
cosec 2 θ − sec2 θ cosec 2 θ − sec2 θ sin2 θ
=
2
cosec θ + sec θ2 (cosec 2 θ + sec2 θ) sin2 θ
1
1 − tan2 θ 1−
= = 7 = 6 = 3.
1 + tan2 θ 1 8 4
1+ ■
7
15
§ Problem 2.2.12. If cot θ = , find cos θ and cosec θ. ♢
8
§§ Solution. Here √ take OM = 15 √ M P = 8. Then
and
√
OP = OM 2 + M P 2 = 152 + 82 = 289 = 17.
OM 15
∴ cos θ = =
OP 17
OP 17
and cosec θ = = .
MP 8
Otherwise thus :
… ( )2
cot θ 15 15 15 17 15
cos θ = √ = ÷ 1+ = ÷ =
1 + cot2 θ 8 8 8 8 17
… ( )2 …
√ 15 289 17
and cosec θ = 1 + cot2 θ = 1+ = = . ■
8 64 8
3
§ Problem 2.2.13. If sec A = , find tan A and cosec A. ♢
2
§§ Solution.
Here take OM = 2 and OP = 3 [cf. Ex. 3, Art. 31] .
√ √ √
Then MP = OP 2 − OM 2 = 32 − 22 = 5.
√
MP 5
∴ tan A = =
OM 2
OP 3 3√
and cosec A = = √ = 5,
MP 5 5
the angle ∠P OM being denoted by A.
Otherwise thus :
… … √
√ 9 5 5
tan A = A−1=
sec2 −1= =
4 4 2
√
sec A 3 5 3 3√
and cosec A = √ = ÷ = √ = 5. ■
sec2 A − 1 2 2 5 5
2.2. Relations and Trigonometrical Ratios 34
∴ 65 sin2 θ − 64 sin θ + 15 = 0
∴ (13 sin θ − 5) (5 sin θ − 3) = 0
∴ 13 sin θ − 5 = 0 or 5 sin θ − 3 = 0.
5
If 13 sin θ − 5 = 0 then sin θ = .
13
3
If 5 sin θ − 3 = 0 then sin θ = . ■
5
§ Problem 2.2.16. If tan θ + sec θ = 1.5, find sin θ. ♢
§§ Solution.
tan θ + sec θ = 1.5
sin θ 1 3 (1 + sin θ)2 9
∴ + = ; ∴ = ;
cos θ cos θ 2 cos2 θ 4
(1 + sin θ)2 9 1 + sin θ 9 9−4 5
∴ = ; ∴ = ; ∴ sin θ = = . ■
1 − sin2 θ 4 1 − sin θ 4 9+4 13
§ Problem 2.2.17. If cot θ + cosec θ = 5, find cos θ. ♢
§§ Solution.
cot θ + cosec θ = 5
cos θ 1 (1 + cos θ)2 (1 + cos θ)2
∴ + = 5; ∴ = 25; ∴ = 25
sin θ sin θ 2
sin θ 1 − cos2 θ
1 + cos θ 25 − 1 24 12
∴ = 25; ∴ cos θ = = = . ■
1 − cos θ 25 + 1 26 13
§ Problem 2.2.18. If 3 sec4 θ + 8 = 10 sec2 θ, find the values of tan θ.
♢
§§ Solution.
3 sec4 θ + 8 = 10 sec2 θ
( )2 ( )
∴ 3 1 + tan2 θ + 8 = 10 1 + tan2 θ
∴ 3 tan4 θ − 4 tan2 θ + 1 = 0
( )( )
∴ 3 tan2 θ − 1 tan2 θ − 1 = 0
2.2. Relations and Trigonometrical Ratios 35
∴ 3 tan2 θ − 1 = 0 or tan2 θ − 1 = 0.
1 1
If 3 tan2 θ − 1 = 0, then tan2 θ = , ∴ tan θ = √ .
3 3
If tan2 θ − 1 = 0, then tan2 θ = 1, ∴ tan θ = 1.
Note : Negative values of the ratios have not yet been discussed;
hence, in this set of solutions, only positive ones are given.
Otherwise thus :
∴ 6 cos2 θ − cos θ − 1 = 0
∴ (2 cos θ − 1) (3 cos θ + 1) = 0
∴ 2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or 3 cos θ + 1 = 0.
1
If 2 cos θ − 1 = 0, then cos θ = .
2
1
If 3 cos θ + 1 = 0, then cos θ = − . [Refer note to the last solution] .
3
Otherwise thus :
sec2 θ − 1 + sec θ = 5
∴ sec θ + sec θ − 6 = 0; ∴ (sec θ − 2) (sec θ + 3) = 0
2
∴ sec θ − 2 = 0 or sec θ + 3 = 0.
1 1
If sec θ − 2 = 0, then sec θ = 2 and ∴ cos θ = = .
sec θ 2
1
If [sec θ + 3 = 0, then sec θ = −3 and ∴ cos θ = − .] ■
3
§ Problem 2.2.20. If tan θ + cot θ = 2, find sin θ. ♢
§§ Solution.
sin θ cos θ
tan θ + cot θ = 2; ∴ + =2
cos θ sin θ
∴ sin θ + cos θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
2 2
√
∴ 1 = 2 sin θ cos θ = 2 sin θ 1 − sin2 θ
∴ 1 = 4 sin θ − 4 sin θ; ∴ 4 sin θ − 4 sin2 θ + 1 = 0
2 4 4
2.3. Values of Trigonometrical Ratios 36
( )2 1
∴ 2 sin2 θ − 1 = 0; ∴ 2 sin2 θ − 1 = 0, ∴ sin θ = √ . ■
2
§ Problem 2.2.21. If sec2 θ = 2 + 2 tan θ, find tan θ. ♢
§§ Solution.
sec2 θ = 2 + 2 tan θ, ∴ 1 + tan2 θ = 2 + 2 tan θ
∴ tan2 θ − 2 tan θ + 1 = 2; ∴ (tan θ − 1)2 = 2
√ √
∴ tan θ − 1 = 2; ∴ tan θ = 1 + 2. ■
2x(x + 1)
§ Problem 2.2.22. If tan θ = , find sin θ and cos θ. ♢
2x + 1
§§ Solution. We have …
tan θ 2x(x + 1) 4x2 (x + 1)2
sin θ = √ = ÷ 1+
2
1 + tan θ 2x + 1 4x2 + 4x + 1
…
2x(x + 1) 4x4 + 8x3 + 8x2 + 4x + 1
= ÷
2x + 1 4x2 + 4x + 1
2x(x + 1) 2x2 + 2x + 1 2x(x + 1)
= ÷ =
2x + 1 2x + 1 2x2 + 2x + 1
2x + 1
and cos θ = sin θ ÷ tan θ = .
2x2 + 2x + 1
Otherwise thus :
With the figure of Art. 31, take OM = 2x + 1 and M P = 2x(x + 1).
Then √ √
OP = OM 2 + M P 2 = (2x + 1)2 + 4x2 (x + 1)2
√
= 4x4 + 8x3 + 8x2 + 4x + 1 = 2x2 + 2x + 1.
MP 2x(x + 1)
∴ sin θ = =
OP 2x2 + 2x + 1
OM 2x + 1
and cos θ = = . ■
OP 2x2 + 2x + 1
Å √ ã2
◦ 3
and 2 cos A − 1 = 2 cos 30 − 1 = 2
2 2
−1
2
3 1
= −1= .
2 2
√
3
(2) sin 2A = sin 60◦ =
2 √ √
1 3 3
2 sin A cos A = 2 sin 30◦ cos 30◦ = 2 × × = .
2 2 2
(3) cos 3A = cos 90◦ = 0, and ( )
4 cos3 A − 3 cos A = cos A 4 cos2 A − 3
√ ñ Å √ ã2 ô
◦
( ◦ 3) 3
= cos 30 4 cos 30 − 3 =
2
4 −3
2 2
√
3
= (3 − 3) = 0.
2
(4) sin 3A = sin 90◦ = 1, and ( )
3 sin A − 4 sin3 A = sin A 3 − 4 sin2 A
( )
= sin 30◦ 3 − 4 sin2 30◦
ï ( )2 ò
1 1 1
= 3−4 = (3 − 1) = 1.
2 2 2
√
(5) tan 2A = tan 60◦ = 3, and
2 tan A 2 tan 30◦
=
1 − tan2 A 1 − tan2 30◦
1
2× √ √
3 2 3 √
= ( )2 =
2
= 3.
1
1− √ ■
3
§ Problem 2.3.2. If A = 45◦ , verify that
Verify that
2.3. Values of Trigonometrical Ratios 38
3
§ Problem 2.3.3. sin2 30◦ + sin2 45◦ + sin2 60◦ = . ♢
2
§§ Solution.
sin2 30◦ + sin2 45◦ + sin2 60◦
( )2 ( )2 Å √ ã2
1 1 3
= + √ +
2 2 2
1 1 3 3
= + + = . ■
4 2 4 2
1
§ Problem 2.3.4. tan2 30◦ + tan2 45◦ + tan2 60◦ = 4 . ♢
3
§§ Solution.
tan2 30◦ + tan2 45◦ + tan2 60◦
( )2 (√ )2 1
1 1
= √ +1+ 3 = +1+3=4 . ■
3 3 3
§ Problem 2.3.5. sin 30◦ cos 60◦ + cos 30◦ sin 60◦ = 1. ♢
§§ Solution.
sin 30◦ cos 60◦ + cos 30◦ sin 60◦
√ √
1 1 3 3 1 3 4
= × + × = + = = 1. ■
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
√
3 −1
§ Problem 2.3.6. cos 45◦ cos 60◦ − sin 45◦ sin 60◦ = − √ . ♢
2 2
§§ Solution.
cos 45◦ cos 60◦ − sin 45◦ sin 60◦
√ √
1 1 1 3 3−1
= √ × −√ × =− √ . ■
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 3
§ Problem 2.3.7. cot 30 + 3 sin 60 − 2 cosec 60◦ − tan2 30◦
2 ◦ 2 ◦ 2 =
3 4
1
3 . ♢
3
§§ Solution.
4 3
cot2 30◦ + 3 sin2 60◦ − 2 cosec 2 60◦ − tan2 30◦
3 Å √ ã2 4
( )2 ( )2
4 (√ )2 3 2 3 1
= 3 +3 −2 √ − √
3 2 3 4 3
9 8 1 2 1
=4+ − − =6−2 =3 . ■
4 3 4 3 3
1
§ Problem 2.3.8. cosec 2 45◦ · sec2 30◦ · sin3 90◦ · cos 60◦ = 1 . ♢
3
§§ Solution.
cosec 2 45◦ · sec2 30◦ · sin3 90◦ · cos 60◦
( √ )2 ( 2 ) 2 1
= 2 × √ × 13 ×
3 2
4 1 4 1
=2× ×1× = =1 . ■
3 2 3 3
1
§ Problem 2.3.9. 4 cot2 45◦ − sec2 60◦ + sin3 30◦ = . ♢
3
2.3. Values of Trigonometrical Ratios 39
§§ Solution.
( )3
1
4 cot2 45◦ − sec2 60◦ + sin3 30◦ = 4 × 12 − 22 +
2
1 1
=4−4+ = . ■
8 8
Chapter
3
Simple Problems in Heights and
Distances
§ Problem 3.1.6. From the top of a cliff an observer finds that the
angles of depression of two buoys in the sea are 39◦ and 26◦ respec-
tively; the buoys are 300 yards apart and the line joining them points
straight at the foot of the cliff ; find the height of the cliff and the
distance of the nearest buoy from the foot of the cliff, given that
cot 26◦ = 2.0503, and cot 39◦ = 1.2349. ♢
§§ Solution. Construct a figure as in the last example, with B and
A as the positions of the two buoys.
We are given BA = 300 yards, the ∠N P B = 39◦ = ∠P BM , and the
∠N P A = 26◦ = ∠P AM .
Let x yards be the height of the cliff P M . We then have BM =
x cot 39◦ = x × 1.2349, and
x × 2.0503 = x cot 26◦ = AM = 300 + BM
= 300 + x × 1.2349.
∴ 300 = x(2.0503 − 1.2349) = .8154x.
300
∴x= = 367.9 yards.
.8154
Also, the required distance
= BM = x cot 39◦
= (367.9 × 1.2349) yards
= 454.3 yards. ■
§ Problem 3.1.7. The upper part of a tree broken over by the wind
makes an angle of 30◦ with the ground, and the distance from the
root to the point where the top of the tree touches the ground is
60 f eet ; what was the height of the tree? ♢
§§ Solution. Let y feet be the length of the broken part of the tree
and x feet be the height of the stump. We then have
50 100
x = 50 tan 30◦ = √ , and y = x cosec 30◦ = 2x = √ .
3 3
Hence the original height of the tree
=x+y
150 √
= √ = 50 3
3
= 50 × 1.73205 = 86.6 f eet. ■
3.1. Simple Problems 44
40 (√ )
∴x= √ = 20 3 + 1 = 20 × 2.73205 = 54.641 f eet.
3−1
∴ h = x + 40 = 94.641 f eet. ■
(√ )
= 15 3 + 1 + 30 + 15 = 85.98 . . . f eet. ■
√
away from the lighthouse and continues to see it for 30 2 minutes.
What is the speed of the steamer ? ♢
§§ Solution. Let L be the lighthouse and S and H be respectively
the two positions of the steamer at which the light is visible. We then
have
LS = LH = 5 miles, and ∠SLH = 90◦ .
√
Hence in 30 2 minutes the steamer sails a distance
√
= SH = 5 sec 45◦ = 5 2 miles
Å √ ã
5 2
∴ The required speed = √ × 60 miles per hour
30 2
= 10 miles per hour. ■
MP m2 + 2mn
∴ tan θ == .
OM 2mn + 2n2
Otherwise thus : Substitute for sin θ in the formula
sin θ
tan θ = √ .
■
1 − sin2 θ
§ Problem 4.1.6. √
If cos θ − sin θ = 2 sin θ
√
prove that cos θ + sin θ = 2 cos θ.
(√ ) ♢
√
§§ Solution. If cos θ − sin θ = 2 sin θ, then cos θ = 2 + 1 sin θ.
(√ )
∴ multiplying both sides by 2 − 1 , we have
(√ ) (√ ) (√ )
2 − 1 cos θ = 2−1 2 + 1 sin θ = sin θ
√
∴ cos θ + sin θ = 2 cos θ. ■
§ Problem 4.1.7.
cosec 6 α − cot6 α = 3 cosec 2 α cot2 α + 1. ♢
§§ Solution.
cosec 6 α − cot6 α
( )( )
= cosec 2 α − cot2 α cosec 4 α + cosec 2 α cot2 α + cot4 α
( ) î( )2 ó
= cosec 2 α − cot2 α cosec 2 α − cot2 α + 3 cosec 2 α cot2 α
= 1 + 3 cosec 2 α cot2 α, ∵ cosec 2 α − cot2 α = 1. ■
4xy
§ Problem 4.1.12. Show that the equation sec2 θ = is only
(x + y)2
possible when x = y. ♢
§§ Solution. By Algebra, we know that if x and y be unequal, then
(x − y)2 > 0,
∴ x2 + y 2 > 2xy
∴ (x + y)2 > 4xy
4xy
∴ < 1.
(x + y)2
But sec θ cannot be < 1.
4xy
Hence the equation sec2 θ = is only possible when x = y,
(x + y)2
4
in which case sec2 θ = = 1. ■
4
Chapter
5
Trigonometrical Functions of
Angles of Any Size and Sign
What are the values of cos A − sin A and tan A + cot A when A has
the values
π
§ Problem 5.1.4. ♢
3
§§ Solution. √
π π 1 3 .73205
cos − sin = − =− = −.366 . . .
3 3 2 2 2 √
π π √ 1 4 4 3
tan + cot = 3+ √ = √ =
3 3 3 3 3
4 × 1.73205 . . .
= = 2.3094 . . . . ■
3
2π
§ Problem 5.1.5. ♢
3
§§ Solution. √
2π 2π 1 3
cos − sin =− −
3 3 2 √2
1+ 3 2.73205 . . .
=− =− = −1.366 . . .
2 √2
2π 2π √ 1 4 3
tan + cot =− 3− √ =− = −2.3094 . . . . ■
3 3 3 3
5π
§ Problem 5.1.6. ♢
4
§§ Solution.
5π 5π Ä πä Ä πä
cos − sin = cos π + − sin π +
4 4 4 4
π π 1 1
= − cos + sin = − √ + √ = 0
4 4 2 2
5π 5π Ä πä Ä πä
tan + cot = tan π + + cot π +
4 4 4 4
π π
= tan + cot = 1 + 1 = 2. ■
4 4
7π
§ Problem 5.1.7. ♢
4
5.1. Angles of Any Size and Sign 57
§§ Solution. ( ) ( )
7π 7π 3π 3π
cos − sin = cos π + − sin π +
4 4 4
3π 3π Ä4 π π ä Äπ πä
= − cos + sin = − cos + + sin +
4 4 2 4 2 4
π π 1 1 2 √
= sin + cos = √ + √ = √ = 2 = 1.414 . . .
4 4
( ) 2( 2 ) 2
7π 7π 3π 3π
tan + cot = tan π + + cot π +
4 4 4
3π 3π Äπ 4 πä Äπ πä
= tan + cot = tan + + cot +
4 4 2 4 2 4
π π
= − cot − tan = −1 − 1 = −2. ■
4 4
11π
§ Problem 5.1.8. ♢
3
§§ Solution. ( ) ( )
11π 11π 5π 5π
cos − sin = cos 2π + − sin 2π +
3 3 3 ( 3 ) ( )
5π 5π 2π 2π
= cos − sin = cos π + − sin π +
3 3 √3 3
2π 2π 1 3
= − cos + sin =+ +
3 3 2 2
2.73205
= = 1.366 . . .
2( ) ( )
11π 11π 5π 5π
tan + cot = tan 2π + + cot 2π +
3 3 3 ( 3 ) ( )
5π 5π 2π 2π
= tan + cot = tan π + + cot π +
3 3 3 3
2π 2π √ 1
= tan + cot =− 3− √
3 3 3
√
4 3
=− = −2.3094 . . . . ■
3
What values between 0◦ and 360◦ may A have when
1
§ Problem 5.1.9. sin A = √ ♢
2
§§ Solution. Since sin A is positive, A must be in the first or second
quadrant.
1
Now sin A = √ = sin 45◦ = sin (180◦ − 45◦ ).
2
Hence A = 45◦ , or 180◦ − 45◦ , i.e. 45◦ or 135◦ . ■
1
§ Problem 5.1.10. cos A = − ♢
2
§§ Solution. Since cos A is negative, A must be in the second or
third quadrant.
1
Now cos A = − = − cos 60◦ = cos (180◦ − 60◦ ) or cos (180◦ + 60◦ ).
2
Hence A = 120◦ or 240◦ . ■
√
§ Problem 5.1.12. cot A = − 3 ♢
§§ Solution. Since cot A is negative, A must be in the second or
fourth quadrant. √
Now cot A = − 3 = − cot 30◦ = cot (180◦ − 30◦ ) = cot 150◦
also, cot 150◦ = cot (180◦ + 150◦ ) = cot 330◦ .
∴ A = 150◦ or 330◦ . ■
2
§ Problem 5.1.13. sec A = − √ ♢
3
§§ Solution. Since sec A is negative, A must be in the second or
third quadrant.
Now
2
sec A = − √ = − sec 30◦ = sec (180◦ − 30◦ ) or sec (180◦ + 30◦ ) .
3
∴ A = 150◦ or 210◦ . ■
§§ Solution.
tan (−246◦ ) = − tan 246◦ = − tan (180◦ + 66◦ )
= − tan 66◦ = − cot (90◦ − 66◦ ) = − cot 24◦ . ■
§ Problem 5.1.36. Find the sines and cosines of all angles in the
first four quadrants whose tangents are equal to cos 135◦ . ♢
◦ 1 1
§§ Solution. If tan θ = cos 135 = − √ , then sin θ = ± √ and cos θ =
√ 2 3
2
± .
3
Also, since tan θ is negative, θ is in the second or fourth quadrant.
In the second quadrant,
…
1 2
sin θ = √ , and cos θ = − .
3 3
In the fourth quadrant,
…
1 2
sin θ = − √ , and cos θ = . ■
3 3
Prove that
§ Problem 5.1.37.
sin (270◦ + A) = − cos A and
tan (270◦ + A) = − cot A. ♢
§§ Solution.
sin (270◦ + A) = sin [180◦ + (90◦ + A)]
= − sin (90◦ + A) , [Art. 73] = − cos A, [Art. 70].
tan (270◦ + A) = tan [180 + (90◦ + A)]
= tan (90◦ + A) = − cot A.
Otherwise thus: Cf. the figure of Art. 50. Let the revolving line,
starting from OA, trace out any angle A in the first quadrant and let
OP1 be the position of the revolving line then, so that the ∠AOP1 is
A.
Let the revolving line then turn through three right angles (270◦ )
in the positive direction to the position OP4 , so that the ∠AOP4 is
(270◦ + A).
Draw P1 M1 and P4 M4 perpendicular to OA.
By Euc. I. 26, the triangles P1 OM1 and OP4 M4 are geometrically
equal and we have
OP1 = OP4 in magnitude and sign,
P1 M1 = OM4 in magnitude and sign,
and P4 M4 = OM1 in magnitude, but of opposite sign.
P4 M4 OM1
∴ sin (270◦ + A) = =− = − cos A, and
OP4 OP1
P4 M4 OM1
tan (270◦ + A) = =− = − cot A. ■
OM4 P1 M1
5.1. Angles of Any Size and Sign 62
§ Problem 5.1.40.
sec (270◦ − A) sec (90◦ − A)
− tan (270◦ − A) tan (90◦ + A) + 1 = 0. ♢
§§ Solution.
sec (270◦ − A) = sec [180◦ + (90◦ − A)]
= − sec (90◦ − A) = − cosec A
sec (90◦ − A) = cosec A
tan (270◦ − A) = tan [180◦ + (90◦ − A)]
= tan (90◦ − A) = cot A
tan (90◦ + A) = − cot A.
Hence the given expression
( )
= − cosec 2 A − − cot2 A + 1 = − cosec 2 A + cosec 2 A = 0. ■
5.1. Angles of Any Size and Sign 63
§ Problem 5.1.41.
cot A + tan (180◦ + A) + tan (90◦ + A)
+ tan (360◦ − A) = 0. ♢
§§ Solution.
The given expression
= cot A + tan A + (− cot A) + (− tan A) = 0. ■
Chapter
6
General Expressions for All
Angles Having A Given
Trigonometrical Ratio
1
§ Problem 6.1.4. cos θ = − . ♢
2
§§ Solution.
1 2π
cos θ = − = cos
2 3
2π
∴ θ = 2nπ ± . ■
3
√
3
§ Problem 6.1.5. cos θ = . ♢
2
§§ Solution. √
3 π
cos θ = = cos
2 6
π
∴ θ = 2nπ ± . ■
6
1
§ Problem 6.1.6. cos θ = − √ . ♢
2
§§ Solution.
1 3π
cos θ = − √ = cos
2 4
3π
∴ θ = 2nπ ± . ■
4
√
§ Problem 6.1.7. tan θ = 3. ♢
§§ Solution.
√ π
tan θ = 3 = tan
3
π
∴ θ = nπ + . ■
3
§ Problem 6.1.8. tan θ = −1. ♢
§§ Solution.
3π
tan θ = −1 = tan
4
3π
∴ θ = nπ + . ■
4
§ Problem 6.1.9. cot θ = 1. ♢
§§ Solution.
π
cot θ = 1 = cot
4
π
∴ θ = nπ + . ■
4
§ Problem 6.1.10. sec θ = 2. ♢
§§ Solution.
π
sec θ = 2 = sec
3
π
∴ θ = 2nπ ± . ■
3
2
§ Problem 6.1.11. cosec θ = √ . ♢
3
§§ Solution.
2 π
cosec θ = √ = cosec
3 3
π
∴ θ = nπ + (−1)n . ■
3
6.1. Generic Values 67
1
§ Problem 6.1.13. cos2 θ = . ♢
4
§§ Solution.
1 π
cos2 θ = = cos2
4 3
π
∴ θ = nπ ± . ■
3
1
2
§ Problem 6.1.14. tan θ = . ♢
3
§§ Solution.
1 π
tan2 θ = = tan2
3 6
π
∴ θ = nπ ± . ■
6
§ Problem 6.1.15. 4 sin2 θ = 3. ♢
§§ Solution.
3 π
sin2 θ = = sin2
4 3
π
∴ θ = nπ ± . ■
3
§ Problem 6.1.16. 2 cot2 θ = cosec 2 θ. ♢
§§ Solution.
2 cot2 θ = cosec 2 θ = 1 + cot2 θ
π
∴ cot2 θ = 1 = cot2
4
π
∴ θ = nπ ± . ■
4
4
2
§ Problem 6.1.17. sec θ = . ♢
3
§§ Solution.
4 π
sec2 θ = = sec2
3 6
π
∴ θ = nπ ± . ■
6
6.1. Generic Values 68
1 1
§ Problem 6.1.20. If cos (A − B) = , and sin (A + B) = , find the
2 2
smallest positive values of A and B and also their most general val-
ues. ♢
1 π 1 π
§§ Solution. cos(A − B) = = cos and sin(A + B) = = sin .
2 3 2 6
π
Hence A − B =
3
5π give the smallest positive values of A and B.
and A + B =
î π
6 ó
N ot A + B = , ∵ A + B > A − B.
6
7π 7π
Hence, by addition, we have 2A = , so that A = = 105◦
6 12
π π
and, by subtraction, we have 2B = , so that B = = 45◦ .
2 4
The general values are given by
π
A − B = 2nπ ± , and
3
π
A + B = mπ ± (−1)m ,
6
where m and n are anyÄintegers.ä
m π π
Hence we have A= n+ π ± + (−1)m
Äm 2 ä 6
π
12
π
and B= − n π ∓ + (−1)m . ■
2 6 12
2
§ Problem 6.1.21. If tan (A − B) = 1, and sec (A + B) = √ , find
3
the smallest positive values of A and B and also their most general
values. ♢
6.1. Generic Values 69
π 2 π
§§ Solution. tan (A − B) = 1 = tan and sec (A + B) = √ = sec .
4 3 6
π
Hence A − B =
4
11π give the smallest positive values of A and B.
and A + B =
î π
6 ó
N ot A + B = , ∵ A + B > A − B.
6
25π 25π 1◦
Hence, by addition, we have 2A = , so that A = = 187
12 24 2 ◦
19π 19π 1
and, by subtraction, we have 2B = , so that B = = 142 .
12 24 2
The general values are given by
π
A − B = mπ + , and
4
π
A + B = 2nπ ± ,
6
where m and n are any integers.
Ä ä
m π π
Hence we have A= n+ π+ ±
Ä mä
2 8
π
12
π
and B = n− π− ± . ■
2 8 12
§ Problem 6.1.22. Find the angles between 0◦ and 360◦ which have
respectively
√
3
(1) their sines equal to ,
2
1
(2) their cosines equal to − , and
2
1
(3) their tangents equal to √ .
3 ♢
√
3
§§ Solution. (1) If sin θ = , then θ is in the first or second quad-
2
rant and is equal to 60◦ or 120◦ .
1
(2) If cos θ = − , then θ is in second or third quadrant and is equal
2
to 120◦ or 240◦ .
1
(3) If tan θ = √ , then θ is in the first or third quadrant and is
3
equal to 30◦ or 210◦ . ■
2
(4) tan x = , and
3
(5) cot x = −7 ? ♢
§§ Solution. (1) Two values, supplementary.
(2) One value, between 0◦ and 90◦ .
(3) One value, between 90◦ and 180◦ .
(4) One value, acute.
■
(5) One value, obtuse.
§ Problem 6.1.25. Show that the same angles are indicated by the
two following formulae :
π π
(2n − 1) + (−1)n , and (6.1)
2 3
π
2nπ ± (6.2)
6
n being any integer. ♢
§§ Solution.
π π
If θ = (2n − 1) + (−1)n
2 3
π π
then θ + = nπ + (−1)n
2 3
this is the solution of the equation
Ä π ä π
sin θ + = sin
2√ 3
3 π
∴ cos θ = = cos
2 6
π
the solution of which is θ = 2nπ ± .
6
Otherwise thus : Putting n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . in Eq. (6.1), we have
the series of angles
π π 11π 13π
− , , , ,...
6 6 6 6
Putting n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . in Eq. (6.2), we have the series of angles
π π 11π 13π
− , , , ,...
6 6 6 6
each value of n giving two angles. ■
For Eq. (6.4), firstly, let n be even and equal to 2m ; then the for-
π
mula = 2mπ + −α and the corresponding bounding line is therefore
2
in the position OP .
Secondly, Älet n be
ä odd andπ equal to 2m + 1 ; then the formula
π
= (2m+1)π− − α = 2mπ+ +α and the corresponding bounding
2 2
line is in the position OQ. Hence the proposition. ■
3
§ Problem 6.1.29. Construct the angle whose sine is √ . ♢
2+ 5
6.2. Trigonometrical Equations 73
√
§ Problem 6.2.3. 2 3 cos2 θ = sin θ. ♢
§§ Solution. √
2 3 cos2 θ = sin θ
√ ( )
2 3 1 − sin2 θ = sin θ
√ √
∴ 2 3 sin2 θ + sin θ − 2 3 = 0
( √ ) (√ )
∴ 2 sin θ − 3 3 sin θ + 2 = 0
√ √
∴ 2 sin θ − 3 = 0, or 3 sin θ + 2 = 0.
√
If 2 sin θ − 3 = 0, then
√
3 π
sin θ = = sin
2 3
π
∴ θ = nπ + (−1)n .
√ 3
If 3 sin θ + 2 = 0, then
2
sin θ = − √ ;
3
this value is inadmissible. ■
(√ 4 ) 3
1
§ Problem 6.2.8. cot2 θ + 3+ √ cot θ + 1 = 0. ♢
3
§§ Solution. (√ )
1
cot2 θ + 3+ √ cot θ + 1 = 0
( ) (3 √ )
1
∴ cot θ + √ cot θ + 3 = 0
3
1 2π √ 5π
∴ cot θ = − √ = cot or cot θ = − 3 = cot
3 3 6
2π 5π
∴ θ = nπ + or nπ + . ■
3 6
6.2. Trigonometrical Equations 76
∴ (a tan θ − 1) (b tan θ + 1) = 0
1 1
∴ tan θ = or − . ■
a b
§ Problem 6.2.10. tan2 θ + cot2 θ = 2. ♢
§§ Solution.
tan2 θ + cot2 θ = 2
1
∴ tan2 θ + =2
tan2 θ
∴ tan4 θ − 2 tan2 θ + 1 = 0
( )2
∴ tan2 θ − 1 =0
∴ tan θ = ±1
π
∴ θ = nπ ± . ■
4
(√ )
§ Problem 6.2.11. sec θ − 1 = 2 − 1 tan θ. ♢
§§ Solution. (√ )
sec θ − 1 = 2 − 1 tan θ
(√ )√
∴ sec θ − 1 = 2−1 sec2 θ − 1
√
∴ (i) sec θ − 1 = 0, i.e. sec θ = 1, i.e. θ = 2nπ
and √ (√ )√
(ii) sec θ − 1 =2−1 sec θ + 1
( √ )
∴ sec θ − 1 = 3 − 2 2 (sec θ + 1)
(√ ) √ (√ )
∴ 2 − 1 sec θ = 2 2−1
√ π
sec θ = 2, i.e. θ = 2nπ + .
4
π
The value θ = 2nπ − is inadmissible ; it is introduced by the squar-
4
ing and is the solution of the equation
(√ )
sec θ − 1 = − 2 − 1 tan θ. ■
( )
§ Problem 6.2.12. 3 sec2 θ + tan2 θ = 5. ♢
§§ Solution. ( )
3 sec2 θ + tan2 θ = 5
( )
∴ 3 1 + tan2 θ + tan2 θ = 5
∴ 6 tan2 θ = 2
1
∴ tan2 θ =
3
1
∴ tan θ = ± √
3
π
∴ θ = nπ ± . ■
6
6.2. Trigonometrical Equations 77
√ (√ )
§ Problem 6.2.14. 4 cos2 θ + 3=2 3 + 1 cos θ. ♢
§§ Solution. √ (√ )
4 cos2 θ + 3=2 3 + 1 cos θ
Å√ ã √
3+1 3
∴ cos2 θ − cos θ + =0
2 4
( )Å √ ã
1 3
∴ cos θ − cos θ − =0
2 2
√
1 π 3 π
∴ cos θ = = cos or cos θ = = cos
2 3 2 6
π π
∴ θ = 2nπ ± or 2nπ ± . ■
3 6
§ Problem 6.2.15. 3 sin2 θ − 2 sin θ = 1. ♢
§§ Solution.
3 sin2 θ − 2 sin θ = 1
∴ (3 sin θ + 1) (sin θ − 1) = 0
1
∴ sin θ = − or sin θ = 1. ■
3
1
§ Problem 6.2.16. sin 5θ = √ . ♢
2
§§ Solution.
1 π
sin 5θ = √ = sin
2 4
π
∴ 5θ = nπ + (−1)n
4
nπ π
∴θ= + (−1)n . ■
5 20
§ Problem 6.2.17. sin 9θ = sin θ. ♢
§§ Solution.
sin 9θ = sin θ
∴ 9θ = mπ + (−1)m θ.
When m is even, (= 2n, say),
9θ = 2nπ + θ
∴ 8θ = 2nπ
nπ
∴θ= .
4
6.2. Trigonometrical Equations 78
§§ Solution.
cos 5θ = cos 4θ
∴ 5θ = 2nπ ± 4θ.
Taking the upper sign, we have
θ = 2nπ.
Taking the lower sign, we have
9θ = 2nπ
2nπ
∴θ= . ■
9
§ Problem 6.2.22. cos mθ = sin nθ. ♢
§§ Solution. Äπ ä
cos mθ = sin nθ = cos − nθ
Äπ ä 2
∴ mθ = 2rπ ± − nθ , where r is any integer.
2
Taking the upper sign, we have
( )
1
(m + n)θ = 2r + π
( ) 2
1 π
∴θ= 2r + .
2 m+n
Taking the lower sign, we have
( )
1
(m − n)θ = 2r − π
( ) 2
1 π
∴θ= 2r − . ■
2 m−n
§ Problem 6.2.23. cot θ = tan 8θ. ♢
§§ Solution.
cot θ = tan 8θ
Äπ ä
∴ tan 8θ = tan −θ
Ä π2 ä
∴ 8θ = nπ + −θ
( 2)
1
∴ 9θ = n + π
( 2)
1 π
∴θ = n+ . ■
2 9
§ Problem 6.2.24. cot θ = tan nθ. ♢
§§ Solution.
cot θ = tan nθ
Äπ ä
∴ tan nθ = tan −θ
Äπ ä 2
∴ nθ = mπ + − θ , where m is any integer
2 ( )
1
∴ (n + 1)θ = m + π
( ) 2
1 π
∴θ = m+ . ■
2 n+1
2
§ Problem 6.2.25. tan 2θ = tan . ♢
θ
6.2. Trigonometrical Equations 80
§§ Solution.
2
tan 2θ = tan
θ
2
∴ 2θ = nπ +
θ
∴ 2θ2 − nπθ − 2 = 0
√
nπ ± n2 π 2 + 16
∴θ= . ■
4
§ Problem 6.2.26. tan 2θ tan θ = 1. ♢
§§ Solution.
tan 2θ tan θ = 1
1 Äπ ä
∴ tan 2θ = = cot θ = tan −θ
tan θ Äπ ä 2
∴ 2θ = nπ + −θ
( 2)
1
∴ 3θ = n + π
( 2)
1 π
∴θ = n+ . ■
2 3
§ Problem 6.2.27. tan2 3θ = cot2 α. ♢
§§ Solution.
tan2 3θ = cot2 α
Äπ ä
∴ tan2 3θ = tan2 −α
Äπ 2 ä
∴ 3θ = nπ ± −α
(
2 )
π α 1 π α
∴ θ = (2n + 1) ± = n+ ± . ■
6 3 2 3 3
§ Problem 6.2.28. tan 3θ = cot θ. ♢
§§ Solution.
tan 3θ = cot θ
Äπ ä
∴ tan 3θ = tan −θ
Ä π2 ä
∴ 3θ = nπ + −θ
( 2)
1
∴ 4θ = n + π
( 2)
1 π
∴θ = n+ . ■
2 4
§ Problem 6.2.29. tan2 3θ = tan2 α. ♢
§§ Solution.
tan2 3θ = tan2 α
∴ 3θ = nπ ± α
nπ α
∴θ= ± . ■
3 3
§ Problem 6.2.30. 3 tan2 θ = 1. ♢
6.2. Trigonometrical Equations 81
§§ Solution.
3 tan2 θ = 1
1
∴ tan θ = ± √
3
π
∴ θ = nπ ± . ■
6
§ Problem 6.2.31. tan mx + cot nx = 0. ♢
§§ Solution.
tan mx + cot nx = 0
Äπ ä
∴ tan mx = − cot nx = tan + nx
Äπ ä 2
∴ mx = rπ + + nx , where r is any integer
2 ( )
1
∴ (m − n)x = r+ π
( ) 2
1 π
∴x= r+ . ■
2 m−n
§ Problem 6.2.32. tan (π cot θ) = cot (π tan θ) . ♢
§§ Solution.
tan (π cot θ) = cot (π tan θ)
Äπ ä
∴ tan (π cot θ) = tan − π tan θ
2
π
∴ π cot θ = nπ + − π tan θ
2
1
∴ cot θ + tan θ = n +
2
1 1
∴ + tan θ = n +
tan θ 2
∴ 2 tan2 θ − (2n + 1) tan θ + 2 = 0
√
(2n + 1) ± (2n + 1)2 − 16
∴ tan θ =
1î √ ó
4
= 2n + 1 ± 4n2 + 4n − 15 .
4
3
Since 4n2 + 4n − 15 = (2n − 3)(2n + 5), we see that unless n > or
2
5
< − , 4n2 + 4n − 15 will be negative and therefore tan θ imaginary.
2
Hence in the above value, n is any integer except 1, 0, −1, −2. ■
1 1
§ Problem 6.2.33. sin(θ − ϕ) = and cos(θ + ϕ) = . ♢
2 2
§§ Solution.
1 π 1 π
sin(θ − ϕ) = = sin and cos(θ + ϕ) = = cos
2 6 2 3
π π
∴ θ − ϕ = nπ + (−1)n , and θ + ϕ = 2mπ ± ,
6 3
where n and m are any integers.
Ä nä π π
∴θ = m+ π ± + (−1)n , and
Ä 2n ä 6π 12
π
ϕ= m− π ± − (−1)n . ■
2 6 12
6.2. Trigonometrical Equations 82
√
1 3
§ Problem 6.2.34. cos(2x + 3y) = and cos(3x + 2y) = . ♢
2 2
§§ Solution. √
1 π 3 π
cos(2x + 3y) = = cos and cos(3x + 2y) = = cos
2 3 2 6
π π
∴ 2x + 3y = 2nπ ± and 3x + 2y = 2mπ ± ,
3 6
where n and m are any integers
2π π
∴ 4x + 6y = 4nπ ± and 9x + 6y = 6mπ ±
3 2
hence, by subtraction,
π 2π
5x = (6m − 4n)π ± ∓
[ 2 3 ]
1 π 2π
∴x= (6m − 4n)π ± ∓ .
5 2 3
1î πó
Similarly, y= (6n − 4m)π ± π ∓ . ■
5 3
§ Problem 6.2.35. Find all the angles between 0◦ and 90◦ which
satisfy the equation
sec2 θ cosec 2 θ + 2 cosec 2 θ = 8. ♢
§§ Solution.
sec2 θ cosec 2 θ + 2 cosec 2 θ = 8
( )( ) ( )
∴ 1 + tan2 θ 1 + cot2 θ + 2 1 + cot2 θ = 8
1 + tan2 θ + cot2 θ + 1 + 2 + 2 cot2 θ = 8
∴ tan2 θ + 3 cot2 θ − 4 = 0
3
∴ tan2 θ + −4=0
tan2 θ
∴ tan4 θ − 4 tan2 θ + 3 = 0
( )( )
∴ tan2 θ − 1 tan2 θ − 3 = 0
∴ tan2 θ − 1 = 0 or tan2 θ − 3 = 0
√
∴ tan θ = ±1 or ± 3.
The required angles are therefore 45◦ and 60◦ .
Otherwise thus :
sec2 θ cosec 2 θ + 2 cosec 2 θ = 8
1 2
∴ + =8
sin2 θ cos2( θ sin2 θ)
∴ 1 + 2 cos θ = 8 sin θ cos θ = 8 1 − cos θ cos2 θ = 8 cos2 θ − 8 cos4 θ
2 2 2 2
8 cos4 θ − 6 cos2 θ + 1 = 0
( )( )
∴ 4 cos2 θ − 1 2 cos2 θ − 1 = 0
∴ 4 cos2 θ − 1 = 0 or 2 cos2 θ − 1 = 0
1 1
∴ cos θ = ± or ± √ .
2 2
The required angles are therefore 45◦ and 60◦ . ■
5
§ Problem 6.2.36. If tan2 θ = , find versinθ and explain the double
4
result. ♢
6.2. Trigonometrical Equations 83
§§ Solution.
5
If tan2 θ =
4
5 9
then sec2 θ = 1 + =
4 4
2
∴ cos θ = ± , and
3
2 1 5
versinθ = 1 − cos θ = 1 ∓ = or .
√ 3 3 3
5
Since tan θ = ± , there are four angles, one in each quadrant ;
2
1
those in the first and fourth quadrants give versinθ = , and those
3
5
in the second and third quadrants give versinθ = . ■
3
1
§ Problem 6.2.37. If the coversin of an angle be , find its cosine
3
and cotangent. ♢
1 2
§§ Solution. If θ be the angle, we have 1−sin θ = , so that sin θ = .
… … 3 3
√ 4 5 1√
∴ cos θ = 1 − sin θ =
2 1− = =± 5, and
9 9 3
cos θ 1√
cot θ = =± 5. ■
sin θ 2
Chapter
7
Trigonometrical Ratios of The
Sum and Difference of Two Angles
… …
(53 + 45)(53 − 45) 784 28
= = =
(53)2 (53)2 53
… ( )2
√ 33
and cos β = 1 − sin2 β = 1−
65
… …
(65 + 33)(65 − 33) 3136 56
= = =
(65)2 (65)2 65
45 56 28 33
∴ sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β = × − ×
53 65 53 65
28(90 − 33) 28 × 3(30 − 11) 84 × 19 1596
= = = = .
53 × 65 53 × 65 53 × 65 3445
Also, sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
28(90 + 33) 84 × 41 3444
= = = . ■
53 × 65 53 × 65 3445
15 12
§ Problem 7.1.3. If sin α = and cos β = , find the values of
17 13
sin(α + β), cos(α − β) and tan(α + β). Verify by a graph and accurate
measurement. ♢
§§ Solution. … ( )2 …
√ 15 64 8
cos α = 1 − sin2 α = 1− = =
17 (17)2 17
… ( )2 …
√ 12 25 5
and sin β = 1− cos2 β= 1− ==
13 (13)2 13
sin α 15 8 15
∴ tan α = = ÷ =
cos α 17 17 8
sin β 5 12 5
and tan β = = ÷ = .
cos β 13 13 12
∴ sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
15 12 8 5 20(9 + 2) 220
= × + × = = .
17 13 17 13 17 × 13 221
cos(α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
8 12 15 5 3(32 + 25) 171
= × + × = = .
17 13 17 13 17 × 13 221
15 5
tan α + tan β + 220
tan(α + β) = = 8 12 = .
1 − tan α tan β 15 5 21
1− × ■
8 12
Prove that
§ Problem 7.1.4.
cos (45◦ − A) cos (45◦ − B) − sin (45◦ − A) sin (45◦ − B)
= sin(A + B). ♢
§§ Solution.
cos (45◦ − A) cos (45◦ − B) − sin (45◦ − A) sin (45◦ − B)
= cos [(45◦ − A) + (45◦ − B)]
= cos [90◦ − (A + B)]
= sin(A + B), by Art. 69. ■
7.1. Addition and Subtraction Theorems 87
§ Problem 7.1.5.
sin (45◦ + A) cos (45◦ − B) + cos (45◦ + A) sin (45◦ − B)
= cos (A − B) . ♢
§§ Solution.
sin (45◦ + A) cos (45◦ − B) + cos (45◦ + A) sin (45◦ − B)
= sin [(45◦ + A) + (45◦ − B)]
= sin [90◦ + (A − B)]
= cos(A − B), by Art. 70. ■
§§ Solution.
1 1
sin 7A − sin A 2 cos (7A + A) sin (7A − A)
= 2 2
sin 8A − sin 2A 1 1
2 cos (8A + 2A) sin (8A − 2A)
2 2
cos 4A sin 3A 1
= = cos 4A ·
cos 5A sin 3A cos 5A
= cos 4A sec 5A. ■
cos 2B + cos 2A
§ Problem 7.2.5. = cot(A + B) cot(A − B). ♢
cos 2B − cos 2A
§§ Solution.
cos 2B + cos 2A cos 2A + cos 2B
=
cos 2B − cos 2A cos 2B − cos 2A
1 1
2 cos (2A + 2B) cos (2A − 2B)
= 2 2
1 1
2 sin (2A + 2B) sin (2A − 2B)
2 2
cos(A + B) cos(A − B)
=
sin(A + B) sin(A − B)
= cot(A + B) cot(A − B). ■
§§ Solution.
1 1
sin 5A − sin 3A 2 cos (5A + 3A) sin (5A − 3A)
= 2 2
cos 3A + cos 5A 1 1
2 cos (3A + 5A) cos (3A − 5A)
2 2
sin A sin A
= = = tan A. ■
cos(−A) cos A
cos 2B − cos 2A
§ Problem 7.2.9. = tan(A − B). ♢
sin 2B + sin 2A
§§ Solution.
1 1
cos 2B − cos 2A 2 sin (2A + 2B) sin (2A − 2B)
= 2 2
sin 2B + sin 2A 1 1
2 sin (2A + 2B) cos (2A − 2B)
2 2
sin(A − B)
= = tan(A − B). ■
cos(A − B)
§ Problem 7.2.10.
cos(A + B) + sin(A − B) = 2 sin (45◦ + A)
cos (45◦ + B) . ♢
§§ Solution.
cos(A + B) + sin(A − B) = sin [90◦ + (A + B)] + sin(A − B), by Art. 70
1
= 2 sin (90◦ + A + B + A − B)
2
1
cos (90◦ + A + B − A + B)
2
= 2 sin (45◦ + A) cos (45◦ + B) . ■
§ Problem 7.2.11.
cos 3A − cos A cos 2A − cos 4A
+
sin 3A − sin A sin 4A − sin 2A
sin A
= . ♢
cos 2A cos 3A
§§ Solution.
cos 3A − cos A cos 2A − cos 4A
+
sin 3A − sin A sin 4A − sin 2A
1 1 1 1
−2 sin (3A + A) sin (3A − A) 2 sin (4A + 2A) sin (4A − 2A)
= 2 2 + 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 cos (3A + A) sin (3A − A) 2 cos (4A + 2A) sin (4A − 2A)
2 2 2 2
sin 2A sin 3A sin 3A cos 2A − cos 3A sin 2A
=− + =
cos 2A cos 3A cos 2A cos 3A
sin(3A − 2A) sin A
= = . ■
cos 2A cos 3A cos 2A cos 3A
sin(4A − 2B) + sin(4B − 2A)
§ Problem 7.2.12. = tan(A + B). ♢
cos(4A − 2B) + cos(4B − 2A)
§§ Solution.
sin(4A − 2B) + sin(4B − 2A)
cos(4A − 2B) + cos(4B − 2A)
1 1
2 sin (4A − 2B + 4B − 2A) cos (4A − 2B − 4B + 2A)
= 2 2
1 1
2 cos (4A − 2B + 4B − 2A) cos (4A − 2B − 4B + 2A)
2 2
7.2. Product Formulae 91
sin(A + B)
= = tan(A + B). ■
cos(A + B)
tan 5θ + tan 3θ
§ Problem 7.2.13. = 4 cos 2θ cos 4θ. ♢
tan 5θ − tan 3θ
§§ Solution.
sin 5θ sin 3θ
tan 5θ + tan 3θ +
= cos 5θ cos 3θ
tan 5θ − tan 3θ sin 5θ sin 3θ
−
cos 5θ cos 3θ
sin 5θ cos 3θ + cos 5θ sin 3θ
=
sin 5θ cos 3θ − cos 5θ sin 3θ
sin(5θ + 3θ) sin 8θ
= =
sin(5θ − 3θ) sin 2θ
2 sin 4θ cos 4θ 4 sin 2θ cos 2θ cos 4θ
= =
sin 2θ sin 2θ
= 4 cos 2θ cos 4θ. ■
1 1 1 1
2 cos (A + 5A) sin (A − 5A) + 2 cos (9A + 13A) sin (9A − 13A)
= 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 sin (A + 5A) sin (5A − A) − 2 sin (9A + 13A) sin (13A − 9A)
2 2 2 2
2 cos 3A sin(−2A) + 2 cos 11A sin(−2A)
=
2 sin 3A sin 2A − 2 sin 11A sin 2A
−2 cos 3A sin 2A − 2 cos 11A sin 2A cos 11A + cos 3A
= =
2 sin 3A sin 2A − 2 sin 11A sin 2A sin 11A − sin 3A
1 1
2 cos (11A + 3A) cos (11A − 3A)
= 2 2
1 1
2 cos (11A + 3A) sin (11A − 3A)
2 2
cos 4A
= = cot 4A. ■
sin 4A
sin A + sin B A+B A−B
§ Problem 7.2.20. = tan cot . ♢
sin A − sin B 2 2
§§ Solution.
A+B A−B
sin A + sin B 2 sin cos
= 2 2
sin A − sin B A+B A−B
2 cos sin
2 2
A+B A−B
= tan cot . ■
2 2
cos A + cos B A+B A−B
§ Problem 7.2.21. = cot cot . ♢
cos B − cos A 2 2
§§ Solution.
A+B A−B
cos A + cos B 2 cos cos
= 2 2
cos B − cos A A+B A−B
2 sin sin
2 2
A+B A−B
= cot cot . ■
2 2
sin A + sin B A+B
§ Problem 7.2.22. = tan . ♢
cos A + cos B 2
§§ Solution.
A+B A−B
sin A + sin B 2 sin cos
= 2 2
cos A + cos B A+B A−B
2 cos cos
2 2
A+B
sin A+B
= 2 = tan .
A+B 2
cos ■
2
sin A − sin B A+B
§ Problem 7.2.23. = cot . ♢
cos B − cos A 2
§§ Solution.
A+B A−B A+B
sin A − sin B 2 cos sin cos A+B
= 2 2 = 2 = cot .
cos B − cos A A+B A−B A+B 2
2 sin sin sin ■
2 2 2
7.2. Product Formulae 94
§ Problem 7.2.24.
cos(A + B + C) + cos(−A + B + C) + cos(A − B + C) + cos(A + B − C)
sin(A + B + C) + sin(−A + B + C) − sin(A − B + C) + sin(A + B − C)
= cot B. ♢
§§ Solution.
The numerator of the expression
1
= 2 cos [(A + B + C) + (−A + B + C)]
2
1
× cos [(A + B + C) − (−A + B + C)]
2
1
+ 2 cos [(A − B + C) + (A + B − C)]
2
1
× cos [(A − B + C) − (A + B − C)]
2
= 2 cos(B + C) cos A + 2 cos A cos(C − B)
= 2 cos A [cos(B + C) + cos(C − B)]
= 2 cos A · 2 cos C cos B.
The denominator
1
= 2 sin [(A + B + C) + (−A + B + C)]
2
1
× cos [(A + B + C) − (−A + B + C)]
2
− {sin(A − B + C) − sin(A + B − C)}
1
= 2 sin [(A + B + C) + (−A + B + C)]
2
1
× cos [(A + B + C) − (−A + B + C)]
{ 2
1
− 2 cos [(A − B + C) + (A + B − C)]
2 }
1
× sin [(A − B + C) − (A + B − C)]
2
= 2 sin(B + C) cos A − 2 cos A sin(C − B)
= 2 cos A [sin(B + C) + sin(B − C)]
= 2 cos A · sin B cos C.
4 cos A cos B cos C
Hence the expression = = cot B. ■
4 cos A sin B cos C
§ Problem 7.2.25.
cos 3A + cos 5A + cos 7A + cos 15A
= 4 cos 4A cos 5A cos 6A. ♢
§§ Solution.
cos 3A + cos 5A + cos 7A + cos 15A
1 1 1 1
= 2 cos (3A + 5A) cos (3A − 5A) + 2 cos (7A + 15A) cos (7A − 15A)
2 2 2 2
= 2 cos 4A cos(−A) + 2 cos 11A cos(−4A)
= 2 cos 4A (cos A + cos 11A)
1 1
= 2 cos 4A · 2 cos (A + 11A) cos (A − 11A)
2 2
= 2 cos 4A · 2 cos 6A cos(−5A)
= 4 cos 4A cos 5A cos 6A. ■
7.2. Product Formulae 95
§ Problem 7.2.26.
cos(−A + B + C) + cos(A − B + C) + cos(A + B − C) + cos(A + B + C)
= 4 cos A cos B cos C. ♢
§§ Solution.
The expression
1
= 2 cos [(−A + B + C) + (A − B + C)]
2
1
× cos [(−A + B + C) − (A − B + C)]
2
1
+ 2 cos [(A + B − C) + (A + B + C)]
2
1
× cos [(A + B − C) − (A + B + C)]
2
= 2 cos C cos(B − A) + 2 cos(A + B) cos(−C)
= 2 cos C [cos(A − B) + cos(A + B)]
= 2 cos C · 2 cos A · cos(−B)
= 4 cos A cos B cos C. ■
§ Problem 7.2.27.
sin 50◦ − sin 70◦ + sin 10◦ = 0. ♢
§§ Solution.
1 1
sin 50◦ − sin 70◦ + sin 10◦ = 2 cos (50◦ + 70◦ ) sin (50◦ − 70◦ ) + sin 10◦
2 2
= −2 cos 60◦ sin 10◦ + sin 10◦
1
= − sin 10◦ + sin 10◦ = 0. ∵ cos 60◦ = .
2
Otherwise thus :
1 1
sin 50◦ + sin 10◦ − sin 70◦ = 2 sin (50◦ + 10◦ ) cos (50◦ − 10◦ ) − sin 70◦
2 2
= 2 sin 30◦ cos 20◦ − sin 70◦
1
= cos 20◦ − cos (90◦ − 70◦ ) , ∵ sin 30◦ =
2
= cos 20◦ − cos 20◦ = 0.
Otherwise thus :
1 1
sin 10◦ − sin 70◦ + sin 50◦ = 2 cos (10◦ + 70◦ ) sin (10◦ − 70◦ ) + sin 50◦
2 2
= −2 cos 40◦ sin 30◦ + sin 50◦
= − cos 40◦ + cos (90◦ − 50◦ )
= − cos 40◦ + cos 40◦ = 0. ■
§ Problem 7.2.28. sin 10◦ +sin 20◦ +sin 40◦ +sin 50◦ = sin 70◦ +sin 80◦ .
♢
§§ Solution.
1 1
sin 10◦ + sin 50◦ = 2 sin (10◦ + 50◦ ) cos (10◦ − 50◦ )
2 2
= 2 sin 30◦ cos(−20◦ ) = cos 20◦
1 1
sin 20◦ + sin 40◦ = 2 sin (20◦ + 40◦ ) cos (20◦ − 40◦ )
2 2
= 2 sin 30◦ cos(−10◦ ) = cos 10◦
and cos 20◦ + cos 10◦ = sin (90◦ − 20◦ ) + cos (90◦ − 10◦ )
= sin 70◦ + sin 80◦ . ■
7.3. Converse Formulae 96
§ Problem 7.2.29.
sin α + sin 2α + sin 4α + sin 5α
α 3α
= 4 cos cos sin 3α. ♢
2 2
§§ Solution.
sin α + sin 2α + sin 4α + sin 5α
3α α 9α α
= 2 sin cos + 2 sin cos
2( 2 2 ) 2
α 3α 9α
= 2 cos sin + sin
2 2 2
α 3α
= 2 cos · 2 sin 3α cos
2 2
α 3α
= 4 cos cos sin 3α. ■
2 2
Simplify
{ ( ) } { ( ) }
3 3
§ Problem 7.2.30. cos θ+ n− ϕ − cos θ+ n+ ϕ . ♢
2 2
§§ Solution. The expression
[ ( ) { ( ) }]
1 3 3
= 2 sin θ+ n+ ϕ+ θ+ n− ϕ
2[ ( )
2 { ( )
2 }]
1 3 3
× sin θ+ n+ ϕ− θ+ n− ϕ
2 2 2
3
= 2 sin (θ + nϕ) sin ϕ. ■
{ (2 ) } { ( ) }
1 1
§ Problem 7.2.31. sin θ + n − ϕ + sin θ + n + ϕ . ♢
2 2
§§ Solution. The expression
[ ( ) { ( ) }]
1 1 1
= 2 sin θ+ n− ϕ+ θ+ n+ ϕ
2[ ( 2) { ( 2) }]
1 1 1
× cos θ+ n− ϕ− θ+ n+ ϕ
2 2( ) 2
ϕ
= 2 sin (θ + nϕ) cos −
2
ϕ
= 2 sin (θ + nϕ) cos . ■
2
Prove that
θ 7θ 3θ 11θ
§ Problem 7.3.5. sin sin + sin sin = sin 2θ sin 5θ. ♢
2 2 2 2
§§ Solution.
θ 7θ 3θ 11θ
sin sin + sin sin
2 2 [ ( 2 )
2 ( )]
1 θ 7θ θ 7θ
= cos − − cos +
2[ (2 2 ) 2( 2 )]
1 3θ 11θ 3θ 11θ
+ cos − − cos +
2 2 2 2 2
1
= [cos(−3θ) − cos 4θ + cos(−4θ) − cos 7θ]
2
1
= (cos 3θ − cos 4θ + cos 4θ − cos 7θ)
2
1
= (cos 3θ − cos 7θ)
2
1 7θ + 3θ 7θ − 3θ
= × 2 sin sin
2 2 2
= sin 5θ sin 2θ. ■
θ 9θ 5θ
§ Problem 7.3.6. cos 2θ cos − cos 3θ cos = sin 5θ sin . ♢
2 2 2
§§ Solution.
θ 9θ
cos 2θ cos − cos 3θ cos
2 [ ( 2 ) ( )]
1 θ θ
= cos 2θ + + cos 2θ −
[2 ( 2) ( 2 )]
9θ 9θ
− cos 3θ + + cos 3θ −
[ 2 2 ( )]
1 5θ 3θ 15θ 3θ
= cos + cos − cos − cos −
2( 2 2 2 )2
1 5θ 3θ 15θ 3θ
= cos + cos − cos − cos
2( 2 2 ) 2 2
1 5θ 15θ
= cos − cos
2 2 2
1 15θ + 5θ 15θ − 5θ
= × 2 sin sin
2 4 4
5θ
= sin 5θ sin . ■
2
§ Problem 7.3.7.
sin A sin(A + 2B) − sin B sin(B + 2A)
= sin(A − B) sin(A + B). ♢
7.3. Converse Formulae 98
§§ Solution.
sin A sin(A + 2B) − sin B sin(B + 2A)
1
= [cos(A − A − 2B) − cos(A + A + 2B)]
2
1
− [cos(B − B − 2A) − cos(B + B + 2A)]
2
1
= [cos(−2B) − cos 2(A + B) − cos(−2A) − cos 2(B + A)]
2
1 1 2A + 2B 2A − 2B
= (cos 2B − cos 2A) = × 2 sin sin
2 2 2 2
= sin(A + B) sin(A − B).
Otherwise thus :
§ Problem 7.3.11.
cos 2A cos 3A − cos 2A cos 7A + cos A cos 10A
sin 4A sin 3A − sin 2A sin 5A + sin 4A sin 7A
= cot 6A cot 5A. ♢
§§ Solution. The expression
1 1 1
(cos A + cos 5A) − (cos 5A + cos 9A) + (cos 9A + cos 11A)
= 2 2 2
1 1 1
(cos A − cos 7A) − (cos 3A − cos 7A) + (cos 3A − cos 11A)
2 2 2
cos A + cos 11A 2 cos 6A cos 5A
= =
cos A − cos 11A 2 sin 6A sin 5A
= cot 6A cot 5A. ■
§ Problem 7.3.12.
cos (36◦ − A) cos (36◦ + A) + cos (54◦ + A) cos (54◦ − A)
= cos 2A. ♢
§§ Solution. We have
cos (36◦ − A) = sin [90◦ − (36◦ − A)] = sin (54◦ + A)
and cos (36◦ + A) = sin [90◦ − (36◦ + A)] = sin (54◦ − A) .
Hence the expression
= sin (54◦ + A) sin (54◦ − A) + cos (54◦ + A) cos (54◦ − A)
= cos [(54◦ + A) − (54◦ − A)] = cos 2A. ■
§ Problem 7.3.13.
cos A sin(B − C) + cos B sin(C − A)
+ cos C sin(A − B) = 0. ♢
§§ Solution. The expression
1
= [sin(A + B − C) − sin(A − B + C)]
2
1
+ [sin(B + C − A) − sin(B − C + A)]
2
1
+ [sin(C + A − B) − sin(C − A + B)] = 0. ■
2
1
§ Problem 7.3.14. sin (45◦ + A) sin (45◦ − A) = cos 2A. ♢
2
§§ Solution. sin (45◦ + A) sin (45◦ − A)
1
= [cos (45◦ + A − 45◦ + A) − cos (45◦ + A + 45◦ − A)]
2
1 1
= (cos 2A − cos 90◦ ) = cos 2A ∵ cos 90◦ = 0. ■
2 2
§ Problem 7.3.15. versin(A + B)versin(A − B) = (cos A − cos B)2 . ♢
§§ Solution.
versin(A + B)versin(A − B)
= [1 − cos(A + B)] [1 − cos(A − B)]
= 1 − [cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)] + cos(A + B) cos(A − B)
= 1 − 2 cos A cos B + cos2 A − sin2 B [Ex. 2, Art. 93]
( )
= 1 − 2 cos A cos B + cos2 A − 1 − cos2 B
= cos2 A − 2 cos A cos B + cos2 B = (cos A − cos B)2 . ■
7.4. Tangent of The Sum of Two Angles 100
§ Problem 7.3.16.
sin (β − γ) cos (α − δ) + sin (γ − α) cos (β − δ)
+ sin (α − β) cos (γ − δ) = 0. ♢
§§ Solution. The expression
1
= [sin (β − γ + α − δ) + sin (β − γ − α + δ)]
2
1
+ [sin (γ − α + β − δ) + sin (γ − α − β + δ)]
2
1
+ [sin (α − β + γ − δ) + sin (α − β − γ + δ)]
2
1
= [sin (β − γ + α − δ) + sin (β − γ − α + δ)
2
+ sin (γ − α + β − δ) − sin (−γ + α + β − δ)
− sin (−α + β − γ + δ) − sin (−α + β + γ − δ)] by Art. 68
= 0. ■
π 9π 3π 5π
§ Problem 7.3.17. 2 cos cos + cos + cos = 0. ♢
13 13 13 13
§§ Solution.
π 9π 3π 5π
2 cos cos + cos + cos
13 13 13 13
π 9π π 4π
= 2 cos cos + 2 cos cos
13 ( 13 13 ) 13
π 9π 4π
= 2 cos cos + cos = 0.
(
13 )
13 13
9π 9π 4π
∵ cos = − cos π − = − cos .
13 13 13
Otherwise thus :
π 9π 3π 5π
2 cos cos + cos + cos
13 13 13 13
8π 10π 3π 5π
= cos + cos + cos + cos = 0.
13( )
13 13 13
8π 8π 5π
∵ cos = − cos π − = − cos
13 ( 13 ) 13
10π 10π 3π
and cos = − cos π − = − cos . ■
13 13 13
4 1
tan 2A − tan B − 13 9
Also tan(2A − B) = = 3 3 =1÷ = .
1 + tan 2A tan B 4 1 9 13 ■
1+ ×
√ 3 3 √
3 3
§ Problem 7.4.2. If tan A = √ and tan B = √ , prove that
4− 3 4+ 3
tan(A − B) = ·375. ♢
§§ Solution.
tan A − tan B
tan(A − B) =
1 + tan
√ A tan B√
3 3
√ − √
4− 3 4+ 3
= √ √
3 3
1+ √ × √
√4 − 3 4
√ + 3
4 3+3−4 3+3 6 6 3
= ( √ )( √ ) = = = = ·375. ■
4− 3 4+ 3 +3 13 + 3 16 8
n 1
§ Problem 7.4.3. If tan A = and tan B = , find tan(A + B).
n+1 2n + 1
♢
§§ Solution.
tan A + tan B
tan(A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B
n 1
+
n+1 2n + 1
=
n 1
1− ×
n+1 2n + 1
2n2 + n + n + 1 2n2 + 2n + 1
= = = 1. ■
(n + 1)(2n + 1) − n 2n2 + 2n + 1
5 1 π
§ Problem 7.4.4. If tan α = and tan β = , prove that α + β = .
6 11 4
Verify by a graph and accurate measurement. ♢
§§ Solution.
tan α + tan β
tan(α + β) =
1 − tan α tan β
5 1
+ 55 + 6 61 π
= 6 11 = = = 1 = tan .
5 1 66 − 5 61 4
1− ×
6 11
π
Hence one of the values of α + β is . ■
4
Prove that ( )
Äπ ä 3π
§ Problem 7.4.5. tan + θ × tan +θ = −1. ♢
4 4
§§ Solution.
π
Äπ ä tan
+ tan θ 1 + tan θ
tan +θ = 4 =
4 π 1 − tan θ
1 − tan tan θ
4
7.4. Tangent of The Sum of Two Angles 102
3π
( ) tan + tan θ
3π 4 −1 + tan θ
and tan +θ = =
4 3π 1 + tan θ
1 − tan tan θ
Äπ ä ( ) 4
3π 1 + tan θ −(1 − tan θ)
∴ tan + θ × tan +θ = × = −1. ■
4 4 1 − tan θ 1 + tan θ
Äπ ä Äπ ä
§ Problem 7.4.6. cot + θ cot − θ = 1. ♢
4 4
§§ Solution.
π
Äπ ä cot cot θ − 1 cot θ − 1
cot +θ = 4 =
4 π 1 + cot θ
cot + cot θ
4
π
Äπ ä cot cot θ + 1 cot θ + 1
and cot −θ = 4
4 π = cot θ − 1
cot θ − cot
Äπ ä Ä π 4ä
∴ cot + θ cot − θ = 1. ■
4 4
A A
§ Problem 7.4.7. 1 + tan A tan = tan A cot − 1 = sec A. ♢
2 2
§§ Solution.
A
A sin A sin 2
1 + tan A tan =1+ ·
2 cos A A
cos
2
A A
cos A cos + sin A sin
= 2 2
A
cos A cos
( ) 2
A A
cos A − cos
2 2
= =
A A
cos A cos cos A cos
2 2
1
= = sec A.
cos A
Again,
A
A sin A cos 2
tan A cot −1= · −1
2 cos A A
sin
2
A A
sin A cos − cos A sin
= 2 2
A
cos A sin
( ) 2
A
sin A −
2
=
A
cos A sin
2
A
sin 1
= 2 = = sec A.
A cos A ■
cos A sin
2
Chapter
8
The Trigonometrical Ratios of
Multiple and Submultiple Angles
(3)
16
2 tan α 2×
sin 2α =
1 + tan2 α
[Art. 109] = ( 63)2
16
1+
[ ] 63
32 256 32 3969 2016
= ÷ 1+ = × = . ■
63 3969 63 4225 4225
§ Problem 8.1.2. Find the value of cos 2α when
15
(1) cos α =
17
4
(2) sin α = , and
5
5
(3) tan α = .
12
Verify by a graph and accurate measurement. ♢
§§ Solution. (1)
225 450 − 289 161
cos 2α = 2 cos2 α − 1 = 2 × −1= =
289 289 289
(2)
16 25 − 32 7
cos 2α = 1 − 2 sin2 α = 1 − 2 × = =−
25 25 25
(3)
1 − tan2 α
cos 2α = [Art. 109]
1 + tan2 α
25
1−
= 144 = 144 − 25 = 119 .
25 144 + 25 169
1+ ■
144
b
§ Problem 8.1.3. If tan θ = , find the value of a cos 2θ + b sin 2θ. ♢
a
§§ Solution.
1 − tan2 θ 2 tan θ
a cos 2θ + b sin 2θ = a × +b×
1 + tan2 θ 1 + tan2 θ
a2 − b2 2ab2
=a× 2 2
+b× 2 2
Å a2 + b2 ãa +Åb 2 2 ã
a − b + 2b 2 a +b
=a =a = a.
a2 + b2 a2 + b2
Otherwise thus : ( )
b
a cos 2θ + b sin 2θ = a cos 2θ + sin 2θ
a
= a (cos 2θ + tan θ sin 2θ)
a
= (cos 2θ cos θ + sin θ sin 2θ)
cos θ
a a
= cos(2θ − θ) = × cos θ = a. ■
cos θ cos θ
Prove that
sin 2A
§ Problem 8.1.4. = tan A. ♢
1 + cos 2A
8.1. Multiple Angles 105
sin 2A
§ Problem 8.1.5. = cot A. ♢
1 − cos 2A
sin 2A 2 sin A cos A cos A
§§ Solution. = = = cot A. ■
1 − cos 2A 2 sin2 A sin A
1 − cos 2A
§ Problem 8.1.6. = tan2 A. ♢
1 + cos 2A
1 − cos 2A 2 sin2 A
§§ Solution. = = tan2 A. ■
1 + cos 2A 2 cos2 A
A B
2 sin cos
= 2 2 = tan A cot B .
A B 2 2
2 cos sin ■
2 2
( )
cos A A
§ Problem 8.1.11. = tan 45◦ ± . ♢
1 ∓ sin A 2
§§ Solution.
A A
cos A cos2 − sin2
= 2 2
1 ∓ sin A A A A A
cos2 + sin2 ∓ 2 sin cos
( 2 2) ( 2 2 )
A A A A
cos − sin cos + sin
2 2 2 2
= ( )
A A 2
cos ∓ sin
2 2
A A
cos ± sin
= 2 2 ,
A A
cos ∓ sin
2 2
the upper or lower signs to be taken together,
A
1 ± tan ( )
= 2 = tan 45◦ ± A .
A 2
1 ∓ tan ■
2
sec 8A − 1 tan 8A
§ Problem 8.1.12. = . ♢
sec 4A − 1 tan 2A
§§ Solution.
1
sec 8A − 1 −1 cos 4A (1 − cos 8A)
= cos 8A =
sec 4A − 1 1 cos 8A (1 − cos 4A)
−1
cos 4A
cos 4A 2 sin2 4A 2 sin 4A cos 4A sin 4A
= · = ·
cos 8A 2 sin2 2A cos 8A 2 sin2 2A
sin 8A 2 sin 2A cos 2A sin 8A cos 2A
= · = ·
cos 8A 2 sin2 2A cos 8A sin 2A
tan 8A ■
= tan 8A cot 2A = .
tan 2A
◦
1 + tan (45 − A)
2
§ Problem 8.1.13. = cosec 2A. ♢
1 − tan2 (45◦ − A)
§§ Solution.
sin2 (45◦ − A)
◦ 1+
1 + tan (45 − A)
2 cos2 (45◦ − A)
=
◦
1 − tan (45 − A)
2 sin2 (45◦ − A)
1−
cos2 (45◦ − A)
cos2 (45◦ − A) + sin2 (45◦ − A)
=
cos2 (45◦ − A) − sin2 (45◦ − A)
1
=
cos 2 (45◦ − A)
1 1
= = = cosec 2A. ■
cos (90◦ − 2A) sin 2A
8.1. Multiple Angles 107
α+β
sin α + sin β tan
§ Problem 8.1.14. = 2 . ♢
sin α − sin β α−β
tan
2
§§ Solution.
α+β α−β
sin α + sin β 2 sin cos
= 2 2
sin α − sin β α+β α−β
2 cos sin
2 2
α+β
α+β α−β tan
= tan cot = 2 .
2 2 α−β ■
tan
2
sin A − sin B
2 2
§ Problem 8.1.15. = tan(A + B). ♢
sin A cos A − sin B cos B
§§ Solution.
sin2 A − sin2 B 2 sin2 A − 2 sin2 B
=
sin A cos A − sin B cos B 2 sin A cos A − 2 sin B cos B
1 − cos 2A − (1 − cos 2B) cos 2B − cos 2A
= =
sin 2A − sin 2B sin 2A − sin 2B
1 1
2 sin (2A + 2B) sin (2A − 2B)
= 2 2
1 1
2 cos (2A + 2B) sin (2A − 2B)
2 2
sin(A + B)
= = tan(A + B). ■
cos(A + B)
Äπ ä Äπ ä
§ Problem 8.1.16. tan + θ − tan − θ = 2 tan 2θ. ♢
4 4
§§ Solution. Ä ä Äπ ä
π
tan + θ − tan −θ
4 4
1 + tan θ 1 − tan θ
= − , by Art. 100,
1 − tan θ 1 + tan θ
(1 + tan θ) − (1 − tan θ)2
2
=
1 − tan2 θ
2 × 2 tan θ
= = 2 tan 2θ, by Art. 105. ■
1 − tan2 θ
cos A + sin A cos A − sin A
§ Problem 8.1.17. − = 2 tan 2A. ♢
cos A − sin A cos A + sin A
§§ Solution.
cos A + sin A cos A − sin A
−
cos A − sin A cos A + sin A
(cos A + sin A)2 − (cos A − sin A)2
=
cos2 A − sin2 A
4 cos A sin A 2 sin 2A
= = = 2 tan 2A. ■
cos 2A cos 2A
4 cos 2A
§ Problem 8.1.18. cot (A + 15◦ ) − tan (A − 15◦ ) = . ♢
1 + 2 sin 2A
8.1. Multiple Angles 108
§§ Solution.
cot (A + 15◦ ) − tan (A − 15◦ )
cos (A + 15◦ ) sin (A − 15◦ )
= −
sin (A + 15◦ ) cos (A − 15◦ )
cos (A + 15◦ ) cos (A − 15◦ ) − sin (A + 15◦ ) sin (A − 15◦ )
=
sin (A + 15◦ ) cos (A − 15◦ )
cos [(A + 15◦ ) + (A − 15◦ )] 2 cos 2A
= =
1 sin 2A + sin 30◦
(sin 2A + sin 30◦ )
2
2 cos 2A 4 cos 2A
= = .
1 1 + 2 sin 2A ■
sin 2A +
2
sin θ + sin 2θ
§ Problem 8.1.19. = tan θ. ♢
1 + cos θ + cos 2θ
§§ Solution.
sin θ + sin 2θ sin θ + 2 sin θ cos θ
=
1 + cos θ + cos 2θ 1 + cos θ + 2 cos2 θ − 1
sin θ (1 + 2 cos θ) sin θ
= = = tan θ. ■
cos θ (1 + 2 cos θ) cos θ
1 + sin θ − cos θ θ
§ Problem 8.1.20. = tan . ♢
1 + sin θ + cos θ 2
§§ Solution.
1 + sin θ − cos θ (1 − cos θ) + sin θ
=
1 + sin θ + cos θ (1 + cos θ) + sin θ
θ θ θ
2 sin2 + 2 sin cos
= 2 2 2
θ θ θ
2 cos2 + 2 sin cos
(2 2 )2
θ θ θ θ
sin sin + cos sin
2 2 2 θ
= ( )= 2 = tan .
θ θ θ θ 2
cos cos + sin cos ■
2 2 2 2
§ Problem 8.1.21.
sin(n + 1)A − sin(n − 1)A
cos(n + 1)A + 2 cos nA + cos(n − 1)A
A
= tan . ♢
§§ Solution. 2
sin(n + 1)A − sin(n − 1)A
cos(n + 1)A + 2 cos nA + cos(n − 1)A
1 1
2 cos (nA + A + nA − A) sin (nA + A − nA + A)
= 2 2
1 1
2 cos (nA + A + nA − A) cos (nA + A − nA + A) + 2 cos nA
2 2
2 cos nA · sin A
=
2 cos nA cos A + 2 cos nA
sin A A ■
= = tan [by XV II. 4].
cos A + 1 2
8.1. Multiple Angles 109
§ Problem 8.1.22.
sin(n + 1)A + 2 sin nA + sin(n − 1)A
cos(n − 1)A − cos(n + 1)A
A
= cot . ♢
§§ Solution. 2
sin(n + 1)A + 2 sin nA + sin(n − 1)A
cos(n − 1)A − cos(n + 1)A
1 1
2 sin (nA + A + nA − A) cos (nA + A − nA + A) + 2 sin nA
= 2 2
1 1
2 sin (nA + A + nA − A) sin (nA + A − nA + A)
2 2
2 sin nA cos A + 2 sin nA
=
2 sin nA sin A
cos A + 1 A ■
= = cot [by XV II. 4].
sin A 2
§ Problem 8.1.23. sin(2n + 1)A sin A = sin2 (n + 1)A − sin2 nA. ♢
§§ Solution.
1
sin(2n + 1)A sin A = [cos(2nA + A − A) − cos(2nA + A + A)]
2
1
= [cos 2nA − cos 2(n + 1)A]
2
1[ { }]
= 1 − 2 sin2 nA − 1 − 2 sin2 (n + 1)A
2
1[ ]
= 2 sin2 (n + 1)A − 2 sin2 nA
2
= sin2 (n + 1)A − sin2 nA. ■
A 3A
§ Problem 8.1.25. sin 3A + sin 2A − sin A = 4 sin A cos cos . ♢
2 2
§§ Solution.
sin 3A + sin 2A − sin A = (sin 3A − sin A) + sin 2A
1 1
= 2 cos (3A + A) sin (3A − A) + sin 2A
2 2
= 2 cos 2A sin A + 2 sin A cos A
= 2 sin A (cos 2A + cos A)
3A A
= 2 sin A · 2 cos cos
2 2
8.1. Multiple Angles 110
A 3A
= 4 sin A coscos . ■
2 2
√
§ Problem 8.1.26. tan 2A = (sec 2A + 1) sec2 A − 1. ♢
§§ Solution.
sin 2A 2 sin A cos A
tan 2A = =
cos 2A cos 2A ( )
2 cos2 A sin A 2 1 − sin2 A
= · = · tan A
cos 2A cos A cos 2A
1 − 2 sin A + 1
2 cos 2A + 1
= · tan A = · tan A
cos 2A √ cos 2A
= (sec 2A + 1) sec2 A − 1. ■
( )
§ Problem 8.1.27. cos3 2θ + 3 cos 2θ = 4 cos6 θ − sin6 θ . ♢
§§ Solution. ( )
cos3 2θ + 3 cos 2θ = cos 2θ cos2 2θ + 3
( )
= cos 2θ 4 − sin2 2θ
( )
= 4 cos 2θ 1 − sin2 θ cos2 θ
î( )2 ó
= 4 cos 2θ cos2 θ + sin2 θ − sin2 θ cos2 θ
( )( 4 )
= 4 cos2 θ − sin2 θ cos θ + cos2 θ sin2 θ + sin4 θ
( )
= 4 cos6 θ − sin6 θ . ■
( )
§ Problem 8.1.28. 1 + cos2 2θ = 2 cos4 θ + sin4 θ . ♢
§§ Solution.
( )2 ( )2
1 + cos2 2θ = cos2 θ + sin2 θ + cos2 θ − sin2 θ
= cos4 θ + 2 cos2 θ sin2 θ + sin4 θ
+ cos4 θ − 2 cos2 θ sin2 θ + sin4 θ
( )
= 2 cos4 θ + sin4 θ . ■
( )
1 A A
§ Problem 8.1.31. cot A = cot − tan . ♢
2 2 2
§§ Solution.
cos A cos A
cot A = =
sin A A A
2 sin cos
Ñ A
2
A
2é
1 cos2 − sin2
= 2 2
2 A A
sin cos
Ñ 2
A
2
A
é
1 cos2 sin2
= 2 − 2
2 A A A A
sin cos sin cos
( 2 2 ) 2 2
1 A A
= cot − tan . ■
2 2 2
1
§ Problem 8.1.32. sin α sin (60◦ − α) sin (60◦ + α) = sin 3α. ♢
4
§§ Solution.
sin α sin (60◦ − α) sin (60◦ + α)
( )
= sin α sin2 60◦ − sin2 α , by Ex. 2, Art. 93
( )
3 1( ) 1
= sin α − sin2 α = 3 sin α − 4 sin3 α = sin 3α.
4 4 4
Otherwise thus :
sin α sin (60◦ − α) sin (60◦ + α)
1
= sin α × (cos 2α − cos 120◦ )
(2 )
1 1
= sin α cos 2α +
2 2
1
= (2 sin α cos 2α + sin α)
4
1 1
= (sin 3α − sin α + sin α) = sin 3α. ■
4 4
◦ ◦ 1
§ Problem 8.1.33. cos α cos (60 − α) cos (60 + α) = cos 3α. ♢
4
§§ Solution.
cos α cos (60◦ − α) cos (60◦ + α)
( )
= cos α cos2 60◦ − sin2 α , by Ex. 2, Art. 93
( ) ( )
3
= cos α cos2 α − sin2 60◦ = cos α cos2 α −
4
1( ) 1
= 4 cos3 α − 3 cos α = cos 3α.
4 4
Otherwise thus :
◦ ◦
cos α cos (60 − α) cos (60 + α)
( )
1 1 1
= cos α × (cos 120◦ + cos 2α) = cos α cos 2α −
2 2 2
1
= (2 cos α cos 2α − cos α)
4
1 1
= (cos 3α + cos α − cos α) = cos 3α. ■
4 4
8.1. Multiple Angles 112
[ ]
1 1 ( )
= cos 20◦ − + 2 cos2 20◦ − 1
2 ( 2 )
1 3
= cos 20◦ 2 cos2 20◦ −
2 2
1( ) 1
= 4 cos 20 − 3 cos 20 = cos 60◦ .
3 ◦ ◦
4 4
1 1 1 1
∴ cos 20◦ cos 40◦ cos 60◦ cos 80◦ = cos2 60◦ = × = . ■
4 4 4 16
3
§ Problem 8.1.36. sin 20◦ sin 40◦ sin 60◦ sin 80◦ = . ♢
16
§§ Solution.
sin 20◦ sin 40◦ sin 60◦ sin 80◦
1
= sin 20◦ (cos 40◦ − cos 120◦ )
2 [ ( )]
1 1
= sin 20◦ 1 − 2 sin2 20◦ − −
2 ( ) 2
1 ◦ 3 ◦
= sin 20 − 2 sin 20
2
2 2
1( ) 1
= 3 sin 20◦ − 4 sin3 20◦ = sin 60◦ .
4 4
1 1 3 3
∴ sin 20◦ sin 40◦ sin 60◦ sin 80◦ = sin2 60◦ = × = . ■
4 4 4 16
§ Problem 8.1.37. cos 4α = 1 − 8 cos2 α + 8 cos4 α. ♢
§§ Solution.
( )2
cos 4α = 2 cos2 2α − 1 = 2 2 cos2 α − 1 − 1
( )
= 2 4 cos4 α − 4 cos2 α + 1 − 1
= 1 − 8 cos2 α + 8 cos4 α. ■
§ Problem 8.1.41.
2 cos 2n θ + 1
= (2 cos θ − 1) (2 cos 2θ − 1)
2 cos θ + 1 ( ) ( )
2 cos 22 θ − 1 . . . 2 cos 2n−1 θ − 1 .
♢
§§ Solution.
We have
(2 cos θ + 1) (2 cos θ − 1) = 4 cos2 θ − 1
= 2 (1 + cos 2θ) − 1
= 2 cos 2θ + 1.
Similarly,
(2 cos 2θ + 1) (2 cos 2θ − 1) = 2 cos 22 θ + 1.
( )( )
2 cos 22 θ + 1 2 cos 22 θ − 1 = 2 cos 23 θ + 1.
... = ...
( )( )
2 cos 2n−1 θ + 1 2 cos 2n−1 θ − 1 = 2 cos 2n θ + 1.
… ( )2 √
7 4 2
∴ sin 2ϕ = 1− =±
9 9
∴ sin (2θ + 2ϕ) = sin 2θ cos 2ϕ + cos 2θ sin 2ϕ
√ Å √ ã √ √
3 7 1 4 2 ±7 3 ± 4 2
=± · + ± = . ■
2 9 2 9 18
4
If sin β = , then
5 …
√ 16 3
cos β = 1 − sin2 β = 1− =
25 5
∴ cos(α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
11 3 60 4
= · + ·
61 5 61 5
33 + 240 273
= =
305 305
α−β 1 1 32 16
∴ sin2 = [1 − cos(α − β)] = × = .
2 2 2 305 305
Also,
[ ]
α+β 1 1 33 − 240
cos2 = [1 + cos(α + β)] = 1+
2 2[ ] 2 305
1 207 1 98 49
= 1− = × = . ■
2 305 2 305 305
3 4
§ Problem 8.2.4. If cos α = and cos β = , find the value of
5 5
α−β
cos , the angles α and β being positive acute angles. ♢
2
3 4
§§ Solution. If cos α = and cos β = , then
5 √ 5
… 1+
3 …
α 1 + cos α 5 8 2
cos = = = = √
2 2 2 10 5
√
… 4 …
β 1 + cos β 1+
9 3
cos = = 5 = = √
2 2 2 10 10
√
… 1−
3 …
α 1 − cos α 5 = 2 1
sin = = = √
2 2 2 10 5
√
… 4 …
β 1 − cos β 1− 1 1
sin
= = 5 = = √ .
2 2 2 10 10
α−β α β α β
∴ cos = cos cos + sin sin
2 2 2 2 2
2 3 1 1 7 7
= √ ·√ +√ ·√ = √ = √ . ■
5 10 5 10 50 5 2
1 θ
§ Problem 8.2.5. Given sec θ = 1 , find tan and tan θ. Verify by a
4 2
graph. ♢
1 5 4
§§ Solution. If sec θ = 1 = , then cos θ = .
4 4 Õ 5
… 1−
4
θ 1 − cos θ 5 = ±1.
∴ tan = ± =±
2 1 + cos θ 4 3
1+
5
8.2. Submultiple Angles 117
Also,
…
√ 25 3
tan θ = ± sec2 θ−1=±
−1=± . ■
16 4
A
§ Problem 8.2.6. If cos A = ·28, find the value of tan and explain
2
the resulting ambiguity. ♢
§§ Solution. … …
A 1 − cos A 1 − .28
tan =± =±
2 1 + cos A 1 + .28
… … …
.72 9 72 3
=± =± =± .=±
1.28 16 128 4
A
Since cos A = cos (2nπ ± A), any equation giving tan in terms of
( ) ( ) 2
A A A
cos A will give also tan nπ ± , i.e. tan ± , i.e. ± tan . ■
2 2 2
§ Problem 8.2.7. Find the values of
1◦
(1) sin 7 ,
2
1◦
(2) cos 7 ,
2
1◦
(3) tan 22 , and
2
1◦
(4) tan 11 .
4
♢
§§ Solution. (1) Å
… √ ã
1◦
1 1 3+1
sin 7 (1 − cos 15◦ ) =
= 1− √
2
2 2 2 2
… √ √ … √ √
2 2− 3−1 4− 6− 2
= √ =
8
√ √4 2 √
4− 6− 2
= √
2 2
√ √ √ √
1◦ 1 ◦
4+ 6+ 2
(2) cos 7 = (1 + cos 15 ) = √ ,
2 2 2 2
√ √
1◦ 1 + tan2 45◦ − 1 1+1−1 √
(3) tan 22 = = = 2 − 1.
2 tan 45◦ 1
(4) √
1◦ √ √
1◦ 1 + tan2 22 −1 4−2 2 1
tan 11 = 2 = √ −√
◦
4
tan 22
1 2−1 2−1
»( √ ) (√
2
)2 (√ )
= 4−2 2 2+1 − 2+1
8.2. Submultiple Angles 118
»( √ )( √ ) (√ )
= 4−2 2 3+2 2 − 2+1
√ √ (√ )
= 4+2 2− 2+1 . ■
A
1 − tan2
§ Problem 8.2.13. cos A = 2 . ♢
2
A
1 + tan
2
§§ Solution. See Art. 109. ■
Äπ ä Äπ ä
§ Problem 8.2.14. sec + θ sec − θ = 2 sec 2θ. ♢
4 4
§§ Solution.
Äπ ä Äπ ä 1 1
sec + θ sec −θ = π · π
4 4 cos + θ cos − θ
2 î ó
4 4
1 π
= Ä ä= ∵ cos = 0
1 π cos 2θ 2
cos + cos 2θ
2 2
= 2 sec 2θ.
Otherwise thus Äπ: ä îπ Äπ äó Äπ ä
∵ cos + θ = sin − +θ = sin −θ
4 2 4 4
We have Ä ä Äπ ä
π 2
sec
4
+ θ sec
4
−θ = Äπ ä (θ )
2 sin − θ cos −θ
4 4
2 2
= Äπ ä= = 2 sec 2θ.
sin − 2θ cos 2θ
2
Otherwise thus :
By Ex. 2, ä we
Ä πArt. 93, Ä πhave ä π
cos + θ cos − θ = cos2 − sin2 θ
Äπ4 ä Äπ 4 ä 4
1 1
∴ sec + θ sec −θ = π =
4 4 cos2 − sin2 θ 1
− sin2 θ
4 2
2 2
= = = 2 sec 2θ. ■
1 − 2 sin2 θ cos 2θ
( ) …
A 1 + sin A
§ Problem 8.2.15. tan 45◦ + = = sec A + tan A. ♢
2 1 − sin A
§§ Solution.
A
( ) 1 + tan
A
◦ 2 [By Art. 100]
tan 45 + =
2 A
1 − tan
2
A
sin Œ
1+ 2 ( )
A A A 2
cos cos + sin
2 = 2 2
= ( )
A A A 2
sin cos − sin
1− 2 2 2
A
cos
2
8.2. Submultiple Angles 120
Õ
A A A A
cos2 + sin2 + 2 cos sin
= 2 2 2 2
A A A A
cos2 + sin2 − 2 cos sin
2 2 2 2
… …
1 + sin A (1 + sin A)2 1 + sin A
= = =
1 − sin A 1 − sin2 A cos A
1 sin A
= + = sec A + tan A.
cos A cos A
Otherwise thus : ( )
A
( ) sin 45◦ +
A 2
tan 45◦ + = ( )
2 A
cos 45◦ +
Õ 2
( )
2 sin2 45◦ +
A …
2 1 − cos (90◦ + A)
= ( )=
A 1 + cos (90◦ + A)
2 cos2 45◦ +
2
… …
1 + sin A (1 + sin A)2 1 + sin A
= = =
1 − sin A 1 − sin2 A cos A
1 sin A
= + = sec A + tan A. ■
cos A cos A
( ) ( )
π A π A 1
§ Problem 8.2.16. sin2 + − sin2 − = √ sin A. ♢
8 2 8 2 2
(
§§ Solution. ) ( )
π A π A
sin2 + − sin2 −
8 2 8
1î Ä2 π äó 1 î Äπ äó
= 1 − cos +A − 1 − cos −A
1î Äπ 4 ä Ä π2 äó 4
2
= cos − A − cos +A
2î 4 ó 4
1 π π 1
= 2 sin sin A = sin sin A = √ sin A. ■
2 4 4 2
3
§ Problem 8.2.17. cos α + cos (α + 120 ) + cos (α − 120◦ ) = .
2 2 ◦ 2 ♢
2
§§ Solution.
cos2 α + cos2 (α + 120◦ ) + cos2 (α − 120◦ )
1
= [1 + cos 2α + 1 + cos (2α + 240◦ ) + 1 + cos (2α − 240◦ )]
2
1
= (3 + cos 2α + 2 cos 2α cos 240◦ )
2 [ ]
1 1
= (3 + cos 2α − cos 2α) ∵ cos 240◦ = −
2 2
3
= . ■
2
π 3π 5π 7π 3
§ Problem 8.2.18. cos4 + cos4 + cos4 + cos4 = . ♢
8 8 8 8 2
8.2. Submultiple Angles 121
§§ Solution.
π 3π 5π 7π
cos4 + cos4 + cos4 + cos4
8 8 8 Ñ 8 é2 Ñ é2
( π )2 3π 5π
1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos
= 4 + 4 + 4
2 2 2
Ñ 7π
é2
1 + cos
+ 4
2
Å√ ã2 Å √ ã2 Å √ ã2 Å √ ã2
2+1 2−1 2−1 2+1
= √ + √ + √ + √
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ï √ √ ò
3+2 2 3−2 2 3 3
=2 + =2× = . ■
8 8 4 2
π 3π 5π 7π 3
§ Problem 8.2.19. sin4 + sin4 + sin4 + sin4 = . ♢
8 8 8 8 2
§§ Solution.
π 3π 5π 7π
sin4 + sin4 + sin4 + sin4
8 8 8 Ñ 8 é2 Ñ é2
( π )2 3π 5π
1 − cos 1 − cos 1 − cos
= 4 + 4 + 4
2 2 2
Ñ 7π
é2
1 − cos
+ 4
2
Å√ ã2 Å √ ã2 Å √ ã2 Å √ ã2
2−1 2+1 2+1 2−1
= √ + √ + √ + √
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ï √ √ ò
3−2 2 3+2 2 3 3
=2 + =2× = . ■
8 8 4 2
§ Problem 8.2.20.
cos 2θ cos 2ϕ + sin2 (θ − ϕ) − sin2 (θ + ϕ)
= cos (2θ + 2ϕ) . ♢
§§ Solution.
cos 2θ cos 2ϕ + sin2 (θ − ϕ) − sin2 (θ + ϕ)
1
= [cos (2θ + 2ϕ) + cos (2θ − 2ϕ) + 1 − cos 2 (θ − ϕ) − 1 + cos 2 (θ + ϕ)]
2
1
= × 2 cos (2θ + 2ϕ) = cos 2 (θ + ϕ) . ■
2
§ Problem 8.2.21. ( )
(tan 4A + tan 2A) 1 − tan2 3A tan2 A = 2 tan 3A sec2 A. ♢
§§ Solution. ( )
(tan 4A + tan 2A) 1 − tan2 3A tan2 A
( )Å ã
sin 4A sin 2A sin2 3A sin2 A
= + 1−
cos 4A cos 2A cos2 3A cos2 A
8.2. Submultiple Angles 122
( )Å ã
sin 4A cos 2A + cos 4A sin 2A cos2 3A cos2 A − sin2 3A sin2 A
=
cos 4A cos 2A cos2 3A cos2 A
[ ]
sin(4A + 2A)
=
[ cos 4A cos 2A ]
(cos 3A cos A − sin 3A sin A) (cos 3A cos A + sin 3A sin A)
2 2
[ ] [ cos 3A cos A ]
sin 6A cos(3A + A) cos(3A − A)
= 2 2
cos 4A cos 2A cos 3A cos A
sin 6A cos 4A cos 2A
= ·
cos 4A cos 2A cos2 3A cos2 A
sin 6A 2 sin 3A cos 3A
= =
cos2 3A cos2 A cos2 3A cos2 A
2 sin 3A 1
= · = 2 tan 3A sec2 A. ■
cos 3A cos2 A
Ä
§ Problem 8.2.22.
α αäÄ α αä
1 + tan − sec 1 + tan + sec
2 2 2 2
α
= sin α sec2 . ♢
2
Ä
§§ Solution.
α αäÄ α αä
1 + tan − sec 1 + tan + sec
2 2 Ä 2
α ä2
2
α
= 1 + tan − sec2
α Ä αä
2 2
α α
= 1 + tan2 + 2 tan − 1 + tan2 = 2 tan
2 2 2 2
α α
2 sin cos sin α
2 2
= α · α = α
cos cos cos2
2 2 2
1 2 α
= sin α · α = sin α sec .
cos2 2 ■
2
Find the proper signs to be applied to the radicals in the three
following formulae.
A √ √ A
§ Problem 8.2.23. 2 cos = ± 1 − sin A ± 1 + sin A, when =
2 2
278◦ . ♢
A A
§§ Solution. If = 278◦ , then sin is negative and numerically
2 2
A
> cos .
2
A A √
∴ sin + cos = − 1 + sin A, and
2 2
A A √
sin − cos = − 1 − sin A.
2 2
Hence, by subtraction, we have
A √ √
2 cos = + 1 − sin A − 1 + sin A. ■
2
A √ √ A
§ Problem 8.2.24. 2 sin = ± 1 − sin A ± 1 + sin A, when =
2 2
19π
. ♢
11
8.2. Submultiple Angles 123
A 19π 19π 7π
§§ Solution. If = , then, since is slightly less than ,
2 11 11 4
A A
sin is negative and numerically > cos . Hence
2 2
A A √
sin + cos = − 1 + sin A, and
2 2
A A √
sin − cos = − 1 − sin A.
2 2
Hence, by addition, we have
A √ √
2 sin = − 1 − sin A − 1 + sin A. ■
2
A √ √ A
§ Problem 8.2.25. 2 cos = ± 1 − sin A ± 1 + sin A, when =
2 2
−140◦ . ♢
A ◦ A A
§§ Solution. If = −140 , then sin and cos are both negative,
2 2 2
A
but cos is numerically the greater. Hence
2
A A √
sin + cos = − 1 + sin A, and
2 2
A A √
sin − cos = + 1 − sin A.
2 2
Hence, by subtraction, we have
A √ √
2 cos = − 1 − sin A − 1 + sin A. ■
2
§ Problem 8.2.26. If A = 340◦ , prove that
A √ √
2 sin = − 1 + sin A + 1 − sin A, and
2
A √ √
2 cos = − 1 + sin A − 1 − sin A. ♢
2 A A
◦
§§ Solution. If A = 340 , then ◦
= 170 and cos is negative and
2 2
A
numerically > sin . Hence
2
A A √
sin + cos = − 1 + sin A, and
2 2
A A √
sin − cos = + 1 − sin A.
2 2
Hence, by addition, we have
A √ √
2 sin = − 1 + sin A + 1 − sin A
2
and, by subtraction, we have
A √ √
2 cos = − 1 + sin A − 1 − sin A. ■
2
§ Problem 8.2.27. If A = 460◦ , prove that
A √ √
2 cos = − 1 + sin A + 1 − sin A. ♢
2 A A
◦
§§ Solution. If A = 460 , then ◦
= 230 and sin is negative and
2 2
A
numerically > cos . Hence
2
A A √
sin + cos = − 1 + sin A, and
2 2
8.2. Submultiple Angles 124
A A √
sin − cos = − 1 − sin A,
2 2
Hence, by subtraction, we have
A √ √
2 cos = − 1 + sin A + 1 − sin A. ■
2
§ Problem 8.2.28. If A = 580◦ , prove that
A √ √
2 sin = − 1 + sin A − 1 − sin A. ♢
2 A A
◦
§§ Solution. If A = 580 then ◦
= 290 and sin is negative and
2 2
A
numerically > cos . Hence
2
A A √
sin + cos = − 1 + sin A, and
2 2
A A √
sin − cos = − 1 − sin A.
2 2
Hence, by addition, we have
A √ √
2 sin = − 1 + sin A − 1 − sin A. ■
2
A
§ Problem 8.2.29. Within what respective limits must lie when
2
A √ √
(1) 2 sin = 1 + sin A + 1 − sin A
2
A √ √
(2) 2 sin = − 1 + sin A + 1 − sin A
2
A √ √
(3) 2 sin = + 1 + sin A − 1 − sin A
2
A √ √
(4) 2 cos = 1 + sin A − 1 − sin A.
2 ♢
A √ √
§§ Solution. (1) 2 sin = 1 + sin A + 1 − sin A,
2
A A √
when sin + cos = + 1 + sin A
2 2
A A √
and sin − cos = + 1 − sin A
2 2
A A
i.e. when sin is positive and numerically > cos
2 2
A π 3π
i.e. when lies between 2nπ + and 2nπ + .
2 4 4
A √ √
(2) 2 sin = − 1 + sin A + 1 − sin A
2
A A √
when sin + cos = − 1 + sin A
2 2
A A √
and sin − cos = + 1 − sin A
2 2
A A
i.e. when cos is positive and numerically > sin
2 2
A 3π 5π
i.e. when lies between 2nπ + and 2nπ + .
2 4 4
8.2. Submultiple Angles 125
A √ √
(3) 2 sin = + 1 + sin A − 1 − sin A
2
A A √
when sin + cos = + 1 + sin A
2 2
A A √
and sin − cos = − 1 − sin A
2 2
A A
i.e. when cos is positive and numerically > sin
2 2
A π π
i.e. when lies between 2nπ − and 2nπ + .
2 4 4
A √ √
(4) 2 cos = 1 + sin A − 1 − sin A.
2
A A √
when sin + cos = + 1 + sin A
2 2
A A √
and sin − cos = + 1 − sin A
2 2
A A
i.e. when sin is positive and numerically > cos
2 2
A π 3π
i.e. when lies between 2nπ + and 2nπ + . ■
2 4 4
§ Problem 8.2.30. In the formula
A √ √
2 cos = ± 1 + sin A ± 1 − sin A
2
A
find within what limits must lie when
2
(1) the two positive signs are taken
A √ √
(3) 2 cos = − 1 + sin A + 1 − sin A
2
A A √
when sin + cos = − 1 + sin A
2 2
A A √
and sin − cos = − 1 − sin A
2 2
A A
i.e. when sin is positive and numerically > cos
2 2
A 5π 7π
i.e. when lies between 2nπ + and 2nπ + . ■
2 4 4
§ Problem 8.2.31. Prove that the sine is algebraically less than the
3π π
cosine for any angle between 2nπ − and 2nπ + where n is any
4 4
integer. ♢
√ ( )
§§ Solution. We have
1 1
sin A − cos A = 2 sin A √ − cos A √
√ Ä πä √ Ä πä
2 2
π
= 2 sin A cos − cos A sin = 2 sin A − .
4 4 Ä4 π ä
Hence sin A − cos A is negative, i.e. cos A > sin A when sin A −
Ä πä
4
is negative, i.e. when A − lies between 2nπ − π and 2nπ, in the
4
3π
third and fourth quadrants, i.e. when A lies between 2nπ − and
4
π
2nπ + .
4
Otherwise thus :
Since 2nπ is equivalent to n complete revolutions of the revolving
3π
line, the angle 2nπ − corresponds to the position of the revolving
4
line at OR, [cf. figure of Art. 116], which bisects the third quadrant
π
and the angle 2nπ + to the position of the revolving line at OP ,
4
which bisects the first quadrant.
By Arts. 53, 54 and 55, we see that from R to B ′ the sine and
the cosine are both negative and the sine numerically > the cosine;
hence the sine is algebraically < the cosine.
From B ′ to A the sine is negative and the cosine is positive; hence
the sine is algebraically < the cosine.
From A to P the sine and the cosine are both positive and the
sine numerically < the cosine; hence the sine is algebraically < the
cosine. ■
A
§ Problem 8.2.32. If sin be determined from the equation
3
A A
sin A = 3 sin − 4 sin3
3 3
prove that we should expect to obtain also the values of
π−A π+A
sin and − sin .
3 3
Give also a geometrical illustration. ♢
8.2. Submultiple Angles 127
A
§§ Solution. ∵ sin A = sin [nπ + (−1)n A], any equation giving sin
3
1
in terms of sin A should give also sin [nπ + (−1)n A].
3
Now n is of the form 3m, or 3m ± 1.
If n = 3m, then [ ]
1 A
sin [nπ + (−1)n A] = sin mπ + (−1)3m
3 3
A A
= sin mπ cos(−1)3m + cos mπ sin(−1)3m
3 3
A A
= cos mπ sin(−1)3m = sin .
3 3
whether m be even or odd, for sin mπ = 0 and cos mπ = +1 or −1
according as m is even or odd.
If n = 3m + 1, then ï ò
1 π + (−1)3m+1 A
sin [nπ + (−1)n A] = sin mπ +
3 3
π + (−1)3m+1 A
= cos mπ sin
3
π−A π+A
= sin or − sin ,
3 3
according as m is even or odd.
If n = 3m − 1, then ï ò
1 π − (−1)3m−1 A
sin [nπ + (−1)n A] = sin mπ −
3 3
π − (−1)3m−1 A
= − cos mπ sin
3
π−A π+A
= sin or − sin ,
3 3
according as m is odd or even.
A
Hence we have two values in addition to sin ,
3
π−A π+A
viz. sin and − sin . ■
3 3
A
§ Problem 8.2.33. If cos be found from the equation
3
A A
cos A = 4 cos3 − 3 cos
3 3
prove that we should expect to obtain also the values of
2π − A 2π + A
cos and cos .
3 3
Give also a geometrical illustration. ♢
A
§§ Solution. ∵ cos A = cos (2nπ ± A), any equation giving cos in
3
1
terms of cos A should give also cos (2nπ ± A).
3
Now n is of the form 3m, or 3m ± 1.
If n = 3m, then ( )
1 A A
cos (2nπ ± A) = cos 2mπ ± = cos .
3 3 3
8.3. Angles of 9◦ , 18◦ , 36◦ , 81◦ 128
If n = 3m + 1, then ( )
1 2π A 2π ± A
cos (2nπ ± A) = cos 2mπ + ± = cos .
3 3 3 3
If n = 3m − 1, then ( )
1 2π A
cos (2nπ ± A) = cos 2mπ − ±
3 ( 3 3)
2π ∓ A 2π ∓ A
= cos 2mπ − = cos .
3 3
A
Hence we have two values in addition to cos ,
3
2π − A 2π + A
viz. cos and − cos . ■
3 3
π 2π 3π 4π 5
§ Problem 8.3.4. sin sin sin sin = . ♢
5 5 5 5 16
§§ Solution.
π 2π 3π 4π π 2π 2π π
sin sin sin sin = sin sin sin sin
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
π 2π
= sin2 sin2 = sin2 36◦ sin2 72◦
5√ 5 √
10 − 2 5 10 + 2 5 5
= · = . ■
16 16 16
8.3. Angles of 9◦ , 18◦ , 36◦ , 81◦ 129
π 13π 1
§ Problem 8.3.5. sin + sin =− . ♢
10 10 2
§§ Solution.
π 13π 7π 6π
sin + sin = 2 sin cos
10 10 10 ( 10 )
3π 4π
= 2 sin − cos
10 10 √ √
5+1 5−1 2 1
= −2 sin 54◦ cos 72◦ = −2 · · =− =− .
4 4 4 2
Otherwise thus :
π 13π π 3π
sin + sin = sin − sin , by Art. 73,
10 10 10 10 √ √
5−1 5+1
= sin 18◦ − sin 54◦ = −
4 4
2 1
=− =− . ■
4 2
π 13π 1
§ Problem 8.3.6. sin sin =− . ♢
10 10 4
§§ Solution. ( )
π 13π π 3π
sin sin = sin − sin
10 10 √10 √ 10
5−1 5+1 1
=− · =− . ■
4 4 4
§ Problem 8.3.7. tan 6◦ tan 42◦ tan 66◦ tan 78◦ = 1. ♢
§§ Solution.
sin 6◦ sin 42◦ sin 66◦ sin 78◦
tan 6◦ tan 42◦ tan 66◦ tan 78◦ =
cos 6◦ cos 42◦ cos 66◦ cos 78◦
2 sin 6◦ sin 66◦ × 2 sin 42◦ sin 78◦
=
2 cos 6◦ cos 66◦ × 2 cos 42◦ cos 78◦
(cos 60◦ − cos 72◦ ) (cos 36◦ − cos 120◦ )
=
(cos 60◦ + cos 72◦ ) (cos 36◦ + cos 120◦ )
Å √ ãÅ√ ã
1 5−1 5+1 1
− +
2 4 4 2
= Å √ ãÅ√ ã
1 5−1 5+1 1
+ −
2 4 4 2
( √ )( √ )
3− 5 3+ 5 4
= (√ ) (√ ) = = 1.
5+1 5−1 4 ■
π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π 7π 1
§ Problem 8.3.8. cos cos cos cos cos cos cos = 7.
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 2
♢
§§ Solution.
π 4π 1Ä π πä
cos cos = cos + cos
15 15 2Å 3√ 5ã √
1 1 5+1 3+ 5
= + =
2 2 4 8
( )
2π 7π 1 π 3π
cos cos = cos + cos
15 15 2 3 5
8.3. Angles of 9◦ , 18◦ , 36◦ , 81◦ 130
Å √ ã √
1 1 5−1 3− 5
= − =
2 2 4 8
( )
3π 6π 1 π 3π
cos cos = cos + cos
15 15 2Å 5 5 ã
√ √
1 5+1 5−1 1
= − = , and
2 4 4 4
5π π 1
cos = cos = .
15 3 2
π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π 7π
∴ cos cos cos cos cos cos cos
15 15 √ 15 √15 15 15 15
3+ 5 3− 5 1 1
= × × ×
8 8 4 2
1 1 1 1 1
= × × × = 7.
2 8 4 2 2
Otherwise thus :
π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π 7π
cos cos cos cos cos cos cos
15 15 15 15 15 15 15
π π 2π 4π 7π
2 sin cos cos cos cos
= 15 15 15 15 15
π
2 sin
15
3π 3π 6π
2 sin cos cos
× 15 15 15 × cos 5π
3π 15
2 sin
15
2π 2π 4π 7π 2π 2π
sin cos cos cos sin cos
= 15 15 15 15 × 5 5 ×1
π π 2
2 sin 2 sin
15 5
4π 4π 7π 4π
sin cos cos sin 1
15 15 15 × 5
= π π ×2
2 × 2 sin 2 × 2 sin
15 5
8π 7π π
sin cos sin 1
15 15 × 5
= π π ×2
2 × 2 × 2 sin 2 × 2 sin
15 5
7π 7π 14π
sin cos sin
= 15 15 × 1 = 15 = 1 .
π 2 3 π 27
23 sin 27 sin ■
15 15
2π 4π 8π 14π
§ Problem 8.3.9. 16 cos cos cos cos = 1. ♢
15 15 15 15
§§ Solution.
2π 4π 8π 14π
16 cos cos cos cos
15 15 15 15
2π 2π 4π 8π 14π
16 sin cos cos cos cos
= 15 15 15 15 15
2π
sin
15
8.3. Angles of 9◦ , 18◦ , 36◦ , 81◦ 131
4π 4π 8π 14π
8 sin cos cos cos
= 15 15 15 15
2π
sin
15
8π 8π 14π 16π 14π
4 sin cos cos 2 sin cos
= 15 15 15 = 15 15
2π 2π
sin sin
Ä πä Ä
15
πä
15
2 × − sin × − cos
= 15 15
2π
sin
15
π π 2π
2 sin cos sin
= 15 15 = 15 = 1.
2π 2π
sin sin ■
15 15
§ Problem 8.3.10. Two parallel chords of a circle, which are on the
same side of the center, subtend angles of 72◦ and 144◦ respectively
at the center. Prove that the perpendicular distance between the
chords is half the radius of the circle. ♢
§§ Solution. See figure of Art. 130. Let O be the center and r be
the radius of the circle and let P P ′ and QQ′ be the two chords, P P ′
being the one nearer to O.
Join OQ, OQ′ , OP and OP ′ . Draw OM N perpendicular to P P ′ and
QQ′ , bisecting them in M and N respectively.
We have the ∠QOQ′ = 72◦ , and the ∠P OP ′ = 144◦ . Hence the
required distance
= M N = ON − OM = r cos ∠QON − r cos ∠P OM
= r cos 36◦ − r cos 72◦ = r (cos 36◦ − cos 72◦ )
Å√ √ ã
5+1 5−1 2 r
=r − =r× = . ■
4 4 4 2
§ Problem 8.3.11. In any circle prove that the chord which sub-
tends 108◦ at the center is equal to the sum of the two chords which
subtend angles of 36◦ and 60◦ . ♢
§§ Solution. If r be the radius of the circle, the lengths of the chords
are 2r sin 54◦ , 2r sin 18◦ and 2r sin 30◦ respectively.
√ √
5+1 5−1 1
Now sin 54◦ = = + = sin 18◦ + sin 30◦ .
4 4 2
Hence we have the required result. ■
9.2 Identities
If A + B + C = 180◦ , prove that
§ Problem 9.2.1. sin 2A + sin 2B − sin 2C = 4 cos A cos B sin C. ♢
§§ Solution.
sin 2A + sin 2B − sin 2C = 2 sin(A + B) cos(A − B) − 2 sin C cos C
= 2 sin C cos(A − B) − 2 sin C cos C
= 2 sin C [cos(A − B) − cos C]
= 2 sin C [cos(A − B) + cos(A + B)]
= 2 sin C · 2 cos A cos B
= 4 cos A cos B sin C. ■
9.2. Identities 134
A B C
§ Problem 9.2.4. sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos . ♢
2 2 2
§§ Solution.
A+B A−B C C
sin A + sin B + sin C = 2 sin cos + 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
C A−B A+B C
= 2 cos cos + 2 cos cos
2 [ 2 2 ] 2
C A−B A+B
= 2 cos cos + cos
2 2 2
C A B
= 2 cos · 2 cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
= 4 cos cos cos . ■
2 2 2
A B C
§ Problem 9.2.5. sin A + sin B − sin C = 4 sin sin cos . ♢
2 2 2
§§ Solution.
A+B A−B C C
sin A + sin B − sin C = 2 sin cos − 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
C A−B A+B C
= 2 cos cos − 2 cos cos
2 [ 2 2 ] 2
C A−B A+B
= 2 cos cos − cos
2 2 2
C A B
= 2 cos · 2 sin sin
2 2 2
A B C
= 4 sin sin cos . ■
2 2 2
A B C
§ Problem 9.2.6. cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin . ♢
2 2 2
9.2. Identities 135
§§ Solution.
A+B A−B C
cos A + cos B + cos C = 2 cos cos + 1 − 2 sin2
2 2 2
A+B A−B C C
= 2 cos cos + 1 − 2 sin sin
2 2 2 2
C A−B A+B C
= 2 sin cos + 1 − 2 cos sin
2 [ 2 ]2 2
C A−B A+B
= 2 sin cos − cos +1
2 2 2
C A B
= 2 sin · 2 sin sin +1
2 2 2
A B C
= 1 + 4 sin sin sin . ■
2 2 2
§ Problem 9.2.7. sin2 A + sin2 B − sin2 C = 2 sin A sin B cos C. ♢
§§ Solution.
sin2 A + sin2 B − sin2 C
1 1 1
= (1 − cos 2A) + (1 − cos 2B) − (1 − cos 2C)
2 2 2
1
= [1 − (cos 2A + cos 2B − cos 2C)]
2
1
= [1 − (1 − 4 sin A sin B cos C)] {By §P roblem 9.2.3}
2
= 2 sin A sin B cos C. ■
A B C A B C
§ Problem 9.2.10. sin2 + sin2 + sin2 = 1 − 2 sin sin sin .
2 2 2 2 2 2
♢
§§ Solution.
A B C
sin2 + sin2 + sin2
2 2 2
1
= (1 − cos A + 1 − cos B + 1 − cos C)
2
9.2. Identities 136
1
= [3 − (cos A + cos B + cos C)]
2[ ]
1 A B C
= 3 − 1 − 4 sin sin sin {By §P roblem 9.2.6}
2 2 2 2
A B C
= 1 − 2 sin sin sin . ■
2 2 2
A B C A B C
§ Problem 9.2.11. sin2 + sin2 − sin2 = 1 − 2 cos cos sin .
2 2 2 2 2 2
♢
§§ Solution.
A B C
sin2 + sin2 − sin2
2 2 2
1 1 1
= (1 − cos A) + (1 − cos B) − (1 − cos C)
2 2 2
1
= [1 − (cos A + cos B − cos C)]
2[ ]
1 A B C
= 1 + 1 − 4 cos cos sin {By Ex. 2, Art. 127}
2 2 2 2
A B C
= 1 − 2 cos cos sin . ■
2 2 2
A B B C C A
§ Problem 9.2.12. tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1. ♢
2 2 2 2 2 2
A+B C
§§ Solution. ∵ = 90◦ −
2 ( 2 )
A+B C C 1
∴ tan = tan 90◦ − = cot =
2 2 2 C
tan
2
A B
tan + tan 1
∴ 2 2 = , by Art. 98
A B C
1 − tan tan tan
2 2 2
A C B C A B
∴ tan tan + tan tan = 1 − tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B B C C A
∴ tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1. ■
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
§ Problem 9.2.13. cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot . ♢
2 2 2 2 2 2
A+B C
§§ Solution. ∵ = 90◦ −
2 ( 2 )
A+B C C 1
∴ cot = cot 90◦ − = tan =
2 2 2 C
cot
2
A B
cot cot −1 1
∴ 2 2 = , by Art. 100
A B C
cot + cot cot
2 2 2
A B C C A B
∴ cot cot cot − cot = cot + cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
∴ cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot . ■
2 2 2 2 2 2
§ Problem 9.2.14. cot B cot C + cot C cot A + cot A cot B = 1. ♢
9.2. Identities 137
§ Problem 9.2.15.
sin(B + 2C) + sin(C + 2A) + sin(A + 2B)
B−C C−A A−B
= 4 sin sin sin . ♢
2 2 2
§§ Solution.
∵ B + 2C = 180◦ + C − A = 180◦ − (A − C)
∴ sin(B + 2C) = sin(A − C)
∴ sin(B + 2C) + sin(C + 2A) + sin(A + 2B)
= sin(A − C) + sin(B − A) + sin(C − B)
B−C 2A − B − C B−C B−C
= 2 sin cos − 2 sin cos
2 ( 2 2 ) 2
B−C 2A − B − C B−C
= 2 sin cos − cos
2 2 2
B−C A−C B−A
= 2 sin × 2 sin sin
2 2 2
B−C C−A A−B
= 4 sin sin sin . ■
2 2 2
§ Problem 9.2.16.
A B C
sin + sin + sin −1
2 2 2
π−A π−B π−C
= 4 sin sin sin . ♢
4 4 4
§§ Solution.
A B C
sin + sin + sin −1
2 (
2 2) ( ) ( )
π A π B π C
= cos − + cos − + cos − −1
(2 2 ) 2 2 2 2
π A+B A−B π−C
= 2 cos − cos + 1 − 2 sin2 −1
2 [ 4 4 ( )] 4
π−C A−B π A+B
= 2 sin cos − cos −
{ ( 4 )4 2 4 }
π A+B A+B π−C
∵ cos − = sin = sin
2 4 ( )4 ( )
4
π−C π B π A
= 2 sin × 2 sin − sin −
4 4 4 4 4
π−A π−B π−C
= 4 sin sin sin . ■
4 4 4
§ Problem 9.2.17.
A B C
cos + cos − cos
2 2 2
π+A π+B π−C
= 4 cos cos cos . ♢
4 4 4
9.2. Identities 138
§§ Solution.
A B A+B A−B
cos + cos = 2 cos cos
2 2 4 4
π−C A−B
= 2 cos cos
4 4
C A+B A+B A+B
cos = sin = 2 sin cos
2 2 4 4 ( )
π−C A+B π−C π A+B
= 2 cos sin = 2 cos cos −
4 4 4 2 4
A B C
∴ cos + cos − cos
2 2 2 [ ( )]
π−C A−B π A+B
= 2 cos cos − cos −
4 4 2 4
π−C π−A π−B
= 2 cos × 2 sin sin
4 ( 4 ) 4( )
π−C π π−A π π−B
= 4 cos cos − cos −
4 2 4 2 4
π−C π+A π+B
= 4 cos cos cos . ■
4 4 4
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C A B C
§ Problem 9.2.18. = 8 sin sin sin . ♢
sin A + sin B + sin C 2 2 2
§§ Solution.
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
sin A + sin B + sin C
4 sin A sin B sin C
= [by Ex. 1, Art. 127 and §P roblem 9.2.4]
A B C
4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A A B B C C
2 sin cos × 2 sin cos × 2 sin cos
= 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
= 8 sin sin sin . ■
2 2 2
§ Problem 9.2.19.
sin(B + C − A) + sin(C + A − B) + sin(A + B − C)
= 4 sin A sin B sin C. ♢
§§ Solution.
sin(B + C − A) + sin(C + A − B) + sin(A + B − C)
= sin (180◦ − 2A) + sin (180◦ − 2B) + sin (180◦ − 2C)
= sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
■
= 4 sin A sin B sin C [by Ex. 1, Art. 127] .
1
= [cos A cos B + sin A sin B − (cos A cos B − sin A sin B)]
2
= sin A sin B. ■
§ Problem 9.2.21.
4 sin S sin(S − A) sin(S − B) sin(S − B) sin(S − C)
= 1 − cos2 A − cos2 B − cos2 C + 2 cos A cos B cos C. ♢
§§ Solution.
4 sin S sin(S − A) sin(S − B) sin(S − B) sin(S − C)
= [cos A − cos(2S − A)] [cos(B − C) − cos(2S − B − C)]
= [cos A − cos(B + C)] [cos(B − C) − cos A]
= cos A [cos(B − C) + cos(B + C)]
− cos2 A − cos(B + C) cos(B − C)
1
= cos A · 2 cos B cos C − cos2 A − (cos 2B + cos 2C)
2
1( )
= 2 cos A cos B cos C − cos2 A − 2 cos2 B − 1 + 2 cos2 C − 1
2
= 1 − cos2 A − cos2 B − cos2 C + 2 cos A cos B cos C. ■
§ Problem 9.2.22.
sin(S − A) + sin(S − B) + sin(S − C) − sin S
A B C
= 4 sin sin sin . ♢
2 2 2
§§ Solution.
sin(S − A) + sin(S − B) + sin(S − C) − sin S
2S − A − B A−B C 2S − C
= 2 sin cos − 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
C A−B C A+B
= 2 sin cos − 2 sin cos
2 [ 2 2 ]2
C A−B A+B
= 2 sin cos − cos
2 2 2
C A B
= 2 sin · 2 sin sin
2 2 2
A B C
= 4 sin sin sin . ■
2 2 2
§ Problem 9.2.23.
cos2 S + cos2 (S − A) + cos2 (S − B) + cos2 (S − C)
= 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C. ♢
§§ Solution.
cos2 S + cos2 (S − A) + cos2 (S − B) + cos2 (S − C)
1
= [1 + cos 2S + 1 + cos(2S − 2A) + 1 + cos(2S − 2B)+
2
1 + cos(2S − 2C)]
1
= 2 + [cos(A + B + C) + cos(B + C − A)
2
+ cos(A + C − B) + cos(B + A − C)]
1
= 2 + [2 cos(B + C) cos A + 2 cos A cos(B − C)]
2
= 2 + cos A [cos(B + C) + cos(B − C)]
= 2 + cos A · 2 cos B cos C
= 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C. ■
9.2. Identities 140
§ Problem 9.2.24.
cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C + 2 cos A cos B cos C
= 1 + 4 cos S cos(S − A) cos(S − B) cos(S − C). ♢
§§ Solution.
cos2 A + 2 cos A cos B cos C + cos2 B + cos2 C − 1
1
= cos2 A + 2 cos A cos B cos C + (cos 2B + cos 2C)
2
= cos2 A + cos A [cos(B + C) + cos(B − C)] + cos(B + C) cos(B − C)
= [cos A + cos(B + C)] [cos A + cos(B − C)]
= [cos A + cos(2S − A)] [cos(2S − B − C) + cos(B − C)]
= 4 cos S cos(S − A) cos(S − B) cos(S − C). ■
(1)
cos α + cos β + cos γ + cos δ
α+β α+γ α+δ
+ 4 cos cos cos =0
2 2 2
(2)
sin α − sin β + sin γ − sin δ
α+β α+γ α+δ
+ 4 cos sin cos =0
2 2 2
(3)
tan α + tan β + tan γ + tan δ
= tan α tan β tan γ tan δ (cot α + cot β + cot γ + cot δ) . ♢
α+β γ+δ
§§ Solution. If α + β + γ + δ = 2π, then =π− .
2 2
(1)
cos α + cos β + cos γ + cos δ
α+β α−β γ+δ γ−δ
= 2 cos cos + 2 cos cos
2 ( 2 2 ) 2
α+β α−β γ−δ
= 2 cos cos − cos
2 [ 2 2 ]
α+β α − (2π − α − γ − δ) γ−δ
= 2 cos cos − cos
2 2 2
α+β α+γ−π π−α−δ
= 2 cos × 2 sin sin
2 [ Ä ( 2 )]
πä
2
α+β α+γ π α+δ
= 4 cos sin − sin −
2 ( 2 2 )2 2
α+β α+γ α+δ
= 4 cos − cos cos .
2 2 2
∴ cos α + cos β + cos γ + cos δ
α+β α+γ α+δ
+ 4 cos cos cos = 0.
2 2 2
(2)
sin α − sin β + sin γ − sin δ
α+β α+γ α+δ
+ 4 cos sin cos
2 2 2
9.2. Identities 141
§ Problem 9.2.26. If the sum of four angles be 180◦ , prove that the
sum of the products of their cosines taken two and two together is
equal to the sum of the products of their sines taken similarly. ♢
§§ Solution. Let the four angles be A, B, C and D.
∵ A + B + C + D = 180◦ ∴ A + B = 180◦ − (C + D)
∴ cos(A + B) = − cos(C + D)
∴ cos A cos B − sin A sin B = − cos C cos D + sin C sin D
∴ cos A cos B + cos C cos D = sin A sin B + sin C sin D.
Similarly, cos A cos C + cos B cos D = sin A sin C + sin B sin D
and cos A cos D + cos B cos C = sin A sin D + sin B sin C.
Hence, by addition, we obtain the required result. ■
§ Problem 9.2.30.
sin(A − B) cos(A + B) + sin(B − C) cos(B + C)
+ sin(C − D) cos(C + D) + sin(D − A) cos(D + A) = 0. ♢
§§ Solution. The expression
1
= (sin 2A − sin 2B + sin 2B − sin 2C + sin 2C
2
− sin 2D + sin 2D − sin 2A) = 0. ■
§ Problem 9.2.31.
sin(A + B − 2C) cos B − sin(A + C − 2B) cos C
= sin(B − C) {cos(B + C − A) + cos(C + A − B) + cos(A + B − C)} . ♢
§§ Solution.
sin(A + B − 2C) cos B − sin(A + C − 2B) cos C
1
= [sin(A + 2B − 2C) + sin(A − 2C) − sin(A + 2C − 2B) − sin(A − 2B)]
2
by taking the first and third terms together and the second and
fourth terms together,
= cos A sin(2B − 2C) + cos(A − B − C) sin(B − C)
= sin(B − C) {2 cos A cos(B − C) + cos(A − B − C)}
= sin(B − C) {cos(A + B − C) + cos(A − B + C) + cos(B + C − A)} . ■
§ Problem 9.2.32.
sin(A + B + C + D) + sin(A + B − C − D) + sin(A + B − C + D)
+ sin(A + B + C − D) = 4 sin(A + B) cos C cos D.♢
§§ Solution. The expression
= 2 sin(A + B) cos(C + D) + 2 sin(A + B) cos(C − D)
= 2 sin(A + B) [cos(C + D) + cos(C − D)]
= 2 sin(A + B) · 2 cos C cos D
= 4 sin(A + B) cos C cos D. ■
9.2. Identities 144
3x − x3 3y − y 3 3z − z 3
= · · .
1 − 3x2 1 − 3y 2 1 − 3z 2
Proof :
∵ A + B + C = (n + 1)π = mπ, say, where m is any integer,
∴ 3A + 3B + 3C = 3mπ, ∴ 3A + 3B = 3mπ − 3C
tan 3A + tan 3B
∴ tan(3A + 3B) = − tan 3C, ∴ = − tan 3C.
1 − tan 3A tan 3B
∴ tan 3A + tan 3B + tan 3C = tan 3A tan 3B tan 3C. ■
(
§ Problem 9.2.35. )( ) ( )( )
x 1 − y 2 1 − z 2 + y 1 − z 2 1 − x2
( )( )
+ z 1 − x2 1 − y 2 = 4xyz. ♢
§§ Solution. As in Ex. 5, Art. 127, we have
2x 2y 2z 2x 2y 2z
+ + = · ·
1 − x2 1 − y2 1 − z2 1 − x2 1 − y 2 1 − z 2
x y z 4xyz
+ + = .
1 − x2 1 − y2 1 − z2 (1 − x2 ) (1 − y 2 ) (1 − z 2 )
( )( ) ( )( )
x 1 − y2 1 − z2 + y 1 − z2 1 − x2
( ) ( )
+z 1−x 2
1−y2
= 4xyz. ■
§§ Solution.
cos θ + cos 3θ = 2 cos 2θ; ∴ 2 cos 2θ cos θ = 2 cos 2θ
∴ cos 2θ = 0 or cos θ = 1.
( )
1
If cos 2θ = 0, then 2θ = n + π.[ see last example].
2
If cos θ = 1, then θ = 2nπ.
( )
1 π
∴θ = n+ or 2nπ. ■
2 2
1 π
If 2 cos 4θ = 1, then cos 4θ = = cos
2 3
π
∴ 4θ = 2nπ ±
( 3 )
nπ 1 π
∴θ= or 2n ± . ■
3 3 4
n+1 n−1
§ Problem 9.3.13. sin θ = sin θ + sin θ. ♢
2 2
§§ Solution.
n+1 n−1
sin θ = sin θ + sin θ
2 2
n+1 n−1
∴ sin θ − sin θ = sin θ
2 2
nθ θ θ θ
∴ 2 cos sin = 2 sin cos .
2 2 2 2
θ nθ θ
∴ sin = 0 or cos = cos .
2 2 2
θ θ
If sin = 0 then = mπ.
2 2
nθ θ nθ θ
If cos = cos , then = 2mπ ±
2 2 2 2
taking the upper sign,
(n − 1)θ = 4mπ
taking the lower sign,
(n + 1)θ = 4mπ.
4mπ
∴ θ = 2mπ or . ■
n∓1
§ Problem 9.3.14. sin mθ + sin nθ = 0. ♢
§§ Solution.
sin mθ + sin nθ = 0
m+n m−n
∴ 2 sin θ · cos θ=0
2 2
m+n m−n
∴ sin θ = 0 or cos θ = 0.
2 2
m+n m+n
If sin θ = 0 then θ = rπ,
2 2
where r is any integer.
m−n m−n π
If cos θ = 0, then θ = rπ + .
2 2 2
2rπ π
∴θ= or (2r + 1) . ■
m+n m−n
§ Problem 9.3.15. cos mθ + cos nθ = 0. ♢
§§ Solution.
cos mθ + cos nθ = 0 [Cf. §P roblem 6.1.28.]
m+n m−n
∴ 2 cos θ · cos θ=0
2 2
m+n m−n
∴ cos θ = 0 or cos θ = 0.
2 2
m+n m+n π
If cos θ = 0 then θ = rπ + .
2 2 2
m−n m−n π
If cos θ = 0, then θ = rπ + .
2 2 2
π
∴ θ = (2r + 1) . ■
m±n
§ Problem 9.3.16. sin2 nθ − sin2 (n − 1)θ = sin2 θ. ♢
9.3. Trigonometrical Equations 150
§§ Solution.
sin2 nθ − sin2 (n − 1)θ = sin2 θ
∴ sin [nθ + (n − 1)θ] sin [nθ − (n − 1)θ] = sin2 θ, by Ex. 2, Art. 93
∴ sin(2n − 1)θ sin θ = sin2 θ
∴ sin θ = 0 or sin(2n − 1)θ = sin θ.
If sin θ = 0 then θ = mπ.
If sin(2n − 1)θ = sin θ,
then sin(2n − 1)θ − sin θ = 0
∴ 2 cos nθ sin(n − 1)θ = 0
∴ cos nθ = 0 or sin(n − 1)θ = 0
π
If cos nθ = 0 then nθ = mπ +
2
If sin(n − 1)θ = 0, then (n − 1)θ = mπ.
( )
1 π mπ
∴ θ = mπ or m + or . ■
2 n n−1
§ Problem 9.3.17. sin 3θ + cos 2θ = 0. ♢
§§ Solution.
sin 3θ + cos 2θ = 0
Äπ ä
∴ cos 2θ − cos + 3θ = 0
( ) 2( )
π 5θ π θ
∴ 2 sin + sin + =0
( 4 ) 2 4( 2 )
π 5θ π θ
∴ sin + = 0 or sin + = 0.
( 4 2 ) 4 2
π 5θ π 5θ
If sin + = 0 then + = nπ.
(4 2 ) 4 2
π θ π θ
If sin + = 0 then + = nπ.
4 2 4 2
1Ä πä π
∴θ= 2nπ − or 2nπ − . ■
5 2 2
√ √
§ Problem 9.3.18. 3 cos θ + sin θ = 2. ♢
√ √
§§ Solution. 3 cos θ + sin θ = 2.
√
Dividing both sides of the equation by 3 + 1, i.e. 2, we have
√
3 1 1
cos θ + sin θ = √ (9.1)
2 2 2
Äπ ä π
∴ sin + θ = sin
Äπ ä 3 4
π
∴ + θ = nπ + (−1)n
3 4
nπ π
∴ θ = nπ + (−1) − (9.2)
4 3
Otherwise thus :
From Eq. (9.1), we have
Ä πä π π π
cos θ − = cos ; ∴ θ − = 2nπ ±
6 4 6 4
5π π
∴ θ = 2nπ + or 2nπ − (9.3)
12 12
9.3. Trigonometrical Equations 151
To show that Eq. (9.2) and Eq. (9.3) give the same values for θ :
in Eq. (9.2) let n be even (= 2m, say) and we have
π π π
θ = 2mπ + − = 2mπ −
4 3 12
let n be odd (= 2m + 1, say) and we have
( )
π π 7π 5π
θ = (2m + 1)π − − = 2mπ + π − = 2mπ + . ■
4 3 12 12
√
§ Problem 9.3.19. sin θ + cos θ = 2. ♢
√
§§ Solution. sin θ + cos θ = 2.
√ √
Dividing both sides of the equation by 1 + 1, i.e. 2, we have
1 1
√ sin θ + √ cos θ = 1.
Ä 2 2 ( )
πä π 1
∴ cos θ − = 1; θ − = 2nπ i.e. θ = 2n + π.
4 4 4
Otherwise thus : Ä πä
we have sin θ + = 1.
4
π π
∴ θ + = 2nπ +
4( ) 2
1
∴ θ = 2n + π. ■
4
√ √
§ Problem 9.3.20. 3 sin θ − cos θ = 2. ♢
√ √
§§ Solution. 3 sin θ − cos θ = 2.
√
Dividing both sides of the equation by 3 + 1, i.e. 2, we have
√
3 1 1
sin θ − cos θ = √ .
2 2
Ä πä π π
2
π
∴ sin θ − = sin ; θ − = nπ + (−1)n
6 4 6 4
π π
∴ θ = nπ + (−1)n + . ■
4 6
√
§ Problem 9.3.21. sin x + cos x = 2 cos A. ♢
√
§§ Solution. sin x + cos x = 2 cos A.
√ √
Dividing both sides of the equation by 1 + 1, i.e. 2, we have
1 1
√ sin x + √ cos x = cos A.
2 Ä 2π ä
∴ cos x − = cos A
4
π
∴ x − = 2nπ ± A
4
π
∴ x = 2nπ + ± A. ■
4
§ Problem 9.3.22. 5 sin θ + 2 cos θ = 5 (given tan 21◦ 48′ = ·4). ♢
§§ Solution. 5 sin θ + 2 cos θ = 5.
√ √
Dividing both sides of the equation by 52 + 22 , i.e. 29, we have
5 2 5
√ sin θ + √ cos θ = √ .
29 29 29
∴ cos 21◦ 48′ sin θ + sin 21◦ 48′ cos θ = cos 21◦ 48′
( ) ( )
∴ sin θ + 21◦ 48′ = cos 21◦ 48′ = sin 90◦ − 21◦ 48′ = sin 68◦ 12′
( )
∴ θ + 21◦ 48′ = n × 180◦ + (−1)n 68◦ 12′
9.3. Trigonometrical Equations 152
( )
∴ θ = −21◦ 48′ + n × 180◦ + (−1)n 68◦ 12′ . ■
§ Problem 9.3.24. 1 + sin2 θ = 3 sin θ cos θ (given tan 71◦ 34′ = 3). ♢
§§ Solution. 1 + sin2 θ = 3 sin θ cos θ.
∴ 2 + 2 sin2 θ = 6 sin θ cos θ
∴ 2 + 1 − cos 2θ = 3 sin 2θ
∴ cos 2θ + 3 sin 2θ = 3.
√ √
Dividing both sides of this last equation by 1 + 32 , i.e. 10, we have
1 3 3
√ cos 2θ + √ sin 2θ = √ .
10 10 10
∴ cos 71◦ 34′ cos 2θ + sin 71◦ 34′ sin 2θ = sin 71◦ 34′
( ) ( )
∴ cos 2θ − 71◦ 34′ = cos 90◦ − 71◦ 34′ = cos 18◦ 26′
∴ 2θ − 71◦ 34′ = 2n × 180◦ ± 18◦ 26′
√
§ Problem 9.3.25. cosec θ = cot θ + 3. ♢
√
§§ Solution. cosec θ = cot θ + 3.
1 cos θ √
∴ = + 3
sin θ √sin θ
∴ cos θ + 3 sin θ = 1.
√
Dividing both sides of this last equation by 1 + 3, i.e. 2, we have
√
1 3 1
cos θ + sin θ = .
2 Ä 2π ä 2
π
∴ cos θ − = cos
3 3
π π
∴ θ − = 2nπ ±
3 3
2π
∴ θ = 2nπ or 2nπ + . ■
3
§ Problem 9.3.26. cosec x = 1 + cot x. ♢
§§ Solution. cosec x = 1 + cot x.
1 cos x
∴ =1+ ; ∴ cos x + sin x = 1.
sin x sin x √ √
Dividing both sides of this last equation by 1 + 1, i.e. 2, we have
1 1 1
√ cos x + √ sin x = √ .
2 2 2
9.3. Trigonometrical Equations 153
Ä πä π
∴ cos x − = cos
4 4
π π
∴ x − = 2nπ ±
4 4
π
∴ x = 2nπ or 2nπ + . ■
2
( √ )
§ Problem 9.3.27. 2 + 3 cos θ = 1 − sin θ. ♢
( √ )
§§ Solution. 2 + 3 cos θ = 1 − sin θ.
Äπ ä
√ 1 + cos +θ ( )
1 − sin θ π θ
∴2+ 3= = Äπ 2 ä = cot + [§P roblem 8.1.4]
cos θ sin +θ 4 2
( 2 )
π π θ π θ π
∴ cot = cot + ; ∴ + = nπ +
12 4 2 4 2 12
θ π π
∴ = nπ − ; ∴ θ = 2nπ − .
2 6 3
Also, both sides of the original equation become zero if
π
cos θ = 0 and 1 − sin θ = 0, i.e. if θ = 2nπ + . ■
2
√
§ Problem 9.3.28. tan θ + sec θ = 3. ♢
√
§§ Solution. tan θ + sec θ = 3.
sin θ 1 √
∴ + = 3
√cos θ cos θ
∴ 3 cos θ − sin θ = 1.
√
Dividing both sides of this last equation by 3 + 1, i.e. 2, we have
√
3 1 1
cos θ − sin θ =
2 Ä 2ä 2
π π
∴ cos θ + = cos
6 3
π π
∴ θ + = 2nπ ±
6 3
π π
∴ θ = 2nπ + or 2nπ − . ■
6 2
§ Problem 9.3.29. cos 2θ = cos2 θ. ♢
§§ Solution. cos 2θ = cos2 θ.
∴ cos2 θ − sin2 θ = cos2 θ; ∴ sin2 θ = 0; ∴ θ = nπ. ■
( )
π 1 π
∴ 2θ = nπ + ; ∴θ= n+ . ■
4 4 2
§ Problem 9.3.35. 4 cot 2θ = cot2 θ − tan2 θ. ♢
§§ Solution. 4 cot 2θ = cot2 θ − tan2 θ.
∴ 2 (cot θ − tan θ) = cot2 θ − tan2 θ [see last example]
∴ cot θ − tan θ = 0 or 2 = cot θ + tan θ.
1
If cot θ − tan θ = 0, then − tan θ = 0
tan θ
π
∴ 1 − tan θ = 0; ∴ tan θ = ±1, i.e. θ = nπ ± .
2
4
1
If cot θ + tan θ = 2, then + tan θ = 2
tan θ
∴ tan2 θ − 2 tan θ + 1 = 0, i.e. (tan θ − 1)2 = 0
∴ tan θ = 1, which is included in the former solution.
Otherwise thus :
The given equation may be written
4 1
= − tan2 θ
(
tan 2θ )
tan2θ
4 1 − tan2 θ 1 − tan4 θ
∴ =
2 tan θ tan2 θ
1 + tan2 θ
∴ 1 − tan θ = 0 or 2 =
2
,
tan θ
■
and the solution follows as before.
√ √
5+1 − 5−1
2 sin 234◦ = −2 sin 54◦ = −2 × = . ■
4 2
§ Problem 9.3.41. If sin (π cos θ) = cos (π sin θ), prove that
Ä πä 1
cos θ ± = √ . ♢
4 2 2
§§ Solution. sin (π cos θ) = cos (π sin θ).
Äπ ä
∴ cos − π cos θ = cos (π sin θ)
2
π
∴ − π cos θ = 2nπ ± π sin θ, where n is any integer.
2
1
∴ cos θ ± sin θ = − 2n
2
1 1 1 − 4n
∴ cos θ · √ ± sin θ · √ = √
Ä2 π ä 2
1 − 4n
2 2
∴ cos θ ∓ = √ .
4 2 2
Now n must be zero; for otherwise, since it is an integer, the right-
hand member would be numerically greater than unity
Ä πä 1
cos θ ± = √ . ■
4 2 2
§ Problem 9.3.42. If sin (π cot θ) = cos (π tan θ), prove that either
1
cosec 2θ or cot 2θ is equal to n + where n is a positive or negative
4
integer. ♢
§§ Solution. sin (π cot θ) = cos (π tan θ).
Äπ ä
∴ cos (π tan θ) = cos − π cot θ .
Ä π2 ä
∴ π tan θ = 2nπ ± − π cot θ ,
2
where n is zero or some positive or negative integer.
Taking the upper sign,
1 1 2
2n + = tan θ + cot θ = =
2 sin θ cos θ sin 2θ
1 1
∴ = cosec 2θ = n + .
sin 2θ 4
Taking the lower sign,
1 2 cos 2θ 1
2n − = tan θ − cot θ = − ; ∴ cot 2θ = − n.
2 sin 2θ 4
1
Thus either cosec 2θ or cot 2θ is equal n + . ■
4
Chapter 10
Logarithms
1331 113
(2) 133.1 = =
10 10
∴ log 133.1 = 3 log 11 − log 10 = 3.1241781 − 1 = 2.1241781.
(3)
√
4 √ 1
log 143 = log 4
11 × 13 = (log 11 + log 13)
4
1
= (2.1553361) = .5288340.
4
169 132
(4) .00169 = 5
=
10 105
√3 1 1
∴ log .00169 = (2 log 13 − 5 log 10) = (2.2278868 − 5)
3 3
1( )
= 3̄.2278868 = 1̄.0759623. ■
3
§ Problem 10.1.3. What are the characteristics of the logarithms
√ 3
of 243.7, .0153, 2.8713, .00057, .023, 5 24615 and (24589) 4 ? ♢
§§ Solution.
log 243.7 = 2. . . . [Art. 142, (i)] .
log(.0153) = 2̄. . . . [Art. 142, (ii)] .
log 2.8713 = 0. . . . [Art. 142, (i)] .
log(.00057) = 4̄. . . . [Art. 142, (ii)] .
log(.023) = 2̄. . . . [Art. 142, (ii)] .
log 24615 = 4. . . . [Art. 142, (i)] .
√5 1
∴ log 24615 = log 24615 = 0. . . .
5
log 24589 = 4. . . . [Art. 142, (i)] .
3 3
∴ log (24589) 4 = log 24589 = 3. . . . ■
4
§ Problem 10.1.4. Find the 5th root of .003, having given log 3 =
.4771213 and
log 312936 = 5.4954243. ♢
§§ Solution.
1 1
log(.003) 5 = (3.4771213) , by §P roblem 10.1.1
5
1( )
= 5̄ + 2.4771213 = 1̄.4954243 = log(.312936)
5
1
∴ (.003) 5 = .312936. ■
10.1. Characteristics, Mantissa and Properties 161
having given
log 2 = .30103, log 3 = .4771213
log 7 = .8450980, log 132057 = 5.1207283
log 588453 = 5.7697117 and log 461791 = 5.6644438. ♢
§§ Solution. (1)
1 1 1
log 7 7 = log 7 = (.8450980)
7 7
= .1207283 = log 1.32057
1
∴ 7 7 = 1.32057.
(2)
84 = 12 × 7 = 22 × 3 × 7
2 2
∴ log(84) 5 = (2 log 2 + log 3 + log 7)
5
2
= (.60206 + .4771213 + .8450980)
5
2
= (1.9242793) = .7697117 = log 5.88453
5
2
∴ (84) 5 = 5.88453.
1 21 3×7
(3) (.021) 5 = =
103 103
1 1 1( )
∴ log(.021) 5 = (log 3 + log 7 − 3 log 10) = 2̄.3222193
5 5
1( )
= 5̄ + 3.3222193 = 1̄.6644439 = log(.461791)
5
1
∴ (.021) 5 = .461791. ■
(1) 343
(3) 362
(1) 3−13
(3) 3−65 . ♢
§§ Solution. (1) log 343 = 43 log 3 = 43 × .4771213 = 20.5162159.
Hence there are 21 digits in 343 .
10.1. Characteristics, Mantissa and Properties 162
(4) We have
}
(x + y) log 7 + (2x + y) log 3 = 2 log 3
(x − y) log 3 + (2y − x) log 2 = x log 3
or }
(x + y)c + (2x + y)b = 2b
(x − y)b + (2y − x)a = xb
where a = log 2, b = log 3 and c = log 7
}
∴ (c + 2b)x + (c + b)y = 2b
ax + (b − 2a)y = 0
Solving these equations, we have
2b(2a − b) 2ab
x= and y = . ■
5ab + 3ac − 2b2 − bc 5ab + 3ac − 2b2 − bc
§ Problem 10.1.8. From the tables, find the seventh root of .000026751.
♢
§§ Solution.
log(.000026751) = 5̄.4273400
1 1( )
∴ log(.000026751) 7 = 5̄.4273400
7
1( )
= 7̄ + 2.4273400
7
= 1̄.3467629 ≈ log(.22221)
1
∴ (000026751) 7 ≈ .22221. ■
√
§ Problem 10.1.10. 5 82357. ♢
§§ Solution.
log 82357 = 4.9157005
√5 1
∴ log 82357 = (4.9157005)
5
= .9831401 ≈ log 9.6192
√
5
∴ 82357 ≈ 9.6192. ■
√ √
5× 37
§ Problem 10.1.11. √ √ . ♢
4
8× 59
√ √
5× 37
§§ Solution. Let x = √ √ .
4
8× 59 ( )
1 1 1 1
∴ log x = log 5 + log 7 − log 8 + log 9
2 3 4 5
= .6311843 − .4166210 = .2145633 ≈ log 1.6389
∴ x ≈ 1.6389. ■
10.1. Characteristics, Mantissa and Properties 164
…
7.2 × 8.3
§ Problem 10.1.12. 3
. ♢
9.4 ÷ 16.5
…
3 7.2 × 8.3
§§ Solution. Let x = .
9.4 ÷ 16.5
1
∴ log x = [log 7.2 + log 8.3 − (log 9.4 − log 16.5)]
3
1
= [(log 7.2 + log 8.3 + log 16.5) − log 9.4]
3
1
= [2.9938945 − .9731279]
3
1
= (2.0207666) = .6735889 ≈ log 4.7162
3
∴ x ≈ 4.7162. ■
1 1
8 5 × 11 3
§ Problem 10.1.13. √ √ . ♢
74 × 5 62
1 1
8 5 × 11 3
§§ Solution. Let x = √ √ .
74 × 5 62
[ ( )]
1 1 1 1 1
∴ log x = log 8 + log 11 − log 74 + log 62
2 5 3 2 5
1 1( )
= [.5277489 − 1.2930942] = 1̄.2346547
2 2
1( )
= 2̄ + 1.2346547 = 1̄.6173274 ≈ log(.41431)
2
∴ x ≈ .41431. ■
Chapter 11
Tables of Logarithms And
Trigonometrical Ratios, Principle
of Proportional Parts
§ Problem 11.1.2.
Given log 5.8743 = .7689487
and log 587.44 = 2.7689561
find the values of log 58743.57 and log .00587432. ♢
§§ Solution.
Given log 58743 = 4.7689487
and log 58744 = 4.7689561.
11.1. Proportional Parts 166
§ Problem 11.1.3.
Given log 47847 = 4.6798547
and log 47848 = 4.6798638
find the numbers whose logarithms are respectively
2.6798593 and 3̄.6798617. ♢
§§ Solution. We have
log 478.47 = 2.6798547 (11.1)
and log 478.48 = 2.6798638 (11.2)
Let log (478.47 + x) = 2.6798593 (11.3)
From Eq. (11.1) and Eq. (11.2), we have the difference for
.01 = .0000091.
From Eq. (11.1) and Eq. (11.3), we have the difference for
x = .0000046.
x .0000046
∴ = .
.01 .0000091
46 .46
∴x= × .01 = ≈ .005.
91 91
∴ the required number = 478.47 + .005 = 478.475.
Again, let log (478.47 + y) = 2.6798617 (11.4)
From Eq. (11.1) and Eq. (11.4), we have the difference for y = .0000070.
70 .7
∴y= × .01 = ≈ .0077.
91 91
∴ log(478.4777) = 2.6798617; ∴ log .004784777 = 3̄.6798617.
∴ the required number = .004784777. ■
§ Problem 11.1.4.
Given log 258.36 = 2.4122253
and log 2.5837 = .4122421,
find the numbers whose logarithms are
.4122378 and 2̄.4122287. ♢
§§ Solution. We have
log 2.5836 = .4122253 (11.5)
and log 2.5837 = .4122421 (11.6)
Let log (2.5836 + x) = .4122378 (11.7)
From Eq. (11.5) and Eq. (11.6), we have the difference for
.0001 = .0000168.
From Eq. (11.5) and Eq. (11.7), we have the difference for
x = .0000125.
125 .0125
Hence we have x = × .0001 = ≈ .000074.
168 168
11.1. Proportional Parts 167
§ Problem 11.1.5. From the table in Art. 144, find the logarithms
of
(1) 52538.97
(2) 527.286
(3) .000529673,
and the numbers whose logarithms are
(4) 3.7221098
(5) 2̄.7210075, and
(6) .7210386.
♢
§§ Solution. (1)
log 52538 = 4.7204735
diff. for .9 = .0000074
diff. for .07 = .0000006
∴ log 52538.97 = 4.7204815
(2)
log 52728 = 4.7220413
diff. for .6 = .0000049
∴ log 52728.6 = 4.7220462
∴ log 527.286 = 2.7220462
(3)
log 52967 = 4.7240054
diff. for .3 = .0000025
∴ log 52967.3 = 4.7240079
∴ log .000529673 = 4̄.7240079
(4)
Let log x = 4.7221098
We have log 52736 = 4.7221072
diff. = .0000026
11.1. Proportional Parts 168
(5)
Let log x = 4.7240075
We have log 52967 = 4.7240054
diff. = .0000021
diff. for .2 = .0000016
diff. for .06 = .00000049
∴ log 52967.26 = log x
∴ x = 52967.26.
Hence the required number is .05296726.
(6)
Let log x = 4.7210386
We have log 52606 = 4.7210353
diff. = .0000033
diff. for .4 = .0000033
∴ log 52606.4 = log x
∴ x = 52606.4.
Hence the required number is 5.26064. ■
§ Problem 11.1.6.
Given sin 43◦ 23′ = .6868761
and sin 43◦ 24′ = .6870875,
find the value of sin 43◦ 23′ 47′′ . ♢
§§ Solution. For an increase of 60′′ in the angle, there is an increase
of
.6870875 − .6868761, i.e. .0002114,
in the logarithm.
Hence for an increase of 47′′ in the angle, the corresponding in-
crease in the logarithm
47
= × .0002114 = .0001656.
60
◦ ′ ′′
∴ sin 43 23 47 = .6868761 + .0001656 = .6870417. ■
§ Problem 11.1.8.
Given cos 32◦ 16′ = .8455726
and cos 32◦ 17′ = .8454172
find the values of cos 32 16′ 24′′ and of cos 32◦ 16′ 47′′ .
◦ ♢
11.1. Proportional Parts 169
§ Problem 11.1.10.
Given tan 76◦ 21′ = 4.1177784
and tan 76◦ 22′ = 4.1230079,
find the values of tan 76◦ 21′ 29′′ and tan 76◦ 21′ 47′′ . ♢
§§ Solution.
tan 76◦ 22′ = 4.1230079
tan 76◦ 21′ = 4.1177784
∴ diff. for 60′′ = .0052295.
29
∴ diff. for 29′′ = × .0052295 = .0025276
60
47
∴ diff. for 47′′ = × .0052295 = .0040964.
60
◦ ′ ′′
∴ tan 76 21 29 = 4.1177784 + .0025276 = 4.1203060
∴ tan 76◦ 21′ 47′′ = 4.1177784 + .0040964 = 4.1218748. ■
§ Problem 11.1.11.
Given cosec 13◦ 8′ = 4.4010616
and cosec 13◦ 9′ = 4.3955817,
find the values of cosec 13◦ 8′ 19′′ and cosec 13◦ 8′ 37′′ . ♢
11.1. Proportional Parts 170
§§ Solution.
cosec 13◦ 9′ = 4.3955817
cosec 13◦ 8′ = 4.4010616
∴ diff. for 60′′ = −.0054799.
19
∴ diff. for 19′′ = × (−.0054799) = −.0017353
60
37
∴ diff. for 37′′ = × (−.0054799) = −.0033793.
60
cosec 13◦ 8′ 19′′ = 4.4010616 − .0017353 = 4.3993263
cosec 13◦ 8′ 37′′ = 4.4010616 − .0033793 = 4.3976823. ■
§ Problem 11.1.13.
Given L cos 34◦ 44′′ = 9.9147729
and L cos 34◦ 45′′ = 9.9146852,
find the value of L cos 34◦ 44◦ 27′′ . ♢
§§ Solution.
L cos 34◦ 45′′ = 9.9146852
L cos 34◦ 44′′ = 9.9147729
∴ diff. for 60′′ = −.0000877.
27
∴ diff. for 27′′ = × (−.0000877) = −.0000395
60
◦ ◦ ′′
∴ L cos 34 44 27 = 9.9147729 − .0000395 = 9.9147334. ■
§ Problem 11.1.15.
Given L cot 71◦ 27′ = 9.5257779
and L cot 71◦ 28′ = 9.5253589,
find the value of L cot 71◦ 27′ 47′′ ,
and solve the equation L cot θ = 9.5254782. ♢
11.1. Proportional Parts 171
§§ Solution.
L cot 71◦ 28′ = 9.5253589
L cot 71◦ 27′ = 9.5257779
∴ diff.for 60′′ = −.0004190.
47
∴ diff. for 47′′ = × (−.0004190) = −.0003282.
60
◦ ′ ′′
∴ L cot 71 27 47 = 9.5257779 − .0003282 = 9.5254497.
Again, let θ = 71◦ 27′ x′′ . Then
L cot 71◦ 27′ x′′ = 9.5254782
L cot 71◦ 27′ = 9.5257779
∴ diff. for x′′ = −.0002997.
But diff. for 60′′ = −.0004190
2997
∴x= × 60 = 43; ∴ θ = 71◦ 27′ 43′′ . ■
4190
§ Problem 11.1.16.
Given L sec 18◦ 27′ = 10.0229168
and L sec 18◦ 28′ = 10.0229590,
find the value of L sec 18◦ 27′ 35′′ . ♢
§§ Solution.
L sec 18◦ 28′ = 10.0229590
L sec 18◦ 27′ = 10.0229168
∴ diff. for 60′′ = .0000422.
35
∴ diff. for 35′′ = × (.0000422) = .0000246
60
∴ L sec 18◦ 27′ 35′′ = 10.0229168 + .0000246 = 10.0229414. ■
3
§ Problem 11.2.2. Find the angle whose sine is , given
8
◦ ′ ′ ♢
sin 22 1 = .3748763, diff. for 1 = 2696.
3
§§ Solution. Since = .375, let the required angle be 22◦ 1′ + x′′ , so
8
that ( )
sin 22◦ 1′ + x′′ = .375.
∵ .375 − .3748763 = .0001237,
1237
we have x = 60′′ × ≈ 28′′ .
2696
Hence the required angle is 22◦ 1′ 28′′ . ■
§ Problem 11.2.3.
Given cosec 65◦ 24′ = 1.0998243
diff. for 1′ = 1464,
find the value of cosec 65◦ 24′ 37′′ .
and the angle whose cosec is 1.0997938. ♢
37
§§ Solution. Since × 1464 ≈ 903, we have
60
◦ ′ ′′
cosec 65 24 37 = 1.0998243 − .0000903 = 1.0997340.
Again, let θ be the required angle.
∵ cosec θ < cosec 65◦ 24′ , ∴ θ > 65◦ 24′ .
Let then θ = 65◦ 24′ + x′′
( )
∴ cosec 65◦ 24′ + x′′ = 1.0997938.
∵ 1.0998243 − 1.0997938 = .0000305,
305
∴ x = 60′′ × = 12.5′′ .
1464
∴ θ = 65 24 12.5′′ .
◦ ′ ■
11.2. Logarithmic Sines, Tangents And Secants 173
§ Problem 11.2.4.
Given L tan 22◦ 37′ = 9.6197205
diff. for 1′′ = 3557,
find the value of L tan 22◦ 37′ 22′′ ,
and the angle whose L tan is 9.6195283. ♢
22
§§ Solution. Since × 3557 ≈ 1304, we have
60
◦ ′ ′′
L tan 22 37 22 = 9.6197205 + .0001304 = 9.6198509.
Again, let θ be the required angle.
∵ L tan θ < L tan 22◦ 37′ , ∴ θ < 22◦ 37′ .
( )
Let then θ = 22◦ 37′ − x′′ , ∴ L tan 22◦ 37′ − x′′ = 9.6195283.
∵ 9.6197205 − 9.6195283 = .0001922
1922
∴ x = 60′′ × ≈ 32′′ .
3557
∴ θ = 22◦ 37′ − 32′′ = 22◦ 36′ 28′′ . ■
§ Problem 11.2.7. From the table in Art. 159, find the values of
23
§§ Solution. (1) Since × 1998 ≈ 766, we have
60
◦ ′ ′′
L sin 32 18 23 = 9.7278277 + .0000766 = 9.7279043.
49
(2) Since × 798 ≈ 652, we have
60
L cos 32◦ 16′ 49′′ = 9.9271509 − .0000652 = 9.9270857.
43
(3) Since × 2788 ≈ 1998, we have
60
L cot 32◦ 29′ 43′′ = 10.1960915 − .0001998 = 10.1958917.
27
(4) Since × 817 ≈ 368, we have
60
L sec 32 52′ 27′′ = 10.0757539 + .0000368 = 10.0757907.
◦
28
(5) Since × 2800 ≈ 1307, we have
60
L tan 57 45′ 28′′ = 10.2000030 + .0001307 = 10.2001337.
◦
21
(6) Since × 795 ≈ 278, we have
60
L cosec 57 48′ 21′′ = 10.0725305 − .0000278 = 10.0725027.
◦
29
(7) Since × 2020 ≈ 976, we have
60
L cos 57◦ 58′ 29′′ = 9.7246138 − .0000976 = 9.7245162. ■
§ Problem 11.2.8. With the help of the table in Art. 159, solve the
equations
(2)
∵ L cosec 57◦ 32′ = 10.0738099
diff. for 1′ = 805
Let θ = 57◦ 32′ − x′′
( )
∴ L cosec 57◦ 32′ − x′′ = 10.0738125.
Since 10.0738125 − 10.0738099 = .0000026
11.2. Logarithmic Sines, Tangents And Secants 175
26
∴ x = 60′′ × ≈ 2′′ .
805
∴ θ = 57 32 − x = 57◦ 31′ 58′′ .
◦ ′ ′′
(3)
∵ L cos 32◦ 32′ = 9.9258681
diff. for 1′ = 806
Let θ = 32◦ 32′ − x′′
( )
∴ L cos 32◦ 32′ − x′′ = 9.9259283.
Since 9.9259283 − 9.9258681 = .0000602
602
∴ x = 60′′ × ≈ 45′′ .
805
∴ θ = 32 32 − 45 = 32◦ 31′ 15′′ .
◦ ′ ′′
(4)
∵ L sin 57◦ 6′ = 9.9240827
diff. for 1′ = 817
Let θ = 57◦ 6′ + x′′
( )
∴ L sin 57◦ 6′ + x′′ = 9.9241352.
Since 9.9241352 − 9.9240827 = .0000525
525
∴ x = 60′′ × ≈ 39′′ .
817
∴ θ = 57 6 39′′ .
◦ ′ ■
§ Problem 11.2.9. Take out of the tables L tan 16◦ 6′ 23′′ and calcu-
late the value of the square root of the tangent. ♢
§§ Solution.
L tan 16◦ 6′ = 9.4603492
23
diff. for 23′′ = × 4740 = 1817
60
◦ ′ ′′
∴ L tan 16 6 23 = 9.4603492 + .0001817 = 9.4605309
∴ log tan 16◦ 6′ 23′′ = L tan 16◦ 6′ 23′′ − 10 = 1̄.4605309.
√
Let x = tan 16◦ 6′ 23′′ .
Taking logarithms of both sides, we have
1( ) 1( )
log x = log tan 16◦ 6′ 23′′ = 1̄.4605309
2 2
1( )
= 2̄ + 1.4605309 = 1̄.7302655.
2
Now log 53736 = 4.7302653, diff. for 1 = 81.
Let log (53736 + y) = 4.7302655.
2
We then have y= = .02
81
∴ log 53736.02 = 4.7302655.
∴ x = .5373602. ■
1 − cos 2x
(5) , and
1 + cos 2x
tan x + tan y
(6) .
cot x + cot y ♢
§§ Solution. (1)
sin x sin y
1 + tan x tan y = 1 +
cos x cos y
cos x cos y + sin x sin y
=
cos x cos y
= cos(x − y) sec x sec y.
(2)
sin x sin y
1 − tan x tan y = 1 −
cos x cos y
cos x cos y − sin x sin y
=
cos x cos y
= cos(x + y) sec x sec y.
(3)
cos x sin y
cot x + tan y = +
sin x cos y
cos x cos y + sin x sin y
=
sin x cos y
= cos(x − y) cosec x sec y.
(4)
cos x sin y
cot x − tan y = −
sin x cos y
cos x cos y − sin x sin y
=
sin x cos y
= cos(x + y) cosec x sec y.
1 − cos 2x 2 sin2 x
(5) = = tan2 x.
1 + cos 2x 2 cos2 x
(6) [ ] [ ]
tan x + tan y sin x sin y cos x cos y
= + ÷ +
cot x + cot y [ cos x cos y sin x
] [sin y ]
sin x cos y + cos x sin y cos x sin y + sin x cos y
= ÷
cos x cos y sin x sin y
sin x sin y
= = tan x tan y. ■
cos x cos y
Chapter 12
Relations Between The Sides and
The Trigonometrical Ratios of
The Angles of Any Triangle
12.1 Basics
In a triangle
§ Problem 12.1.1. Given
a = 25, b = 52 and c = 63;
A B C
find tan , tan and tan . ♢
2 2 2
§§ Solution. We have
1
s = (25 + 52 + 63) = 70, s − a = 45, s − b = 18 and s − c = 7.
2 … …
A 18 × 7 1 B 7 × 45 1
∴ tan = = , tan = = ,
2 70 × 45 5 2 70 × 18 2
…
C 45 × 18 9
and tan = = . ■
2 70 × 7 7
§ Problem 12.1.2. Given
a = 125, b = 123 and c = 62;
find the sines of half the angles and the sines of the angles. ♢
§§ Solution.
1
s = (125 + 123 + 62) = 155, s − a = 30, s − b = 32 and s − c = 93.
2√
√
∴ s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) = 155 × 30 × 32 × 93
√
= 31 × 5 × 5 × 3 × 64 × 31 × 3
12.1. Basics 178
= 31 × 5 × 3 × 8.
… …
A 32 × 93 4 B 93 × 30 3
∴ sin = = √ , sin = =
2 123 × 62 41 2 62 × 125 5
…
C 30 × 32 8
sin = = √ .
2 125 × 123 5 41
2 40
sin A = × 31 × 5 × 3 × 8 =
123 × 62 41
2 24
sin B = × 31 × 5 × 3 × 8 =
125 × 62 25
2 496
and sin C = × 31 × 5 × 3 × 8 = . ■
125 × 123 1025
§ Problem 12.1.3. Given
a = 18, b = 24 and c = 30,
find sin A, sin B and sin C.
Verify by a graph. ♢
§§ Solution.
1
s = (18 + 24 + 30) = 36, s − a = 18, s − b = 12 and s − c = 6.
2√
√
∴ s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) = 36 × 18 × 12 × 6
√
= 36 × 36 × 6 × 6 = 36 × 6.
2 3
∴ sin A = × 36 × 6 =
24 × 30 5
2 4
sin B = × 36 × 6 =
18 × 30 5
2
and sin C = × 36 × 6 = 1. ■
18 × 24
§ Problem 12.1.4. Given
a = 35, b = 84 and c = 91,
find tan A, tan B and tan C. ♢
§§ Solution.
1
s = (35 + 84 + 91) = 105, s − a = 70, s − b = 21 and s − c = 14.
2 …
A 21 × 14 1
∴ tan = = ,
2 105 × 70 5
A
2 tan ( )
2 2 1 2 25 5
and tan A = = ÷ 1− = × =
A 5 25 5 24 12
1 − tan 2
2 …
B 14 × 70 2
tan = =
2 105 × 21 3
B
2 tan ( )
2 4 4 4 9 12
and tan B = = ÷ 1− = × =
B 3 9 3 5 5
1 − tan 2
2 …
C 70 × 21
tan = =1
2 105 × 14
12.1. Basics 179
C
2 tan 2 2
and tan C = 2 = = = ∞.
C 1−1 0
1− tan2 ■
2
§ Problem 12.1.5. Given
a = 13, b = 14 and c = 15,
find the sines of the angles. Verify by a graph. ♢
§§ Solution.
1
s = (13 + 14 + 15) = 21, s − a = 8, s − b = 7 and s − c = 6
√ 2
√ √
∴ s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) = 21 × 8 × 7 × 6 = 42 × 4 × 42 = 42 × 2.
2 4 2 56
∴ sin A = × 42 × 2 = , sin B = × 42 × 2 =
14 × 15 5 13 × 15 65
2 12
and sin C = × 42 × 2 = . ■
13 × 14 13
§ Problem 12.1.6. Given
a = 287, b = 816 and c = 865,
A
find the values of tan and tan A. ♢
2
§§ Solution.
1
s = (287 + 816 + 865) = 984, s − a = 697, s − b = 168, s − c = 119.
2 … …
A 168 × 119 7 × 24 × 17 × 7 7
∴ tan = = =
2 984 × 697 41 × 24 × 17 × 41 41
A
2 tan ( )
2 14 49 14 41 × 41 287
∴ tan A = = ÷ 1− = × = .
A 41 41 × 41 41 1632 816 ■
1 − tan2
2
§ Problem 12.1.7. Given √ √
√ √ 6+ 2
a = 3, b = 2 and c = ,
2
find the angles. ♢
§§ Solution. We have
Å √ √ ã2
(√ ) 2 6+ 2 (√ )2
2 + − 3
b +c −a
2 2 2 2
cos A = = Å√ √ ã
2bc √ 6+ 2
2 2
2
√ √
2+2+ 3−3 3+1 1
= √ = (√ ) = = cos 60◦
2 3+2 2 3+1 2
∴ A = 60◦ .
√
+ a2 − b2
c2 2+ 3+3−2
cos B = = √ √
2ca 3 2+ 6
√
3+ 3 1
= √ ( √ ) = √ = cos 45◦
2 3+ 3 2
∴ B = 45◦
∴ C = 180◦ − (A + B) = 180◦ − 105◦ = 75◦ . ■
12.2. Sides And Angles of A Triangle 180
A
§ Problem 12.2.5. a (cos B + cos C) = 2(b + c) sin2 . ♢
2
12.2. Sides And Angles of A Triangle 181
B+C B−C
cos B + cos C = 2 cos cos
2 2
A B−C
= 2 sin cos
2 2
A B−C
2 sin cos sin A
= 2 2
sin A
A A B−C
2 sin 2 × 2 cos cos
= 2 2 2
sin A
A B+C B−C
2 sin2 × 2 sin cos
= 2 2 2
sin A
A
2 sin2 (sin B + sin C)
= 2
sin A
A
2 sin2 (b + c)
= 2
a
A
∴ a (cos B + cos C) = 2(b + c) sin2 . ■
2
A
§ Problem 12.2.6. a (cos C − cos B) = 2(b − c) cos2 . ♢
2
§§ Solution. From the equations
b = c cos A + a cos C, and
c = a cos B + b cos A
we have, by subtraction,
a (cos C − cos B) + (c − b) cos A = b − c
A
∴ a (cos C − cos B) = (b − c) (1 + cos A) = 2(b − c) cos2 .
2
Otherwise thus :
B+C B−C
cos C − cos B = 2 sin sin
2 2
A B−C
= 2 cos sin
2 2
A B−C
2 cos sin sin A
= 2 2
sin A
A A B−C
2 cos2 × 2 sin sin
= 2 2 2
sin A
12.2. Sides And Angles of A Triangle 182
A B+C B−C
2 cos2 × 2 cos sin
= 2 2 2
sin A
A
2 cos2 (sin B − sin C)
= 2
sin A
A
2 cos2 (b − c)
= 2
a
A
∴ a (cos C − cos B) = 2(b − c) cos2 . ■
2
sin(B − C) b 2 − c2
§ Problem 12.2.7. = . ♢
sin(B + C) a2
§§ Solution.
sin(B − C) sin(B − C) sin(B + C)
=
sin(B + C) sin2 (B + C)
( ) ( )
sin B − sin2 C
2 sin B 2 sin C 2
= 2A
= −
( )sin sin A sin A
b 2 Ä c ä2 b2 − c2
= − = . ■
a a a2
a+b A+B A−B
§ Problem 12.2.8. = tan cot . ♢
a−b 2 2
a sin A
§§ Solution. We have = .
b sin B
a+b sin A + sin B
∴ =
a−b sin A − sin B
A+B A−B
2 sin cos
= 2 2
A+B A−B
2 cos sin
2 2
A+B A−B
= tan cot . ■
( )2 2
A A
§ Problem 12.2.9. a sin + B = (b + c) sin . ♢
2 2
§§ Solution.
b+c k sin B + k sin C sin B + sin C
= =
a k sin A sin A( )
A A
2 sin B + cos
sin B + sin(A + B) 2 2
= =
sin A A A
2 sin cos
( ) 2 2
A A
∴ a sin + B = (b + c) sin . ■
2 2
a2 sin(B − C) b2 sin(C − A) c2 sin(A − B)
§ Problem 12.2.10. + + =
sin B + sin C sin C + sin A sin A + sin B
0. ♢
12.2. Sides And Angles of A Triangle 183
a b c
§§ Solution. Since = = = k (say), the given ex-
sin A sin B sin C
pression
[
sin A sin(B + C) sin(B − C) sin B sin(C + A) sin(C − A)
= k2 +
sin B + sin C sin C + sin A ]
sin C sin(A + B) sin(A − B)
+
ñ ( 2 ) ( 2 sin A +2sin)B
sin A sin B − sin 2C sin B sin C − sin A
= k2 +
sin B + sin C sin C + sin A
( )ô
sin C sin2 A − sin2 B
+
sin A + sin B
= k2 [sin A (sin B − sin C) + sin B (sin C − sin A) + sin C (sin A − sin B)]
= 0. ■
( )
B C A
§ Problem 12.2.11. (b + c − a) cot + cot = 2a cot . ♢
2 2 2
§§ Solution. ( )
B C
(b + c − a) cot + cot
2 …2ï … ò
s(s − b) s(s − c)
= 2(s − a) +
(s − c)(s − a) (s − a)(s − b)
ñ ô
√ s−b+s−c
= 2 s · (s − a) √
(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
ñ ô
√ 2s − (b + c)
= 2 s · (s − a) √
(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
…
s(s − a) A
= 2a = 2a cot . ■
(s − b)(s − c) 2
§ Problem 12.2.12. a2 + b2 + c2 = 2 (bc cos A + ca cos B + ab cos C). ♢
§§ Solution. By Art. 164, we have
b2 + c2 − a2 = 2bc cos A
c2 + a2 − b2 = 2ca cos B, and
a2 + b2 − c2 = 2ab cos C.
Hence, by addition,
a2 + b2 + c2 = 2 (bc cos A + ca cos B + ab cos C) . ■
( ) ( )
§ Problem 12.2.13. a2 − b2 + c 2 tan B = a2 + b2 − c 2 tan C. ♢
§§ Solution.
tan B sin B cos C sin B cos C
= =
tan C cos B sin C sin C cos B
b cos C a2 + b2 − c2 c2 + a2 − b2
= = ÷ .
( 2 c2cos B2 ) 2a( )2a
∴ a − b + c tan B = a + b − c tan C.
2 2 2 ■
C C
§ Problem 12.2.14. c2 = (a − b)2 cos2 + (a + b)2 sin2 . ♢
2 2
12.2. Sides And Angles of A Triangle 184
§§ Solution.
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
( 2 2) ( 2 C C
) (
C C
)
a +b cos + sin2 − 2ab cos2 − sin2
2 2 2 2
( 2 ) 2C ( 2 ) 2C
= a − 2ab + b cos
2 2
+ a + 2ab + b sin
2 2
C 2 C
= (a − b) cos
2 2 2
+ (a + b) sin . ■
2 2
§ Problem 12.2.15. a sin(B − C) + b sin(C − A) + c sin(A − B) = 0. ♢
a b c
§§ Solution. Since = = = k (say), we have
sin A sin B sin C
a sin(B − C) + b sin(C − A) + c sin(A − B)
= k sin A sin(B − C) + k sin B sin(C − A) + k sin C sin(A − B)
= k [sin(B + C) sin(B − C) + sin(C + A) sin(C − A)
+ sin(A + B) sin(A − B)]
[ ]
= k sin2 B − sin2 C + sin2 C − sin2 A + sin2 A − sin2 B
[by Ex. 2, Art. 93]
= 0.
Otherwise thus :
a sin(B − C) + b sin(C − A) + c sin(A − B)
= a (sin B cos C − cos B sin C) + b (sin C cos A − cos C sin A)
+ c (sin A cos B − cos A sin B)
= cos C (a sin B − b sin A) + cos B (c sin A − a sin C)
+ cos A (b sin C − c sin B)
= 0,
∵ a sin B = b sin A, c sin A = a sin C and b sin C = c sin B. ■
a sin(B − C) b sin(C − A) c sin(A − B)
§ Problem 12.2.16. = = . ♢
b2 − c2 c2 − a2 a2 − b2
a b c
§§ Solution. Since = = = k (say), we have
sin A sin B sin C
a sin(B − C) k sin A sin(B − C)
=
b2 − c2 k2 sin2 B − k2 sin2 C
1 sin(B + C) sin(B − C)
= ·
k sin2 B − sin2 C
1 sin2 B − sin2 C
= · , by Ex. 2, Art. 93
k sin2 B − sin2 C
1 b sin(C − A) c sin(A − B)
= = = , similarly. ■
k c2 − a2 a2 − b2
§ Problem 12.2.17.
A B−C B C−A
a sin sin + b sin sin
2 2 2 2
C A−B
+ c sin sin = 0. ♢
2 2
§§ Solution.
A B−C B C−A C A−B
a sin sin + b sin sin + c sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
B+C B−C C+A C−A A+B A−B
= a cos sin + b cos sin + c cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
12.2. Sides And Angles of A Triangle 185
a b c
= (sin B − sin C) + (sin C − sin A) + (sin A − sin B)
2 2 2
= 0, ∵ a sin B = b sin A, c sin A = a sin C and b sin C = c sin B. ■
(
§ Problem 12.2.18. ) ( )
a2 cos2 B − cos2 C + b2 cos2 C − cos2 A
( )
+ c2 cos2 A − cos2 B = 0. ♢
(
§§ Solution. ) ( ) ( )
a2 cos2 B − cos2 C + b2 cos2 C − cos2 A + c2 cos2 A − cos2 B
[ ( ) ( )
= k2 sin2 A cos2 B − cos2 C + sin2 B cos2 C − cos2 A
( )]
+ sin2 C cos2 A − cos2 B
[ ( ) ( )
= k2 sin2 A sin2 C − sin2 B + sin2 B sin2 A − sin2 C
( 2 )]
+ sin C sin B − sin A
2 2
= k2 [0] = 0. ■
§ Problem 12.2.19.
b2 − c2 c2 − a2
2
sin 2A + sin 2B
a b2
a −b
2 2
+ sin 2C = 0. ♢
c2
§§ Solution.
b 2 − c2 k2 sin2 B − k2 sin2 C
sin 2A = · 2 sin A cos A
a2 k2 sin2 A
2 cos A sin(B + C) sin(B − C)
= , by Ex. 2, Art. 93
sin A
= 2 cos A sin(B − C), ∵ sin(B + C) = sin A
= −2 cos(B + C) sin(B − C) = sin 2C − sin 2B.
c2 − a2
Similarly, sin 2B = sin 2A − sin 2C
b2
a2 − b2
and sin 2C = sin 2B − sin 2A.
c2
Hence the given expression
= sin 2C − sin 2B + sin 2A − sin 2C + sin 2B − sin 2A = 0. ■
A B C
(a + b + c)2 cot + cot + cot
§ Problem 12.2.20. 2 = 2 2 2 . ♢
a + b2 + c2 cot A + cot B + cot C
§§ Solution.
(a + b + c)2 (sin A + sin B + sin C)2
=
a2 + b2 + c2 sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C
A B C
16 cos2 cos2 cos2
= 2 2 2 , by §P roblem 9.2.4
sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C
A B C sin A sin B sin C
= 2 cot cot cot ×
2 2 2 sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C
A B C sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C
= 2 cot cot cot ÷
2 2 2 [ sin A sin B sin C ]
A B C sin A sin B sin C
= 2 cot cot cot ÷ + +
2 2 2 sin B sin C sin A sin C sin A sin B
12.2. Sides And Angles of A Triangle 186
[ ]
A B C sin(B + C) sin(A + C) sin(A + B)
= 2 cot cot cot ÷ + +
2 2 2 sin B sin C sin A sin C sin A sin B
A B C
= 2 cot cot cot ÷ [cot C + cot B + cot C + cot A + cot B + cot A]
2 2 2
A B C
cot cot cot
= 2 2 2
cot A + cot B + cot C
A B C
cot + cot + cot
= 2 2 2 , by §P roblem 9.2.13.
cot A + cot B + cot C
Otherwise thus :
(a + b + c)2 (sin A + sin B + sin C)2
=
2 2
a +b +c 2 sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C
A B C
16 cos2 cos2 cos2
= 2 2 2 , by §P roblem 9.2.4 and Ex. 3 of Art. 127
2 (1 + cos A cos B cos C)
[ ]
A B C cos A cos B cos C − cos(A + B + C)
= cot cot cot ÷ ,
2 2 2 sin A sin B sin C
by dividing numerator and denominator by 2 sin A sin B sin C,
and putting cos(A + B + C) = −1.
Now
cos A cos B cos C − cos(A + B + C)
sin A sin B sin C
cos(A + B + C)
= cot A cot B cot C −
sin A sin B sin C
= cot A cot B cot C − (cot A cot B cot C − cot A − cot B − cot C) ,
by expanding cos(A + B + C), as in Art. 124;
A B C A B C
also cot cot cot = cot + cot + cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
(a + b + c)2 cot + cot + cot
∴ 2 = 2 2 2 .
■
a + b 2 + c2 cot A + cot B + cot C
§ Problem 12.2.21.
a3 cos(B − C) + b3 cos(C − A)
+ c3 cos(A − B) = 3abc. ♢
§§ Solution.
a3 cos(B − C) + b3 cos(C − A) + c3 cos(A − B)
[ ]
= k3 sin3 A cos(B − C) + sin3 B cos(C − A) + sin3 C cos(A − B)
[
=k 3
sin2 A sin(B + C) cos(B − C) + sin2 B sin(C + A) cos(C − A)
]
+ sin2 C sin(A + B) cos(A − B)
k3 [ 2
= sin A (sin 2B + sin 2C) + sin2 B (sin 2C + sin 2A)
2 ]
+ sin2 C (sin 2A + sin 2B)
(
= k3 sin2 A sin B cos B + sin2 A sin C cos C
+ sin2 B sin C cos C + sin2 B sin A cos A
12.2. Sides And Angles of A Triangle 187
)
+ sin2 C sin A cos A + sin2 C sin B cos B
= k3 [sin A sin B (sin A cos B + cos A sin B)
+ sin B sin C (sin B cos C + cos B sin C)
+ sin C sin A (sin A cos C + cos A sin C)]
= k3 [sin A sin B sin(A + B) + sin B sin C sin(B + C)
+ sin C sin A sin(A + C)]
= k3 (sin A sin B sin C + sin B sin C sin A + sin C sin A sin B)
= 3k3 sin A sin B sin C = 3abc. ■
√
§ Problem 12.2.22. In a triangle whose sides are 3, 4 and 38 feet
respectively, prove that the largest angle is greater than 120◦ . ♢
√
§§ Solution. If a = 3, b = 4 and c = 38, then C is the largest angle.
We have
a2 + b2 − c2 9 + 16 − 38 13
cos C = = =− .
2ab 2×3×4 24
1 12
Now cos 120◦ = − = − .
2 24
∵ cos C is less than cos 120◦ ,
∴ ∠C > 120◦ . ■
§§ Solution. We have ( )
C A+B A+B
tan = tan 90◦ − = cot
2 2 2
A B
1 1 − tan tan
= = 2 2
A+B A B
tan tan + tan
2 2 2
5 20
1− ·
= 6 37 = 222 − 100 = 122 = 2 × 61 = 2 .
5 20 185 + 120 305 5 × 61 5
+
6 37 … …
A C (s − b)(s − c) (s − a)(s − b)
∵ tan tan = ·
2 2 s(s − a) s(s − c)
5 2 s−b 1 a+c−b
∴ · = ; ∴ =
6 5 s 3 a+c+b
3−1 b
∴ = ; ∴ a + c = 2b. ■
3+1 a+c
§ Problem 12.2.26. In an isosceles right-angled triangle, a straight
line is drawn from the middle point of one of the equal sides to the op-
posite angle. Show that it divides the angle into parts whose cotan-
gents are 2 and 3. ♢
§§ Solution. Let ACB be the triangle, right-angled at C and D be
the middle point of AC. Join DB.
Let AC = a = CB. We then have
BC a
cot ∠DBC = = Ä a ä = 2.
CD
2
Also,
cot ∠ABD = cot (∠ABC − ∠DBC)
cot ∠ABC cot ∠DBC + 1
=
cot ∠DBC − cot ∠ABC
2+1
= = 3,
2−1
BC
∵ cot ∠ABC = = 1. ■
AC
§ Problem 12.2.27. The perpendicular AD to the base of a triangle
ABC divides it into segments such that BD, CD and AD are in the
ratio of 2, 3 and 6; prove that the vertical angle of the triangle is
45◦ . ♢
§§ Solution. Denote the ∠BAD by α and the ∠DAC by β. In the
triangle ABD,
2 1
we have tan α = = .
6 3
3 1
In the ∆ACD, we have tan β = = .
6 2
In the ∆ABC, we have
tan α + tan β
tan A = tan(α + β) =
1 − tan α tan β
12.2. Sides And Angles of A Triangle 189
1 1
+
= 3 2 = 5 = 1 = tan 45◦ .
1 1 5
1− ·
3 2
The angle A is therefore 45◦ . ■
A
§ Problem 12.2.30. If a, b and c be in A. P., prove that cos A cot ,
2
B C
cos B cot and cos C cot are in A. P . ♢
2 2
12.2. Sides And Angles of A Triangle 190
§§ Solution.
Given a − b = b − c, ∴ sin A − sin B = sin B − sin C
A+B A−B B+C B−C
∴ 2 cos sin = 2 cos sin .
2 2 2 2
A B C
Dividing both sides of this last equation by 2 sin sin sin , we
2 2 2
have
A−B B−C
sin sin
2 = 2
A B B C
sin sin sin sin
2 2 2 2
A B A B B C B C
sin cos − cos sin sin cos − cos sin
∴ 2 2 2 2 = 2 2 2 2
A B B C
sin sin sin sin
2 2 2 2
B A C B
∴ cot − cot = cot − cot
2 2 2 2
A B B C
∴ cot − cot = cot − cot
2 2 2 2
A B C
∴ cot , cot and cot are in A. P.
2 2 2
Also sin A, sin B and sin C are in A. P.:
A B C
∴ cot − sin A, cot − sin B and cot − sin C are in A. P.
2 2 2
A
A cos
Now cot − sin A = 2 − 2 sin A cos A
2 A 2 2
sin
2
A
cos ( )
= 2 1 − 2 sin2 A = cot A cos A.
A 2 2
sin
2
Similarly,
B B
cot − sin B = cot cot B
2 2
C C
and cot − sin C = cot cot C.
2 2
A B C
Hence cos A cot , cos B cot and cos C cot are in A. P . ■
2 2 2
A
§ Problem 12.2.31. If a, b and c are in H. P., prove that sin2 ,
2
B C
sin2 and sin2 are also in H. P . ♢
2 2
§§ Solution.
Given a:c=a−b:b−c
∴ sin A (sin B − sin C) = sin C (sin A − sin B)
A A B+C B−C
∴ 2 sin cos · 2 cos sin
2 2 2 2
C C A+B A−B
= 2 sin cos · 2 cos sin
2 2 2 2
12.2. Sides And Angles of A Triangle 191
i.e. if 2 cos C = 1
i.e. if C = 60◦ . ■
We have
m BD BD AD sin ∠BAD sin ∠ACD
= = · = ·
n DC AD DC sin ∠ABD sin ∠DAC
sin (θ − B) sin C
= ·
sin B sin (θ + C)
sin θ cot B − cos θ cot B − cot θ
= =
sin θ cot C + cos θ cot C + cot θ
∴ (m + n) cot θ = n cot B − m cot C.
BC
Again, we have BD = BD ×
BC
BC ma
and DC = DC × ; i. e. BD =
BC m+n
na
and DC = .
m+n
Hence in the triangle ADC, we have
( )2
na na
AD2 + − 2AD · · cos θ = b2 (12.6)
m+n m+n
Hence in the triangle ADB, we have
( )2
ma ma
AD2 + + 2AD · · cos θ = c2 (12.7)
m+n m+n
Multiplying Eq. (12.6) by m and Eq. (12.7) by n, by addition,
mna2
(m + n)AD2 + = mb2 + nc2
m+( n )
∴ (m + n)2 AD2 = (m + n) mb2 + nc2 − mna2 . ■
√ √
§ Problem 13.2.2. The sides of a triangle are 7, 4 3, and 13 yards
respectively. Find the number of degrees in its smallest angle. ♢
√ √
§§ Solution. If a = 7 yards, b = 4 3 yards, and c = 13 yards, then
C is the required angle.
( √ ) 2 (√ ) 2
72 + 4 3 − 13 49 + 48 − 13
We have cos C = √ = √
2 × 7 × 4 3√ 56 3
84 3 3
= √ = √ = = cos 30◦ .
56 3 2 3 2
∴ C = 30◦ . ■
√
§ Problem 13.2.4. The sides of a triangle are a, b and a2 + ab + b2
feet; find the greatest angle. ♢
§§ Solution. If θ be the( required angle,
) we have
a2 + b2 − a2 + ab + b2 −ab 1
cos θ = = = − = cos 120◦ .
2ab 2ab 2
∴ θ = 120◦ . ■
√ √
§ Problem 13.2.5. If a = 2, b = 6 and c = 3−1, solve the triangle.
♢
13.2. Solution of Non-Right-Angled Triangles 198
§§ Solution. We have
(√ )2 ( √ )2 √
6 + 3 − 1 − 22 6+4−2 3−4
cos A = √ (√ ) = √ (√ )
2 6 3−1 2 6 3−1
√ √ √ ( )
3− 3 3 3−1 1
= √ (√ ) = √ (√ ) = √ = cos 45◦ .
6 3−1 6 3−1 2
∴ A = 45◦ .
(√ )2 ( √ )2 √
3 − 1 + 22 − 6 4−2 3+4−6
cos B = (√ ) = (√ )
4 3−1 4 3−1
√
1− 3 1
= (√ ) = − = cos 120◦ .
2 3−1 2
∴ B = 120◦ .
∴ C = 180 − (A + B) = 180◦ − 165◦ = 15◦ .
◦
■
√ √
§ Problem 13.2.6. If a = 2, b = 6 and c = 3+1, solve the triangle.
♢
§§ Solution. We have
( √ )2 (√ )2 √
6 + 3 + 1 − 22 6+4+2 3−4
cos A = √ (√ ) = √ (√ )
2 6 3+1 2 6 3+1
√ (√ )
3 3+1 1
= √ (√ ) = √ = cos 45◦ .
6 3+1 2
∴ A = 45◦ .
(√ )2 ( √ )2 √
3 + 1 + 22 − 6 4+2 3+4−6
cos B = (√ ) = (√ )
4 3+1 4 3+1
√
3+1 1
= (√ ) = = cos 60◦ .
2 3+1 2
∴ B = 60◦ .
∴ C = 180 − (A + B) = 180◦ − 105◦ = 75◦ .
◦
■
2278
∴ x = 60′′ × ≈ 46.3′′ .
2948
B
∴ = 29◦ 29′ 46.3′′ and B = 58◦ 59′ 33′′ . ■
2
§ Problem 13.2.8. The sides of a triangle are 130, 123 and 77 feet.
Find the greatest angle,having given
log 2 = .30103, L tan 38◦ 39′ = 9.9029376
and L tan 38◦ 40′ = 9.9031966. ♢
§§ Solution. If a = 130 f eet, b = 123 f eet and c = 77 f eet, then A is
the required angle. We have
1
s = (130 + 123 + 77) = 165, s − a = 35, s − b = 42 and s − c = 88
2 …
A 42 × 88 4 23
∴ tan = = =
2 165 × 35 5 10
A
∴ L tan = 10 + 3 log 2 − log 10 = 9.90309.
2
A
Let = 38◦ 39′ + x′′ , so that L tan (38◦ 39′ + x′′ ) = 9.90309.
2
The diff. for x′′ = 9.90309 − 9.9029376 = .0001524.
The diff. for 60′′ = 9.9031966 − 9.9029376 = .0002590.
1524
∴ x = 60′′ × ≈ 35.3′′ .
2590
A
∴ = 38◦ 39′ 35.3′′ and A = 77◦ 19′ 11′′ . ■
2
§ Problem 13.2.9. Find the greatest angle of a triangle whose sides
are 212, 188 and 270 feet, having given
log 2 = .30103, log 3 = .4771213, log 7 = .8450980
L tan 38◦ 20′ = 9.8980104 and L tan 38◦ 19′ = 9.8977507. ♢
§§ Solution. If a = 242 f eet, b = 188 f eet and c = 270 f eet, then C is
the required angle.
We have
1
s = (242 + 188 + 270) = 350, s − a = 108
2
s − b = 162 and s − c = 80.
… …
C 108 × 162 2 × 37
∴ tan = =
2 350 × 80 7 × 103
C 1
∴ L tan = 10 + (7 log 3 + log 2 − log 7 − 3 log 10)
2 2
1
= 10 + (3.3398491 + .3010300 − .8450980 − 3) = 9.8978905.
2
C
Let = 38◦ 19′ + x′′ , so that L tan (38◦ 19′ + x′′ ) = 9.8978905.
2
The diff. for x′′ = 9.8978905 − 9.8977507 = .0001398.
The diff. for 60′′ = 9.8980104 − 9.8977507 = .0002597.
1398
Hence x = 60′′ × ≈ 32.3′′
2597
C
∴ = 38◦ 19′ 32.3′′ and C = 76◦ 39′ 5′′ . ■
2
13.2. Solution of Non-Right-Angled Triangles 200
1712
Hence x = 60′′ × ≈ 35′′
2922
B
∴ = 29◦ 55′ 35′′ and B = 59◦ 51′ 10′′ .
2
Also, C = 180 − (A + B) = 180◦ − 116◦ 6′ 14′′ = 63◦ 53′ 46′′ .
◦
■
B
Let = 23◦ 50′ + x′′ , so that L tan (23◦ 50′ + x′′ ) = 9.6453650.
2
The diff. for x′′ = 9.6453650 − 9.6451743 = .0001907.
1907
Hence x = 60′′ × ≈ 33.5′′
3417
B
∴ = 23◦ 50′ 33.5′′ and B = 47◦ 41′ 7′′ .
2
Also, C = 180◦ − (A + B) = 180◦ − 86◦ 37′ 40′′ = 93◦ 22′ 20′′ . ■
A
∴ = 65◦ 21′ 10.276′′ and A = 130◦ 42′ 20.5′′ .
2 … √
B 950 × 100 19
Again, tan = =
2 2100 × 1050 21
B 1
∴ L tan = 10 + log 19 − log 21 = 9.3171575.
2 2
Now L tan 11◦ 43′ = 9.3167950, diff. for 1′ = 6349.
B
Let = 11◦ 43′ + x′′ , so that L tan (11◦ 43′ + x′′ ) = 9.3171575.
2
The diff. for x′′ = 9.3171575 − 9.3167950 = .0003625.
3625
Hence x = 60′′ × ≈ 34.25′′
6349
B
∴ = 11◦ 43′ 34.25′′ and B = 23◦ 27′ 8.5′′ .
2
Also, C = 180◦ − (A + B) = 180◦ − 154◦ 9′ 29′′ = 25◦ 50′ 31′′ . ■
A−B
∴ L tan = log 10 − 5 log 2 + L tan 72◦ 38′ 45′′
2
= 1 − 1.50515 + 10.50515 = 10.
A−B
∴ 10 + log tan = 10
2
A−B A−B
∴ log tan = 0, ∴ tan = 1 = tan 45◦
2 2
A−B
∴ = 45◦ (13.3)
2
A+B C
but = 90◦ − = 90◦ − 17◦ 21′ 15′′ = 72◦ 38′ 45′′ (13.4)
2 2
By adding (13.3) and (13.4), we have A = 117◦ 38′ 45′′ .
By subtracting (13.3) from (13.4), we have B = 27◦ 38′ 45′′ . ■
A−B 3
∴ L tan = 10 + log 3 − log 10 = 10 + .7156819 − 1 = 9.7156819.
2 2
A−B
Let = 27◦ 27′ + x′′ , so that L tan (27◦ 27′ + x′′ ) = 9.7156819.
2
The diff. for x′′ = 9.7156819 − 9.7155508 = .0001311.
The diff. for 60′′ = .0003087.
1311
∴ x = 60′′ × ≈ 25.5′′
3087
A−B
∴ = 27◦ 27′ 25.5′′ (13.7)
2
A+B ◦ C ◦ ◦ ◦
But = 90 − = 90 − 30 = 60 (13.8)
2 2
◦
By adding (13.7) and (13.8), we have A = 87 27 25.5 . ′ ′′
§§ Solution. We have
√ 3
B−C b−c A 3 3 3 3 2 × 22
tan = cot = cot 30◦ = =
2 b+c 2 25 25 100
B−C 3
∴ L tan = 10 + log 3 + 2 log 2 − log 100
2 2
= 10 + .7156819 + .60206 − 2 = 9.3177419.
B−C
Let = 11◦ 44′ + x′′ , so that L tan (11◦ 44′ + x′′ ) = 9.3177419.
2
The diff. for x′′ = 9.3177419 − 9.3174299 = .0003120.
The diff. for 60′′ = 9.3180640 − 9.3174299 = .0006341.
3120
∴ x = 60′′ × ≈ 30′′
6341
B−C
∴ = 11◦ 44′ 30′′ (13.11)
2
B+C A
But = 90◦ − = 90◦ − 30◦ = 60◦ (13.12)
2 2
By adding (13.11) and (13.12), we have B = 71 44 30 . ◦ ′ ′′
§ Problem 13.3.7. The two sides of a triangle are 540 and 420 yards
long respectively and include an angle of 52◦ 6′ . Find the remaining
angles, given that
log 2 = .30103, L tan 26◦ 3′ = 9.6891430
L tan 14 20 = 9.4074189 and L tan 14◦ 21′ = 9.4079453.
◦ ′
♢
§§ Solution. If b = 540 yards, c = 420 yards, and A = 52◦ 6′ , we have,
since
B−C A b−c B−C 540 − 420 1 1
tan tan = , tan tan 26◦ 6′ = = = 3
2 2 b+c 2 540 + 420 8 2
B−C
∴ L tan + L tan 26◦ 3′ = 20 + log 1 − 3 log 2
2
B−C
∴ L tan = 20 + 0 − .90309 − 9.6891430 = 9.4077670.
2
B−C
Let = 14◦ 20′ + x′′ , so that L tan (14◦ 20′ + x′′ ) = 9.4077670.
2
The diff. for x′′ = 9.4077670 − 9.4074189 = .0003481.
The diff. for 60′′ = 9.4079453 − 9.4074189 = .0005264.
3481
∴ x = 60′′ × ≈ 40′′
5264
B−C
∴ = 14◦ 20′ 40′′ (13.13)
2
B+C A
But = 90◦ − = 90◦ − 26◦ 3′ = 63◦ 57′ (13.14)
2 2
By adding (13.13) and (13.14), we have B = 78 17 40 . ◦ ′ ′′
1
§ Problem 13.3.8. If b = 2 f t., c = 2 f t. and A = 22◦ 20′ , find the
2
other angles and show that the third side is nearly one foot, given
log 2 = .30103, log 3 = .47712
L cot 11◦ 10′ = 10.70465, L sin 22◦ 20′ = 9.57977
L tan 29◦ 22′ 20′′ = 9.75038, L tan 29◦ 22′ 30′′ = 9.75013
13.3. Two Sides and Included Angle 206
c sin A
To find a, we have a=
sin C
∴ log a = log c + L sin A − L sin C = .30103 + 9.57977 − 9.88079
= .00001 ≈ 0
∴ a ≈ 1 f oot. ■
√
§ Problem 13.3.9. If a = 2, b = 1 + 3 and C = 60◦ , solve the
triangle. ♢
§§ Solution. We have
√ ( √ )1
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C = 4 + 4 + 2 3 − 4 1 + 3 =6
√ 2
∴ c = 6.
√
a 2 2 3 1
Also, sin A = sin C = √ sin 60◦ = √ · = √
c 6 6 2 2
∴ A = 45◦
∴ B = 180◦ − (A + C) = 180◦ − 105◦ = 75◦ . ■
√ √
§ Problem 13.3.10. Two sides of a triangle are 3 + 1 and 3 − 1
◦
and the included angle is 60 ; find the other side and angles. ♢
√ √
§§ Solution. If b = 3 + 1, c = 3 − 1 and A = 60◦ , we have
√ √ 1
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A = 4 + 2 3 + 4 − 2 3 − 2 × 2 × = 6
√ 2
∴ a = 6.
√ √ √
c 3−1 3 3−1
Also, sin C = sin A = √ · = √
a 6 2 2 2
◦
∴ C = 15
∴ B = 180◦ − (A + C) = 180◦ − 75◦ = 105◦ . ■
13.3. Two Sides and Included Angle 207
√
§ Problem 13.3.11. If b = 1, c = 3 − 1 and A = 60◦ , find the length
of the side a. ♢
§§ Solution.
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A
√ (√ )1 √
=1+4−2 3−2 3−1 =6−3 3
2
= 6 − 3 (1.73205) = .80385
√
∴ a = .80385 = .8965. ■
A 17
§ Problem 13.3.12. If b = 91, c = 125 and tan = , prove that
2 6
a = 204. ♢
§§ Solution. We have
A 289
1 − tan2 1−
cos A = 2 = 36 = − 253
A 289 325
1 + tan2 1+
2 36
∴ a = b + c − 2bc cos A
2 2 2
253
= 8281 + 15625 + 2 × 91 × 125 ×
325
= 8281 + 15625 + 17710 = 41616
∴ a = 204. ■
31
§ Problem 13.3.13. If a = 5, b = 4 and cos(A − B) = , prove that
32
the third side c will be 6. ♢
§§ Solution. We have Õ
… 31
1−
…
A−B 1 − cos(A − B) 32 = 1 1
tan = = = √ .
2 1 + cos(A − B) 31 63 3 7
1+
32
A+B a+b A−B 9 1 3 C
Also, tan = tan = · √ = √ = cot
2 a−b 2 1 3 7 7 2
C 9
cot2 −1 −1 2 1
∴ cos C = 2 = 7 = =
C 9 16 8
cot2 +1 +1
2 7
1
∴ c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C = 25 + 16 − 2 × 5 × 4 × = 36
8
∴ c = 6. ■
§ Problem 13.3.15. The sides of a triangle are 9 and 3 and the dif-
ference of the angles opposite to them is 90. Find the base and the
angles, having given
log 2 = .30103, log 3 = .4771213
log 75894 = 4.8802074, log 75895 = 4.8802132
L tan 26◦ 33′ = 9.6986847
and L tan 26◦ 34′ = 9.6990006. ♢
§§ Solution. If b = 9, c = 3 and B − C = 90◦ , we have, since
B−C b−c A
tan = cot
2 b+c 2
◦ 1 A
tan 45 = cot
2 2
1 A A 1
∴ 1 = cot , ∴ tan =
2 2 2 2
A
∴ L tan = log 1 − log 2 + 10 = 0 − .30103 + 10 = 9.69897.
2
A ( )
Let = 26◦ 33′ + x′′ , ∴ L tan 26◦ 33′ + x′′ = 9.69897.
2
The diff. for x′′ = 9.69897 − 9.6986847 = .0002853.
The diff. for 60′′ = 9.6990006 − 9.6986847 = .0003159.
2853
∴x= × 60′′ = 54.2′′
3159
A
∴ = 26◦ 33′ 54.2′′ , ∴ A = 53◦ 7′ 48′′
2
B+C A
∴ = 90◦ − = 90◦ − 26◦ 33′ 54′′ = 63◦ 26′ 6′′ (13.17)
2 2
B−C
also, = 45◦ (13.18)
2
By adding (13.17) and (13.18), we have B = 108◦ 26′ 6′′ .
By subtracting (13.18) from (13.17), we have C = 18◦ 26′ 6′′ .
A 1
1 − tan2 1−
Again, cos A = 2 = 4 = 3
A 1 5
1 + tan2 1+
2 4
3
∴ a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A = 81 + 9 − 2 × 9 × 3 ×
5
162 (24)2 32 × 26
= 90 − = 90 − 32.4 = 57.6 = =
5 10 10
∴ 2 log a = 2 log 3 + 6 log 2 − log 10
1
∴ log a = log 3 + 3 log 2 − log 10
2
= .4771213 + .90309 − .5 = .8802113.
We have log 7.5894 = .8802074 (13.19)
and log 7.5895 = .8802132 (13.20)
Let log (7.5894 + x) = .8802113 (13.21)
From (13.19) and (13.20), the diff. for .0001 = .0000058.
From (13.19)and (13.21), the diff. for x = .0000039.
39 .0039
∴x= × .0001 = ≈ .000067.
58 58
∴ a = 7.589467. ■
13.3. Two Sides and Included Angle 209
§ Problem 13.3.16.
a−b C
If tan ϕ = cot
a+b 2
C
sin
prove that c = (a + b) 2 .
cos ϕ
If a = 3, b = 1 and C = 53◦ 7◦ 48′′ , find c without getting A and B, given
log 2 = .30103, log 25298 = 4.4030862
log 25299 = 4.4031034, L cos 26◦ 33′ 54′′ = 9.9515452
and L tan 26◦ 33′ 54′′ = 9.6989700. ♢
§§ Solution. We have
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
( )( 2 C C
) (
C C
)
= a2 + b2 cos + sin2 − 2ab cos2 − sin2
2 2 2 2
2 C 2 C
= (a − b) cos
2 2
+ (a + b) sin
2ï 2 ò
( )
2 2 C a−b 2 2 C
= (a + b) sin cot +1
2 a+b 2
2 2 C
( 2 )
= (a + b) sin tan ϕ + 1
2
C
= (a + b)2 sin2 sec2 ϕ
2
C
sin
∴ c = (a + b) 2 .
cos ϕ
If a = 3, b = 1 and C = 53◦ 7′ 48′′ , we have
1 C 1
tan ϕ = cot = .
2 2 C
2 tan
2
C
∴ L tan ϕ − 10 = log 1 − log 2 − L tan + 10
2
∴ L tan ϕ = 20 − .30103 − 9.69897 = 10
∴ 10 + log tan ϕ = 10, ∴ log tan ϕ = 0, ∴ tan ϕ = 1
∴ ϕ = 45◦ .
C C C
Also, L sin = L tan + L cos − 10
2 2 2
= 9.69897 + 9.9515452 − 10 = 9.6505152.
C C √
Now c = (a + b) sin sec 45◦ = 4 sin × 2
2 2
C 1
∴ log c = 2 log 2 + L sin − 10 + log 2
2 2
5
= (.30103) + 9.6505152 − 10 = .4030902.
2
Now log 2.5298 = .4030862 (13.22)
and log 2.5299 = .4031034 (13.23)
Let log (2.5298 + x) = .4030902 (13.24)
From (13.22)and (13.23), the diff. for .0001 = .0000172.
From (13.23) and (13.24), the diff. for x = .0000040.
40 .004 .001
∴x= × .0001 = = ≈ .000023.
172 172 43
13.3. Two Sides and Included Angle 210
∴ c = 2.529823. ■
§ Problem 13.3.17. Two sides of a triangle are 237 and 158 feet and
the contained angle is 66◦ 40′ ; find the base and the other angles,
having given
log 2 = .30103, log 79 = 1.89763
log 22687 = 4.35578, L cot 33◦ 20′ = 10.18197
L sin 33◦ 20′ = 9.73998, L tan 16◦ 54′ = 9.48262
L tan 16◦ 55′ = 9.48308, L sec 16◦ 54′ = 10.01917
and L sec 16◦ 55′ = 10.01921.
B−C b+c A
Note : Use either the formula cos = sin or the formula
2 a 2
of the preceding problem. ♢
§§ Solution. If b = 237, c = 158 and A = 66◦ 40′ , we have
B−C b−c A 79 A 1 A 2
tan = cot = cot = cot = cot 33◦ 20′
2 b+c 2 395 2 5 2 10
B−C
∴ L tan = log 2 − log 10 + L cot 33◦ 20′
2
= .30103 − 1 + 10.18197 = 9.48300.
B−C
Let = 16 54 + x , so that L tan (16◦ 54′ + x′′ ) = 9.48300.
◦ ′ ′′
2
The diff. for x′′ = 9.48300 − 9.48262 = .00038.
The diff. for 60′′ = 9.48308 − 9.48262 = .00046.
38
∴ x = 60′′ × ≈ 50′′ .
46
B−C
∴ = 16◦ 54′ 50′′ (13.25)
2
B+C A
But = 90◦ − = 90◦ − 33◦ 20′ = 56◦ 40′ (13.26)
2 2
By adding (13.25) and (13.26), we have B = 73◦ 34′ 50′′ .
subtracting (13.25) from (13.26), we have C = 39◦ 45′ 10′′ .
A B−C
Again, we have a = (b + c) sin sec
2 2
∴ log a = log 395 + L sin 33◦ 20′ + L sec 16◦ 54′ 50′′ − 20
= log 790 − log 2 + L sin 33◦ 20′ + L sec 16◦ 54′ 50′′ − 20.
Now
50
L sec 16◦ 54′ 50′′ = 10.01917 + (10.01921 − 10.01917)
60
5
= 10.01917 + (.00004) = 10.01917 + .00003 = 10.01920
6
∴ log a = 2.89763 − .30103 + 9.73998 + 10.01920 − 20 = 2.35578
∴ a = 226.87 f eet. ■
A−B
∴ L tan = log 39.1 − log 203.4 + L cot 27◦ 18′
2
= 1.5921768 − 2.3083509 + 10.2872338 = 9.5710597.
Now L tan 20◦ 25′ = 9.5708088, diff. for 1′ = 3863.
A−B ( )
Let = 20◦ 25′ + x′′ , ∴ L tan 20◦ 25′ = 9.5710597.
2
The diff. for x′′ = 9.5710597 − 9.5708088 = .0002509.
2509
∴ x = 60′′ × ≈ 39′′
3863
A−B
∴ = 20◦ 25′ 39′′ (13.27)
2
A+B ◦ C ◦ ◦ ′ ◦ ′
But = 90 − = 90 − 27 18 = 62 42 (13.28)
2 2
By adding (13.27) and (13.28), we have A = 83 7 39 . ◦ ′ ′′
B−C
∴ L tan = log 106.13 − log 368.05 + L cot 28◦ 59′ 30′′ .
2
30
Now L cot 28◦ 59′ 30′′ = 10.2565460 − × .0002980
60
1
= 10.2565460 − × .0002980 = 10.2563970.
2
B−C
∴ tan = 2.0258382 − 2.5659068 + 10.2563970 = 9.7163284.
2
Now L tan 27◦ 29′ = 9.7161682, diff. for 1′ = 3085.
B−C ( )
Let = 27◦ 29′ + x′′ , ∴ L tan 27◦ 29′ + x′′ = 9.7163284.
2
The diff. for x′′ = 9.7163284 − 9.7161682 = .0001602.
1602
∴ x = 60′′ × ≈ 31′′
3085
B−C
∴ = 27◦ 29′ 31′′ (13.33)
2
B+C A
But = 90◦ − = 90◦ − 28◦ 59′ 30′′ = 61◦ 0′ 30′′ (13.34)
2 2
By adding (13.33) and (13.34), we have B = 88◦ 30′ 1′′ .
By subtracting (13.33) from (13.34), we have C = 33◦ 30′ 59′′ . ■
√
§ Problem 13.4.2. If a = 2, c = 3 + 1 and A = 45◦ , solve the
triangle. ♢
§§ Solution. √
3+1 1 (√ √ )
∵ c sin A = √ = 6+ 2
2 2
1
= (2.4495 + 1.4142) = 1.9318,
2
we have a > c sin A; also a < c and A is acute.
Hence there are two triangles.
We have √ √
c 3+1 1 3+1
sin C = sin A = ·√ = √
a 2 2 2 2
◦ ◦
∴ C1 = 75 and C2 = 105
∴ B1 = 60◦ and B2 = 30◦
Å √ ã
a sin B1 3 1 √
∴ b1 = = 2× ÷√ = 6
sin A 2 2
( ) √
a sin B2 1 1
and b2 = = 2× ÷ √ = 2. ■
sin A 2 2
13.4. Ambiguous Case 214
√
§ Problem 13.4.3. If a = 100, c = 100 3 and A = 30◦ , solve the
triangle. ♢
§§ Solution.
√ 1 √
∵ c sin A = 100 3 × = 50 3
2
we have a > c sin A; also a < c and A is acute.
Hence there are two triangles.
We have √ √
c 100 3 1 3
sin C = sin A = · =
a 100 2 2
∴ C1 = 60◦ and C2 = 120◦
∴ B1 = 90◦ and B2 = 30◦
a sin B1 1
∴ b1 = = 100 ÷ = 200
sin A ( 2 )
a sin B2 1 1
and b2 = = 100 × ÷ = 100. ■
sin A 2 2
3
§ Problem 13.4.4. If 2b = 3a and tan2 A = , prove that there are
5
two values to the third side, one of which is double the other. ♢
√ √
3 3
§§ Solution. Since tan A = , ∴ sin A = √ (the positive sign
5 2 2 √
◦ 5
being taken, as A must be < 180 in a triangle) and cos A = √ .
√ … 2 2
3a 3 27
∴ b sin A = · √ = ·a
2 2 2 32
( )
2
∴ a > b sin A and < b ∵ a = b .
3
Also A is acute; for since b > a, ∴ B > A, and if A were obtuse, there
would be two obtuse angles in the triangle, which is impossible. The
two values of c are given by
c2 = a2 − b2 + 2bc cos A
( )
∴ c2 − 2bc cos A + b2 − a2 = 0.
√
5 9a2
∴ c2 − 3ac · √ + − a2 = 0
2√ 2 4
∴ 4c2 − 3a 10 · c + 5a2 = 0
√ √
3 10 ± 90 − 80 3±1 √
∴c= ·a= · a 10
8 √ √ 8
a 10 a 10
∴c= and .
2 4
Otherwise thus :
Take the figure 3 of Art. 186, putting C for A, A for B and B1 and
B2 for C1 and C2 respectively. We then have
√ √
3a 5 3 5
AD = b cos A = · √ = √ ·a
2 2 2 4√ 2
√
3a 3 3 3
and CD = b sin A = · √ = √ · a.
2 2 2 4 2
13.4. Ambiguous Case 215
…… √
√ 27 2 5a2 a 5
∴ B1 D = B1 − C2= −
CD 2 a = a2 = √
32 32 4 2
Å √ √ ã √
3 5 5 a 10
∴ AB1 = AD + DB1 = √ + √ a=
4 2 4 2 2
Å √ √ ã √
3 5 5 a 10
and AB2 = AD − DB1 = √ − √ a= .
4 2 4 2 4 ■
√
§ Problem 13.4.6. Given B = 30◦ , c = 150 and b = 50 3, prove that
of the two triangles which satisfy the data, one will be isosceles and
the other right-angled. Find the greater value of the third side.
Would the solution have been ambiguous had
B = 30◦ , c = 150 and b = 75? ♢
§§ Solution. We have
1 √
c 150 × 3
sin C = sin B = √ 2 =
b 50 3 2
∴ C1 = 60◦ and C2 = 120◦
∴ A1 = 90◦ and A2 = 30◦ .
Hence one triangle is isosceles and the other is right-angled. The
greater value of a is when A = 90◦ and we have
√ √ √ √
a= b2 + c2 = (50)2 (3 + 9) = 50 12 = 100 3.
[ √ ]
2
Or thus : a = c sec B = 150 × √ = 100 3.
3
1
If B = 30◦ , c = 150 and b = 75, we have c sin B = 150 × = 75 = b.
2
Hence there is one triangle right-angled. ■
√
c1 ∼ c2 = 2 a2 − b2 sin2 A.
Otherwise thus : Take f ig. 3 of Art. 186, with C for A, A for B and
B2 and B1 for C2 and C1 respectively. We then have
√ √
c1 ∼ c2 = B1 B2 = 2B2 D = 2 BC 2 − CD 2 = 2 a2 − (b sin A)2 . ■
To find c, we have
a sin C 2308.7 sin 26◦ 28′ 21′′
c= = .
sin A sin 10◦
∴ log c = log 2308.7 + L sin 26 28 21 − L sin 10◦ .
◦ ′ ′′
§ Problem
√ 13.5.3. If A = 45◦ , B = 75◦ and C = 60◦ , prove that
a + c 2 = 2b. ♢
§§ Solution. We have
a b
◦
=
Å√
sin 45 sinã75◦
b 3+1 2b
∴a= √ ÷ √ = √ .
2 2 2 3+1
c b
Also, ◦
=
√ sin 60Å√ sin 75◦
ã √
b 3 3+1 b 6
∴c= ÷ √ = √ .
2 2 2 3+1
√ ( √ )
√ 2b + b 12 2b 1 + 3
∴a+c 2= √ = √ = 2b. ■
3+1 1+ 3
§ Problem 13.5.4. Two angles of a triangle are 41◦ 13′ 22′′ and 71◦ 19′ 5′′
and the side opposite the first angle is 55; find the side opposite the
latter angle, given
log 55 = 1.7403627, log 79063 = 4.8979775
L sin 41◦ 13′ 22′′ = 9.8188779
and L sin 71◦ 19′ 5′′ = 9.9764927. ♢
§§ Solution. Let A = 41◦ 13′ 22′′ , B = 71◦ 19′ 5′′ and a = 55.
a sin B
We have b=
sin A
∴ log b = log a + L sin B − L sin A
= 1.7403627 + 9.9764927 − 9.8188779
= 1.8979775 = log 79.063.
∴ b = 79.063. ■
§ Problem 13.5.5. From each of two ships, one mile apart, the an-
gle is observed which is subtended by the other ship and a beacon
on shore; these angles are found to be 52◦ 25′ 15′′ and 75◦ 9′ 30′′ respec-
tively. Given
L sin 75◦ 9′ 30′′ = 9.9852635
L sin 52 25 15′′ = 9.8990055, log 1.2197 = .0862530
◦ ′
1◦ 1◦
§ Problem 13.5.6. The base angles of a triangle are 22 and 112 ;
2 2
prove that the base is equal to twice the height. ♢
1◦ 1◦
§§ Solution. In the triangle ABC, if A = 22 and B = 112 , then
2 2
C = 45◦ .
Let h denote the height of the triangle. We then have
1◦ 1◦
c sin B sin A c sin 112 sin 22
h = b sin A = = 2 2
sin C sin 45◦
1 ◦ 1◦ 1◦ 1◦
c sin 67 sin 22 c cos 22 sin 22
= 2 2 = 2 2 = c.
sin 45◦ 1◦ 1◦ 2
2 cos 22 sin 22 ■
2 2
§ Problem 13.5.9. The angles of a triangle being 150◦ ,18◦ 20′ and
11◦ 40′ and the longest side being 1000 feet, find the length of the
shortest side. ♢
§§ Solution. Let A = 150◦ , B = 18◦ 20′ , C = 11◦ 40′ and a = 1000 f eet.
To find c, we have
a sin C 1000 sin 11◦ 40′ 1000 sin 11◦ 40′
c= = =
sin A sin 150◦ sin 30◦
1
= [1000 × .2022176] ÷ = 404.4352 f eet. ■
2
§ Problem 13.5.10. To get the distance of a point A from a point
B, a line BC and the angles ∠ABC and ∠BCA are measured and are
found to be 287 yards and 55◦ 32′ 10′′ and 51◦ 8′ 20′′ respectively. Find
the distance AB. ♢
§§ Solution. We have
A = 180◦ − (B + C) = 180◦ − 106◦ 40′ 30′′ = 73◦ 19′ 30′′ .
BC sin C
Also, AB = .
sin A
∴ log AB = log BC + L sin C − L sin A
= log 287 + L sin 51◦ 8′ 20′′ − L sin 73◦ 19′ 30′′ .
20
Now L sin 51◦ 8′ 20′′ = 9.8913191 + × .0001017 = 9.8913530
60
30
and L sin 73◦ 19′ 30′′ = 9.9813229 + × .0000379 = 9.9813419
60
∴ log AB = 2.4578819 + 9.8913530 − 9.9813419 = 2.3678930.
Now log 233.28 = 2.3678775, diff. for .01 = .0000186.
Let log (233.28 + x) = 2.3678930.
The diff. for x = 2.3678930 − 2.3678775 = .0000155.
155 1.55
∴x= × .01 = ≈ .0083
186 186
∴ AB = 233.2883 yards. ■
§§ Solution. The angle ∠AP B = 180◦ − (41◦ 18′ + 114◦ 38′ ) = 24◦ 4′ .
AB sin 114◦ 38′ 1000 sin 65◦ 22′
We have AP = ◦ ′
=
sin 24 4 sin 24◦ 4′
∴ log AP = log 1000 + L sin 65◦ 22′ − L sin 24◦ 4′
= 3 + 9.9585609 − 9.6104465 = 3.3481144.
Hence AP = 2229 yards, to the nearest yard. ■
Chapter 14
Heights and Distances
( )
b 5
i.e. h+k = 200 + ;
2 9
∴ 9(100 + k) = 5(200 + k);
∴ 4k = 100, ∴ k = 25′ ;
b
and = k = 25, ∴ b = 50′ . ■
2
§ Problem 14.1.2. A man, walking on a level plane towards a tower,
observes that at a certain point the angular height of the tower is 10◦ ,
and, after going 50 yards nearer the tower, the elevation is found to
be 15◦ . Having given
L sin 15◦ = 9.4129962, L cos 5◦ = 9.9983442,
log 25.783 = 1.4113334, and log 25.784 = 1.4113503,
find, to 4 places of decimals, the height of the tower in yards. ♢
§§ Solution. Take the figure of Art. 192. Let P Q (x yards, say) rep-
resent the tower and A and B be the points at which the angles of
elevation are taken.
We are given AB = 50 yards, ∠P AQ = 10◦ and ∠P BQ = 15◦ , so
that ∠AP B = 15◦ − 10◦ = 5◦ .
We then have
x BP sin 10◦ 2 sin 5◦ cos 5◦
= sin 15◦ , and = = = 2 cos 5◦ .
BP 50 sin 5◦ sin 5◦
Hence by multiplication, we have
x
= 2 sin 15◦ cos 5◦
50
∴ x = 100 sin 15◦ cos 5◦
∴ log x = log 100 + L sin 15◦ − 10 + L cos 5◦ − 10
= 2 + 9.4129962 + 9.9983442 − 20 = 1.4113404.
70 .07
∴y= × .001 = ≈ .0004
169 169
∴ x = 25.7834 yards. ■
§ Problem 14.1.5. A vertical pole (more than 100 feet high) consists
1
of two parts, the lower being rd of the whole. From a point in a
3
horizontal plane through the foot of the pole and 40 feet from it, the
1
upper part subtends an angle whose tangent is . Find the height
2
of the pole. ♢
§§ Solution. Let the required height be 3h feet, so that the lower
part of the pole is h feet and the upper part is 2h feet. Then, if α and
β be the angles subtended at the point in the horizontal plane by the
pole and the lower part of it respectively, we have
3h h
tan α = and tan β = .
40 40
tan α − tan β 1
Also, tan(α − β) = = .
1 + tan α tan β 2
14.1. Inaccessible Object and Distant Points 228
( ) ï ò
3h − h 3h2 1
∴ ÷ 1+ =
40 (40)2 2
∴ 3h2 − 160h + 1600 = 0
∴ (3h − 40)(h − 40) = 0.
Since the pole is more than 100 feet high, we must take the solution
h − 40 = 0, ∴ h = 40.
Hence the required height = 3h = 120 f eet. ■
√
∴ RB = 100 2 f eet.
√
∴ h cot α = 100, and h tan α = 100 2.
Hence, by multiplication, we have
√
h2 = (100)2 × 2
√
4
∴ h = 100 2 f eet. ■
∴ AC = 2AB. ■
a2 sin2 θ sin2 ϕ
∴ h2 =
sin2 ϕ cos2 θ − sin2 θ cos2 ϕ
a2 sin2 θ sin2 ϕ
=
(sin ϕ cos θ + cos ϕ sin θ) (sin ϕ cos θ − cos ϕ sin θ)
a2 sin2 θ sin2 ϕ
=
sin(ϕ + θ) sin(ϕ − θ)
a sin θ sin ϕ
∴h= √ .
sin(ϕ + θ) sin(ϕ − θ) ■
§ Problem 14.1.15. A and B are two stations 1000 feet apart ; P and
Q are two stations in the same plane as AB and on the same side of
it ; the angles ∠P AB, ∠P BA, ∠QAB and ∠QBA are respectively 75◦ ,
30◦ , 45◦ , and 90◦ ; find how far P is from Q and how far each is from
A and B. ♢
§§ Solution. Draw a figure as in Art. 194, with the angles and AB
as given.
Since the ∠QAB = 45◦ , we have √
BQ = AB = 1000 f eet; AQ = 1000 2 f eet.
Also, ∠AP B = 180◦ − (75◦ + 30◦ ) = 75◦
∴ P B = AB = 1000 f eet.
∵ ∠P BQ = 60◦
∴ ∆P BQ is equilateral.
∴ P Q = 1000 f eet.
Also, in the isosceles ∆AP B, we have
√
3−1 (√ √ )
AP = 2 × 1000 cos 75◦ = 1000 × √ = 500 6 − 2 f eet. ■
2
For the following seven examples, a book of tables will be re-
quired.
§ Problem 14.1.16. At a point on a horizontal plane the elevation
of the summit of a mountain is found to be 22◦ 15′ , and at another
point on the plane, a mile further away in a direct line, its elevation
is 10◦ 12′ ; find the height of the mountain. ♢
§§ Solution. Take the figure of Art. 192. Let P Q (x miles, say) be
the mountain and B and A be the two points at which the angles of
elevation are taken.
We are given
BA = 1 mile, ∠P BQ = 22◦ 15′ and ∠P AQ = 10◦ 12′ .
Also, ∠AP B = 22◦ 15′ − 10◦ 12′ = 12◦ 3′ .
From the ∆P BQ, we have
x
= sin 22◦ 15′ (14.6)
BP
From the ∆P AB, we have
PB sin 10◦ 12′
= (14.7)
1 mile sin 12◦ 3′
From (14.6) and (14.7), by multiplication, we have
x sin 10◦ 12′ sin 22◦ 15′
= = sin 10◦ 12′ sin 22◦ 15′ cosec 12◦ 3′
1 sin 12◦ 3′
log x = L sin 10◦ 12′ + L sin 22◦ 15′ + L cosec 12◦ 3′ − 30
= 9.2481811 + 9.5782364 + 10.6809341 − 30 = 1̄.5067594.
14.1. Inaccessible Object and Distant Points 233
Now
log .32118 = 1̄.5067485, and
1̄.5067594 − 1̄.5067485 = .0000109,
for which difference the proportional part is 8.
∴ x = .321188 ≈ .32119 mile. ■
1
− [L sin 54◦ − 10 + L sin 12◦ − 10]
2
= .4771213 + 9.7361088 + 9.5543292 − 20
1
− [9.9079576 + 9.3178789 − 20] = .1546410.
2
Now log 1.4277 = .1546370, diff. for .0001 = .0000304.
Let log(1.4277 + x) = .1546410.
The diff. for x = .1546410 − .1546370 = .0000040.
40 .001
∴x= × .0001 = ≈ .000013
304 76
∴ h = 1.427713 mile. ■
AC sin ∠ABC
and =
AB sin ∠ACB
CD
also, = tan ∠DAC.
AC
Hence, by multiplication, we have
CD
= tan ∠DAC sin ∠ABC cosec ∠ACB
AB
∴ CD = 1000 tan 9◦ 25′ sin 47◦ 15′ cosec 76◦ 22′
∴ log CD = log 1000 + L tan 9◦ 25′ + L sin 47◦ 15′ + L cosec 76◦ 22′ − 30
= 3 + 9.2197097 + 9.8658868 + 10.0124124 − 30 = 2.0980089.
Now log 125.31 = 2.0979857, diff. for .01 = .0000346.
Let log(125.31 + x) = 2.0980089.
The diff. for x = 2.0980089 − 2.0979857 = .0000232.
232 2.32
∴x= × .01 = ≈ .0067
346 346
∴ CD = 125.3167 f eet. ■
We are given
M A = 1 mile, ∠T M A = 30◦ and ∠W AM = 45◦ = ∠T AN.
We then have
AT sin ∠AM T sin 30◦
= = = 2 cos 15◦
AM sin ∠AT M √sin 15◦
3+1
∴ AT = √ .
2 √
◦
Also, AW = AM sec 45 = 2.
∵ ∠T AW = 90◦ , we have
√ √
T W 2 = AT 2 + AW 2 = 2 + 3 + 2 = 4 + 3.
√ √ √
∴ TW = 4 + 3 = 5.73205 = 2.39 miles.
√ √
3+1 1 3+1
Also, T N = AT sin 45◦ = √ .√ =
2 2 2
2.73205
= = 1.366 miles. ■
2
§ Problem 14.2.9. An observer on a headland sees a ship due north
of him ; after a quarter of an hour he sees it due east and after an-
other half-hour he sees it due south-east; find the direction that the
ship’s course makes with the meridian and the time after the ship
is first seen until it is nearest the observer, supposing that it sails
uniformly in a straight line. ♢
§§ Solution. Let O be the position of the observer and S, H and I
be the three positions of the ship respectively.
Draw OP perpendicular to the straight line SHI ; join OH ; and
draw IA perpendicular to SO produced.
Then P is the nearest position of the ship to the observer after it
is first seen.
1
Also, ∠HOI = 45◦ . We have SH = the distance the ship sails in
4
1
hour and HI = the distance it sails in hour.
2
∴ HI = 2SH
∴ OA = 2OS = AI
AI 2
∴ tan ∠ASI = = ,
AS 3
so that the ship’s course makes with the meridian an angle whose
2
tangent is .
3
Also,
9
SP = OS cos ∠OSP = SH cos2 ∠OSP = SH cos2 ∠ASI = SH × .
( ) 13
9 1 9
Hence the required time = × hour = hour. ■
13 4 52
§ Problem 14.2.10. A man walking along a straight road, which
runs in a direction 30◦ east of north, notes when he is due south of a
certain house ; when he has walked a mile further, he observes that
the house lies due west and that a windmill on the opposite side of
the road is N.E. of him ; three miles further on he finds that he is due
14.2. Angle Subtended at Two Points 241
north of the windmill; prove that the line joining the house and the
windmill makes with the road the angle whose tangent is
√
48 − 25 3
. ♢
11
§§ Solution. Let A, and B and C be the three positions of the man,
H be the house and W be the windmill.
Let HW meet AC in K and CW meet HB produced in D.
We then have
1
HB = AB sin 30◦ = mile, and
2
3
BD = BC sin 30◦ = mile = DW, ∵ ∠W BD = 45◦
2
∴ HD = 2 miles.
Let ϕ be the required angle, so that
ϕ = ∠CKW = ∠CBD − ∠W HD = 60◦ − ∠W HD.
WD 3 3
We have tan ∠W HD = = ÷2=
HD 2 4
3
∴ tan(60◦ − ϕ) =
4
tan 60◦ − tan ϕ 3
∴ ◦ tan ϕ
=
(√ 1 + tan)60 ( √4 )
∴4 3 − tan ϕ = 3 1 + 3 tan ϕ
√ ( √ )( √ ) √
4 3−3 4 3−3 3 3−4 48 − 25 3
∴ tan ϕ = √ = = . ■
3 3+4 27 − 16 11
§ Problem 14.2.11. A, B, and C are three consecutive milestones
on a straight road from each of which a distant spire is visible. The
spire is observed to bear north-east at A, east at B, and 60◦ east of
south at C. Prove that the shortest distance of the spire from the
road is √
7+5 3
miles. ♢
13
§§ Solution. Let S be the spire and SD (x miles, say) be the shortest
distance of the spire from the road.
Let ∠BSD = θ and tan θ = t.
We have
1 = BC = CD − BD = x tan(30◦ + θ) − x tan θ
Å √ ã Å ã
1+t 3 1 + t2
=x √ −t =x √ .
3−t 3−t
Also,
1 = AB = BD + AD = x tan θ + x tan(45◦ − θ)
( ) Å ã
1−t 1 + t2
=x t+ =x .
1+t 1+t
Hence, equating these Å
values, weã have
Å ã
1 + t2 1 + t2
x √ =x
3−t 1+t
√
√ √ 3−1
∴ 3 − t = 1 + t, i.e. 2t = 3 − 1, i.e. t = .
2
14.2. Angle Subtended at Two Points 242
√
3−1
1+t 1+
∴x= = 2√
1 + t2 2− 3
1+
√ √2 √ √
1+ 3 (1 + 3)(4 + 3) 7+5 3
= √ = = . ■
4− 3 16 − 3 13
§ Problem 14.2.12. Two stations due south of a tower, which leans
towards the north, are at distances a and b from its foot; if α and β
be the elevations of the top of the tower from these stations, prove
(
that its inclination to the horizontal is )
b cot α − a cot β
cot−1 .
b−a ♢
§§ Solution. Let T be the top and R be the foot of the tower and let
A and B be the two stations respectively.
Then, if θ be the required inclination, we have
b BR BR T R sin(θ − β) sin α
= = . = .
a AR T R AR sin β sin(θ − α)
sin θ cot β − cos θ cot β − cot θ
= =
sin θ cot α − cos θ cot α − cot θ
∴ b cot α − a cot β = (b − a) cot θ
( )
b cot α − a cot β
∴ θ = cot−1 .
b−a
Otherwise thus :
From T draw T N perpendicular to the ground. Let T N = h and
RN = x. Then
In the ∆T BN , we have b + x = h cot β
In the ∆T AN , we have a + x = h cot α, and
In the ∆T RN , we have x = h cot θ.
We have
y
= tan β (14.8)
11
x+y
= tan(α + β), and (14.9)
11
9
= tan β (14.10)
x+y
From (14.9) and (14.10), by multiplication, we have
9 tan α + tan β
= tan β tan(α + β) = tan β
11 1 − tan α tan β
1
+ tan β tan β + 10 tan2 β
= tan β 10 =
1 10 − tan β
1− tan β
10
∴ 11 tan2 β + 2 tan β − 9 = 0
∴ (11 tan β − 9)(tan β + 1) = 0
∴ 11 tan β − 9 = 0
9
∴ tan β = .
11
Hence, from (14.8), we have y = 9 yards, and, from (14.10), x+y = 11.
∴ x = 11 − y = 2 yards.
Otherwise thus :
Let O be the center of the circle passing though the four points
A, B, P and R and from O draw OM and ON perpendicular to RP
and AB, bisecting them in M and N respectively.
Join OR and OP .
1
∠ROM = ∠ROP = ∠RAP by Euclid. III. 20, and we have
2
1 RM
tan ∠RAP = = tan ∠ROM =
( 10 ) ( OM )
1 1 1 1 1
∴ RM = MO = BQ + AB = × 9 + × 2 = 1 yard
10 10 2 10 2
∴ RP = 2 yards.
Also, by Euclid. III. 36, Cor., we have
QB.QA = QR.QP
∴ 9 × 11 = QP (QP + 2)
∴ QP 2 + 2QP − 99 = 0
√
−2 ± 4 + 396
∴ QP = = −1 ± 10 = 9 yards. ■
2
14.2. Angle Subtended at Two Points 244
[ ]
x x 1
∴ OM = cot α = × 2 ∵ tan α =
2 2 2
2a
= x = NQ = .
3
Also, ON = OM , since the chords RP and AB are equal ;
2a
∴ ON = = MQ
3
a
∴ PQ = . ■
3
§ Problem 14.2.17. A church tower stands on the bank of a river,
which is 150 f eet wide, and on the top of the tower is a spire 30 f eet
high. To an observer on the opposite bank of the river, the spire
subtends the same angle that a pole six feet high subtends when
placed upright on the ground at the foot of the tower. Prove that the
height of the tower is nearly 285 f eet. ♢
§§ Solution. Let AB be the spire, BD be the tower, CD be the pole
and O be the position of the observer, so that
AB = 30 f eet, CD = 6 f eet and OD = 150 f eet.
Let ∠AOB = α = ∠COD, ∠BOC = β and x feet be the required
height.
We then have
6 x
= tan α, = tan(α + β) and
150 150
x 6
x + 30 tan(α + β) + tan α +
= tan(α + β + α) = = 150 150
150 1 − tan(α + β) tan α 6x
1−
(150)2
∴ x2 + 30x − 90000 = 0
∴ x ≈ 285 f eet. ■
…
√ a2
∴ cos ∠CBR = 1− cos2 ∠ABR =
. 1−
12h2
Again, RC = BC + BR − 2BC.BR cos ∠CBR
2 2 2
…
h2 25a2 5a √ a2
∴ = + 3h2 − 2. .h 3 1 −
3 9 3 12h2
5a √ 8 25a 2
∴ 12h2 − a2 = h2 +
3 √ 3 9
∴ 15a 12h2 − a2 = 24h2 + 25a2
( )
∴ 225a2 12h2 − a2 = 576h4 + 1200a2 h2 + 625a4
∴ 288h4 − 750a2 h2 + 425a4 = 0
√
750 ± 72900 750 ± 270
∴ h2 = a2 . = a2 .
576 576
1020 480
= a2 . or a2 .
576 576
85 5
= a2 . or a2 .
48 … 6 …
85 5
∴h=a or a . ■
48 6
§ Problem 14.2.19. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower,
standing on horizontal plane, from two points distant a and b from
the base and in the same straight line √ with it are complementary.
Prove that the height of the tower is ab f eet, and, if θ be the angle
subtended at the top of the tower by the line joining the two points,
then
a∼b
sin θ = .
a+b ♢
§§ Solution. Let h denote the height of the tower and α the greater
angle of elevation.
We then have
a = h cot α and b = h cot(90◦ − α) = h tan α, where a < b.
Hence, by multiplication,
√
h2 = ab, ∴ h = ab.
Again, θ = α − (90 − α) = 2α − 90◦ .
◦
the cliff may subtend equal angles, the height of his eye being 5 feet
? ♢
§§ Solution. Let A be the top of the tower, B and C be the top and
the foot of the cliff respectively, O be the position of the observer’s
eye and x feet be the required distance.
From O, draw OD perpendicular to BC, so that OD = x f eet.
Then, since OB bisects the ∠AOC, we have, by Euclid V I. 3,
OA AB
=
√ OC BC
OD 2 + AD2 150 15
∴ √ = =
x2 + 5 2 80 8
x2 + (150 + 80 − 5)2 225
∴ =
x 2 + 52 64
2
x + (225) 2 225
∴ =
x 2 + 52 64
∴ 161x2 = 225 × 25(64 × 9 − 1) = 225 × 25 × 575
∴ (7 × 23)x2 = 225 × (25)2 × 23
15 × 25 375
∴x= √ = √ f eet.
7 7
Otherwise thus :
Let E be the point on the ground vertically below O.
Let the ∠AOB = α = ∠BOC and the ∠ECO = θ = ∠COD.
We then have
5 75 225
= tan θ, = tan(α − θ) and = tan(2α − θ).
x x x
Now 2α − θ − θ = 2(α − θ)
∴ tan(2α − θ − θ) = tan 2(α − θ)
tan(2α − θ) − tan θ 2 tan(α − θ)
∴ =
1 + tan(2α − θ) tan θ 1 − tan2 (α − θ)
225 5 150
−
x x
∴
225 5
= (x )2
75
1+ . 1−
x x x
220 150
∴ 2 = 2
x + 1125 x − 5625
375
∴ x = √ , as before. ■
7
§ Problem 14.2.21. A statue on the top of a pillar, standing on level
ground, is found to subtend the greatest angle α at the eye of an
observer when his distance from the pillar is c f eet ; prove that the
height of the statue is 2c tan α feet, and find the height of the pillar. ♢
§§ Solution. Let P and Q be the top and the foot of the pillar re-
spectively and let P R be the statue.
If D be the point at which the greatest angle is subtended by P R,
then D must be the point where a circle drawn through P and R
touches the ground.
Also, O the center of this circle (to which QD is a tangent) is in
the vertical line through D.
14.2. Angle Subtended at Two Points 249
h 80
We then have =
sin 30◦√ sin 75◦ √
3+1 160 2
∴ 2h = 80 ÷ √ = √
√ √ 2 2 3+1
80 2( 3 − 1) √ √
∴h= = 40( 6 − 2) f eet. ■
3−1
§ Problem 14.2.24. The altitude of a certain rock is 47◦ , and after
walking towards it 1000 feet up a slope inclined at 30◦ to the horizon
an observer finds its altitude to be 77◦ . Find the vertical height of
the rook above the first point of observation, given that
sin 47◦ = .73135. ♢
§§ Solution. Let B and C be the top and the foot of the rock respec-
tively and A be the first point of observation, so that ∠BAC = 47◦ .
Let D be the second point of observation, so that
AD = 1000 f eet, ∠DAC = 30◦ and ∠BDE = 77◦ ,
where DE is parallel to AC, meeting BC in E.
The ∠BAD = 47◦ − 30◦ = 17◦ .
In the ∆BAC, C is a right angle and ∠BAC = 47◦
∴ ∠ABC = 90◦ − 47◦ = 43◦ .
In the ∆BDE, E is a right angle and ∠BDE = 77◦
∴ ∠DBE = 90◦ − 77◦ = 13◦ .
∴ ∠ABD = 43◦ − 13◦ = 30◦ , and
∠BDA = 180◦ − (17◦ + 30◦ ) = (180◦ − 47◦ )
From the ∆ABD, we have
AB AD
=
sin ∠BDA sin ∠ABD
AD sin 47◦
∴ AB = = 2000 sin 47◦ .
sin 30◦
From the ∆ABC, we have
BC = AB sin 47◦ = 2000 sin2 47◦ = 2000 × (.73135)2 = 1069.745645 f t.■
306
∴ x = 60′′ × ≈ 6′′
3159
◦ ′ ′′
∴ α = 63 26 6 .
At the second observation, the elevation of the sun = 45◦ .
Hence the required difference = 63◦ 26′ 6′′ − 45◦ = 18◦ 26′ 6′′ . ■
2a a
= √ ÷ 1−
h 3 3h2
√
2ah 3
= . ■
3h2 − a2
1000 1000
∴h= =
cot 14◦ 20′ + cot 8◦ 10′ 3.9136420 + 6.9682335
1000
= ≈ 91.896 f eet
10.8818755
Otherwise thus :
We have ( )
∠AP B = 180◦ − 14◦ 20′ + 8◦ 10′ = 157◦ 30′ .
PB sin ∠P AB PN
Now = and = sin ∠P BN.
AB sin ∠AP B PB
Hence, by multiplication, we have
PN sin ∠P AB sin ∠P BN
=
AB sin ∠AP B
∴ h = 1000 sin 14◦ 20′ sin 8◦ 10′ cosec 22◦ 30′
∴ log h = log 1000 + L sin 14◦ 20′ + L sin 8◦ 10′ + L cosec 22◦ 30′ − 30
= 3 + 9.3936852 + 9.1524507 + 10.4171603 − 30 = 1.9632962.
∴ h ≈ 91.896 f eet. ■
cos A cos B
∵ cot A + cot B = +
sin A sin B
sin B cos A + cos B sin A sin(B + A)
= = ,
sin A sin B sin A sin B
◦ ′
10 sin 15 41 sin 63 9◦ ′
We have RQ = , as in the first solution. ■
sin 78◦ 50′
§ Problem 14.2.40. The summit of a spire is vertically over the mid-
dle point of a horizontal square enclosure whose side is of length a
feet ; the height of the spire is h feet above the level of the square.
If the shadow of the spire just reach a corner of the square when the
sun has an altitude θ, prove that√
h 2 = a tan θ.
Calculate h, having given a = 1000 f eet and θ = 25◦ 15′ . ♢
§§ Solution. We have
h
= tan θ
a cos 45◦
a tan θ
∴ h = a tan θ cos 45◦ = √
√ 2
∴ h 2 = a tan θ.
If a = 1000 f eet, and θ = 25◦ 15′ , we have
1
log h + log 2 = log a + L tan θ − 10.
2
1
∴ log h = log 1000 + L tan 25◦ 15′ − 10 − log 2
2
14.2. Angle Subtended at Two Points 258
15 + 36 + 39
§§ Solution. s = = 45, s − a = 30, s − b = 9 and s − c = 6
√ 2 √
∴ ∆ = 45 × 30 × 9 × 6 = 270 × 270 = 270. ■
√ √
√ √ 6+ 2
§ Problem 15.1.8. a = 3, b = 2 and c = . ♢
√ √ √2
2 3+3 2+ 6
§§ Solution. ∴ 2s = a + b + c =
√ √ √ 2
2 3+3 2+ 6
∴s=
√ √4 √
3 2+ 6−2 3
s−a=
√ √4 √
2 3− 2+ 6
s−b= and
√ 4
√ √
2 3+ 2− 6
s−c=
1
»[(4 √ √ ) √ ] [( √ √ ) √ ]
∴∆= 3 2+ 6 +2 3 3 2+ 6 −2 3 ×
»[16√ (√ √ )] [ √ (√ √ )]
2 3+ 6− 2 2 3− 6− 2
1
»( √ )( √ )
= 24 + 12 3 − 12 12 − 8 + 4 3
16 √
1 √ √ 1√ √ √
= 4(3 + 3 3).4(1 + 3) = (1 + 33.(1 + 3)
16 4
1 √ √ 1 √ 1
= (1 + 3) 3 = (3 + 3) = × 4.732 . . . = 1.183 . . . . ■
4 4 4
√
§ Problem 15.1.9. If B = 45◦ , C = 60◦ and √ a = 2( 3 + 1) inches,
prove that the area of the triangle is 6 + 2 3 sq. inches. ♢
√
§§ Solution. B = 45◦ , C = 60◦ , a = 2( 3 + 1) ins., A = 180◦ − (B +
C) = 75◦
1 1 a sin B
∴ ∆ = ab sin C = a. . sin C
2 2 sin A
a2 sin B sin C
= .
2 sin A
15.1. Area of a Given Triangle 261
√
1 3
√ .
√ 2 2
= 2(4 + 2 3) Å √ ã
3+1
√
2 2
√ √ √
= 2( 3 + 1) 3 = (6 + 2 3) sq. ins. ■
§ Problem 15.1.11. The sides of a triangular field are 242, 1212 and
1450 yards; prove that the area of the field is 6 acres. ♢
242 + 1212 + 1450
§§ Solution. s = = 1452 yards
2
s − a = 1210 yards, s − b = 240 yards and s − c = 2 yards
√
∴∆= 1452 × 1210 × 240 × 2 sq. yds.
√
= 11 × 11 × 12 × 11 × 11 × 10 × 8 × 3 × 10 × 2 sq. yds.
√
= 11 × 11 × 11 × 11 × 36 × 10 × 10 × 16 sq. yds.
= (11 × 11 × 6 × 10 × 4) sq. yds.
= (4840 × 6) sq. yds.
= 6 acres. ■
…
3x Ä x ä Äx ä x√
and ∆= +y x −y = 3 (x2 − 4y 2 ).
2 2 2 4
Also, the area of an equilateral triangle of the same perimeter, i.e.
with side x is √ 2
1 3.x
= x2 sin 60◦ = .
2 4√
x √ 3 3.x2
∴ 3 (x2 − 4y 2 ) = .
4 ( ) 5 4
∴ 25 x2 − 4y 2 = 9x2
∴ 16x2 = 100y 2
5y
∴x= .
2
Thus the sides are in the ratio
3y 5y 7y
, , , i.e. 3 : 5 : 7.
2 2 2
Also, if θ be the greatest angle, we have
32 + 52 − 72 9 + 25 − 49 15 1
cos θ = = =− =−
2.3.5 30 30 2
∴ θ = 120◦ . ■
§ Problem 15.1.16. In a triangle the least angle is 45◦ and the tan-
gents of the angles are in A. P . If its
√ area√ be 3 square yards, prove
that the lengths of the sides are 3 5, 6 2 and 9 feet, and that the
tangents of the other angles are respectively 2 and 3. ♢
§§ Solution. In the triangle ABC, let the ∠ = 45◦ and let
tan A = 1, tan B = 1 + d, tan C = 1 + 2d.
We have
B + C = 180◦ − A = 135◦ , ∴ C = 135◦ − B
−1 − tan B
∴ tan C =
1 − tan B
−1 − 1 − d 2+d
∴ 1 + 2d = =
1−1−d d
∴ d + 2d2 = 2 + d, ∴ 2d2 = 2, ∴ d = 1
∴ tan B = 2 and tan C = 3
1 2 3
∴ sin A = √ , sin B = √ and sin C = √ .
2 5 10
1 sin B sin C
∵ ∆ = a2
2 sin A
1
2×3×9× √
2 √
∴a =
2
= 9 × 5; ∴ a = 3 5 f eet.
2 3
√ ×√
5 10
a sin B √ 2 √ √
Also, b= = 3 5 × √ × 2 = 6 2 f eet
sin A 5
a sin C √ 3 √
and c= = 3 5 × √ × 2 = 9 f eet.
sin A ■
10
§ Problem
√ 15.1.17. The lengths of two sides of a triangle are one
foot and 2 feet respectively, and the angle opposite side the shorter
15.2. The Circles Connected With A Triangle 264
side is 30◦ ; prove that there are two triangles satisfying these con-
ditions, find their angles, and√ show√that their areas are in the ratio
3 + 1 : 3 − 1. ♢
√
§§ Solution. Given a = 1 f t., b = 2 f t., A = 30◦ , we have
√ 1
b sin A 2×
sin B = = 2 = √1
a 1 2
∴ B1 = 45◦ , C1 = 105◦ ; B2 = 135◦ , C2 = 15◦ .
1 √
∆1 ab sin C1 sin C1 sin 105◦ 3+1
∴ = 2 = = = √ .
∆2 1 sin C2 sin 15◦ 3−1
ab sin C2 ■
2
§ Problem 15.1.18. Find by the aid of the tables the area of the
larger of the two triangles given by the data
A = 31◦ 15′ , a = 5 ins. and b = 7 ins. ♢
§§ Solution. We have
b 7 14
sin B = sin A = sin A = sin 13◦ 15′
a 5 10
∴ L sin B = log 14 + L sin 31◦ 15′ − log 10
= 1.1461280 + 9.7149776 − 1 = 9.8611056.
Now L sin 46◦ 34′ = 9.8610412, dif f. f or 1′ = 1196.
Let B = 46◦ 34′ + x′′
( )
∴ L sin 46◦ 34′ + x′′ = 9.8611056.
The diff.for x′′ = 9.8611056 − 9.8610412 = .0000644.
644
∴ x = 60′′ × ≈ 32′′ , ∴ B = 46◦ 34′ 32′′
1196
and C = 180◦ − (A + B) = 180◦ − 77◦ 49′ 32′′ = 102◦ 10′ 28′′ .
1
∴ the required area = ab sin C
2
1 35
= × 5 × 7 × sin 77◦ 49′ 32′′ = sin 77◦ 49′ 32′′
2 2
∴ log(area) = log 35 + L sin 77◦ 49′ 32′′ − 10 − log 2.
32
Now L sin 77◦ 49′ 32′′ = 9.9901067 + × .0000272 = 9.9901212
60
∴ log(area) = 1.5440680 + 9.9901212 − 10 − .3010300 = 1.2331592.
Now log 17.106 = 1.2331485, dif f. f or .001 = .0000254.
Let log(17.106 + x) = 1.2331592.
The diff. for x = 1.2331592 − 1.2331485 = .0000107.
107 .107
∴x= × .001 = ≈ .0004.
254 254
∴ log(area) = log(17.106 + .0004)
∴ the required area = 17.1064 sq. ins. ■
(5) r3 = 14 f t.
♢
§§ Solution.
13 + 14 + 15
s= = 21 ins., s − a = 8 ins.,
2
s − b = 7 ins., and s − c = 6 ins.
√ √
S = 21 × 8 × 7 × 6 = 42 × 4 × 42 = 42 × 2 = 84 sq. f t.
13 × 14 × 15 65 1
(1) R = f t. = f t. = 8 f t.
4 × 42 × 2 8 8
42 × 2
(2) r = f t. = 4 f t.
21
42 × 2 21 1
(3) r1 = f t. = = 10 f t.
8 2 2
42 × 2
(4) r2 = f t. = 12 f t.
7
42 × 2
(5) r3 = f t. = 14 f t.
6 ■
5
§ Problem 15.2.3. In a ∆ABC if a = 13, b = 4 and cos C = − , find
13
R, r, r1 , r2 and r3 . ♢
15.2. The Circles Connected With A Triangle 266
5
§§ Solution. a = 13, b = 4 and cos C = −
13
∴ c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
5
= 169 + 16 + 2 × 13 × 4 × = 185 + 40 = 225
13
∴ c = 15
13 + 4 + 15
∴s= = 16, s − a = 3, s − b = 12 and s − c = 1
2√ √
∴ S = 16 × 3 × 12 × 1 = 16 × 36 = 4 × 6 = 24
13 × 4 × 15 65 1
∴R= = =8
4×4×6 8 8
24 3 1
r= = =1
16 2 2
24
r1 = =8
3
24
r2 = = 2 and
12
24
r3 = = 24. ■
1
§ Problem 15.2.4. In the ambiguous case of the solution of triangles
prove that the circumcircles of the two triangles are equal. ♢
a
§§ Solution. Given a, b and A, we have R = , which is the
2 sin A
same for both triangles.
For the two triangles have the same value for a and the same
value of A. ■
Prove that
§ Problem 15.2.5. r1 (s − a) = r2 (s − b) = r3 (s − c) = rs = S. ♢
§§ Solution. By Arts. 202 and 205, we have
S S S S
r1 = , r2 = , r3 = and r =
s−a s−b s−c s
∴ r1 (s − a) = S = r2 (s − b) = r3 (s − c) = rs. ■
rr1 A
§ Problem 15.2.6. = tan2 . ♢
r2 r3 2
§§ Solution.[( ) ( )]
rr1 S S S S
= . ÷ .
r2 r3 s s−a s−b s−c
S2 (s − b)(s − c) (s − b)(s − c) A
= × = = tan2 . ■
s(s − a) S2 s(s − a) 2
§ Problem 15.2.7. rr1 r2 r3 = S 2 . ♢
§§ Solution.
S4
rr1 r2 r3 =
s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
S4
= 2 = S2. ■
S
A B C
§ Problem 15.2.8. r1 r2 r3 = r3 cot2 cot2 cot2 . ♢
2 2 2
15.2. The Circles Connected With A Triangle 267
r1 s r2 s r3 s
§§ Solution. We have = , = and = .
r s−a r s−b r s−c
r1 r2 r3 s3
∴ =
r3 (s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
s(s − a) s(s − b) s(s − c)
= · ·
(s − b)(s − c) (s − c)(s − a) (s − a)(s − b)
A B C
= cot2 cot2 cot2 .
2 2 2
A B C
∴ r1 r2 r3 = r3 cot2 cot2 cot2 . ■
2 2 2
A
§ Problem 15.2.9. rr1 cot = S. ♢
2
§§ Solution. …
A S S s(s − a)
∴ rr1 cot = ·
2 s s−a (s − b)(s − c)
…
s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) s(s − a)
=
s(s − a) (s − b)(s − c)
√
= s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) = S. ■
§ Problem 15.2.10. r2 r3 + r3 r1 + r1 r2 = s2 . ♢
§§ Solution. ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 = S 2 · + · + ·
[ s − a s − b s − b] s − c s − c s − a
s−c+s−a+s−b
= S2
[ (s − a)(s − b)(s − c) ]
2 3s − (a + b + c)
=S
(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
= s(3s − 2s) = s2 .
Otherwise thus :
A B C
r1 = s tan , r2 = s tan and r3 = s tan .
2 2 2
By § Problem 9.2.12, we have
A B B C C A
tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1.
2 2 2 2 2 2
r1 r2 r2 r3 r3 r1
∴ · + · + · =1
s s s s s s
∴ r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 = s . 2 ■
1 1 1 1
§ Problem 15.2.11. + + − = 0. ♢
r1 r2 r3 r
§§ Solution.
1 1 1 1 s−a s−b s−c s
+ + − = + + −
r1 r2 r3 r S S S S
1 1
= [3s − (a + b + c) − s] = (3s − 2s − s) = 0. ■
S S
§ Problem 15.2.12. a (rr1 + r2 r3 ) = b (rr2 + r3 r1 ) = c (rr3 + r1 r2 ).
♢
15.2. The Circles Connected With A Triangle 268
§§ Solution. ï ò
S2 S2
a (rr1 + r2 r3 ) = a +
s(s − a) (s − b)(s − c)
= a[(s − b)(s − c) + s(s − a)]
[ ]
= a 2s2 − (a + b + c)s + bc
( )
= a 2s2 − 2s2 + bc = abc. ■
C C
§ Problem 15.2.13. (r1 + r2 ) tan = (r3 − r) cot = c. ♢
2 2
§§ Solution. ( )
C A B C
(r1 + r2 ) tan = s tan
+ s tan tan
2 Ñ A 2
B
2 é 2C
sin sin sin
=s 2 + 2 2
A B C
cos cos cos
Ñ 2
A+B
é2
C
2
sin sin
=s 2 2
A B C
cos cos cos
2 2 2
C C
s sin (a + b + c) sin
= 2 = 2
A B A B
cos cos 2 cos cos
2 2 2 2
C
sin A + sin B + sin C sin
=c· · 2
sin C A B
2 cos
cos
2 2
A B C C
4 cos cos cos sin
=c· 2 2 2 · 2 = c.
C C A B
2 sin cos 2 cos cos
2 2 2 2
C
Similarly, (r3 − r) cot = c.
2
Otherwise thus :
B C C A
a coscos b cos cos
r1 + r2 = 2 2 + 2 2
A B
cos cos
2 2
A B C B C A
= 4R sin cos cos + 4R sin cos cos (Art. 207, Cor.)
2 2 2 2 2 2
C A+B C
= 4R cos · sin = 4R cos2
2 2 2
C C C
∴ (r1 + r2 ) tan = 4R sin cos = 2R sin C = c
2 2 2
A B A B
c cos cos c sin sin
Again, r3 − r = 2 2 − 2 2
C C
cos cos
2 2
15.2. The Circles Connected With A Triangle 269
C
c A+B c sin
= · cos = 2 = c tan C
C 2 C 2
cos cos
2 2
C C C
∴ (r3 − r) cot = c tan · cot = c.
2 2 2
]…
Otherwise thus :
[
C S S (s − a)(s − b)
(r1 + r2 ) tan = +
2 s−a s−b s(s − c)
[ ]…
2s − (a + b) (s − a)(s − b)
=S
(s − a)(s − b) s(s − c)
Sc
= √ = c.
s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
[ ]…
C S S s(s − c)
Similarly, (r3 − r) cot = −
2 s−c s (s − a)(s − b)
…
Sc s(s − c)
= = c.
s(s − c) (s − a)(s − b) ■
A B C
§ Problem 15.2.16. S = 4Rr cos cos cos . ♢
2 2 2
§§ Solution.
1 1
S = rs = r · (a + b + c) = r · (2R sin A + 2R sin B + 2R sin C)
2 2
= Rr (sin A + sin B + sin C)
A B C
= 4Rr cos cos cos , by §P roblem 9.2.4.
2 2 2
Otherwise thus : … … …
A B C abc S s(s − a) s(s − b) s(s − c)
4Rr cos cos cos =4· ·
2 2 2 4S s bc ca ab
√
= s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) = S. ■
1 1 1 1 a2 + b2 + c2
§ Problem 15.2.17. 2
+ 2 + 2 + 2 = . ♢
r r1 r2 r3 S2
15.2. The Circles Connected With A Triangle 270
§§ Solution.
1 1 1 1 s2 (s − a)2 (s − b)2 (s − c)2
+ 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 + + +
r2 r1 r2 r3 S S2 S2 S2
4s2 − 2(a + b + c)s + a2 + b2 + c2
=
S2
4s2 − 4s2 + a2 + b2 + c2 a2 + b2 + c2
= = . ■
S2 S2
§ Problem 15.2.18. r1 + r2 + r3 − r = 4R. ♢
§§ Solution. [ ]
1 1 1 1
r1 + r2 + r3 − r = S + + −
[ s − a s − b s − c s]
s−b+s−a s−s+c
=S +
(s − a)(s − b) s(s − c)
[ ]
2s − (a + b) c
=S +
[(s − a)(s − b) s(s − c) ]
1 1
= cS +
(s − a)(s − b) s(s − c)
cS
= 2 [s(s − c) + (s − a)(s − b)]
S[ ]
c
= 2s2 − (a + b + c)s + ab
S
c [ 2 ] abc
= 2s − 2s2 + ab = = 4R.
S S
Otherwise thus :
[
A B C B C A
r1 + r2 + r3 − r = 4R sin cos cos + sin cos cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 ]
C A B A B C
+ sin cos cos − sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
= 4R sin (A + B + C), by Art. 124
2
= 4R sin 90◦ = 4R. ■
aS bS cS
= · ·
s(s − a) s(s − b) s(s − c)
abcS abcr2
= 2
= = 4Rr2 . ■
s S
1 1 1 1
§ Problem 15.2.20. + + = . ♢
bc ca ab 2Rr
§§ Solution.
1 1 1 c+a+b
+ + =
ab bc ca abc
2s
=
abc
2S
= ÷ 4RS
r
1
= . ■
2Rr
r1 r2 r3 1 1
§ Problem 15.2.21. + + = − . ♢
bc ca ab r 2R
§§ Solution.
r1 r2 r3 ar1 + br2 + cr3
+ + =
bc ca[ ab abc ]
1 aS bS cS
= + +
abc [ s − a s−b s−c ]
S a(s − b)(s − c) + b(s − a)(s − c) + c(s − a)(s − b)
=
abc (s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
s [ ]
= (a + b + c)s2 − {a(b + c) + b(a + c) + c(a + b)} s + 3abc
abcS [ ]
s
= 2s3 − 2s(bc + ca + ab) + 3abc
abcS [ ]
s 2s −s3 + s(bc + ca + ab) − abc
= −
S [ abcS ]
1 2s −s3 + (s − a)(s − b)(s − c) − s3 + (a + b + c)s2
= − ,
{ r abcS }
∵ (s − a)(s − b)(s − c) = s − (a + b + c)s + (ab + bc + ca)s − abc
3 2
A
1 sin
= · 2 .
4R B C
sin sin
A
2 2
B C
sin sin sin
∴
r1
+
r2
+
r3
=
1 2
+ + 2 2
bc ca ab 4R B C C A A B
sin sin sin sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin 2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C
1 2 2 2
=
4R A B C
sin sin sin
2 2 2
A B C
1 − 2 sin sin sin
= 2 2 2 , by §P roblem 9.2.10
A B C
4R sin sin sin
2 2 2
1 1
= −
A B C 2R
4R sin sin sin
2 2 2
1 1
= − , by Art. 204, Cor. ■
r 2R
§ Problem 15.2.22. r2 + r12 + r22 + r32 = 16R2 − a2 − b2 − c2 . ♢
§§ Solution.
r2 + r12 + r22 + r32
= (r1 + r2 + r3 − r)2 + 2r (r1 + r2 + r3 ) − 2 (r2 r3 + r3 r1 + r1 r2 ) .
Now r1 + r2 + r3 − r = 4R, by §P roblem 15.2.18,
and r2 r3 + r3 r1 + r1 r2 = s2 , by §P roblem 15.2.10.
Also,
ï ò
S2 S2 S2
2r (r1 + r2 + r3 ) = 2 + +
s(s − a) s(s − b) s(s − c)
= 2[(s − b)(s − c) + (s − c)(s − a) + (s − a)(s − b)]
[ ]
= 2 3s2 − 2(a + b + c)s + bc + ca + ab
= −2s2 + 2(bc + ca + ab).
∴ r2 + r12 + r22 + r32 = 16R2 − 2s2 + 2(bc + ca + ab) − 2s2
[ ]
= 16R2 − (a + b + c)2 − 2(bc + ca + ab)
= 16R2 − a2 − b2 − c2 . ■
A B C
§ Problem 15.3.2. IA · IB · IC = abc tan tan tan . ♢
2 2 2
§§ Solution. With the same figure, we have
A B C
IA · IB · IC = r cosec · r cosec · r cosec
2 2 2
B C C A A B
a sin sin b sin sin c sin sin
= 2 2 · 2 2 · 2 2
A A B B C C
cos sin cos sin cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
= abc tan tan tan . ■
2 2 2
A
§ Problem 15.3.3. AI1 = r1 cosec . ♢
2
§§ Solution. Taking the figure of Art. 205, we have
I1 E1 A
= sin
AI1 2
A
∴ AI1 = r1 cosec . ■
2
A
§ Problem 15.3.4. II1 = a sec . ♢
2
§§ Solution.
A A
II1 = AI1 − AI = r1 cosec − r cosec
[ 2 ] 2
A A A
= s tan − (s − a) tan cosec
2 2 2
A
= a sec . ■
2
A
§ Problem 15.3.5. I2 I3 = a cosec . ♢
2
§§ Solution. If E2 be the point of contact of the circle whose center
is I2 with the side AC of the triangle ABC, we ( have )
A
AI2 = AE2 sec I2 AE2 = AE2 sec 90◦ −
2
A
= (s − c) cosec .
2
A
Similarly, AI3 = (s − b) cosec
2
∴ I2 I3 = AI2 + AI3
A
= (2s − b − c) cosec
2
A
= a cosec .
2
Otherwise thus :
We have ( )
r2 A A r3
= sin 90◦ − = cos =
AI2 2 2 AI3
A
∴ I2 I3 = AI2 + AI3 = (r2 + r3 ) sec
)…
2
(
1 1 bc
=S +
s−b s−c s(s − a)
15.3. Orthocenter and Pedal Triangle 274
√
aS bc
= √
(s − b)(s − c) s(s − a)
√
a bc A
= √ = a cosec .
(s − b)(s − c) 2 ■
B+C
§ Problem 15.3.8. ∠I3 I1 I2 = . ♢
2
§§ Solution.
∠I3 I1 I2 = ∠BI1 C = 180◦ − (I1 BC + I1 CB)
( )
B C B+C
= 180◦ − 90◦ − + 90◦ − = . ■
2 2 2
§ Problem 15.3.9. II12 + I2 I32 = II22 + I3 I12 = II32 + I1 I22 . ♢
§§ Solution. By § Problem
( 15.3.4 and §
) Problem 15.3.5, we have
A A
II12 + I2 I32 = a2 sec2 + cosec 2
Ñ 2A A
2
é Ñ é2
sin 2 + cos 2
2 2 a
= a2 =
2 A 2
A A A
sin cos sin cos
( ) 2 2 2 2
2a 2
=
sin A
= (4R)2 = II22 + I3 I12 = II32 + I1 I22 , similarly. ■
15.3. Orthocenter and Pedal Triangle 275
A B C abc
§ Problem 15.3.10. Area of ∆I1 I2 I3 = 8R2 cos cos cos = .
2 2 2 2r
♢
§§ Solution.
1
∆I1 I2 I3 = I2 I3 × AI1
2
1 A A
= · a cosec · r1 cosec , by §P roblem 15.3.5 and §P roblem 15.3.3
2 2 2
A B C
1 2R sin A 4R sin cos cos
= · · 2 2 2
2 A A
sin sin
2 2
A B C
= 8R2 cos cos cos
2 2 2
= 2R2 (sin A + sin B + sin C) , by §P roblem 9.2.4
abc
= R(a + b + c) = R · 2s = · 2s
4S
2S abc
= abc ÷ = .
s 2r
Otherwise thus : … … …
A B C s(s − a) s(s − b) s(s − c)
8R2 cos cos cos = 8R2
2 2 2 bc ac ab
sS
= 8R × 2
abc
abcs abc
= = . ■
2S 2r
II1 · I2 I3 II2 · I3 I1 II3 · I1 I2
§ Problem 15.3.11. = = . ♢
sin A sin B sin C
§§ Solution.
A A
II1 · I2 I3 a sec · a cosec
= 2 2
sin A sin A
2a2
=
A A
2 cos sin sin A
2 2
2a2
=
sin2 A
= 2 (2R)2 = 8R2
II2 · I3 I1 II3 · I1 I2
= = , similarly. ■
sin B sin C
If I, O, and P be respectively the incenter, circumcenter and
orthocenter, and G the centroid of the triangle ABC, prove
that
§ Problem 15.3.12. IO2 = R2 (3 − 2 cos A − 2 cos B − 2 cos C). ♢
§§ Solution. By Art. ( 217, we have )
A B C
IO2 = R2 1 − 8 sin sin sin
[ ( 2 2 2 ) ]
A−B A+B C
= R2 1 − 4 cos − cos sin
( 2 2 2)
A−B A+B C
= R2 1 − 4 cos cos + 4 sin2
2 2 2
15.3. Orthocenter and Pedal Triangle 276
1
− AP · AO sin ∠AP O
2
1 B C B−C
= · 8R2 cos A sin sin sin
2 2 2 2
1 B C B−C 1
+ · 4R2 sin sin sin − · 2R2 cos A sin(B − C)
[ 2 2 2 2 2 ]
B C
∵ AP = 2R cos A, AI = 4R sin sin and AO = R
2 2
2 B C B−C
= 2R sin sin sin (2 cos A + 1)
2 2 2
B − C B−C
− 2R2 cos A sin cos
[ 2 2
B−C B C
= 2R2 sin (2 cos A + 1) sin sin
2 ( 2 2 )]
B C B C
− cos A cos cos + sin sin
[ ( 2 2 2 2)
B−C B C B C
= 2R2 sin cos A sin sin − cos cos
2 2 ]2 2 2
B C
+ sin sin
( 2 2 )
B−C B+C B C
= 2R2 sin − cos A cos + sin sin
2 [ ( 2 ) 2( 2 )
B−C B+C B+C
2
= R sin − cos A + − cos A − +
2 2 ] 2
B−C B+C
cos − cos
[ 2( 2)
B − C A B+C
2
= R sin sin − cos A −
2 2 2 ]
B−C A
+ cos − sin
2 2
2 B−C A−C B−A
= 2R sin sin sin
2 2 2
B − C C − A A−B
= 2R2 sin sin sin . ■
2 2 2
4 B−C C−A A−B
§ Problem 15.3.16. Area of ∆IP G = R2 sin sin sin .
3 2 2 2
♢
2
§§ Solution. Cf. figure of Art. 215. We have P G = OP .
3
2 2
∴ ∆IP G = ∆IOP = result of §P roblem 15.3.15
3 3
4 B−C C−A A−B
= R2 sin sin sin .
3 2 2 2
2 2 B−C C−A A−B
Also, ∆IOG = R sin sin sin . ■
3 2 2 2
§ Problem 15.3.17. Prove that the distance of the center of the
R√
nine-point circle from the angle A is 1 + 8 cos A sin B sin C. ♢
2
§§ Solution. Let N be the middle point of OP , where O and P are
respectively the circumcenter and orthocenter of the ∆ABC.
The distance AN is required.
15.3. Orthocenter and Pedal Triangle 278
We have ( )
2 AN 2 + P N 2 = AP 2 + AO2
OP 2
∴ 2AN 2 + = AP 2 + AO2 .
2
R2 1( 2 )
∴ AN 2 = 2R2 cos2 A + − R − 8R2 cos A cos B cos C
2 4
R2 ( )
= 8 cos2 A + 2 − 1 + 8 cos A cos B cos C
4
R2
= [1 + 8 cos A (cos A + cos B cos C)]
4
R2
= [1 + 8 cos A {cos B cos C − cos(B + C)}]
4
R2
= [1 + 8 cos A(sin B sin C)]
4
R√
∴ AN = 1 + 8 cos A sin B sin C. ■
2
§ Problem 15.3.18. DEF is the pedal triangle of ABC ; prove that
(1) its area is 2S cos A cos B cos C
R
(2) the radius of its circumcircle is and
2
(3) the radius of its incircle is 2R cos A cos B cos C. ♢
§§ Solution. For the pedal triangle, if a′ , b′ , c′ , A′ , B ′ and C ′ de-
note the sides and angles respectively, we have, by Art. 210:
a′ = a cos A, A′ = 180◦ − 2A,
b′ = b cos B, B ′ = 180◦ − 2B, and
c′ = c cos C, and C ′ = 180◦ − 2C.
so that, if ∆′ , R′ and r′ denote its area, radius of its circumcircle and
radius of its incircle respectively, we have
(1)
1 ′ ′ 1
∆= a b sin C ′ = ab cos A cos B sin (180◦ − 2C)
2 2
1
= ab cos A cos B sin 2C = ab cos A cos B sin C cos C
2
1
= 2S cos A cos B cos C, ∵ S = ab sin C
2
a′ a cos A a R
(2) R′ = = = = .
2 sin A′ 2 sin 2A 4 sin A 2
(3)
A′ B′ C′
r′ = 4R′ sin sin sin
2 2 2
R
=4· · cos A cos B cos C = 2R cos A cos B cos C.
2 ■
π A π B π C
(2) its angles are − , − and − , and
2 2 2 2 2 2
(3) its area is 2Rs. ♢
§§ Solution. ABC is the pedal triangle of the triangle O1 O2 O3
[Art. 211], so that, if a′ , b′ , c′ , A′ , B ′ and C ′ , denote the sides and
angles of the ∆O1 O2 O3 , we have
a = a′ cos A′ , A = 180◦ − 2A′ ,
b = b′ cos B ′ , B = 180◦ − 2B ′ , and
c = c′ cos C ′ , and C = 180◦ − 2C ′ .
Hence
A B C
(1) A′ = 90◦ − , B ′ = 90◦ − and C ′ = 90◦ −
2 2 2
(2)
A
a′ = a sec A′ = a cosec
2
A A
A 2R · 2 sin cos
= 2R sin A cosec = 2 2 = 4R cos A .
2 A 2
sin
2
B C
Similarly, b′ = 4R cos and c′ = 4R cos .
2 2
1
(3) ∆O1 O2 O3 = O2 O3 · AO1 .
2
A
Now O2 O3 = a cosec
2
A A A A
and AO1 = r1 cosec = s tan cosec = s sec .
2 2 2 2
1 as as
∴ ∆O1 O2 O3 = · = = 2Rs.
2 A A sin A
sin cos
2 2 ■
1 A
(2) The ∠F DE = ∠F IE = 90◦ − , as in (1).
2 2
B C
So ∠DEF = 90◦ − , and the ∠DF E = 90◦ − .
2 2
(3)
Area = ∆EIF + ∆F ID + ∆DIE
1 1 1
= r2 sin ∠EIF + r2 sin ∠F ID + r2 sin ∠DIE
2 2 2
1
= r2 (sin A + sin B + sin C)
2 ( )
1 a+b+c r2 s rS
= r2 = =
2 2R 2R 2R
rS 2rS 2 2S 3
= = = .
2abc abc abcs
4S ■
a a c2 + a2 − b2 b 2 ∼ c2
DM = BM ∼ BD = ∼ c cos B = ∼ = . ■
2 2 2a 2a
§ Problem 15.3.25. O is the orthocenter of a triangle ABC ; prove
that the radii of the circles circumscribing the triangles BOC, COA,
AOB, and ABC are all equal. ♢
§§ Solution. The angles at O are known.
The radius of the circle circumscribing the ∆BOC
BC a a
= = = = R.
2 sin ∠BOC 2 sin(B + C) 2 sin A
Similarly, the radii of the circles circumscribing the triangles COA
and AOB each = R. ■
15.3. Orthocenter and Pedal Triangle 282
We then have
OK = R − x, OL = OA′ + x = R cos A + x, and
a a − 2s + 2b b−c
KL = A′ D = BA′ − BD = − (s − b) = = .
2 2 2
2 2 2
Now OL + LK = OK
( )
b−c 2
∴ (R cos A + x)2 + = (R − x)2
2
( )
b−c 2
∴ R2 cos2 A + 2Rx cos A + x2 + = R2 − 2Rx + x2
2
( )
b−c 2
∴ 2Rx(1 + cos A) = R2 sin2 A −
2
Ä a ä2 ( )
A b−c 2 a2 − b2 − c2 + 2bc
∴ 4Rx cos2 = − =
2 2 2 4
2bc − 2bc cos A 2 A
= = bc sin
4 2
bc A ∆ 2 A
∴x= tan2
= tan .
4R 2 a 2
Otherwise thus :
We have
OK 2 = IK 2 + OI 2 − 2IK · OI cos ∠OIK
( )
∴ (R − x)2 = (r + x)2 + R2 − 2Rr − 2(r + x) (r − R cos A)
For, draw OQ perpendicular to IK and we have
OQ
cos ∠OIK = and OQ = IK − QK
OI
= (r + x) − OL = (r + x) − (R cos A + x)
∴ R2 − 2Rx + x2 = r2 + 2rx + x2 + R2 − 2Rr − 2r2 − 2rx
+ 2Rr cos A + 2Rx cos A
15.3. Orthocenter and Pedal Triangle 284
( )(
r 2
) + ... + ...
1 1 1 1
+ +
r b r c
4
4
− 2( ) ( r )( ) + . . . + . . .
1 1 2 1 1 1 1
+ + +
r a r b r c
8
6
+2· ( ) ( r )2 ( ) =0
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
+ + +
ï( r a)2 r b ò r c
4 1 1
∴ 4 + + ... + ...
r r a
[( )( ) ]
8 1 1 1 1 16
− 4 + + + · · · + . . . + 6 = 0.
r ( r b r ) ( c )r
3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ 2 + + + + 2
+ +
r [ r a (b c )a b2 c2 ]
3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
−2 2 + + + + + + + 2 = 0,
r r a b c bc ca ab r
1 1
so that and − are roots of the equation
r1 ( r2 ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
− + + + + + − 2 + + = 0.
r2 r a b c a2 b2 c2 bc ca ab
15.3. Orthocenter and Pedal Triangle 286
ca
∴ ∆A′ BC ′ = · ∆ABC, and
(a + b)(b + c)
ab
∆A′ CB ′ = · ∆ABC;
(b + c)(c + a)
∴∆A′ B ′ C ′
[ ]
bc ca ab
= ∆ABC 1 − − −
(c + a)(a + b) (a + b)(b + c) (b + c)(c + a)
[ ]
bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) + ab(a + b)
= ∆ABC 1 −
(b + c)(c + a)(a + b)
[ ]
2abc
= ∆ABC
(b + c)(c + a)(a + b)
∆A′ B ′ C ′ 2 sin A sin B sin C
∴ =
∆ABC (sin B + sin C)(sin C + sin A)(sin A + sin B)
A A B B C C
16 sin cos sin cos sin cos
= 2 2 2 2 2 2
B+C B−C C+A C−A A+B A−B
8 sin cos sin cos sin cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
2 sin sin sin
= 2 2 2
B−C C−A A−B
cos cos cos
2 2 2
∴∆A′ B ′ C ′ : ∆ABC
A B C A−B B−C C−A
= 2 sin sin sin : cos cos cos . ■
2 2 2 2 2 2
§ Problem 15.3.33. Through the angular points of a triangle are
drawn straight lines which make the same angle α with the opposite
sides of the triangle; prove that the area of the triangle formed by
them is to the area of the original triangle as
4 cos2 α : 1. ♢
§§ Solution. Let ABC be the original triangle and A′ B ′ C ′ be the
new triangle whose sides are a′ , b′ , c′ .
∵ ∠A′ B ′ C ′ = ∠B ′ AC + ∠B ′ CA
= α − C + π − A + α = π − A − C = B.
∴ ∆A′ B ′ C ′ is similar to the ∆ABC.
We then have
AB ′ sin(α + A) AC ′ sin(α − A)
= and = .
AC sin B AB sin C
b
∵ AB ′ = · sin(α + A) = 2R sin(α + A), and
sin B
′ c
AC = · sin(α − A) = 2R sin(α − A).
sin C
∴ a = AB − AC ′ = 2R · 2 cos α sin A = 2a cos α.
′ ′
§ Problem 15.3.35. Three equal circles touch one another; find the
radius of the circle which touches all three. ♢
§§ Solution. Let A, B and C be the centers of the three equal circles
of radius r, D be the point of contact of circles whose centers are B
and C, and O be the center of the required circles.
Join AB, BC and CA.
ABC is an equilateral ∆.
√ 2 √
Also, AD = r tan 60◦ = r 3 and AO = r 3.
3
∴ the required radii
2 √
= r 3±r
3
= r(1.1547 ± 1)
= 2.1547r, or .1547r. ■
…
(s − a′ )(s − b′ )(s − c′ )
=
s
…
abc
= . ■
a+b+c
§ Problem 15.3.37. On the sides BC, CA, AB are taken three points
A′ , B ′ , C ′ such that
BA′ : A′ C = CB ′ : B ′ A = AC ′ : C ′ B = m : n;
prove that if AA′ , BB ′ and CC ′ be joined they will form by their
intersections a triangle whose area is to that of the triangle ABC as
(m − n)2 : m2 + mn + n2 . ♢
§§ Solution. Let BB and CC ′ , CC ′ and AA′ , and AA′ and BB ′ , meet
′
β AF sin ∠A′ AC
∴ =
γ AF sin ∠A′ AB
AD sin ∠A′ AC
=
AD sin A′ AB
= ratio of perpendiculars from A′ on the sides
n sin C nc
= = .
m sin B mb
γ na
∴ =
α mc
cγ aα bβ aα + bβ + cγ
∴ = m = n = m n
1 + +1
n m n m
twice sum of the areas of ∆′ s AF B, BDC, CEA
= m n
+ +1
n m
mn
= 2∆ × 2
m + mn + n2
1 mn
∴ area ∆AF B = cγ = ∆ × 2
2 m + mn + n2
So each of the areas BDC and CEA is equal to the same quantity;
∴ area ∆DEF = ∆ − sum of the areas of ∆AF B, BDC and CEA
[ ]
3mn
=∆ 1− 2 2
m + mn + n
(m − n)2
=∆× 2 . ■
m + mn + n2
§ Problem 15.3.38. The circle inscribed in the triangle ABC touches
the sides BC, CA and AB in the points A1 , B1 and C1 respectively;
similarly the circle inscribed in the triangle A1 B1 C1 touches the sides
in A2 , B2 , C2 respectively, and so on ; if An Bn Cn be the nth triangle
so formed, prove
Ä that its angles are
π −n πä π Ä πä π Ä πä
+ (−2) A− , + (−2)−n B − and + (−2)−n C − .
3 3 3 3 3 3
Hence prove that the triangle so formed is ultimately equilateral. ♢
15.3. Orthocenter and Pedal Triangle 290
( )
ac − bd
∴ α = cos−1 . ■
ac + bd
(c + d + a − b)(c + d − a + b)
=
(a + b + c − d)(a + b − c + d)
2(s − b)2(s − a)
=
2(s − d)2(s − c)
…
B (s − a)(s − b)
∴ tan = .
2 (s − c)(s − d)
Again, take the figure of Art. 221 and let O be the intersection of the
diagonals. We then have
AO ∆AOB ∆AOD ∆BAD ad
= = = =
OC ∆COB ∆COD ∆BCD bc
ad bc
∴ AO = · AC and OC = · AC
ad + bc ad + bc
abcd
∴ AO · OC = · AC 2
(ad + bc)2
abcd (ac + bd)(ad + bc)
= ·
(ad + bc)2 (ab + cd)
abcd(ac + bd)
= .
(ab + cd)(ad + bc) ■
(1) a pentagon,
(2) a hexagon,
(3) an octagon,
(5) a dodecagon,
1 π 1◦
(3) Area = 8× ×cot = 2 cot 22 = 2×2.4142136 = 4.8284 . . . sq.f t.
4 8 2
1 π 5 5
(4) Area = 10× ×cot = ×cot 18◦ = ×3.0776835 = 7.694 . . . sq.f t.
4 10 2 2
1 π
(5) Area = 12× ×cot = 3 cot 15◦ = 3×3.7320508 = 11.196 . . . sq.f t.
4 12
■
(√ )
=8 2 − 1 = 8 × .4142136 = 3.3137 . . . sq.f t. ■
√ √ √ √
10 + 2 5 50 + 10 5
= √ =
20 10
√
72.36 8.5
= ≈ .
10 10
17
∴R=a× . ■
20
§ Problem 16.2.8. If an equilateral triangle and a regular hexagon
have the same perimeter, prove that their areas are as 2 : 3. ♢
§§ Solution. If 6a = the perimeter of the triangle and of the hexagon,
then a side of the triangle = 2a, and a side of the hexagon = a.
na2 π (na)2 π
Area = cot = cot , where na = the perimeter.
4 n 4n n
Hence we have ( )
1 π π 2
cot 2 cot √
area of triangle 12 3 3 3 2
area of hexagon
=
1 π
= π = √3 = 3 .
cot cot
6 ■
24 6
§ Problem 16.2.9. If a regular pentagon and a regular√decagon
have the same perimeter, prove that their areas are as 2 : 5. ♢
§§ Solution. If 10a = the perimeter of the pentagon and of the
decagon, then a side of the pentagon = 2a, and a side of the decagon
= a.
Hence we have
1 π π
area of pentagon cot 2 cot
= 20 5 =
π
5
area of decagon 1 π cot
cot
40 10 10
π π
cos sin
5 10
=2 π · π
sin cos
5 10
π
2 cos
= 5
π
2 cos2
10
π (√ ) ï √ ò
2 cos 2 5+1 5+1
= 5 ÷ 1+
π = 4 4
1 + cos
(√ 5 )
2 5+1 2
= √ (√ )=√ .
5 5+1 5 ■
§ Problem 16.2.10. Prove that the sum of the radii of the circles,
which are respectively inscribed in and circumscribed about a reg-
ular polygon of n sides, is
a π
cot ,
2 2n
where a is a side of the polygon. ♢
16.2. Regular Polygons 301
§§ Solution. We have
a π a π
r + R = cot + cosec
2[ n 2 ] n
π
a cos n + 1
= π
2 sin
[ n
2 π
]
a 2 cos
= 2n
2 2 sin π cos π
2n 2n
a π
= cot . ■
2 2n
§ Problem 16.2.11. Of two regular polygons of n sides, one cir-
cumscribes and the other is inscribed in a given circle. Prove that
the perimeters of the circumscribing polygon, the circle, and the in-
scribed polygon are in the ratio
π π π
sec : cosec : 1,
n n n
π
and that the areas of the polygons are in the ratio cos2 : 1. ♢
n
§§ Solution. If ρ be the radius of the circle, the perimeters are as
π π
2nρ tan : 2nρ sin : 2πρ
n n
π π π
∴ tan : sin :
n n n
π π π
∴ sec : 1 : cosec
n n n
or, in descending order of magnitude,
π π π
∴ sec : cosec : 1.
n [n n ]
area pol. insc. n 2 2π î πó
Also, = ρ sin ÷ nρ2 tan
area pol. circ. 2 n n
π π
sin cos
= ( n π) n
sin
n
π
cos
n
π
= cos2 : 1. ■
n
§ Problem 16.2.12. Given that the area of a polygon of n sides cir-
cumscribed about a circle is to the area of the circumscribed polygon
of 2n sides as 3 : 2, find n. ♢
§§ Solution. If ρ be the radius of the circle, we have
π π
nρ2 tan : 2nρ2 tan =3:2
n 2n
π
π π 2 tan
∴ 3 tan = tan = 2n
2n n π
1 − tan2
2n
π π π 1
where tan = 0, or 2 = 3 − 3 tan2 , so that tan = ±√ .
2n 2n 2n 3
16.2. Regular Polygons 302
π 1 π
The only value admissible is tan = √ = tan .
2n 3 6
∴ 2n = 6 and n = 3. ■
∴ n = 9 or 16.
Now the greatest angle of the polygon must be less than 180◦ and
with n = 9, this would be 120◦ + 40◦ , i.e. 160◦ and with n = 16, the
greatest angle would be 120◦ + 75◦ , i.e. 195◦ .
Hence the value 9 of n is applicable only, i.e. the polygon has 9
sides. ■
16.2. Regular Polygons 303
√ h2 +
a2 …
2
V E + AE 2 2 a2
= = = 1+ . ■
VE h 2h2
§ Problem 16.2.19. A pyramid stands on a regular hexagon as base.
The perpendicular from the vertex of the pyramid on the base passes
through the center of the hexagon, and its length is equal to that of
a side of the base. Find the tangent of the angle between the base
and any face of the pyramid, and also of half the angle between any
two side faces. ♢
§§ Solution. Let V be the vertex and E be the center of the base of
the pyramid.
Let AB and BC be the two sides of the base and D be the middle
point of AB.
Then, if θ be the angle between the base and any face of the pyra-
mid and a be a side of the base, we have
VE a 2 2√
tan θ = = = √ = 3.
ED a sin 60◦ 3 3
Again, since V E = EB, ∴ ∠V BE = 45◦ .
Draw AH perpendicular to V B and AK perpendicular to EB ; then
HK is perpendicular to V B and to AK and if ϕ be the angle between
any two side faces, we have
ϕ AK a sin 60◦
tan = tan ∠AHK = = ◦
2 HK
√ ( ) √BK sin 45
a 3 a 1
= ÷ ·√ = 6. ■
2 2 2
§ Problem 16.2.20. A. regular pyramid has for its base a polygon of
n sides, each of length a and the length of each slant side is l ; prove
that the cosine of the angle between two adjacent lateral faces is
2π
4l2 cos + a2
n . ♢
4l2 − a2
§§ Solution. Let V be the vertex and E be the center of the base of
the polygon.
Let AB and BC be two sides of the base. ( )
2π 1 2π π π
We have the ∠AEB = and the ∠ABE = π− = − .
n 2 n 2 n
Draw AH perpendicular to V B and AK perpendicular to EB ; then
HK is perpendicular to V B and to AK and if ϕ be the angle between
two adjacent lateral faces, we have Äπ πä π
ϕ AK a sin − a cos
tan = = 2 n = n
2 HK BK sin ∠V BE π VE
a sin ·
n l
16.2. Regular Polygons 305
π π
l cot l cot
= √ n √ Äa
n
π ä2
=
l2 − BE 2
l2 − cosec
2 n
ϕ π π
tan2 l2 cot2 4l2 cos2
∴ 2 = n = n
1 a2 π π
l2 −cosec 2 4l2 sin2 − a2
4 n n
ϕ
1 − tan2
∴ cos ϕ = 2
2
ϕ
1 + tan
2Ä
π πä
−a2 − 4l2 cos2 − sin2
= Ä π
n
πä
n
2
4l sin 2 + cos 2 − a2
n n
2π
a2 + 4l2 cos
=− n .
4l2 − a2
The cosine of the acute angle between two faces
2π
4l2 cos + a2
= n . ■
4l2 − a2
Chapter 17
Trigonometrical Ratios of Small
Angles, Area of A Circle, DIP of
The Horizon.
π
= = .00029. ■
180 × 60
§ Problem 17.1.4. cos 15′ . ♢
15◦ 1◦ πc
§§ Solution. Since 15′ = = = , we have
( )c
60 4 180 ×4
π
sin 15′ = sin
180 × 4
π
= ≈ .0043633.
180 × 4
√ 1
Also, cos 15′ = 1 − sin2 15′ = [1 − .00001904] 2
By the Binomial Theorem,
1
≈ 1 − [.00001904]
2
= 1 − .00000952 = .99999 to 5 places of decimals. ■
Äπ ä
§ Problem 17.1.9. cos + θ = .49. ♢
Äπ ä3
§§ Solution. cos + θ = .49.
3
1 π
Since .49 is very nearly equal to , which is the value of cos , it
2 3
follows that θ must be very small.
The equation may be written
√
1 3
cos θ − sin θ = .49.
2 2
Also, since θ is very small, we have
cos θ = 1 and sin θ ≈ θ
√
1 3
∴ − θ = .49
2 2Å √ ãc
2 .02 × 3
∴ θ = .01 × √ radians = = .011547c
3 3
= (.011547 × 206265)′′ ≈ 2382′′ ≈ 39′ 42′′ . ■
(
§ Problem )(
17.1.15. )(
Prove that )
θ θ θ
1 − tan2 1 − tan2 2 1 − tan2 3 . . . ad. inf. = θ · cot θ. ♢
2 2 2
§§ Solution. We have
θ
2 tan
tan θ = 2
θ
1 − tan 2
2
17.2. Area of A Circle 311
θ
θ 2 tan
tan = 22
2 θ
1 − tan2
22
θ
θ 2 tan
tan 2 = 23
2 θ
1 − tan2
23
... = ...
Hence, by multiplication, we have
θ
2n tan
tan θ = ( )( 2n )
θ θ
1 − tan2 1 − tan2 ...
2 22
θ
θ tan n
Now 2 tan n = θ ×
n 2
2 θ
2n
= θ, when n is indefinitely increased;
θ
∴ tan θ = ( )( )
θ θ
1 − tan 2 1 − tan2 2 . . .
( )( 2 ) 2
θ θ
∴ 1 − tan2 1 − tan2 2 . . . = θ cot θ. ■
2 2
1
§§ Solution. We have × 32 × α = 10;
2
20 20 180◦ 20
∴α= radians = × = × 57.2957795◦ ≈ 127◦ 19′ 26′′ . ■
9 9 π 9
§ Problem 17.2.4. The perimeter of a certain sector of a circle is 10
feet; if the radius of the circle be 3 feet, find the area of the sector. ♢
§§ Solution. We have
4
2R + Rα = 10 and R = 3 f eet; ∴ 3α = 4, ∴ α = .
3
Hence the required area
1 1 4
= R2 · α = × 9 × = 6 sq. f t. ■
2 2 3
§ Problem 17.2.5. A strip of paper, two miles long and .003 of an
inch thick, is rolled up into a solid cylinder; find approximately the
radius of the circular ends of the cylinder. ♢
§§ Solution. If d be the width of the paper and r be the radius of
the cylinder, we have
πr 2 d = 2 × 1760 × 36 × d × .003
6 × 176 × 36
∴ r2 =
… 100π
6 × 11 √
∴r =6×4× = 6 × 4 × 6 × 11 × .0031831
100π
= 6 × 4 × .45835 = 11.0004 inches. ■
The required area = the area of the hexagon ABCDEF - the areas
of the six equal sectors GAN , HBG, KCH, LDK, M EL and N F M
4a2 π Ä πä
∴ the required area = 6 × cot − 6 a2 ×
√4 6 ( √3 )
= 6a2 3 − 2a2 π = 2a2 3 3 − π . ■
§ Problem 17.3.5. From the top of the mast, 66 feet above the sea,
the top of the mast of another ship can just be seen at a distance of
20 miles; prove that the heights of the masts are the same. ♢
§§ Solution. If x and y be the distances in miles of the horizon seen
from the tops of the masts respectively, we have
…
2 × 66 × 4000
x= miles = 10 miles
1760 × 3
and x + y = 20 miles
∴ y = 10 miles.
17.3. Dip of The Horizon 316
§ Problem 17.3.7. Prove that, if the height of the place √of observa-
3n
tion be n feet, the distance that the observer can see is miles
2
nearly. ♢
§§ Solution.
The required distance
… …
2n × 4000 100n
= miles = miles
1760 × 3 66
… …
99n 3n
≈ miles ≈ miles. ■
66 2
§ Problem 17.3.8. There are 10 million meters in a quadrant of the
earth’s circumference. Find approximately the distance at which the
top of the Eiffel tower should be visible, its height being 300 meters.
♢
§§ Solution. If r be the radius of the earth, we have
1 2 × 107
× 2πr = 107 meters, ∴ r = meters.
4 π
The required distance
…
√ 2 × 107
= 2hr = 2 × 300 × meters
π
17.3. Dip of The Horizon 317
…
30 √
= 2 × 10 ×
4
meters = 2 × 104 × 30 × .31831 meters
π
1
≈ 2 × 104 × 3.09 meters ≈ 61800 meters ≈ 38 miles. ■
2
§ Problem 17.3.9. Three vertical posts are placed at intervals of
a mile along a straight canal, each rising to the same height above
the surface of the water. The visual line joining the tops of the two
extreme posts cuts the middle post at a point 8 inches below its top.
Find the radius of the earth to the nearest mile. ♢
§§ Solution. Take the figure of Art. 235, with T , O and T ′ represent-
ing the tops of the posts. Let T T ′ meet CA in N .
We then have, very approximately.
…
√ 8
1 mile = line AT = 2r · AN = 2× ×r
12 × 3 × 1760
∴ r = (6 × 3 × 220) miles = 3960 miles. ■
Chapter 18
Inverse Circular Functions
( )
5 7 253
∴ sin−1 + sin−1 = cos−1 . ■
13 25 325
4 3 27
§ Problem 18.1.3. cos−1 + tan−1 = tan−1 . ♢
5 5 11
§§ Solution.
4 3 3 3
cos−1 + tan−1 = tan−1 + tan−1
5 5 4 5
3 3
+ 15 + 12 27
= tan−1 4 5 = tan−1 = tan−1 .
3 3 20 − 9 11
1− ×
4 5
4 3
N. B. Such relations as cos−1 = tan−1 can be seen at once by
5 4
drawing a figure as in Art. 240. ■
4 12 33
§ Problem 18.1.4. cos−1 + cos 6−1 = cos−1 . ♢
5 13 65
(
§§ Solution. )
4 12
cos cos−1 + cos 6−1
(5 ) 13( ) ( ) ( )
−1 4 12 4 12
= cos cos cos cos−1 − sin cos−1 sin cos−1
…5 … 13 5 13
4 12 16 144 4 12 3 5 33
= × − 1− × 1− = × − × =
5 13 25 169 5 13 5 13 65
−1 4 12 −1 33
∴ cos + cos 6−1 = cos . ■
5 13 65
√ √
1−x 1+x
§ Problem 18.1.5. cos−1 x = 2 sin−1 = 2 cos−1 . ♢
2 2
§§ Solution. … …
1−x 1−x
Let sin−1 = α, ∴ sin α = .
2
( )2
1−x
Then cos 2α = 1 − 2 sin2 α = 1 − 2 =x
… 2
1−x
∴ 2α = cos−1 x, ∴ 2 sin−1 = cos−1 x.
2
… …
−1 1+x 1+x
Again, let cos = α, ∴ cos α = .
2
( ) 2
1+x
Then cos 2α = 2 cos2 α − 1 = 2 −1=x
… 2
1+x
∴ 2α = cos−1 x, ∴ 2 cos−1 = cos−1 x. ■
2
3 16 1 7
§ Problem 18.1.6. 2 cos−1 √ + cot−1 + cos−1 = π. ♢
13 63 2 25
18.1. Identities and Equations 321
§§ Solution.
3 16 1 7
2 cos−1 √ + cot−1 + cos−1
13 63 2 25
…
1 1−x
For, as in the previous problem, cos−1 x = tan−1 .
2 1+x
Õ
7
2 63 1−
−1
= 2 tan + tan−1 + tan−1 25
3 16 7
1+
25
4 …
−1 −1 63 18
= tan 3 + tan + tan−1
4 16 32
1−
9
12 3
12 63 3 +
= tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 = tan−1 5 4 + tan−1 63
5 16 4 12 3 16
1− ×
( ) 5 4
63 63 63 63
= tan−1 − + tan−1 = π − tan−1 + tan−1 = π. ■
16 16 16 16
1 1 1
§ Problem 18.1.7. tan−1 + tan−1 = sin−1 √ + cot−1 3 = 45◦ . ♢
2 3 5
1 1
1 1 +
§§ Solution. tan−1 + tan−1 = tan−1 2 3 = tan−1 1 = 45◦ .
2 3 1 1
1− ×
2 3
From a figure, we see at once that
1 1 1
tan−1 = sin−1 √ , and cot−1 3 = tan−1 . ■
2 5 3
1 1 2
§ Problem 18.1.8. tan−1 + tan−1 = tan−1 . ♢
7 13 9
§§ Solution.
1 1
tan−1 + tan−1
7 13
1 1
+ 20 2
−1
= tan 7 13 = tan−1 = tan−1 .
1 1 90 9
1− × ■
7 13
2 1 12
§ Problem 18.1.9. tan−1 = tan−1 . ♢
3 2 5
4
2 12
§§ Solution. 2 tan−1 = tan−1 3 = tan−1 .
3 4 5
1−
9
2 1 12
∴ tan−1 = tan−1 . ■
3 2 5
1 2 1 3
§ Problem 18.1.10. tan−1 + tan−1 = cos−1 . ♢
4 9 2 5
18.1. Identities and Equations 322
§§ Solution.
1 2
1 2 +
−1
tan + tan−1 = tan−1 4 9
4 9 1 2
1− ×
4 9
17 1 1
= tan−1 = tan−1 = α (say), ∴ tan α = .
34 2 2
1
1 − tan α 2 1 −
∴ cos 2α = = 4 = 3
1 + tan2 α 1 5
1+
4
3 1 3
∴ 2α = cos−1 , and α = cos−1
5 2 5
1 2 1 3
∴ tan−1 + tan−1 = cos−1 . ■
4 9 2 5
1 1 1 π
§ Problem 18.1.11. 2 tan−1 + tan−1 + 2 tan−1 = . ♢
5 7 8 4
§§ Solution.
1 1 1
2 tan−1 + tan−1 + 2 tan−1
5 ( 7 8 )
1 1 1
= 2 tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1
5 8 7
1 1
+
= 2 tan−1 5 8 + tan−1 1 = 2 tan−1 1 + tan−1 1
1 1 7 3 7
1− ×
5 8
2
= tan −1 3 + tan−1 1 = tan−1 3 + tan−1 1
1 7 4 7
1−
9
3 1
+ π
= tan−1 4 7 = tan−1 1 = .
3 1 4
1− × ■
4 7
3 3 8 π
§ Problem 18.1.12. tan−1 + tan−1 − tan−1 = . ♢
4 5 19 4
§§ Solution.
3 3 8
tan−1 + tan−1 − tan−1
4 5 19
3 3
+
= tan −1 4 5 − tan−1 8
3 3 19
1− ×
4 5
27 8
= tan−1 − tan−1
11 19
27 8
− π
−1
= tan 11 19 = tan−1 1 = .
27 8 4
1+ × ■
11 19
1 1 1 1 π
§ Problem 18.1.13. tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 = . ♢
3 5 7 8 4
18.1. Identities and Equations 323
§§ Solution.
1 1 1 1
tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1
3 5 7 8
1 1 1 1
+ + 4 3
−1 −1
= tan 3 5 + tan 7 8 = tan−1 + tan−1
1 1 1 1 7 11
1− × 1− ×
3 5 7 8
4 3
+ π
= tan−1 7 11 = tan−1 1 = .
4 3 4
1− × ■
7 11
1 1 π 1
§ Problem 18.1.14. 3 tan−1 + tan−1 = − tan−1 . ♢
4 20 4 1985
1 1 1
§§ Solution. Let tan−1 = α, tan−1 = β, and tan−1 = γ,
4 20 1985
1 1 1
∴ tan α = , tan β = , and tan γ = .
4 20 1985
3 1
3 tan α − tan3 α −
∴ tan 3α = = 4 64 = 47
1 − 3 tan2 α 3 52
1−
16
47 1
tan 3α + tan β +
∴ tan (3α + β) = = 52 20 = 992 .
1 − tan 3α tan β 47 1 993
1− ·
52 20
1
Äπ ä 1 − tan γ 1 − 992
Again, tan −γ = = 1985 = .
4 1 + tan γ 1 993
1+
1985
π
∴ 3α + β = − γ
4
1 1 π 1
∴ 3 tan−1 + tan−1 = − tan−1 . ■
4 20 4 1985
1 1 1 π
§ Problem 18.1.15. 4 tan−1 − tan−1 + tan−1 = . ♢
5 70 99 4
1 120
§§ Solution. If tan−1 = α, then tan 4α = .
5 119
[Ex. 3, Art. 240].
1 1
Let tan−1 = β, and tan−1 =γ
70 99
1 1
∴ tan β = , and tan γ = .
70 99
1 1
−
Then tan (β − γ) = 70 99 = 29 = 1 .
1 1 6931 239
1+ ·
70 99
tan 4α − tan (β − γ)
Again, tan [4α − (β − γ)] =
1 + tan 4α tan (β − γ)
120 1
−
= 119 239 = 28561 = 1 = tan π .
120 1 28561 4
1+ ·
119 239
π
∴ 4α − β + γ =
4
18.1. Identities and Equations 324
1 1 1 π
∴ 4 tan−1 − tan−1 + tan−1 = . ■
5 70 99 4
−1 120 −1 5
§ Problem 18.1.16. tan = 2 sin . ♢
119 13
120 120
§§ Solution. Let tan−1 = α, so that tan α = .
119 119
5 5 5
Let sin−1 = β, ∴ sin β = , and ∴ tan β = .
13 ( )
13 12
10
2 tan β 12 120
∴ tan 2β = = = = tan α
1 − tan2 β 25 119
1−
144
120 5
∴ α = 2β, i.e. tan−1 = 2 sin−1 . ■
119 13
m m−n π
§ Problem 18.1.17. tan−1 − tan−1 = . ♢
n m+n 4
m m
§§ Solution. Let tan−1 = α, so that tan α = .
Ä n π ä tan α − 1 m −nn
Then tan α − = =
4 tan α + 1 m+n
π m − n
∴ α − = tan−1
4 m+n
m m−n π
∴ tan−1 − tan−1 = . ■
n m+n 4
§ Problem 18.1.18.
2t 3t − t3 1 √
tan−1 t + tan−1 = tan−1 , t > 0, if t < √ or > 3
1−t 2 1 − 3t 2
3
−1 3t − t
3 1 √
= π + tan , if t > √ and < 3.
1 − 3t2 3
♢
2t
t+
2t 1 − t2 3t − t3
§§ Solution. tan−1 t+tan−1 = tan−1 = tan−1 .
1−t 2 2t2 1 − 3t2
1−
1 − t2
1 3t − t3 3t − t3
If t < √ , then is positive and tan−1 lies between
3 1 − 3t 2 1 − 3t2
◦
0 and 90 .◦
1 3t − t3 3t − t3
If t > √ , then is negative and tan−1 is a negative
3 1 − 3t 2 1 − 3t2
3t − t 3
angle; also π+tan−1 is a positive angle with the same tangent,
1 − 3t2
so that
2t 3t − t3
tan−1 t + tan−1 = π + tan−1 . ■
1−t 2 1 − 3t2
…
§ Problem 18.1.19. …
a(a + b + c) b(a + b + c)
tan−1 + tan−1
bc ca
…
−1 c(a + b + c)
+ tan = π. ♢
ab
18.1. Identities and Equations 325
…
§§ Solution. …
−1 a(a + b + c) b(a + b + c)
tan + tan−1
bc ca
… …
a(a + b + c) b(a + b + c)
+
bc ca
= tan −1
…
ab(a + b + c)2
1−
abc2
√ √
−1
a c(a + b + c) + b c(a + b + c)
= tan √ √
c ab − ab(a + b + c)
Ç √ å
(a + b) c(a + b + c)
= tan−1 − √
ab(a + b)
…
c(a + b + c)
= π − tan−1
ab
… …
−1 a(a + b + c) b(a + b + c)
∴ tan + tan−1
bc ca
…
c(a + b + c)
+ tan−1 = π. ■
ab
ab + 1 bc + 1 ca + 1
§ Problem 18.1.20. cot−1 +cot−1 +cot−1 = 0. ♢
a−b b−c c−a
§§ Solution.
ab + 1 a−b
cot−1 = tan−1 = tan−1 a − tan−1 b
a−b 1 + ab
bc + 1 b−c
cot−1 = tan−1 = tan−1 b − tan−1 c
b−c 1 + bc
ca + 1 c−a
and cot−1 = tan−1 = tan−1 c − tan−1 a.
c−a 1 + ca
Hence, by addition, we obtain the required result. ■
( )
§ Problem 18.1.21. tan−1 n + cot−1 (n + 1) = tan −1 n2 + n + 1 . ♢
§§ Solution.
1
tan−1 n + cot−1 (n + 1) = tan−1 n + tan−1
n+1
1
n+
n + 1
= tan−1 n
1−
n+1
2
−1 n + n + 1
( )
= tan = tan−1 n2 + n + 1 . ■
n+1−n
( ) ( )
1 1
§ Problem 18.1.22. cos 2 tan−1 = sin 4 tan−1 . ♢
7 3
1 1
§§ Solution. Let tan−1 = α, so that tan α = .
7 7
1
1 − tan α
2 1 −
Then cos 2α = = 49 = 48 = 24 .
1 + tan2 α 1 50 25
1+
49
18.1. Identities and Equations 326
1 1
Let tan−1 = β, so that tan β = .
3 3( )
2
3 3
Then tan 2β = =
1 4
1−
9 ( )
3
2 tan 2β 242
and sin 4β = = =
1 + tan2 2β 9 25
1+
( ) 16 ( )
1 1
∴ cos 2α = sin 4β, i.e. cos 2 tan−1 = sin 4 tan−1 . ■
7 3
§ Problem 18.1.23. [ ]
β
2 tan−1 tan (45◦ − α) tan
[ 2 ]
−1 sin 2α + cos β
= cos .
[ 1 + sin 2α]cos β ♢
−1 ◦ β
§§ Solution. Let tan tan (45 − α) tan = θ,
2
β 1 − tan α β
∴ tan θ = tan (45◦ − α) tan = · tan
… 2 1 + tan α 2
cos α − sin α 1 − cos β
= ·
cos α + sin α 1 + cos β
1 − sin 2α 1 − cos β
∴ tan θ =
2
·
1 + sin 2α 1 + cos β
2
tan θ 1 − cos β − sin 2α + sin 2α cos β
∴ =
1 1 + cos β + sin 2α + sin 2α cos β
1 − tan2 θ sin 2α + cos β
∴ cos 2θ = =
1 + tan2 θ 1 + sin 2α cos β
sin 2α + cos β
∴ 2θ = cos−1
1 + sin 2α cos β
[ ] [ ]
β sin 2α + cos β
∴ 2 tan−1 tan (45◦ − α) tan = cos−1 . ■
2 1 + sin 2α cos β
[ ]
§ Problem 18.1.24. tan−1 x = 2 tan−1 cosec tan−1 x − tan cot−1 x .
♢
−1 x = θ, so that tan θ = x.
[
§§ Solution. Let tan ]
∴ 2 tan−1 cosec tan−1 x − tan cot−1 x
î Äπ äó
= 2 tan−1 cosec θ − tan −θ
2 [ ]
1 − cos θ
= 2 tan−1 [cosec θ − cot θ] = 2 tan−1
[ ] [ ] sin θ
−1 θ θ −1
= 2 tan tan =2 = θ = tan x. ■
2 2
§ Problem 18.1.25. [ ( )]
α π β
2 tan−1 tan tan −
2 4 2
sin α cos β
= tan−1 .
sin β + cos α ♢
18.1. Identities and Equations 327
[ ( )]
α π β
§§ Solution. Let tan−1 tan tan − = θ,
( 2 ) 4 2
α π β
∴ tan θ = tan tan −
2 4 2 Ä ä
π
1 − cos α 1 − cos −β 1 − cos α 1 − sin β
= · Äπ 2 ä = · .
sin α sin −β sin α cos β
(2 )( )
1 − cos α 1 − sin β
2
2 tan θ sin α cos β
∴ tan 2θ =
1 − tan2 θ
= ( ) ( )
1 − cos α 2 1 − sin β 2
1−
sin α cos β
2 sin α cos β (1 − cos α) (1 − sin β)
= ( )
(1 − cos2 α) 1 − sin2 β − (1 − cos α)2 (1 − sin β)2
2 sin α cos β
=
(1 + cos α) (1 + sin β) − (1 − cos α) (1 − sin β)
sin α cos β
=
cos α + sin β
sin α cos β
∴ 2θ = tan−1
[ ( cos
)]α + sin β
α π β sin α cos β
∴ 2 tan−1 tan tan − = tan−1 . ■
2 4 2 sin β + cos α
§ Problem… 18.1.26. Show… that …
−1 a−x −1 x−b a−x
cos = sin = cot−1
a−b a−b x−b
√
1 2 (a − x)(x − b)
= sin−1 .
−b ♢
√ 2 a√
−1 a−x a−x
§§ Solution. Let cos = α, so that cos α =
a−b … … a−b
√ a − x x − b
∴ sin α = 1 − cos2 α = 1− = .
a−b a−b
… … …
−1 x−b a−x x−b
∴ α = sin , i.e cos−1 = sin−1 .
a−b a−b a−b
… … …
cos α a−x x−b a−x
Again, cot α = = ÷ =
sin α a−b a−b x−b
…
−1 a−x
∴ α = cot ,
x−b
… … …
−1 a−x x−b a−x
i.e. cos = sin−1 = cot−1 .
a−b a−b x−b
√
(x − b)(a − x)
∴ sin 2α = 2 sin α cos α = 2
√ a−b
2 (x − b)(a − x)
∴ 2α = sin−1
√ a−b
1 2 (x − b)(a − x)
∴ α = sin−1
2 a−b
18.1. Identities and Equations 328
… … …
−1 a−x x−b a−x
∴ cos = sin−1 = cot−1
x−b a−b x−b
√
1 2 (a − x)(x − b)
sin−1
= . ■
2 a−b
x y
§ Problem 18.1.27. If cos−1 + cos−1 = α, prove that
a b
x2 2xy y2
− cos α + = sin2 α. ♢
a2 ab b2
x y
§§ Solution. Given cos−1 = α − cos−1
a b …
x Ä yä y y2
∴ = cos α − cos−1 = cos α · + sin α 1−
a b b b2
…
x y y2
∴ − cos α = sin α 1 − 2 .
a b b
Squaring both sides, we have
x2 2xy y2 y2
− cos α + 2 cos2 α = sin2 α − 2 sin2 α.
a2 ab b b
x2 2xy y2
∴ 2 − 2
cos α + 2 = sin α. ■
a ab b
π
§ Problem 18.1.29. tan−1 2x + tan−1 3x = . ♢
4
§§ Solution.
π
tan−1 2x + tan−1 3x =
4
2x + 3x
∴ tan−1 = tan−1 1
1 − 2x × 3x
5x
∴ = 1; ∴ 6x2 + 5x − 1 = 0
1 − 6x2
1
∴ (6x − 1) (x + 1) = 0; ∴ x = or − 1.
6
The latter value of x is inadmissible, by Art. 240, Ex. 4, since in this
case we should have ab > 1. ■
x−1 x+1 π
§ Problem 18.1.30. tan−1 + tan−1 = . ♢
x−2 x+2 4
18.1. Identities and Equations 329
§§ Solution. We have
x−1 x+1
+
−1 x−2 x+2
tan = tan−1 1
x−1 x+1
1− ×
x−2 x+2
(x − 1)(x + 2) + (x + 1)(x − 2)
∴ =1
x2 − 4 − (x2 − 1)
2x − 4
2
∴ = 1; ∴ 2x2 = 1
−3
1 1
∴ x2 = , i.e. x = ± √ . ■
2 2
4 3
§ Problem 18.1.31. tan−1 (x+1)+cot−1 (x−1) = sin−1 +cos−1 . ♢
5 5
§§ Solution.
4 3
tan−1 (x + 1) + cot−1 (x − 1) = sin−1 + cos−1
( ) 5 5
1 4 4 4
∴ tan−1 (x + 1) + tan−1 = tan−1 + tan−1 = 2 tan−1
x−1 3 ( ) 3 3
1 8
x+1+
x−1 3
∴ tan−1 = tan−1
x+1 16
1− 1−
x−1 9
x2 − 1 + 1 24
∴ =−
x − 1 − (x + 1) 7
…
x2 24 48 3
∴ = , i.e. x2 = , i.e. x = ±4 . ■
2 7 7 7
8
§ Problem 18.1.32. tan−1 (x + 1) + tan−1 (x − 1) = tan−1 . ♢
31
§§ Solution.
8
tan−1 (x + 1) + tan−1 (x − 1) = tan−1
31
x+1+x−1 8
∴ tan−1 = tan−1
1 − (x + 1)(x − 1) 31
2x 8
∴ = , i.e. 4x2 + 31x − 8 = 0
2 − x2√ 31
−31 ± 961 + 128 −31 ± 33 1
∴x= = = −8 or . ■
8 8 4
§ Problem 18.1.33. 2 tan−1 (cos x) = tan−1 (2 cosec x). ♢
§§ Solution.
Let tan−1 (cos x) = α and tan−1 (2 cosec x) = β
∴ tan α = cos x and tan β = 2 cosec x.
We are given 2α = β
∴ tan 2α = tan β
2 cos x 2 cos x 1
∴ = ; ∴ =
1 − cos2 x sin x sin2 x sin x
∴ sin x = 0 or cos x = sin x.
If sin x = 0 then x = nπ.
π
If cos x = sin x, then tan x = 1 = tan
4
18.1. Identities and Equations 330
π
∴ x = nπ + . ■
4
2
§ Problem 18.1.34. tan−1 x + 2 cot−1 x = π. ♢
3
§§ Solution.
2
tan−1 x + 2 cot−1 x = π
Ä3 π ä
Let tan−1 x = θ; then cot−1 x = −θ .
2
The equation becomes
2π π
θ + π − 2θ = , i.e. θ =
3 √ 3
π
∴ x = tan θ = tan = 3. ■
3
1
§ Problem 18.1.35. tan cos x = sin cot−1 .
−1 ♢
2
§§ Solution. Let cos−1 x = α, so that
√ cos α = x,
1 − x2
∴ tan α = .
x
1 1
Let cot−1 = β, ∴ cot α =
2 2
2
∴ sin α = √ .
5
The equation becomes
√
1 − x2 2
= √ .
x 5 √
5
∴ 5 − 5x2 = 4x2 , i.e. 9x2 = 5, i.e. x = .
√ 3
5
The value x = − is inadmissible; for then cos−1 x would be be-
3
π
tween and π and therefore tan cos−1 x would be negative. ■
2
x2 − 1 2x 2π
§ Problem 18.1.37. cos−1 + tan−1 2 = . ♢
x2 + 1 x −1 3
18.1. Identities and Equations 331
§§ Solution.
x2 − 1 2x 2π
cos−1 + tan−1 2 = .
x2 + 1 x −1 3
If x = cot θ, we have
x2 − 1 cot2 θ − 1
= = cos 2θ
x2 + 1 cot2 θ + 1
2x 2 cot θ 1
and = = = tan 2θ.
x2 − 1 cot2 θ − 1 cot 2θ
Thus the equation becomes
2π 2π π
2θ + 2θ = ; ∴ 4θ = ; ∴θ=
3 3 √ 6
π
∴ x = cot θ = cot = 3. ■
6
( )
§ Problem 18.1.38. cot−1 x + cot −1 n2 − x + 1 = cot−1 (n − 1). ♢
§§ Solution. ( )
cot−1 x + cot−1 n2 − x + 1 = cot−1 (n − 1)
1 1 1
∴ tan−1 + tan−1 2 = tan−1
x n −x+1 n−1
1 1
+ 2
−1 x n −x+1 1
∴ tan = tan−1
1 1 n−1
1− · 2
x n −x+1
n2 + 1 1
∴ 2 =
n x − x2 + x − 1 n−1
∴ n2 x − x2 + x = n3 − n2 + n
( ) ( )
∴ x2 − n2 + 1 x + n n2 − n + 1 = 0
[ ( )]
∴ (x − n) x − n2 − n + 1 =0
∴ x = n or n2 − n + 1. ■
π
§ Problem 18.1.39. sin−1 x + sin−1 2x = . ♢
3
§§ Solution.
π
sin−1 x + sin−1 2x =
3
( ) 1
∴ cos sin−1 x + sin−1 2x =
√ √ 1
2
∴ 1 − x2 × 1 − 4x2 − x × 2x =
2
( )( ) 1
∴ 1 − x2 1 − 4x2 = 4x4 + 2x2 +
4
1
∴ 1 − 5x2 + 4x4 = 4x4 + 2x2 +
4
3 1 3
∴ 7x2 = ; ∴ x2 = ×
4 … 4 7
1 3
∴x=± .
2 7
The negative value is inadmissible, since x is necessarily positive.
Otherwise thus :
18.1. Identities and Equations 332
π
sin−1 2x =
− sin−1 x
3 √
Äπ ä 3√ 1
∴ 2x = sin − sin−1 x = 1 − x2 − × x
3√ ( ) 2 2
∴ 5x = 3 1 − x2 ; ∴ 25x2 = 3 − 3x2
…
3 1 3
∴ 28x2 = 3, i.e. x2 = , i.e. x = . ■
28 2 7
5 12 π
§ Problem 18.1.40. sin−1 + sin−1 = . ♢
x x 2
§§ Solution.
5 12 π
sin−1+ sin−1 =
x x 2
5 12
Let sin−1 = α and sin−1 =β
x x
5 12
∴ sin α = and sin β = .
x x
π
Now α + β = ; ∴ sin β = cos α
2
∴ sin2 β = 1 − sin2 α; ∴ sin2 α + sin2 β = 1
25 144
∴ 2 + 2 = 1; ∴ x2 = 169; ∴ x = 13. ■
x x
a b c d π
§ Problem 18.1.41. tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1 = . ♢
x x x x 2
§§ Solution. We have
a b c d
+ +
tan−1 x x + tan−1 x x = π
ab cd 2
1− 2 1− 2
x x
(a + b)x π (c + d)x
∴ tan−1 2 = − tan−1 2
x − ab 2 x − cd
(a + b)x x2 − cd
∴ 2 =
x − ab
( (c + d)x
)( )
∴ (a + b)(c + d)x2 = x2 − ab x2 − cd
∴ x4 − (ab + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd)x2 + abcd = 0. ■
x x
§ Problem 18.1.42. sec−1 − sec−1 = sec−1 b − sec−1 a. ♢
a b
§§ Solution. The given equation may be written
a 1 b 1
cos−1 + cos−1 = cos−1 + cos−1
( x a) ( x b )
a 1 b 1
∴ cos cos−1 + cos−1 = cos cos−1 + cos−1
… x a
… …x b
…
a 1 a2 1 b 1 b2 1
∴ × − 1− × 1− = × − 1− × 1−
x a x2 a2 x b x2 b2
( )( ) ( )( )
x2 − a2 a2 − 1 x2 − b2 b2 − 1
∴ =
( a22 x2 2 ) ( b 2 x2 )
∴ a −b x = a2 b2 a2 − b2
2
∴ x2 = a2 b2 , i.e. x = ab. ■
18.1. Identities and Equations 333
Prove that :
sin α + sin 2α + sin 3α + . . . + sin nα n+1
§ Problem 19.1.3. = tan α.
cos α + cos 2α + . . . + cos nα 2
♢
§§ Solution. The given expression
[ n−1
]
nα
[
n−1
]
nα
sin α + α sin cos α + α sin
2 2 2 2
= α ÷ α
sin sin
[ 2] 2
n−1 n+1
= tan α + α = tan α. ■
2 2
§ Problem 19.1.4.
sin α + sin 3α + sin 5α + . . . + sin(2n − 1)α
cos α + cos 3α + cos 5α + . . . + cos(2n − 1)α
= tan nα. ♢
§§ Solution. The given expression ]
[ n−1 n · 2α
sin α + · 2α sin
2 2
=
sin
2α
[ ]
n · 2α
2
n−1
cos α + · 2α sin
2 2
÷
sin
2α
2
= tan [α + (n − 1)α] = tan nα. ■
§ Problem 19.1.5.
sin α − sin (α + β) + sin (α + 2β) + . . . to n terms
cos α − cos (α + β) + cos (α + 2β) + . . . to n terms
[ ]
n−1
= tan α + (β + π) .
2 ♢
§§ Solution. The given expression
sin α + sin (α + β + π) + sin (α + 2β + 2π) + . . . to n terms
=
cos α + cos (α + β + π) + cos (α + 2β + 2π) + . . . to n terms
[ ]
n−1 n 1
sin α + (β + π) sin (β + π) cosec (β + π)
2 2 2
= [ ]
n−1 n 1
cos α + (β + π) sin (β + π) cosec (β + π)
[ 2 ] 2 2
n−1
= tan α + (β + π) . ■
2
{ [( ) ( )] }
π n−1
2π n 2π
cos + · sin ·
2n + 1 2
2n + 1 2 2n + 1
= π
sin
2n + 1
nπ nπ π
= cos sin cosec
2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1
1 2nπ π
= sin cosec
2 2n + 1 2n + 1
1 π π 1
= sin cosec = . ■
2 2n + 1 2n + 1 2
§ Problem 19.1.10.
sin α sin 2α + sin 2α sin 3α
+ sin 3α sin 4α + . . . to n terms. ♢
§§ Solution.
If
S = sin α sin 2α + sin 2α sin 3α + sin 3α sin 4α + . . . to n terms
then
2S = cos α − cos 3α + cos α − cos 5α + cos α − cos 7α + . . . to n terms
= n cos α − (cos 3α + cos 5α + cos 7α + . . . to n terms)
= n cos α − cos [3α + (n − 1)α] sin nα cosec α
n
= sin 2α cosec α − cos(n + 2)α sin nα cosec α
2
1
= [n sin 2α − sin(2n + 2)α + sin 2α] cosec α
2
1
∴ S = [(n + 1) sin 2α − sin(2n + 2)α] cosec α. ■
4
§ Problem 19.1.11.
cos α sin 2α + sin 2α cos 3α + cos 3α sin 4α
+ sin 4α cos 5α + . . . to 2n terms. ♢
§§ Solution.
If
S = cos α sin 2α + sin 2α cos 3α + cos 3α sin 4α
+ sin 4α cos 5α + . . . to 2n terms
then
2S = sin 3α + sin α + sin 5α − sin α + sin 7α + sin α
+ sin 9α − sin α + . . .
= sin 3α + sin 5α + sin 7α + sin 9α + . . . to 2n terms
= sin [3α + (2n − 1)α] sin 2nα cosec α
1
∴ S = sin(2n + 2)α sin 2nα cosec α. ■
2
§ Problem 19.1.12.
sin α sin 3α + sin 2α sin 4α
+ sin 3α sin 5α + . . . to n terms. ♢
§§ Solution.
S = sin α sin 3α + sin 2α sin 4α + sin 3α sin 5α + . . . to n terms
∴ 2S = cos 2α − cos 4α + cos 2α − cos 6α + cos 2α − cos 8α + . . .
= n cos 2α − (cos 4α + cos 6α + cos 8α + . . . to n terms)
= n cos 2α − cos [4α + (n − 1)α] sin nα cosec α.
n 1
∴ S = cos 2α − cos(n + 3)α sin nα cosec α. ■
2 2
§ Problem 19.1.13.
cos α cos β + cos 3α cos 2β
+ cos 5α cos 3β + . . . to n terms. ♢
19.1. Simple Series 339
§§ Solution.
S = cos α cos β + cos 3α cos 2β + cos 5α cos 3β + . . . to n terms
∴ 2S = cos (α − β) + cos (α + β) + cos (3α − 2β) + cos (3α + 2β)
+ cos (5α − 3β) + cos (5α + 3β) + . . .
= {cos (α − β) + cos (3α − 2β) + cos (5α − 3β) + . . . to n terms}
+ {cos (α + β) + cos (3α + 2β) + cos (5α + 3β) + . . . to n terms}
[ ]
n−1 n 1
= cos (α − β) + (2α − β) sin (2α − β) cosec (2α − β)
[ 2 ] 2 2
n−1 n 1
+ cos (α + β) + (2α + β) sin (2α + β) cosec (2α + β)
[ 2] ( )2 ( ) 2
n+1 nβ β
cos nα − β sin nα − sin α +
[ 2 ] ( 2 ) ( 2 )
n+1 nβ β
+ cos nα + β sin nα + sin α −
2 2 2
=
2α − β 2α + β
sin sin
( )2 2
n+1
cos nα − β
[ ( 2 ) ( )]
n+1 n−1
cos nα − α − β − cos nα + α − β
( 2) 2
n+1
+ cos nα + β
[ ( 2 ) ( )]
n+1 n−1
cos nα − α + β − cos nα + α + β
2 2
=
(cos β − cos 2α)
cos [2nα − α − (n + 1)β]
+ cos α − cos (2nα + α − nβ) − cos (α − β)
+ cos [2nα − α + (n + 1)β]
+ cos α − cos (2nα + α + nβ) − cos (α + β)
∴ 4S =
(cos β − cos 2α)
cos (2nα − α) cos(n + 1)β − cos (2nα + α) cos nβ
+ cos α (1 − cos β)
∴S= .
2 (cos β − cos 2α) ■
= 3 + 4 cos 2α + cos 4α
∴ 8S = 3n + 4 (cos 2α + cos 4α + . . . to n terms)
+ (cos 4α + cos 8α + . . . to n terms)
= 3n + 4 cos [2α + (n − 1)α] sin nα cosec α
+ cos [4α + (n − 1)2α] sin 2nα cosec 2α
19.1. Simple Series 341
1
∴S= {3n + 4 cos(n + 1)α sin nα cosec α
8
+ cos(2n + 2)α sin 2nα cosec 2α} . ■
§ Problem 19.1.19.
cos θ cos 2θ cos 3θ + cos 2θ cos 3θ cos 4θ
+ . . . to n terms. ♢
§§ Solution.
S = cos θ cos 2θ cos 3θ + cos 2θ cos 3θ cos 4θ + . . . to n terms
∴ 2S = cos 2θ (cos 2θ + cos 4θ) + cos 3θ (cos 2θ + cos 6θ) + . . . to n terms
∴ 4S = 2 cos 2θ (cos 2θ + cos 3θ + . . . to n terms)
+ cos 2θ + cos 6θ + cos 3θ + cos 9θ + . . . to 2n terms
= (2 cos 2θ + 1) (cos 2θ + cos 3θ + . . . to n terms)
+ (cos 6θ + cos 9θ + . . . to n terms)
[ ]
n−1 nθ θ
= (2 cos 2θ + 1) cos 2θ + θ sin cosec
[ ] 2 2 2
n−1 3nθ 3θ
+ cos 6θ + · 3θ sin cosec
( 2 2 )
2
nθ n+3 n+3 θ
= sin 2 cos 2θ cos θ + cos θ cosec
2 2 2 2
3nθ 3n + 9 3θ
+ sin cos θ cosec
2( 2 2 )
1 nθ n−1 n+7 n+3 θ
∴ S = sin cos θ + cos θ + cos θ cosec
4 2 2 2 2 2
1 3nθ 3n + 9 3θ
+ sin cos θ cosec . ■
4 2 2 2
§ Problem 19.1.20.
sin α sin (α + β) − sin (α + β) sin (α + 2β)
+ . . . to 2n terms. ♢
§§ Solution.
S = sin α sin (α + β) − sin (α + β) sin (α + 2β) + . . . to 2n terms
∴ 2S = cos β − cos (2α + β) − cos β + cos (2α + 3β) + . . . to 2n terms
= − {cos (2α + β) − cos (2α + 3β) + . . . to 2n terms}
= − {cos (2α + β) + cos (2α + 3β + π) + . . . to 2n terms}
[ ] Ä
2n − 1 πä
= − cos (2α + β) + (2β + π) sin n (2β + π) cosec β +
Ä 2
πä
2
= − cos 2α + 2nβ + nπ − sin (2nβ + nπ) sec β
2
= − sin (2α + 2nβ + nπ) sin (2nβ + nπ) sec β
§§ Solution.
sin α + sin 2α + sin 3α + . . . + sin nα
[ ]
n−1 nα n+1 nα
sin α + α sin sin α sin
2 2 2 2
= α = α
sin sin
2 2
Dividing by α, we have
sin α sin 2α sin nα
+2· + ... + n ·
α 2α nα
n+1 nα
n + 1 sin 2 α n sin 2
· · · nα
2 n+1 2
α
2 2
= α
1 sin
· α2
2
2
Hence, making α very small, we have
n+1 n
·
1 + 2 + ... + n = 2 2 = n(n + 1) .
1 2 ■
2
§ Problem 19.1.22. From the result of the example of Art. 241, de-
duce the sum of
1 + 3 + 5 . . . to n terms. ♢
§§ Solution.
sin2 nα
sin α + sin 3α + sin 5α + . . . + sin(2n − 1)α = .
sin α
Dividing by α, we have
( )
sin nα 2
n2
sin α sin 3α sin(2n − 1)α nα
+3· + . . . + (2n − 1) = .
α 3α (2n − 1)α sin α
α
Hence, making α very small, we have
1 + 3 + 5 . . . to n terms = n2 . ■
2π
§ Problem 19.1.23. If α = ,
17
prove that 2 (cos α + cos 2α + cos 4α + cos 8α)
and 2 (cos 3α + cos 5α + cos 6α + cos 7α)
are the roots of the equation
x2 + x − 4 = 0. ♢
2π
§§ Solution. ∵ α = , ∴ 17α = 2π.
17
Let p = 2 (cos α + cos 2α + cos 4α + cos 8α) ,
and q = 2 (cos 3α + cos 5α + cos 6α + cos 7α) .
Then, by the relation 17α = 2π, we have
p = 2 (cos α + cos 15α + cos 13α + cos 9α)
and q = 2 (cos 3α + cos 5α + cos 11α + cos 7α) .
∴ p + q = 2 (cos α + cos 3α + cos 5α + . . . to 8 terms)
19.1. Simple Series 343
( ) [ ( )]
2π 3 4π
= 1 − 3 cos −α + 1 + cos −α
[n ( 2 ) (n )]
1 2π 2π
− cos 3 − α + 3 cos −α
4 n n
Ä p ä3 3
∴Σ = n + n. ∵ the series vanishes as bef ore,
2 Ä p ä3
a 2
∴ Σ = 5. ■
n a
Chapter 20
Elimination
√ sin2 θ cos2 θ
§ Problem 20.1.5. x sin θ − y cos θ = x2 + y 2 and + =
a2 b2
1
. ♢
x2 + y 2
20.1. Elimination of Unknown Quantity 349
Multiply Eq. (20.16) by 2 and subtract Eq. (20.17) from the result,
we have
1 = 2(p + q) sin θ − p2
p2 + 1
∴ sin θ = (20.18)
2(p + q)
Subtracting this value of sin θ in Eq. (20.15), we have
( )2 ( )
p2 + 1 q p2 + 1
1− =
4(p + q)2 2(p + q)
( )2 ( )
∴ 4(p + q) − p + 12 2
= 2q(p + q) p2 + 1
( )2 ( )
∴ p2 + 1 + 2q p2 + 1 (p + q) = 4(p + q)2 . ■
= a (a + 2b cos θ)
( )2
∴ x2 + y 2 − b2 = a2 (a + 2b cos θ)2 (20.22)
Substituting from Eq. (20.22) in Eq. (20.21), we have
[ ] ( )2
a2 (x + b)2 + y 2 = x2 + y 2 − b2 . ■
§ Problem 20.1.9.
If m = cosec θ − sin θ and n = sec θ − cos θ,
prove that
2 2 2
m 3 + n 3 = (mn)− 3 . ♢
§§ Solution. From the first equation, we have
1 1 − sin2 θ cos2 θ
m= − sin θ = = .
sin θ sin θ sin θ
From the second equation, we have
1 1 − cos2 θ sin2 θ
n= − cos θ = =
cos θ cos θ cos θ
∴ mn = cos θ sin θ.
4 4
2 2 cos 3 θ sin 3 θ cos2 θ + sin2 θ 1 2
∴ m3 + n3 = 2
+ 2
= 2
= 2
= (mn)− 3 .
■
sin θ3 cos θ 3 (sin θ cos θ) 3 (mn) 3
is
2 2 2
(x cos α + y sin α) 3 + (x sin α − y cos α) 3 = (2a) 3 . ♢
§§ Solution. The given equations may be written
(x cos α + y sin α) cos θ − (x sin α − y cos α) sin θ = 2a sin θ cos θ
and (x sin α − y cos α) cos θ + (x cos α + y sin α) sin θ = −2a cos 2θ
i.e. m cos θ − n sin θ = 2a sin θ cos θ (20.23)
and m sin θ + n cos θ = −2a cos 2θ (20.24)
where m = x cos α + y sin α and n = x sin α − y cos α.
Multiplying Eq. (20.23) by cos θ, Eq. (20.24) by sin θ and adding, we
have ( )
m = 2a sin θ cos2 θ − cos 2θ sin θ
( )
= 2a sin θ cos2 θ − 2 cos2 θ + 1 (20.25)
( )
= 2a sin θ 1 − cos2 θ = 2a sin3 θ (20.26)
Again, multiplying Eq. (20.23) by sin θ, Eq. (20.24) by cos θ and sub-
tracting, we have ( )
n = −2a cos 2θ cos θ + sin2 θ cos θ
( )
= −2a cos θ 1 − 2 sin2 θ + sin2 θ
( )
= −2a cos θ 1 − sin2 θ = −2a cos3 θ (20.27)
From Eq. (20.26) and Eq. (20.27), we have
Ä m ä 13
= sin θ (20.28)
2a
Ä n ä 13
= − cos θ (20.29)
2a
Squaring and adding Eq. (20.28) and Eq. (20.29), we have
Ä m ä 23 Ä n ä 23
+ = sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
2a 2a
2 2 2
∴ (x cos α + y sin α) 3 + (x cos α − y sin α) 3 = (2a) 3 . ■
§ Problem 20.1.13.
a cos2 θ + b sin2 θ = c, b cos2 ϕ + a sin2 ϕ = d
and a tan θ = b tan ϕ. ♢
§§ Solution.
a cos2 θ + b sin2 θ = c (20.30)
b cos2 ϕ + a sin2 ϕ = d (20.31)
a tan θ = b tan ϕ (20.32)
From Eq. (20.30), we have ( )
a cos2 θ + b sin2 θ = c cos2 θ + sin2 θ
∴ (a − c) cos2 θ = (c − b) sin2 θ
a−c
∴ tan2 θ = (20.33)
c−b
From Eq. (20.31), we have ( )
b cos2 ϕ + a sin2 ϕ = d cos2 ϕ + sin2 ϕ
∴ (b − d) cos2 ϕ = (d − a) sin2 ϕ
b−d
∴ tan2 ϕ = (20.34)
d−a
From Eq. (20.32), we have
a2 tan2 θ = b2 tan2 ϕ (20.35)
Substituting from Eq. (20.33) and Eq. (20.34) in Eq. (20.35), we have
( ) ( )
a−c b−d
a2 = b2
c−b d−a
∴ a2 (a − c)(a − d) = b2 (b − c)(b − d). ■
§ Problem 20.1.14.
cos θ + cos ϕ = a, cot θ + cot ϕ = b
and cosec θ + cosec ϕ = c. ♢
§§ Solution.
cos θ + cos ϕ = a (20.36)
cot θ + cot ϕ = b (20.37)
cosec θ + cosec ϕ = c (20.38)
From Eq. (20.36), we have
θ+ϕ θ−ϕ
2 cos cos =a (20.39)
2 2
From Eq. (20.37), we have
cos θ sin ϕ + cos ϕ sin θ
=b
sin θ sin ϕ
∴ sin (θ + ϕ) = b sin θ sin ϕ (20.40)
From Eq. (20.38), we have
sin θ + sin ϕ = c sin θ sin ϕ (20.41)
From Eq. (20.40) and Eq. (20.41), by division, we have
sin (θ + ϕ) b
=
sin θ + sin ϕ c
θ+ϕ θ+ϕ
2 sin cos b
∴ 2 2 = (20.42)
θ+ϕ θ−ϕ c
2 sin cos
2 2
20.1. Elimination of Unknown Quantity 353
§ Problem 20.1.15.
a sin θ = b sin ϕ, a cos θ + b cos ϕ = c
and x = y tan (θ + ϕ) . ♢
§§ Solution.
a sin θ = b sin ϕ (20.45)
a cos θ + b cos ϕ = c (20.46)
x = y tan (θ + ϕ) (20.47)
From Eq. (20.45), we have
a sin θ − b sin ϕ = 0 (20.48)
Squaring and adding Eq. (20.46) and Eq. (20.48), we have
a2 + 2ab cos (θ + ϕ) + b2 = c2
c2 − a2 − b2
∴ cos (θ + ϕ) = (20.49)
2ab
Now tan2 (θ + ϕ) = sec2 (θ + ϕ) − 1.
Hence, from Eq. (20.47) and Eq. (20.49), we have
( )2 ( )2
x2 2ab (2ab)2 − c2 − a2 − b2
= −1=
y2 c2 − a2 − b2 (c2 − a2 − b2 )2
( )( )
2ab + c2 − a2 − b2 2ab − c2 + a2 + b2
=
(c2 − a2 − b2 )2
[2 ][ ]
c − (a − b)2 (a + b)2 − c2
=
(c2 − a2 − b2 )2
(c + a − b)(c − a + b)(a + b + c)(a + b − c)
=
(c2 − a2 − b2 )2
( ) √
∴ x c2 − a2 − b 2
=y (a + b + c)(a − b + c)(a + b − c)(−a + b + c).
Otherwise thus :
20.1. Elimination of Unknown Quantity 354
§ Problem 20.1.16.
x y x y
cos θ + sin θ = 1, cos ϕ + sin ϕ = 1
a b a b
θ ϕ θ ϕ
and a2 sin sin + b2 cos cos = c2 . ♢
2 2 2 2
§§ Solution.
x y
cos θ + sin θ = 1 (20.50)
a b
x y
cos ϕ + sin ϕ = 1 (20.51)
a b
θ ϕ θ ϕ
a2 sin sin + b2 cos cos = c2 (20.52)
2 2 2 2
From Eq. (20.50) and Eq. (20.51), by addition, we have
x θ+ϕ θ−ϕ y θ+ϕ θ−ϕ
cos cos + sin cos =1
a 2 2 b 2 2
x θ+ϕ y θ+ϕ θ−ϕ
∴ cos + sin = sec (20.53)
a 2 b 2 2
From Eq. (20.50) and Eq. (20.51), by subtraction, we have
x θ+ϕ ϕ−θ y θ+ϕ θ−ϕ
sin sin + cos sin =0
a 2 2 b 2 2
x θ+ϕ y θ+ϕ
∴ sin = cos (20.54)
a 2 b 2
From Eq. (20.53) and Eq. (20.54), we have
Äxä Äyä x θ+ϕ y θ+ϕ θ−ϕ
cos + sin sec
a = b = a 2 b 2 = 2
θ+ϕ θ+ϕ 2
θ+ϕ 2 θ+ϕ 1
cos sin cos + sin
2 2 2 2
(20.55)
Again, from Eq. (20.52), we have
( ) ( )
θ−ϕ θ+ϕ θ−ϕ θ+ϕ
a2 cos − cos + b2 cos + cos = 2c2
2 2 2 2
( ) θ−ϕ ( 2 ) θ+ϕ
∴ a2 + b2 cos + b − a2 cos = 2c2 (20.56)
2 2
Also, each fraction in Eq. (20.55)
Õ
x2 y2 √
+ 2 b2 x2 + a2 y 2
= a2 b =
θ+ϕ θ+ϕ ab
cos 2 + sin2
2 √2
θ−ϕ b2 x2 + a2 y 2
∴ sec =
2 ab
θ−ϕ ab
∴ cos = √
2 b x + a2 y 2
2 2
Äxä
θ+ϕ bx
and cos = a = √ .
2 θ−ϕ b x + a2 y 2
2 2
sec
2
20.1. Elimination of Unknown Quantity 355
θ−ϕ θ+ϕ
Hence, substituting these values of cos and cos in
2 2
Eq. (20.56), we have ( ) ( )
ab a2 + b2 + b2 − a2 bx
√ = 2c2
b2 x2 + a2 y 2
[ ( ) ( )]2 ( )
∴ b2 x b2 − a2 + a a2 + b2 = 4c4 b2 x2 + a2 y 2 . ■
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