Earth is center Geocentric Old

Ideas
Sun is center Heliocentric New

Brightness Definition

Brighter stars - closer to Earth Luminosity

Concept
Dimmer stars - farther from Earth

Change in frequency of sound waves and light

Definition
waves

High frequency (short wavelength) - near I'm not sure what these are
the Earth
Sound waves
Low frequency (long wavelength) - far from Doppler Effect
Earth
Concept

Red stars - far from Earth

ROYGBIV concept Light waves
Violet stars - near the Earth

Stars DIE when hydrogen is USED UP

Stars FORM when hydrogen FUSE TOGETHER Concept The Big Bang Theory

90% of the composition of human body: C, H, O

Has dark spots (cooler) due to magnetic fields

Equatorial and Polar Regions

Earth deflects solar wind from Sun

Sun
Solar wind + Earth's magnetic field = Aurora

Sunspot cycle (solar maximum/minimum): 11

years

Mostly rocks Definition

Mercury

Venus Earth and Space

Terrestrial
Examples
Earth

Mars

Mostly gases Kinds Planets

Definition
Has thick atmosphere

Jupiter
Jovian
Saturn
Examples
Neptune

Uranus

Contains lighter elements Crust

Solar System
Contains rocks Mantle
Composition
Has solid inner and melted outer
Core
Contains iron and nickel

It is plastic and the upper mantle Asthenosphere

Division
It is the crust and upper mantle Lithosphere
Spheres
More depth = Temperature increases Earth
Concept
Younger biosphere = Less oxygen

Has liquid water Earth Science

Has gravity

Has a protective atmosphere Characteristics

Has life-sustaining gases

Has a strong magnetic field

Contraction of surface (mountains = wrinkles)

Collapse of surface -> Formation of ocean

basins
Cooling and contracting of planet Concept
Continents and oceans are fixed in place Contracting Earth (Raisin)

Creates vertical crust movements

Grade 11 STEM Su

It is the 20th century paradigm

250M years ago: Pangea

Concept
Continents drifted
Theories
Matching fossils

Mountain belt (North America, Europe,

Greenland)
Observations
Continental Drift (Wegener's)
Rocks

Glacial deposits (ice sheet)

No explanation why it happened/how

continents moved
Reasons why it is not accepted
Land bridges
Plate Tectonics

Submarine mountain range and source of

volcanic activity

Often found toward center of oceans Oceanic ridge

Occupies much of the seafloor in ocean basins

Key features Seafloor Topography

Narrow, deepest portion of ocean floor Oceanic trench

Narrow, shallow ocean surrounding continents Continental shelf

Relatively level seafloor, often with volcanoes Abyssal Plain

Varies systematically Evidence from the Seafloor

Age of the Seafloor
Seafloor rocks are younger compared to most
continent rocks

Varies systematically

Highest along oceanic ridges Heat flow

Lowest on continents and in oceans from ridges

Most active are found near oceanic trenches Volcanoes

Deeper earthquakes at longer trenches Earthquakes

Volcanoes and Other Mountains

Rocks and Minerals

Earthquakes

Weathering and Soil