Magnetic Storage Device:

In the Magnetic storage devices, all data are stored with using magnetized medium, and those
types of data saved in that medium in the binary form like as 0 and 1. This magnetic storage has
also non-volatile storage nature. Today’s, mostly people are preferred to magnetic medium
because on the magnetic storage devices can be performed read/write activities very easily.
Magnetic storage devices have huge capacities for storing data that it’s more attractive point.
These storage devices are not more costly but their data accessing power is slow, but this
magnetic mechanism also to be used in the RAM that have good data accessing power to other.

Hard Drive Floppy Disk DVD ROM Magnetic Drum Zip Diskette
Hard drive is It is a hardware . Allow reusing But, now it is it was an
also known as data storage of DVD media replaced with advance
the “Hard Disk medium that is A read-only DVD secondary technology to
Drive”. Hard used in the disc used to storage tradition floppy
drive is a storage personal permanently medium. It disk, and it was
area, where are computers. store data files. contains the used as a
DVD-ROM discs
stored your all Floppy disk is a metal cylinder secondary
are widely used to
data (Files and plastic cartridge which is coated storage device.
distribute large
Folders) in measuring 3.5 software with magnetic Zip drive is used
magnetic form inches square applications that iron-oxide to operate the
with physically and about 2 exceed the material on Zip disk.
millimeters capacity of a CD- which all data
thick, and it is ROM disc. DVD- (files or folders)
secured with ROM discs are can be saved.
protective read in DVD-ROM
casing. and DVD-RAM
drives in
computers

Working of track and sectors:

Tracks and Spots
A disk's surface is divided into concentric tracks (circles within circles), and the thinner the
tracks, the more storage. The data bits are recorded as magnetic spots on the tracks, and the
smaller the spot, the greater the storage.

Sectors
Tracks are further divided into sectors, which hold a block of data that is read or written at one
time; for example, READ SECTOR 782, WRITE SECTOR 5448. In order to update the disk, one or
more sectors are read into the computer, changed and written back to disk. The operating
system figures out how to fit data into these fixed spaces.
Data Retrival:
o Media is covered with iron oxide

o Read/write head is a magnet

o Magnet writes charges on the media

 Positive charge is a 1
 Negative charge is a 0
o Magnet reads charges

o Drive converts charges into binary

Recordable optical storage:

CD Recordable CD Regrettable Photo CD DVD Recordable DVD-RAM

(CD-R) (CD-RW)
 Create a data or Create a Developed by Several different Allow reusing of
audio CD reusable CD Kodak formats exist DVD media

Data cannot be Cannot be read Provides for None are Not

changed in all CD players photo storage standardized standardized

Can continue Can reuse about Photos added to Allows home Cannot be read
adding until full 100 times CD until full users to create in all players
DVDs

Solid state devices:

Flash Memory Smart cards Solid-state disks

Found in cameras and USB Credit cards with a chip Large amount of SDRAM
drives

Combination of RAM and Chip stores data Extremely fast

ROM

Long term updateable Eventually may be used for Volatile storage

storage cash

Usb Hotels use for electronic keys Require battery backups

Qno2: Measuring And Describing storage performance:

Data transfer rate:

 How long it takes for one device to transfer data to another device

 Measured in units of data per second (MBps means megabytes per second, for example)

 Hard disk: 15 MBps to more than 80 MBps

 CD-ROM: 300 KBps to more than 900KBps

 Floppy disk: 45 KBps

 Removable hard disk: range from 1.25 MBps to hard disk rates
Optimizing performance:
When the pc’s performance slows down, disk maintenance, or disk optimization, can speed
things up again.
  Delete temporary files

 Uninstall little-used software programs

 Run a disk scanner to look for and fix errors

 Defragment the disk

Defragement:
Defragmentation, also known as “defrag” or “defragging” is the process of reorganizing the
data stored on the hard drive so that related pieces of data are put back together, all lined up in
a continuous fashion.  You could say that defragmentation is like cleaning house for your server
or PC, it picks up all of the pieces of data that are spread across your hard drive and puts them
back together again.
Performance Gains by doing defragmentation:
 Better application performance
 Reduced timeouts and crashes
 Faster data transfer rates
 Increased throughput
 Reduced latency
 Extended hardware lifecycle
 Increased VM density
 Overall faster Server & PC speeds
 Faster boot-up times
 Faster anti-virus scans
 Faster internet browsing speeds
 Faster read & write times
 Increased system stability
 Reduced PC slows, lags & crashes
 Reduced unnecessary I/O activity
 Reduced file corruption and data loss
 Lower power consumption and energy costs
 Shorter backups
File Compression:
File compression is a data compression method in which the logical size of a file is reduced to
save disk space for easier and faster transmission over a network or the Internet. It enables the
creation of a version of one or more files with the same data at a size substantially smaller than
the original file.
File compression is also known as file zipping.
Drive interface standards:
Hard disk drives are accessed over one of a number of bus types, including parallel ATA (PATA,
also called IDE or EIDE; described before the introduction of SATA as ATA), Serial ATA
(SATA), SCSI, Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), and Fibre Channel. Bridge circuitry is sometimes
used to connect hard disk drives to buses with which they cannot communicate natively, such as
IEEE 1394, USB, SCSI and Thunderbolt.
Drive interface Families:
Acronym or
Meaning Description
abbreviation
Bit serial data interface introduced by CDC
Storage Module
SMD Standard interface for many mini-computers in the 1970s
Device
and 1980s.
Word serial interface introduced by Shugart Associates circa
Shugart
1978;
SASI Associates
Evolved by ANSI into SCSI (SASI is a compatible subset of
System Interface
the first version of SCSI).
Bit serial data interfaces introduced by Seagate Technology
ST-506
beginning 1980.
ST-412
Standard interfaces for most small HDDs in the 1980s and
ST-412RLL
early 1990s.
Word serial interface sponsored by ANSI and introduced in
Small Computer mid 1980s;
SCSI
System Interface Standard interfaces for most enterprise HDDs in this
century; superseded by SAS
Bit serial data interface sponsored by ANSI and first
Enhanced Small introduced by Maxtor in late 1980s.
ESDI
Disk Interface A higher data rate follow on to the ST-506 family into the
mid-1990s, superseded by SCSI
Word serial interface introduced in late 1980s by Conner
(Parallel) AT Peripherals, later sponsored by ANSI; successor to ST-
(P)ATA
Attachment 412/506/ESDI. Standard HDD interface on all but enterprise
HDDs until superseded by SATA
Bit serial interface successor to PATA sponsored by ANSI
SATA Serial ATA and introduced in 2003.
Most common interface for all but enterprise HDDs.
Bit serial interface successor to SCSI sponsored by ANSI
Serial Attached
SAS and introduced in 2004.
SCSI
Most common interface for enterprise HDDs.