LESSON 1
world GDP increased from 42.1% (1980) to
SYDNEY- metropolis of families of international
migrants/foreigners.
SINGAPORE - hub for global commerce, 40% of
population classified as foreign talents.
GLOBALIZATION- complex phenomenon, occurs at
multiple levels, uneven process.
“NATIONALISTS ARE RESISTING GLOBALIZATION”
- refers to the integration of national markets to a
wider global market signified by increase free trade.
“WHEN ACTIVISTS REFER TO THE ANTI-
GLOBALIZATION OF 1990” - resisting the trade deals
among countries facilitated and promoted by global
orgs. (e.g WTO)
ACADEMICS - view globalization through various
lenses that consider multiple theories and
perspectives, an INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH.
MANFRED STEGER- globalization is the expansion
and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and world-space.
EXPANSION - creation of new social networks and
multiplication of existing connections.
INTERNATIONAL GROUPS OF NON-
GOVERNMENTAL ORG. (NGOs) - networks that
connect a more specific group - social workers &
activists- from different corners of the globe.
INTENSIFICATION - expansion. Stretching and
acceleration of networks.
MANFRED STEGER - globalization do not merely
occur at an objective, material level but they also
involve subjective plane of human consciousness.
GLOBALISM- widespread belief among powerful
people that global integration of economic markets is
beneficial for everyone.
ARJUN APPADURAI- different kinds of globalization
occur on multiple and intersecting dimensions of
integration (SCAPES).
ETHNOSCAPE - global movement of people
MEDIASCAPE- flow of culture
TECHNOSCAPE- circulation of mechanical goods and
software.
FINANCESCAPE- global circulation of money.
IDEOSCAPE- realm where political ideas move
around.
LESSON 2
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND- regards
“ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION” as a historical
process representing the result of human innovation
and technological progress, characterized by
increasing integration of economies through the
movement of goods, services and capital.
● According to IMF the value of trade as percentage of
62.1%(2007).
●According to UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON
TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCTAD) the amount
of foreign direct investments across the world was $
57 billion (1982), $ 1.76 trillion (2015).
SUPERCOMPUTERS - execute million of stock
purchases and sales between different cities i a matter
of seconds through HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING.
SILK ROAD- oldest international trade route, a
network of pathways the ancient world that spanned
from China to Middle East and Europe. 130 BCE
when the Chinese Han Dynasty opened a trade to
West until 1453 BCE when the Ottoman Empire
closed it. Was not truly global.
DENNIS O. FLYNN AND ARTURO GIRALDEZ- age
of globalization began when all important continents
began to exchange products continuously-both with
each other and directly and indirectly via other
continents and in values sufficient to generate crucial
impacts on all trading partners.
-they traced it back to 1571 with the establishment of
GALLEON TRADE that connected Manila and
Acapulco in Mexico.
GALLEON TRADE - part of the age of
MERCANTILISM.
MERCANTILISM- 16th to 18th century, countries in
Europe competed with one another to sells more
goods as a means to boost their countries income.
Imposed high tariffs, forbade colonies to trade with
other nations, restricted trade routes and subsidized
exports to defend their products to competitors who
sold goods more cheaply.
1867 - United Kingdom, United States and European
nations adopted GOLD STANDARD (international
monetary conference, Paris) - to create a common
system that would allow for more efficient trade nad
prevent isolationism of mercantilist era.
WORLD WAR I - countries depleted their gold
reserves to fund their armies, many were forced to
abandon gold standard. Since European countries
had low gold reserves, they adopted FLOATING
CURRENCIES.
GREAT DEPRESSION - 1920s - 1930s, worst and
longest recession ever experienced by the Western
world.
BARRY EICHENGREEN- recovery of the United
States really began when, having abandoned the gold
standard, the US government was able to free up
money to spend on reviving the economy.
● Gold standard were used until as late as 1970s, the
world never returned to the gold standard of the
early 20th century.
FIAT CURRENCIES- currencies that are not backed
by precious metal and whose value is determined but
their cost relative to other currencies. Allows
governments to freely and actively manage their
economies.
BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM- inaugurated 1944
during United Nations Monetary and Financial
Conference to prevent catastrophes of the early
decades of the century from recurring and affecting
international ties. Largely influenced by the ideas of
JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES - economic crises occur
not when a country does not have enough money, but
when money is not being spent and, thereby not
moving.
GLOBAL KEYNESIANISM - When economies slow
down, governments have to reinvigorate markets with
infusion of capital. Active role of government in
managing spending.
● 2 Financial Institutions under Bretton Woods:
1.INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION
AND DEVELOPMENT (IBRD or WORLD BANK)-
responsible for funding postwar reconstruction
projects.
2.INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND- global
leader of last resort to prevent individual countries
form spiraling into credit crises.
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE
(GATT) 1947- main purpose was to reduce tariffs and
other hindrances to free trade.
1940s - early 1970s- high point of global
keynesianism. Governments poured money into their
economies, allowing people to purchase more and in
the process increase demand.
- As prices increase, companies would earn
more and would have more money to hire
workers.
1970s- prices of oil rose sharply as ORGANIZATION
OF ARAB PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES’
(OAPEC) imposition of an embargo in response to the
decision of the United States and other countries to
resupply Israeli military with needed arms during the
YOM KIPPUR WAR.
1973-1974 - United States stopped linking dollar to
gold, ending the Bretton Woods System.
STAGFLATION- decline of economic growth and
employment (STAGNATION) takes place alongside a
sharp increase in prices(INFLATION).
FRIEDRICH HAYEK & MILTON FRIEDMAN -
government’s practice of pouring money into their
economies had caused inflation by increasing demand
for goods without necessarily increasing supply.
Government intervention in economies distort proper
functioning of the market.
NEOLIBERALISM - 1980s onward, became the
codified strategy of the United States Treasury
Department, the World Bank, IMF and eventually the
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION - organization
founded in 1955 to continue the tariff reduction under
GATT.
WASHINGTON CONSENSUS- dominated global
economic policies from the 1980s to 2000s. Minimal
government spending to reduce government debt,
privatization of services like water, power,
communications, and transport.
US PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN & BRITISH
PRIME MINISTER MARGARET THATCHER -
justified reduction in gov’t spending by comparing
national economies to households.
UNITED STATES, JAPAN, MEMBER-COUNTRIES
OF EUROPEAN UNION- responsible for 65% of
global exports while the DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
29%.
2011 - PHILIPPINES, INDIA, CHINA, ARGENTINA
AND BRAZIL 51%, ADVANCED NATIONS 45%.
TRADE LIBERALIZATION - reduction of trade
barriers.
RACE TO THE BOTTOM- countries lowering labor
standards, including the protection of workers to lure
in foreign investors seeking high profit at the lowest
cost possible.
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION -
central tenet of globalization
LESSON 3
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS - interactions between
states, political, military and other diplomatic
engagements between two or more countries.
INTERNATIONALIZATION- deepening interactions
between states. Does not equal globalization
4 key attributes of World Politics
1. There are countries/states that are
independent and govern themselves.
2. These countries interact with each other
through diplomacy.
3. There are national organizations, like the
United Nations, that facilitate these
interactions.
4. International organizations take on lives of
their own.
“Not all states are nations and not all nations are
states.”
1. States with multiple nations
Scotland has its own flag and national culture but still
belongs to a state called the United Kingdom.
2. Single nations with multiple states
Korea is divided to North and South Korea.
“Chinese nation” may refer to both the People’s
Republic of CHina and Taiwan.
STATE- a country and its government.
4 attributes:
1. Exercises authority
2. Governs specific territory
 3. Has a structure of government
4. Has sovereignty (internal and external
authority)
INTERNALLY - no individuals/groups can operate in a
given territory by ignoring the state.
EXTERNALLY - sovereignty means that a state’s
policies and procedures are independent of the
intervention of other states.
NATION - according to BENEDICT ANDERSON, an
“imagined community”
- It is LIMITED
1. does not go beyond a given official boundary
2. Rights and responsibilities are mainly the
privilege and concern of the citizens of that
nation
3. Has its boundaries
- Often limit themselves to people who have
imbibed a particular culture, speak a common
language and live in a specific territory
IMAGINED - nation allows one to feel a connection
with a community of people even if he/she will never
meet all of them in his/her lifetime.
MOST NATIONS STRIVE TO BECOME A STATE -
they often seek autonomy form their “mother states”.
- The nation of Quebec, though belonging to
Canada, has different laws about language.
SOVEREIGNTY - one of the principles of modern
state politics.
INTERSTATE SYSTEM - connection between states
TREATY OF WESTPHALIA - a set of agreements
signed in 1648 to end the THIRTY YEARS WAR
between the major continental powers of Europe.
● After the brutal RELIGIOUS WAR between
CATHOLICS and PROTESTANTS, the HOLY
ROMAN EMPIRE, SPAIN, FRANCE SWEDEN,
and DUTCH REPUBLIC designed a system that
would avert wars in the future by recognizing that
the treaty signers exercise complete control over
their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in
each other’s affairs.
● The WESTPHALIAN SYSTEM provided
STABILITY for the nations of Europe until it face
the first major challenge by NAPOLEON
BONAPARTE- believed in spreading the
principles of the FRENCH REVOLUTION -
LIBERTY, EQUALITY, and FRATERNITY to the
rest of Europe and thus, challenged the power of
KINGS, NOBILITY, and RELIGION.
● Every country they conquered, the FRENCH
implemented the NAPOLEONIC CODE- forbade
BIRTH PRIVILEGES, ENCOURAGE FREEDOM
OR RELIGION, and PROMOTED
MERITOCRACY.
● ANGLO PRUSSIAN ARMIES finally defeated
Napoleon in the BATTLE OF WATERLOO (1815).
CONCERT OF EUROPE - an alliance of the “GREAT
POWERS”- UNITED KINGDOM, AUSTRIA,
PRUSSIA, RUSSIA.- that sought to restore the world
monarchical, hereditary, and religious privileges, an
alliance that sought to restore sovereignty of states.
● Under the METTERNICH SYSTEM - named after
KLEMENS VON METTERNICH-the Concert’s
power and authority lasted from 1815-1914.
INTERNATIONALISM- a bigger picture, a concept of
global governance. Desire for greater cooperation and
unity among states and people.
2 broad categories: LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM,
SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM
1. LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM
IMMANUEL KANT- first major thinker of liberal
internationalism. Likened states in a global system to
people living in a given territory. Without a form of
world government, the international system would be
chaotic. He imagined a form of global government.
JEREMY BENTHAM - 18th century British
Philosopher who coined the word “INTERNATIONAL”.
Advocated the creation of INTERNATIONAL LAW.
“The greatest happiness of all nations taken together.”
GIUSEPPE MAZZINI- 19th century Italian patriot, an
advocate of the unification of the various Italian-
speaking mini-states and a major critic of Metternich
system. He believed in a REPUBLICAN government
and proposed a system of free nations that
cooperated with each other to creates an international
system. Free independent states would be the basis
of an equally free, cooperative international system.
● A NATIONALIST INTERNATIONALIST- free
unified nation-states should be the basis of
global cooperation.
WOODROW WILSON - United states president
influenced by Mazzini, 20th century’s most prominent
internationalist.
● PRINCIPLE OF SELF DETERMINATION - the
world’s nations had a right to free, and
sovereign government. Build a system of
international relations based on international
law and cooperation
● most notable advocate for the creation of
LEAGUE OF NATIONS at the end of World
war 1 (1918)
● won the NOBEL PEACE PRIZE (1919).
● UNITED STATES was not able to join the
League of Nations due to the SENATE'S
OPPOSITION.
● The league was unable to hinder World War II
from breaking out.
● AXIS POWERS- Hitler’s Germany, Mussolini’s
Italy, Hirohito’s Japan.
 ● ALLIED POWERS- United States, United
Kingdom, France, Holland, Belgium
League of Nations gave birth to:
● World Health Organization
● International Labour Organization
LEAGUE OF NATIONS -concretization of the
concepts of liberal internationalism.
● KANT- it emphasized the need to form
common international principles.
● MAZZINI - it enshrined the principles of
cooperation and respect among nation-states.
● WILSON- it called for democracy and self-
determination.
2. SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM
KARL MARX- one of Mazzini’s biggest critics, an
internationalist. Believed that any form of
internationalism should deliberately reject nationalism,
which rooted people in democratic in domestic
concerns instead of global ones. Placed a premium on
ECONOMIC QUALITY- he did not divide the world
into countries but into classes.
● Capitalist class- owners of factories,
companies and other means of production.
● Proletariat class- did not own means of
production, worked for capitalists.
MARX & his co-author FRIEDRICH ENGELS-
believed that in a socialist revolution seeking to
overthrow the state and alter the economy, the
proletariat had no nation.
“Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose
but your chains.”
- they opposed nationalism because they
believed it prevented the unification of the
world’s workers.
SOCIALIST INTERNATIONAL- a union of European
socialist and labor parties established in Paris (1889).
- Achievements included the declaration of May
1 as Labor Day, creation of International
Women's Day, initiated the successful
campaign for an 8 hour work day.
● Russian revolution of 1917, Czar Nicholas II was
overthrown and replaced by a revolutionary
government led by BOLSHEVIK PARTY and its
leader, VLADIMIR LENIN.
● The new state was called Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics.
● The Bolsheviks did not believe in obtaining power
for the working class through elections and
exhorted the revolutionary vanguard parties to lead
the revolutions across the world, using methods of
terror if necessary - COMMUNIST PARTIES.
● Lenin established the COMMUNIST
INTERNATIONAL (COMINTERN, 1919)- served as
the central body for directing communist parties all
over the world.Less democratic compared to
Socialist International because it follows top-down
governance of the Bolsheviks.
● JOSEPH STALIN dissolved Comintern (1943) and
re-established it as the COMMUNIST
INFORMATION BUREAU (COMINFORM)- helped
direct the various communist parties that had
taken power in Eastern europe.
LESSON 4
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE- various intersecting
processes that create order.
INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS ( NGOs) - though not having
formal state power, can lobby individual states to
behave in a certain way.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS - international
intergovernmental organizations or groups that are
primarily made up of member states.
● One major fallacy- they are merely
amalgamations of various state interests.
MICHAEL N BARNETT & MARTHA FINNEMORE -
listed the powers of IOs
1. POWER OF CLASSIFICATION - can invent
and apply categories they create powerful
global standards.
Ex. UN High Commissioner for Refugees that defines
what a refugee is.
2. POWER TO FIX MEANINGS - states,
organizations, and individuals view IOs as legitimate
source of information, the meanings they create have
effects on various policies.
3. POWER TO DIFFUSE NORMS - they spread
ideas across the world, their members are the
missionaries of our time.
4. SOURCES OF GREAT GOOD & HARM - they
can promote relevant norms but they can also become
sealed-off communities.
JOSEPH STIGLITZ- famously criticized the IMF for
using “one-size-fits-all” approach when its economists
made recommendations to developing countries.
UNITED NATIONS- most prominent IO in the
contemporary world.
FIVE ACTIVE ORGANS:
1. GENERAL ASSEMBLY - main deliberative policy
making and representative organ. Decisions on
important questions on peace and security, admission
of new members and budgetary matters.
● Annually elets a GA President
to.Currently have 193 seats, CARLOS
P. ROMULO was elected as GA
President from 1949-1950.
2.SECURITY COUNCIL- most powerful, consists of
15 member states, elects 10 to two-year terms.
● Permanent 5 - CHINA, FRANCE, RUSSIA,
UNITED KINGDOM & UNITED STATES.
● Takes lead in determining the existence of a
threat to the peace or an act of aggression.
● With the SC’s approval, a military intervention
may be deemed legal.
● It only takes one veto vote from a P5 member
to stop an SC action dead in its tracks.
● SC is the heir to the tradition of great power.
3. ECONOMIC & SOCIAL COUNCIL - the principal
body for policy review, policy dialogue and
recommendation on social and environmental issues.
● Has 54 members elected for 3 year terms.
● Central platform for discussion on sustainable
development.
4. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE - settle
legal disputes submitted to it by states.
5. SECRETARIAT - secretary-general and tens of
thousands of international UN staff members who
carry out day to day work of UN.
● Serving as a kind of international civil service.
● Serve in their capacity as UN employees and
not as state representatives.
CHALLENGES OF UNITED NATIONS
1. Limits placed upon its various organs and
programs by the need to respect state
sovereignty.
2. Issues of security - because of the P5’s veto
power, it is tough for the council to release
formal resolution, much more implement it.
● Became an issue in late 1990s when
SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC was committing the
acts of ETHNIC CLEANSING against MUSLIM
ALBANIANS in the province of KOSOVO.
● NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
led by the United states, sought SC
authorization to intervene in the Kosovo war on
humanitarian grounds.
REGIONALISM - can be examined in relation to
identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability and
health. a process and must be treated as an
emergent, socially constituted phenomenon.
EDWARD D MANSFIELD & HELEN MILNER -
economic and political definitions of regions vary, but
there are certain basic features that everyone can
agree on.
1. group of countries located in the same
geographically specified area, an amalgamation of two
regions or a combination of more than two regions
organized tow regulate and oversee flows and policy
choices.
2. regionalization - regional concentration of economic
flows, regionalism - a political process characterized
by economic policy cooperation and coordination
among countries.
3. Countries respond economically and politically
• China, offers its cheap and huge workers to attract
foreign businesses amd expand trade with countries it
once considered its enemies but now sees as markets
for its goods.
• Singapore and switzerland compensate for their lack
of resources by turning themselves into financial and
banking hubs. Singapore developed its harbor
facilities and made them a first class transit port.
4. Countries form regional associations for several
reasons.
• Military defense
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION - most
widely known defense grouping.
WARSAW PACT - Soviet Union & Eastern European
countries.
5. Countries form regional organizations to pool their
resources, get better returns for their exports, as well
as expand leverage against trading partners.
• ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM
EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC) was established
1960 by IRAN, IRAQ, KUWAIT SAUDI ARABIA &
VENEZUELA to regulate production and sale of oil.
6. Countries form regional blocs to protect their
independence from the pressures of superpower
politics.
• NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT - created by the
presidents of EGYPT, GHANA, INDIA, INDONESIA &
YUGOSLAVIA in 1961 to pursue world peace and
international cooperation.
7. Economic crisis compels countries to come
together.
• economic crisis made ASEAN more unified and
coordinated.
NEW REGIONALISM - ting associations that include
no more than a few actors and focus on a single
issue, or huge continental unions that address a
multitude of common problema from territorial defense
to food security.
- is identifies with reformists who share the same
values, norms, institutions, and system that exist
outside of the traditional established mainstream
institutions and systems.
1. Some organizations partner with the government to
initiate social change.
ex. ASEAN issued its human rights Declaration in
2009, the organization used this official declaration to
pressure these governments to pass laws and
regulations that protect and promote human rights.
• In south america, left-wing governments support the
hemispheric Social alliances' opposition to NORTH
AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT.
• CITIZEN DIPLOMACY FORUM tries to influence the
policies and programs of the ORGANIZATION OF
AMERICAN STATES.
2. Regional organizations dedicate themselves to
specialized causes.
• RAINFOREST FOUNDATION to protect indigenous
peoples and the rainforests in Brazil, Guyana,
Panama and Peru.
• REGIONAL INTERFAITH YOUTH NETWORK to
promote conflict prevention, resolution, peace
education, and sustainable development.
• MIGRANT FORUM - committed to protecting and
promoting the rights and welfare of migrant workers.
• These organizations primary power lies in their moral
standing and their ability to combine lobbying with
pressure politics. Most of them are poorly financed
thus, their impact in global politics is therefore limited.
• New regionalism differs significantly from traditional
state to stare regionalism when it comes to identifying
problems.
• Another challenge for new regionalists is the discord
that may emerge among them. Disagreements
surface iver issues like gender and religion.
• MIGRANT FORUM ASIA & CARAM lobbied against
ASEAN governments to defend migrant labor rights.
• The refusal to dismantle NATO after the collapse of
soviet union has become the basis of the ANTI-NATO
rhetoric of VLADIMIR PUTIN in Russia.
• Most crisis-ridden regional organization of today is
the EUROPEAN UNION.
• Continuing financial crisis in GREECE
• UNITED KINGDOM = BREXIT
• CAMBODIA & LAOS led the opposition favoring
diplomacy over confrontation, but the real reason was
the dramatic increase in CHINESE INVESTMENTS
and ECONOMIC AID to these countries.
• SINGAPORE, CHINA & RUSSIA see democracy as
an obstacle to the implementation and deepening of
economic globalization because constant public
inquiry about economic projects and lengthy debate
slow down implementation or lead to unclear
outcomes.
• Official regional associations now cover vast swaths
of the world.
• ASIA PACIFIC COUNCIL alone comprised 37
percent of the world's population in 2007
LESSON 6: THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
RELIGION
- Concerned with the sacred
- Follows divine commandments
- Assumes that there is “the possibility of
communication between humans and the
transcendent
GLOBALISM
- Places value on material wealth
- Abides human-made laws
GOD, ALLAH, OR YAHWEH
- Defines and judges human action in moral terms
(good/bad)
GLOBALISM’S YARDSTICK
- How much of human action can lead to the
highest material satisfaction and subsequent wisdom
that this new status produces
RELIGIOUS PEOPLE
- Less concerned w/ wealth and all that comes
along w/ it
- They shun anything material for simplicity
- Main duty is to live a virtuous, sin-less life such
that when he/she dies, he/she is assured of a place in
the other world (heaven)
- Aspires to become a saint
- Detests politics and the quest for power for they
are evidence of humanity’s weakness
- Concerned with spreading holy ideas globally
GLOBALISTS
- Less worried about whether they will end up in
heaven/hell
- Skills are more pedestrian as they aim to seal
trade deals, raise profits of private enterprises,
improve gov’t revenue collection, etc.
- If has a strong conscience; sees his/her work as
contributing to the general progress of the
community, nation, and global economic system
- Trains to be a shrewd businessperson
- Values politics as both means and ends to open
up further the economies of the world
- Wishes to spread goods and services
RELIGION AND GLOBALISM
- Clash over the fact that religious
evangelization is in itself a form of globalization
GLOBALIST IDEAL
- Largely focused in the realm of markets
RELIGIONS
- Regard identities associated w/ globalism
(citizenship, language, and race) as inferior and
narrow because they are earthly categories
- Foundation of modern republics
- Result of shift in state policy
*Membership to a religious group/org./cult represents
a superior affiliation that connects human directly to
the divine and the supernatural
PRIESTESSES AND MONKS
- Led the first revolts against colonialism in Asia
and Africa, warning that outsiders were out to destroy
their people’s gods and ways of life
PETER BERGER
- Argues that far from being secularized, the
“contemporary world is…furiously religious
MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT
- Places religion at the center of the political
system
- Constitution explicitly states that “Islam is the
religion of the Federation,” and the rulers of each
state was also “The Head of the religion Islam”
AYATOLLAH RUHOLLA KHOMEINI
- Late Iranian religious leader
- Bragged about the superiority of Islamic rule
over its secular counterparts and pointed out that
“there is no fundamental distinction among
constitutional, despotic, dictatorial, democratic,
and communistic regimes”
- All secular ideologies were the same – they were
flawed – and the Islamic rule was the superior form of
gov’t because it was spiritual
Yet Iran calls itself republic, a term that is associated
w/ secular
NAHDLATUL ULAMA
- Moderate Muslim association in Indonesia has
Islamic schools (pesantren) where students are
taught not only about Islam but also about modern
science, modern banking, etc
KING HENRY VIII
- Broke away from Roman Catholicism and
established his own
church to bolster his own power
*In US, the religion and the law were fused together to
help build this “modern secular society”
ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE
- French historian & diplomat
- Wrote “not only do the American practice their
religion out of self- interest but they often even place
in this world the interest which they have practicing it”
JOSE CASANOVA
- Confirms that “historically, religion has always
been the very center of all great political conflicts and
movements of social reform
CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM
- Old world religion
- See globalization less as an obstacle and more
as an opportunity to expand their reach all over the
world
GLOBALIZATION
- Has freed the communities from the “constraints
of the nation-state,” but in the process, also
threatened to destroy the cultural system that bind
them together
RELIGION
- Seeks to take place of broken “traditional ties” to
either help the community cope w/ their new situation
or organize them to oppose this major transformation
of their lives
- Provide group of moral codes that answer the
problems ranging from peoples health to social conflict
to even “personal happiness”
- Not the “regressive force” that stops or slows
down globalization
- A “pro-active force” that gives communities a
new and powerful basis of identity
RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM
- Dislike globalization’s materialism, but it
continues to use “the full range of modern means of
communication and organization” that is associated w/
this economic transformation
*Muslims view “globalization” as a Trojan horse
hiding supporters of western values like secularism,
liberalism, or even communism ready to spread
these ideas in their areas to eventually displace Islam
THE WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES
- Association of diff protestant congregations –
has criticized economic globalization’s negative
effects
POPE FRANCIS
- Condemned globalization’s “throw-away culture”
that is “fatally destined to suffocate hope and increase
risks and threats”
THE LUTHERAN WORLD FEDERATION 10TH
ASSEMBLY’S 292-PAGE DECLARATION MESSAGE
included:
- economic and feminist critiques of globalization
- sharing the voices of members of the church who
were affected by globalization
- contemplations on the diff “pastoral and ethical
reflections”
THE PREFERENTIAL OPTION FOR THE POOR
- a powerful message of mobilization, but lacks
substance when it comes to working out a
replacement system that can change the poor’s
condition in concrete ways
CALIPHATE
- important muslim political and religious leader
PETER BAYER AND LORI BEAMAN
- “ religion, it seems, is somehow outside looking
at globalization as problem or potential
RELIGION
- Belief system that cannot be empirically proven
is, therefore, anathema to modernization
SECULARIZATION THEORY
- Thesis that modernization will erode religious
practice
SAMUAEL HUNTINGTON
- One of the strongest defenders of globalization,
admits in his book, the Clash of Civilizations that
civilians can be held together by religious worldviews
MAX WEBER
- One of the greatest sociologists of all time
- Observed the correlation between religion and
capitalism as an economic system
CALVINISM
- Branch of Protestantism, believed that God had
already decided who would and would not be saved
INNER- WORLDLY ASCETICISM
- Contributed to the rise of modern capitalism
AMERICAN PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY
- Claimed “that after a night of prayer and soul-
searching, he had concluded that it was the duty of
the US to educate Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and
Christianize them, and by God’s grace do the very
best we could by them
INFLEXIBLE FEATURES
Hell – the warnings of perdition
Heaven – the promises of salvation
Obligatory Pilgrimages – visits to Bethlehem and
Mecca
*GLOBALISTS have no choice but to accept this
reality that religion is here to stay.
LESSON 7: MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION
- Entails the spread of various cultures
- Also involves the spread of ideas
- Relies on media as its main conduit for the
spread of global culture and ideas
JACK LULE
- Describes media as “a means of conveying
something such as channel of communication”
TYPE OF MEDIA
1. PRINT MEDIA
- Books, magazines, and newspapers
2. BROADCAST MEDIA
- Films, radio, tv
3. DIGITAL MEDIA
- Internet and mobile mass communication
· INTERNET MEDIA (e-mail, internet sites, social
media, and internet based video and audio)
MARSHALL MCLUHAN
- Declared “the medium is the message”
- Added that diff media simultaneously extend and
amputate human senses
- Declared that tv was turning the world into
“global village”
TELEVISION
- Introduced in 1960
- Steered people from dining table where they eat
and tell stories to each other, to the living room where
they silently munch their food while watching
primetime shows
*New media may expand the reach of communication,
but they also dull the users’ communicative capacities
CELLPHONES
- Expand people’s senses because they provide
the capability to talk to more people instantaneously
and simultaneously
- Also limit the senses because they make users
easily distractible and more prone to multitasking
*A lot of early thinkers assumed that global media had
a tendency to homogenize culture.
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
- American values and culture would overwhelm
all others
HERBERT SCHILLER
- Argued that not only was the world being
Americanized, but that this process also led to the
spread of “American” capitalist values like
consumerism
JOHN TOMLINSON
- Cultural globalization is simply a euphemism for
“Western cultural imperialism” since it promotes
“homogenized, Westernized, consumer culture
IEN ANG
- Studied the ways in which diff viewers in the
Netherlands experienced watching the American soap
opera Dallas
ELIHU KATZ & TAMAR LIEBES
- Decided to push Ang’s analysis further by
examining how viewers form diff cultural communities
interpreted Dallas
*People from diverse cultural backgrounds had their
own ways of understanding the show
*Cultural Imperialism thesis has been belied by the
renewed strength of regional trends in the
globalization process
GLOBALIZATION
- Will remain an uneven process, and it will
produce inequalities
INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA
- Providing that the globalization of culture and
ideas can move in diff directions
SOCIAL MEDIA
- Have both beneficial and negative effects
- A form of communication that has democratized
access
- Enabled users to be consumers and producers of
information simultaneously
*Democratic potential of social media was most
evident in 2011 during the wave of uprisings known as
the Arab Spring
TUNISIA, EGYPT, & LIBYA
- Used twitter to organize and disseminate
information
SPLINTERNET
- Divide people in social media
CYBERBALKANIZATION
- Various bubbles people place themselves in
when they are online
IN US:
1. Voters of the DEMOCRATIC PARTY read
LIBERAL WEBSITES
2. Voters of the REPUBLICAN PARTY read
CONSERVATIVE WEBSITES
FACEBOOK
- Resemble living in an echo chamber, which
reinforces one’s existing beliefs and opinions
ECHO CHAMBER
- preludes users from listening to or reading
opinions and info that challenge their viewpoints, thus
making them partisan and closed-minded
VLADIMIR PUTIN
- has hired armies of social media “trolls” (paid
users who harass political opponents) to manipulate
public opinion through intimidation and spreading
of fake news
TURKISH PRESIDENT RECEP TAYYIP ERDOǦAN
- Threatened by online mobs of pro-government
trolls, who hack accounts and threaten violence
*FAKE INFORMATION can spread easily on social
media since they have FEW CONTENT FILTERS
*Unlike newspapers, FACEBOOK DOES NOT HAVE
A TEAM OF EDITORS WHO ARE TRAINED TO SIFT
THROUGH AND FILTER INFORMATION
GLOBAL ONLINE PROPAGANDA
- Will be the biggest threat to face as the
globalization of media deepens
*USERS MUST REMAIN VIGILANT AND LEARN
HOW TO DISTINGUISH FACT FROM FALSEHOOD
IN GLOBAL MEDIA LANDSCAPE
*Different media have diverse effects on globalization
processes
LESSON 8: THE GLOBAL CITY

GLOBALIZATION IS SPATIAL
1. Because it occurs in physical spaces
2. Because what makes it move is the fact that it is
based in places
*Cities acts on globalization, and globalization acts on
cities
SASKIA SASSEN
- Popularized the term “global city” in the 1990s
- Identified 3 global cities: New York (New York
Stock Exchange), London (Financial Times Stock
Exchange), and Tokyo (Nikkei), all of which are hubs
of global finance and capitalism
LOS ANGELES
- Movie making mecca
- Now rival the Big apple’s culture
SAN FRANCISCO
- Home of most powerful internet companies –
facebook, twitter, & google
SHANGHAI STOCK EXCHANGE
- largest stock market in the world.
SHANGHAI, BEIJING, GUANGZHOU
- centers of trade and finance in China.
SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA
- commands the greatest proportion of capital
MELBOURNE
- described as Sydney’ s rival “global city” because
many magazines and lists have now referred it to as
the world’s “most livable city”
ECONOMIC POWER
- Condition of having sufficient productive
resources at command that give the capacity to make
and enforce economic decisions, such as allocation of
resources and apportioning of goods and services.
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY
- chance to improve financial conditions.
ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS
- acc. to The World Economic Forum, the set of
institutions, policies and factors that determine the
level of productivity of a country
CENTER OF AUTHORITY
- The power or right to give orders, make
decisions, and enforce obedience.
POLITICAL INFLUENCE
- The ability of private individuals and groups to
influence, condition, shape, and thereby control the
authoritative decisions and actions of those who
possess the formal-legal authority to take these
decisions and actions.
CULTURAL POWER
- According to Lull, it is ‘ the ability to define a
situation culturally. By cultural power, individual or
groups produce meanings to construct ways of life.’
GLOBAL CITIES
- can be sites of great inequality and poverty as
well as tremendous violence
- Like the broader processes of globalization,
global cities create winners and losers.
*Cities with extensive public transportation systems,
people tend to drive less and thereby cut carbon
emissions, like New York and Tokyo.
*Cities like Los Angeles are urban sprawls, with
massive free ways that force residents to spend
money on cars and gas.
*Cities like manila, Bangkok, and Mumbai are dense,
their lack of public transportation and their
governments’ inability to regulate their car industries
have made them extremely polluted.
* More importantly, because of the sheer size of city
populations across the world, it is not surprising that
urban areas consume most of the world’s energy.
Cities only cover 2 percent of world landmass, but
they consume 78 percent of global energy. Therefore,
carbon emissions must be cut to prevent global
warming.
GENTRIFICATION
- As cities attracts more capital and richer
residents, real estate prices go up and poor residents
are forced to relocate to far away but cheaper areas.
*poor people were forced to move far away from city
centers that offer more jobs, more government
services, and better transportation.
GLOBALIZATION
- creates high-income jobs that are concentrated
in global cities.
*Middle class is thinning and many middle-income
jobs in manufacturing and business process
outsourcing are moving to other countries.

*Through global cities, one can see the best
globalization. They are the places that create exiting
fusions of culture and ideas. HOWEVER, they remain
sites of great inequality.
* Feminist approach- reproductive rights and against
of any form of population control
*carrot-and-stick approach- punitive mechanisms co-
exist alongside benefits

Chapter 9
*having or not having children is mainly driven by
economics
*poorer districts of urban centers also tend to have a
families with more children because the success of
their "small family business"
*professional families with two incomes, however,
desire just one or two progenies
*country in the "LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS OF
THE WORD" that rely on agriculture tend to maintain
high levels of population growth.
*Acc. to UN (1980), 85% world rural population in
1975 and are projected to contain 90% by the end of
20th century
* NOURISHING THE PLANET noted that the
agricultural population shrunk as a share of total
population bet. 1980 & 2011, it grew numerically from
2.2 billion to 2.6 billion during this period
*In 21st century, 44% urban, while developed
countries are 52 - 75%
* Today, 191M people live in countries other than their
own, the UN projects that over 2.2 million will move
from developing world to the first world countries
* DEVELOPER PLANNERS see URBANIZATION
AND INDUSTRIALIZATION as indicators of
developing Society, bit disagree on the role of
population growth or decline in modernization
*THOMAS MALTHUS (1978) - "An essay on the
principle of population" - population growth will
inevitably exhaust world food supply
* PAUL R. EHRLICH and wife ANNE - "The
Population Bomb" - in 1970s-1980s will bring global
environmental disasters lead to food storage and
mass starvation
*bizarre (chemical castration)
*policy-oriented (taxing an additional child and luxury
taxes on child-related products)
*monetary incentives (paying off men after 2 children)
*institution-building (Department of population and
environment)
*1.8 % /year from 1955 - 1975
*2.06 % annual growth rate bet. 1965-1970
*BETSY HARTMANN - disagrees with the advocates
of neo-Malthusian Theory and accused governments
of using population control as a “substitute for social
justice and much needed reform
*Median of 29.4 years for females and 30.9 for males
(young working population)
*Median age population is 30.1. Median age of males
29.4 hears and 30.9 years (females).