1.
Challenges and opportunities in graphene coatings -
Dr Lisa Scullion
hi I'm dr. NIC Gowland business
development manager at the graphene
Engineering Innovation Center you're
watching our challenges and
opportunities in graphene webinar series
in the University of Manchester in this
episode we'll hear from dr. Lisa
Scullion it was our application manager
for coatings and membranes and she'll be
talking about how graphene could
transform the durability and to
corrosion properties protective coatings
and paints in industries such as
aerospace automotive marine construction
and many more
welcome everyone thanks for joining the
first geek public webinar really great
to have so many people here we've got
people from India write their way
through to the US and Sweden Argentina
and Brazil so really happy with that
thanks for joining
very quick enjoy to at least a Scullion
dr. Lisa scallion apologies so she is
one of the application managers at the
graphene Engineering Innovation Center
she manages the membranes of coatings
lab you have a team of about four or
five visit specialists and technicians
Lisa yeah so she'll tell you a bit more
about the geek as we call it later on in
their presentations but she's gonna talk
to you today about challenges and
opportunities in graphene coatings as
you're aware ELISA comes from just over
a decade in industry so two or three
years were spent at Unilever as a
formulation chemist she's also worked
seven years polymer technology company
she set up supply chain she's worked in
product management a little bit of
marketing and she's been with us at the
geek just over a year and she's also
involved with the European project we're
doing the eid project but mainly she's
doing coatings membrane projects with
industry so i'm going to hand over see
you now Lisa thanks Nick the
introduction and really thanks everyone
you take the time to come listen today
and hear about graphene coatings and I'm
really quite thrilled that there's
people really from all over the world
here today it's very exciting as next
said I run the coatings team at the
graphene engineering innovation sounds
out with a geek and I've been here just
over a year my team and I have basically
set up this coatings are from scratch
over the last six months to a year
and we've got in a lot of coating
equipment and testing equipment and
chemical and mechanical and I'm lucky
that I have a team with lots of
experience both from industry and from
academia I know there's a lot of people
here today lots of different industries
so I really hope you'll find it
informative and if you haven't over
graphing before it should be a good
introduction to graphing as well I also
know there's a lot of people from
academia and from Manchester here who
you probably already know a lot about
laughing but it's probably a chance for
you to see what kind of things we do at
the geek and how we take things from
some base level research and take those
next steps into developing real products
and scalar okay so this is the agenda
for the things I'm going to talk about
today I'll start with a short
introduction to graphene because we do
need to start there and the variety of
different graphene related materials
which is a term you will hear a lot from
here on in as far as opportunities are
concerned I'll talk in a bit more detail
about anti-corrosion applications
mechanical improvements by retardancy
coatings and then I'm going to go
through some of the main challenges that
we come across anyone who formulates the
graphene will have come across these
these same challenges and namely their
discussion and your choice of materials
is very important just at the end of the
rubber some other applications briefly
and then I will tell you as Nick said a
bit more about the geek and what we do
and how we engage with industry so
firstly as an introduction to graphene I
mean I'm aware that lots of people
already know about it it's probably why
you're you can use this so today we know
that graphite is already a very
impressive material it's it's a good
conductor of heat and electricity it's
chemical resistance but graphite itself
is basically made up of these plane and
layers of graphene which are hexagonal
sp2 bonded carbon atoms and the spacing
between each of these layers is about a
third of a nanometer when you isolate a
single layer of graphene from graphite
it takes on whole new properties it's
got these remarkable properties that are
very different from the bulk material
and it's got instruct incredible
strength and stiffness some groups have
measured its tensile strength ins a 130
Giga Pascal's with a modulus of a tera
Pascal is huge for something that's
essentially a two dimensional material
and it's got excellent conduct
properties thermal properties
and because it's just an awesome sick
it's it's virtually transparent so this
is all groundbreaking data and I mean
that's why we do this here in Manchester
and that's why the measurement and
isolation was Nobel Prize were they the
images on this slide just showed the
bonding arrangements of carbon atoms
within the planar structure and some
images of some fuel Neoga B layer
graphene itself so the Box on the right
here can you see my mouse pointer by the
way use that is a miracle
okay okay yeah this box on the right
it's got lists of the different forms of
graphing related materials and for
anyone new to graphene I think this
might be the take-home message today
that there's not one type of graphene
and I'll explain the difference now
before we get into the mid-section on
coating so these images here they show
the four main forms of graphene that we
use for R&D and on the industrial scale
so here on the Left obviously that's
just a piece of graphite it's got multi
layers of carbon atoms it's very highly
ordered and you can see these layers
easily using SEM or scanning electron
microscopy image being here is an SCM
image of a single graphene sheet and
it's probably worth explaining quickly
here about the two main methods of
making graphene to get a single perfect
layer you essentially have to grow that
graphene using chemical deposition
techniques from carbon containing gases
or you have to go down the multi and
mechanical exfoliation route as you
would do with the sellotape method and
that's how you go about getting that one
out and thick perfect graphene like the
one in the image the section on the
right is labeled as bulk applications so
these are far more industrial scalable
routes to making graphene and we call
that the top-down approach so mechanical
or chemical exfoliation essentially
separates the layers of graphite out
into graphene and then we end up with
graphene
so that can be 100 lei instead but these
these graphic nano platelets as we call
them they they still display a lot of
the functionality that you get with
single layer graphing but they can be
produced at scale and they can be
produced as a powder so you can then use
it as an additive like you would any
other kind of additive powder the next
image along here shows graphene oxide
and this is the most common
functionalized form of graphene and
you'll hear about it a lot some of the
carbon atoms here are functionalized
with oxygen containing groups so
carboxyl hydroxyls epoxy groups and
there's quite a few reasons why you don’t
use graphene oxide over graphene
firstly it's quite straightforward to
make it's an easy chemical route and
what you get when you produce graphene
oxide is a stable aqueous dispersion and
that's because obviously with all the
groups on it graphene oxide is far more
hydrophilic then graphene it's then very
useful to have that in dispersion form
to dose into other systems although with
that functionalisation it does come at
the expense of some of the properties
say electrical properties of the
graphene also cuz it's got these
functional groups it's got my bonding
sites so sometimes you want to use geo
instead of graphene because it's more
compatible with organic systems so
polymer systems for example finally on
the right we've got reduced graphene
oxide as the name suggests that's
those groups those functional groups and
we've reduced it back down and there's
lots of reasons why we would take that
route to get graphene base materials
very often it's easier to use graphene
oxide and then reduce it than to try and
do the same thing using graphene
straight away but I won't go tune into
too much detail about that just now
so we come to the main question really
is what are the benefits to using
graphene and coatings and I'm going to
go over some of these benefits broadly
and then I'll look at some of the
applications and the science behind them
in a bit more detail later on just to be
clear here
what we're talking about traditional
coatings protective coatings paints the
use of graphene to form nano composite
coatings not single layer graphene
coatings or swath very very thin
graphene films the kind that you get
with more sophisticated chemical vapour
deposition techniques there is actually
a lot coming webinar next week which
deals with that those sort of systems so
I'd certainly recommend going to that if
you're interested so I won't be covering
that kind of coating today just the kind
of polymer based nano composite coatings
so the graphic thing that we'd use in
those kind of coatings is very much kind
of top-down mechanically or chemically
exfoliated granion so firstly we can
we've got get this strength properties
of graphene
all these these these properties have an
effect on the coding system so if you
have graphene incorporated into a nano
composite coding system it can show
enhanced roughness it's stronger it can
it can help issues such as abrasion and
wear and scratch damage because the
surface of the coating is tougher it's
better resistance impact and this is
this is relevant to coating there were
lots of different industries
anything that's subjected to extreme
external forces or moving parts there's
also quite a bit of research that shows
that ruffling can offer you protection
from UV degradation as well and there's
quite a bit of work in this area again
that can come span over lots of
different industries not just proteins
the the second big feature of graphene
as you probably know is that it's a
barrier it's got extreme barrier
properties and it can help things like
corrosion so coatings that are exposed
to elements or extreme conditions
there's a lot of interest in this area
from marine applications for that reason
especially as graphene-based coatings
are started to become commercial now so
there's a lot of interest from a lot of
different areas anywhere where you need
general metal protection or paints and
it's not just traditional corrosion
either so we're talking things are
packaging food packaging protection from
from acidic or aggressive ingredients
also graphene's got a huge surface area
and we can control the surface area and
trim the surface chemistry so if you
think about it different pollutants have
affinity for different sucks chemistry's
and morphology graphene has all these
absorption sites which means it's being
studied for the absorption of pollutants
within coatings heavy metals gas water
bomb pollutants all kind of things and
lastly there's a lot of interest in
using graphene in polymeric I retire
coatings so here it acts as a as a
physical barrier and it helps in lots of
different ways to promote surface damage
and it can also be tuned to interact
with the polymer to change its thermal
properties for example the melt
viscosity positive ways but I'm going to
talk about that in a bit more detail
later on
so how does graphically in how corrosion
there is a lot of literature there's an
awful lot of research in this area there
really is and there's a lot of good
results coming out from from lots of
different research institutions one of
the reasons to look for for alternative
materials is because there's so many
restrictions now certainly in the metal
protection coating industry around
certain transition metal use chromium is
the obvious one because of its toxicity
issues so these these additives of
constituents that they're very
restricted now and you have to use them
at very low levels graphene is an
attractive in that sense because it is
just carbon so it's a potential
environmentally friendly substitute for
other hazardous materials
the reason a house is uncertain again is
down to its structure so if you look at
the diagram again a graph in the bonding
arrangements of the atoms are important
and also it's incredible chemical
stability the hexagonal arrangement has
pause in between the hexagons and these
are tiny these are less than 3
nanometers and the way that the orbitals
1 are arranged in this bonding
configuration means that graphene has a
DeLuca lized electron cloud on it and
due to these double bonds is pi
conjugation and this this provides a
repellent field almost and helps to
block these pores even further if you
think about a single layer of graphene
on a metal surface can completely block
diffusion of gases such as oxygen to the
metal underneath and obviously we're not
using that sort of graphene in coatings
here we're using more industrial scale
but the principle is still the same oh
that big surface area and it's 2d nature
of graphene it makes physical barriers
within a coating structure so the
mechanism for anti-corrosion with
graphene it's fairly well understood and
maybe look at the diagram here
essentially graphene in the coating
extends the path length of corrosive
media or the electrolyte down through
the coating to the metal underneath and
through the coating the graphene it the
way the graphene layers are positioned
stop those ions or those molecules
having a direct route through to the
surface and we tend to refer to that as
the tortuous path analogy which you have
come across many times
also when you apply coaching when you
process it when you use an application
procedure when you cure it you can get
defects with an accounting obviously you
can get micro pores menopause and it's
suggested that because of the surface
area of the graphene and that layered
structure you can actually you can
actually block the pores of the defects
and the coating as well and that also
helps to block roots down roots down to
the metal below which would be there in
a non coating obviously corrosion takes
place over a long time so if we're going
to look at anti-corrosion coatings we
have to do long-term testings one of the
ways we do that is to do corrosion
testing in a salt spray chamber and we
can also do electrochemical measurements
such as E is and I'll show you a few
examples of that just now so lots of
groups have shown how graphene effects
coatings quantitatively through
electrochemical measurements and EIS is
electrochemical impedance of truss could
be and it's a technique that essentially
measures the ability barbra coating to
impede the flow of current and it's
directly related to corrosion and
easiest way to compare the effects with
different coatings is to compare
different values for the impedance
modulus there's a few examples from the
literature I've just put in here so
these graphs on the left but the slides
they show a bode plot which is impedance
versus frequency for a polyurethane
coating that's been exposed to the
chloride solution at a time and then
next to it is another plot for the same
coating but that's been modified with
pointy whips and of graphene oxide
and what you can see is the polyurethane
coating with no graphene it shows fairly
good initial impedance up to about 10 to
the eighth but then it drops
dramatically even after just eight hours
of exposure to electrolyte and it ends
up dropping down to about 10 to the 6
after 100 hours you can see that
corrosion is occurring if you look at
the graph to the right though the one
that contains point two whips and of
graphene oxide the impedance starts high
and it pretty much stays there even
after 236 hour of testing it hardly
drops at all and it and it shows you
that huge difference but a very small
amount of graphene can come on a coating
the picture insert there is is a tear I
mean TEM image of the Geo dispersed the
coating just so you can see but close
the other graph on the right again we're
looking at impedance modulus in a bow
plot measured for an epoxy graphene
composite coating with different
loadings of graphene this is just our
graphene an of platelets it's not you
and it's been loaded with point 1 to 3
percent by weight of Chimpy the coatings
have been subjected to salt spray
testing for 200 hours before they've
been measured and what you see here is
um further the neat epoxy coating down
here um
the values are very low it doesn't do
well in the in the chest at all after
200 hours but if you go up when you look
at these high lines point five one
percent weight inclusion of graphene
she's a really high impedance modulus
value even after salt spray testing it's
about ten to the ninth and that's that's
really very good compared with the nice
proxy
quick question from Steve Altemus Arian
buildings with other fillers for example
zinc say these coatings with other
fillers as well for example zinc I don't
think these are from memory I'd have to
check the papers again but yeah I am
talking about additional fillers later
on yeah I know I know what you mean if
they got extra sacrificial and fillers
in there I don't think they do
from from memory when reading the papers
because I think that's why I picked them
because they were they were direct
effects of graphene
this graphs really useful I think
against so much more information than
pass or fail is graphing work well does
it not gives information on DOS and
critical limits if you look at the loan
dose levels the kind of 0.1 percent the
blue line here of graphene the results
not as good and that's probably because
the initial levels actually too low to
form that area network in the coating
and and likewise although slightly
better than the epoxy the 1% the 3%
sorry at the 1.5 percent and the 3% they
gave lower performance as well and they
lose efficacy and this is probably due
to dispersion and agglomeration issues
which I'm going to discuss in a lot more
detail later on so for that reason it's
it's a good graph there's lots of
reasons why people would want improve
mechanical properties for coating better
efficiency performance increase of
working lifetime esthetics people don't
want scratched and messed up coatings
and as I've said a few times graphene
can effectively toughen and strengthen a
surface it's got it's got really high
tensile strength modulus and this
strength is down to these strong bonds
and the way it's covalently bonded
together when it's subjected to
mechanical force graphene can also
transfer stress very effectively because
of its structure through a matrix
material and it can help to stop
propagation or even bridge cracks and
again that's down to its unique
structure this picture on the right it's
quite nice just because it's a close-up
image of the graphene bridging cracks
and this is within a ceramic surface and
just think it's quite powerful image and
if you have a coating with corroboration
properties it means that you lose some
of your material from the surface it's
easy to rebuff this either it's easy to
scrape off and that's very important for
coatings that are subjected to stresses
such as bearings or wire for joints that
kind of thing and graphene toughen that
surface because of that high tensile
strength and the bridging Network and
and resists that permanent deformation
let's say and the some lissa literature
around that says graphene can suppress
were up to about thirty times more than
in graphite based additives in similar
packaging systems so there's a lot of
work going on in this area the next site
Rakow application I'll talk about miss
pirate island coatings carbon materials
are already used in fire retardant
coatings graphite carbon nanotubes but
people are obviously looking into
graphene own to see where the back and
can improve on the properties one of the
benefits of using graphene is loading
levels if you using traditional
inorganic fillers within a
fire-retardant polymeric coating
nutrition you actually use lots of it
very high dose levels and you can
potentially use graphene instead and use
much lower levels high organic fillers
contentedly - aggregation and dosing
issues also you can use it in
conjunction with all the materials so
you might get a synergistic effect where
you you end up using less of both
materials to get a bigger benefit
graphene is non-toxic you're not going
to get those toxic byproducts that you
would from from other flame-retardant
addictions
the way it works one of the ways it
works to help with these coatings is it
it forms a beneficial power it's got a
unique aspect ratio and it's got a
layered nature and you get this this
child that's rounded it's dense and it's
continuous it's another example of
graphing Luna barrier this is a physical
barrier that prevents the transfer of
heat through down to the surface
underneath or it prevents transfer of
unwanted combustion products through the
coating back out into the atmosphere and
it's back to this torturous past
phenomenon again it's it's a barrier
effect and the graphene materials
griffin's very thermally stable and this
this carbon scaffold it's it's acts as a
template for this char formation
graphene can also improve the thermal
stability of polymers by forming
networks they can affect eg melt
viscosity prevent dripping delay
ignition temperatures there's a there's
a huge amount of work in that area as
well and especially if you are looking
at graphene and graphene oxide based
flame retardant materials the image on
the right here I've just included
because it's quite compelling it shows
if you use reduced graphene oxide and
then reduce graphing upside in
conjunction with a with another material
it's actually sodium must bury and you
can see that over time
as you as you put a flame to the
material you you you keep the material
intact basically this long is up to two
minutes and you've got no effect
pretty much I'm you're on your graphene
so this is just dip coated paper
all the references for these are there
at the end so anything you want to read
in detail you can go through them
afterwards and so I've talked quite a
bit about the challenges sorry the
applications and the benefits but I need
to talk a little bit about the
challenges and one of the main ones
which has sort of already come up is
about dispersion so it's a key part of
the process it's one of the things that
everyone who formulates in graphene has
to deal with graphene doesn't disperse
in the same way that all the fillers do
traditional pigments or anything like
that
because of its structure and its aspect
ratio it's not plug-and-play you can't
just put graphene in the same way that
you do with other things
happy being graphite we go to all this
trouble to make these 2d materials but
then we mix it with something and the
tendency is for the graphics horn to
restock it's got all this stuff for
serie and these Van der Waals forces it
wants to go back to being refitted late
so this is a problem because you can get
large amounts of agglomeration when you
mix graphene in two different systems
and different coatings do you really
have to start thinking about processing
techniques so so milling high shear
dispersion may be the use of rheology
modifiers to keep to keep that graphing
dispersed while you're coating is is
curing there's so many things you have
to think about the other thing you can
do is to functionalize the graphene and
that can help with dispersion especially
of the yeren sort of an organic polymer
matrix and geo for example it's got all
those oxygen groups and can help
dispersion and there's those much large
groups can help prevent the glomer
raishin as well there's so many ways to
modify graphene silane halogenation
nanoparticle grafting graphing upon its
the topics huge you could do you do a
whole webinar on it so I won't go into
too much detail it might be something
we'll do as a webinar later on and and
here we're talking about tracer
materials again here this is a what I
referred to just before it's how the
lifetime of a coating is affected by
different flake sizes so this is lateral
size so this is work that was done at
the University of Manchester to show how
a coating exposed to salt solution to
show its lifetime basically and there's
a clear response based on the flake size
so here there's an optimum flake size
it's about 15 microns which so it
doesn't follow a trend it's not the
bigger the flake the better or the
smaller the flake it depends on the
system and it depends on the coating
that you're putting into so that's
something you have to bear in mind
and there's so many other things to
think about with graphene is where it
comes from what specifications what's
the variation in layer number what's the
variation of flake size how is it made
is it chemical is it mechanical you know
the quality the price so many things to
think about and that that's kind of
because graphene sort of still in its
infancy compared to other materials but
I think it's fair to say that the
graphene global community is making a
huge effort in in standardizing these
materials setting up supply chains
getting quality reproducible graphene
sources there's already quite a few good
really good suppliers of graphene who do
that at ton scale now um testing lies oh
sorry you have to do all the same
testing that you would with any other
coating when you're using graphene one
of the things you have to think about is
whether the cost of adding in graphene
is worth the performance increase that
you might get and some people cost it in
straight away they might think all
graphene is expensive but you might get
performance increase where you actually
use half the amount of coating because
the performance is so good so you have
to you have to balance these things out
dispersion here again as an issue if
you're going to make a coating that
needs a certain shelf-life then you have
to do some work on that dispersion you
don't want your graphing crashing out
solution when it's sat on the shelf for
six months and also you have to think
about about standard product development
issues the environments your coatings
going to be in maximum temperatures
whether it will go through any freeze
thaw cycles on transport so that's all
obvious things to anyone in the coating
industry very quickly other applications
there's so many applications for
graphene that we do certainly at the
peak we do composites we do energy
really printing but I've picked out a
few topics that are more relevant to
coatings let's say one of them the big
one is membranes then
brains of a Grantchester and a lot of
the coding science is directly related
one of the things we're doing when we're
making membranes as we're tuning the
pore size of the flakes within our
within a pure graphene coating to allow
different molecules to go through sort
of a filtration system so you could get
wine water separation or desalination
and we can control pore size down to two
tiny months you know one or two
nanometers packaging mn2 briefly at the
start again we can make something that's
a complete barrier or we can tune we can
tune the coating so that certain
materials can go through and certain
materials can be kept out textile
coatings we do an awful lot of as well I
haven't covered it a lot it lends itself
to there's there are same properties so
maybe by resistance or moisture
resistance hydrophobicity and strength
of fibers sensors we get a huge amount
of surface area so so you can get very
sensitive architectures of graphing the
senses and the textiles off from your
hand in home to be looking at that can
wearable tech area finally the essential
biological implications there's a lot of
work that goes on about antifouling
antibacterial coatings or graphene so
there's a there's a lot of work that you
can read up on in that and and I think
he's short the graphene tends to change
the surface chemistry the hydrophobicity
the surface energy and it stops the
attachment of different biological
molecules I mean there's a lot more to
it than that but that's just briefly so
so the geek the graphene engineering
innovation Center this picture I like
very much because it's what we call the
high bay area and it's where we use
pilot-scale equipments we can move
things in and out of building so it's
all very fluid
and it's nice because it shows you the
scale at which we're working we're not
we're not that scale we don't make
things on the grammar scale where we're
going towards production and development
of real products we put up since 2000 18
December it's a 60 million pound
building and it was built specifically
to take graphene from the lab into real
applications obviously Manchester's also
got the National graphene Institute
which opened in 2015 is small research
and development and looking at different
properties of graphene and how they can
be applied in different areas so the
people that geek but the people are
employed at they're a mixture of
academics and people from industry the
idea is that we can understand the work
that comes out at the universities that
pure research we can understand it
enough to take it and translate it into
fitting new products and new
technologies and as I said we're very
much industry wet so we work closely
with industrial partners to try and
understand the problems they have or to
help them create new materials so in
that sense it's very different model we
need to do it from both sides we need
industry because they know their product
you know your coating better than we do
we know graphene you need those two
sides to come together and that's why we
can do very quick projects because we
work hand in hand with the industry if
something looks like it's not going to
work we'll stop it and we'll do
something different so we're not talking
two three four year projects here we're
talking months fast turnaround we want
to push products to market this is just
some pictures of my coding lab and our
coding life I won't talk about it too
much I know it's stretch at the time but
we have pilot-scale equipments we have a
pilot scale coding line so the idea is
that things that come out of here are
ready for production and as I said we're
not working on the small lab scale here
there's different ways to engage with a
geek we have tears these are some of our
key strategic Tehran partners graphing
suppliers steel producers aerospace
teaming partners tend to have their own
lab at the geek they bring their own
stuff in they have their own people we
all work together they get to work with
our specialists and they get to use all
the equipment that we have in the
building we also have different levels
of engagement so we have Tier two
partners who tend to use shared labs
more maybe not on sites as much but both
Tier one and tier two partners tend to
him to run multiple projects at the same
time across different application areas
the the idea of being a member is you
get access to all these different areas
people if that if that's the engagement
room you want and we have we have
affiliate partners as well who who may
offer complimentary services or helped
her to drive projects and basically as
I've said at the beginning of today
there's not there's not just on kind of
graphene there's many many good graphene
suppliers that building up that supply
chain but you can also buy cheaper many
layer graphene which really won't give
you the benefits that you're looking for
and basically what I'm saying is it's
not just a case of mixing in a wonderful
aerial and it'll work it takes know how
it takes processing it takes quality
starting materials understand exactly
what you're dealing with and methods to
determine the dispersion through
graphing when the new material
I hope that you've been convinced to say
that the graphene has potential Anansie
conversion coatings by retiring coatings
it's got it's got incredible barrier
properties what it tends to do is bring
a multi-functional multifunctional
properties to your application you put
it in to do one job and it ends up
helping in other ways and that that that
works across the board anyone who works
with graphene tensor to find this
compared to some other applications
high-end electronics medical that kind
of thing graphene and coatings it's
probably more straightforward route to
market there's already there's already
products out there that you can look up
that's it for today um but I hope you
found it informative and if you have
questions or you want to get in touch
with me directly or the graphene at
Manchester team on my details of that
presentation and there's an email
address about Lisa and the graphene
website team as well so feel free to
contact us on there any questions to
follow up on that there was a quick one
here from jaenisch does graphene
curtains change the appearance of the
metal
Tracy parents potential yeah
no not that not that would know again
though we're talking about about
composite coatings are probably thicker
coatings maybe you know at least ten
nanometers thick so you wouldn't see you
wouldn't see an effect there if it's
just graphene like a single layer of
graphene yes it will change the
appearance of the metal and you can see
that it changes the optical properties
of the metal sufficiently only by a tiny
amount that the metal does look slightly
different so in that sense it probably
would in this kind of coating in a paint
no I don't think you see any difference
good question from Jason do you happen
to know how the UV degradation works on
the coatings that you tested we haven't
actually done that testing we don't have
the capability it's more from research
papers from what I understand it's all
about surface area and its auction
capability so it absorbs the light
preferentially or the UV part
preferentially over the coating system I
think that's how it works but I could
probably get you some more information
on that if you want eventually I read
her I found a good couple of papers on
it yesterday that I can forward on if
that's of any use great I think we'll
leave it there for questions if you
should want flip them your last slide
again someone asked about the references
slide notes of that I'm just going to
post in the chat now I grew up on so
there's a link I've just put in the chat
if you all could all while we're on this
call click on that link there's a really
short survey that would be really good
if you could fill in give us your email
address and let us know what materials
you want us to send to you whether it's
the slides which were happy to share the
video we could share a bit more basic
information about graphene as well or if
you want nothing all we could we can
just leave you alone they don't wanna
hear any more about it please click that
link just move it up a bit now while
you're on that be great everyone and if
there's more to help you want to explore
some opportunities around graphic
coatings we're happy to do that any
questions you've got we can we can
address those Nick and I think Liz I
would like to really
for all the people I think we have a
good working relationship with Nick one
of the major advantage what we really
believe this organization of cake is all
about is there is so many different
properties that the end customer
requires so many people who say I make
graphene I do this or this but the
evaluation on the end application on
testing and everything requires a
sizable amount of equipments investments
and and we really appreciate this type
of support and coordinated by the team
or in Manchester
it really helps for the end customer
might not be looking out give me a
product I want to try and let's see
nobody has further anything and I think
that's where we really appreciate the
support and thank you very much guys for
coordinating this presentation thank you
I can't watch I think we'll leave it
there stay safe take care yourself Lisa
end I don't think so just again thanks
for listening I am away that was a lot
of content there and it's quite hard to
squash it all into an hour so yeah if
anyone wants to discuss anything please
just get in touch with us directly
thanks again all right thanks Lisa
thanks everyone for joining thank you